Costameres
Vinculin
Sarcolemma
Desmin
Dystrophin
Myofibrils
Intermediate Filaments
Muscle Proteins
Muscle, Skeletal
Cytoskeleton
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Actins
Myocardium
Homeopathy
Speech Therapy
Archives
Parents
Dyslexia
Materia Medica
An ankyrin-based mechanism for functional organization of dystrophin and dystroglycan. (1/10)
(+info)Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy region gene-1 (FRG-1) is an actin-bundling protein associated with muscle-attachment sites. (2/10)
(+info)Ankyrin-B interactions with spectrin and dynactin-4 are required for dystrophin-based protection of skeletal muscle from exercise injury. (3/10)
(+info)Desmoplakin and talin2 are novel mRNA targets of fragile X-related protein-1 in cardiac muscle. (4/10)
(+info)The Mef2A transcription factor coordinately regulates a costamere gene program in cardiac muscle. (5/10)
(+info)Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K(p110alpha)) directly regulates key components of the Z-disc and cardiac structure. (6/10)
(+info)Cardiac-specific deletion of the microtubule-binding protein CENP-F causes dilated cardiomyopathy. (7/10)
(+info)Substrate stiffness affects sarcomere and costamere structure and electrophysiological function of isolated adult cardiomyocytes. (8/10)
(+info)Costameres are specialized structures found in muscle cells, specifically at the sarcolemma-sarcomere interface. The term "costamere" is derived from the Greek words "kosta," meaning coast or shore, and "meros," meaning part. These structures were first described by Dr. Seiji Ishikawa in 1981.
Costameres are composed of a network of proteins that connect the extracellular matrix to the contractile apparatus of muscle cells. They primarily consist of integrin complexes, vinculin, talin, and dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC). Integrins, which are transmembrane receptors, connect the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton by interacting with intracellular proteins like talin and vinculin. The DGC, on the other hand, links the actin cytoskeleton to the sarcolemma, providing structural support and protection to muscle cells.
Costameres play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of muscle fibers during contraction and force transmission. They also contribute to signaling pathways that regulate muscle cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Mutations or dysfunctions in costamere-associated proteins can lead to various muscular disorders, such as muscular dystrophies and myopathies.
Vinculin is a protein found in many types of cells, including muscle and endothelial cells. It is primarily located at the sites of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions, where it plays important roles in cell adhesion, mechanotransduction, and cytoskeletal organization. Vinculin interacts with several other proteins, including actin, talin, and integrins, to form a complex network that helps regulate the connection between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular cytoskeleton. Mutations in the vinculin gene have been associated with certain inherited diseases, such as muscular dystrophy-cardiomyopathy syndrome.
Sarcolemma is the medical term for the cell membrane that surrounds a muscle fiber or a skeletal muscle cell. It is responsible for providing protection and structure to the muscle fiber, as well as regulating the movement of ions and other molecules in and out of the cell. The sarcolemma plays a crucial role in the excitation-contraction coupling process that allows muscles to contract and relax.
The sarcolemma is composed of two main layers: the outer plasma membrane, which is similar to the cell membranes of other cells, and the inner basal lamina, which provides structural support and helps to anchor the muscle fiber to surrounding tissues. The sarcolemma also contains various ion channels, receptors, and transporters that are involved in regulating muscle function and communication with other cells.
Damage to the sarcolemma can lead to a variety of muscle disorders, including muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis.
Desmin is a type of intermediate filament protein that is primarily found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, as well as in some types of smooth muscle cells. It is an important component of the cytoskeleton, which provides structural support to the cell and helps maintain its shape. Desmin plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the sarcomere, which is the basic contractile unit of the muscle fiber. Mutations in the desmin gene can lead to various forms of muscular dystrophy and other inherited muscle disorders.
Dystrophin is a protein that provides structural stability to muscle fibers. It is an essential component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, which helps maintain the integrity of the sarcolemma (the membrane surrounding muscle cells) during muscle contraction and relaxation. Dystrophin plays a crucial role in connecting the cytoskeleton of the muscle fiber to the extracellular matrix, allowing for force transmission and protecting the muscle cell from damage.
Mutations in the DMD gene, which encodes dystrophin, can lead to various forms of muscular dystrophy, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). In DMD, a severe form of the disease, genetic alterations typically result in little or no production of functional dystrophin, causing progressive muscle weakness, wasting, and degeneration. In BMD, a milder form of the disorder, partially functional dystrophin is produced, leading to less severe symptoms and later onset of the disease.
Myofibrils are the basic contractile units of muscle fibers, composed of highly organized arrays of thick and thin filaments. They are responsible for generating the force necessary for muscle contraction. The thick filaments are primarily made up of the protein myosin, while the thin filaments are mainly composed of actin. Myofibrils are surrounded by a membrane called the sarcolemma and are organized into repeating sections called sarcomeres, which are the functional units of muscle contraction.
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are a type of cytoskeletal filament found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, including animal cells. They are called "intermediate" because they are smaller in diameter than microfilaments and larger than microtubules, two other types of cytoskeletal structures.
Intermediate filaments are composed of fibrous proteins that form long, unbranched, and flexible filaments. These filaments provide structural support to the cell and help maintain its shape. They also play a role in cell-to-cell adhesion, intracellular transport, and protection against mechanical stress.
Intermediate filaments are classified into six types based on their protein composition: Type I (acidic keratins), Type II (neutral/basic keratins), Type III (vimentin, desmin, peripherin), Type IV (neurofilaments), Type V (lamins), and Type VI (nestin). Each type of intermediate filament has a specific function and is expressed in different cell types. For example, Type I and II keratins are found in epithelial cells, while vimentin is expressed in mesenchymal cells.
Overall, intermediate filaments play an essential role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and tissues, and their dysfunction has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and genetic disorders.
Muscle proteins are a type of protein that are found in muscle tissue and are responsible for providing structure, strength, and functionality to muscles. The two major types of muscle proteins are:
1. Contractile proteins: These include actin and myosin, which are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. They work together to cause muscle movement by sliding along each other and shortening the muscle fibers.
2. Structural proteins: These include titin, nebulin, and desmin, which provide structural support and stability to muscle fibers. Titin is the largest protein in the human body and acts as a molecular spring that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). Nebulin helps regulate the length of the sarcomere, while desmin forms a network of filaments that connects adjacent muscle fibers together.
Overall, muscle proteins play a critical role in maintaining muscle health and function, and their dysregulation can lead to various muscle-related disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathies, and sarcopenia.
Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.
The cytoskeleton is a complex network of various protein filaments that provides structural support, shape, and stability to the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular integrity, intracellular organization, and enabling cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three major types of protein fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. These filaments work together to provide mechanical support, participate in cell division, intracellular transport, and help maintain the cell's architecture. The dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and respond to various stimuli.
The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.
The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.
Actin is a type of protein that forms part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells, and is also found in various other cell types. It is a globular protein that polymerizes to form long filaments, which are important for many cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, and the maintenance of cell shape. In muscle cells, actin filaments interact with another type of protein called myosin to enable muscle contraction. Actins can be further divided into different subtypes, including alpha-actin, beta-actin, and gamma-actin, which have distinct functions and expression patterns in the body.
The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It forms the thickest part of the heart wall and is divided into two sections: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
The myocardium contains several types of cells, including cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The muscle fibers are arranged in a highly organized pattern that allows them to contract in a coordinated manner, generating the force necessary to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system.
Damage to the myocardium can occur due to various factors such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), infection, inflammation, or genetic disorders. This damage can lead to several cardiac conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.
Homeopathy is a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) system, developed in the late 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann, based on the principle of "like cures like." This concept suggests that a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can be used in very dilute quantities to treat similar symptoms in illness. The dilutions are so extreme that no molecules of the original substance remain, leading to significant controversy and skepticism over any potential therapeutic effect. Homeopathic remedies are typically made from plants, minerals, or animals, and are often highly individualized for each patient based on their specific symptoms, mental and emotional state, and overall constitution. Despite its widespread use, homeopathy lacks robust scientific evidence supporting its efficacy beyond placebo effects, and it is not considered a mainstream medical practice in most countries.
Speech Therapy, also known as Speech-Language Pathology, is a medical field that focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. These disorders may include speech sound production difficulties (articulation disorders or phonological processes disorders), language disorders (expressive and/or receptive language impairments), voice disorders, fluency disorders (stuttering), cognitive-communication disorders, and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia).
Speech therapists, who are also called speech-language pathologists (SLPs), work with clients to improve their communication abilities through various therapeutic techniques and exercises. They may also provide counseling and education to families and caregivers to help them support the client's communication development and management of the disorder.
Speech therapy services can be provided in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, private practices, and long-term care facilities. The specific goals and methods used in speech therapy will depend on the individual needs and abilities of each client.
In the context of medicine, "archives" typically refers to the collection and preservation of medical records or documents that are no longer in active use but still need to be retained for legal, historical, or research purposes. These archived materials may include patient records, clinical trial data, hospital reports, correspondence, images, and other forms of documentation. The purpose of maintaining medical archives is to ensure the availability and integrity of this information for future reference, as well as to comply with regulatory requirements related to record-keeping and privacy.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "parents" is not a term that has a medical definition. In general usage, parents are the two people (typically) who bring up and care for a child, or who have given birth to or adopted a child. They are responsible for the child's housing, food, clothing, education, and medical care. Is there a specific medical or healthcare-related context you had in mind? I would be happy to help further if I can.
Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs an individual's ability to read, write, and spell, despite having normal intelligence and adequate education. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and fluent word recognition, poor decoding and spelling abilities, and often accompanied by problems with reading comprehension and reduced reading experience. Dyslexia is not a result of low intelligence, lack of motivation, or poor instruction, but rather a specific learning disability that affects the way the brain processes written language. It is typically diagnosed in children, although it can go unnoticed until adulthood, and there are effective interventions and accommodations to help individuals with dyslexia overcome their challenges and achieve academic and professional success.
"Materia Medica" is a term that comes from the Latin language, where "materia" means "substance" or "material," and "medica" refers to "medical." In a medical context, Materia Medica historically refers to a collection of detailed descriptions of substances that are used for medicinal purposes.
It is essentially a comprehensive reference book that describes the properties, actions, uses, dosages, potential side effects, and contraindications of various drugs or medicinal agents. The information in a Materia Medica is typically based on historical use, experimental pharmacological data, clinical trials, and other scientific research.
Modern Materia Medica has evolved to become more specialized, with separate references for different types of medicinal substances, such as botanical (herbal) medicine, homeopathic remedies, or conventional pharmaceuticals. These resources are often used by healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, to guide their prescribing decisions and ensure the safe and effective use of medications for their patients.
Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic disorders that primarily affect skeletal muscles, causing progressive weakness and degeneration. They are characterized by the lack or deficiency of a protein called dystrophin, which is essential for maintaining the integrity of muscle fibers. The most common form is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), but there are many other types with varying symptoms and severity. Over time, muscle wasting and weakness can lead to disability and shortened lifespan, depending on the type and progression of the disease. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, maintaining mobility, and supporting quality of life.
Actin, cytoplasmic 2
Paxillin
PRKCE
SORBS1
Skeletal muscle
Amplify Energy
Sarcomere
Synemin
Dystrophin
Lateral force transmission in skeletal muscle
Integrin alpha 7
TLN2
Dystrophin-associated protein complex
Ankyrin-2
Vinculin
Integrin beta 1
Striated muscle tissue
Costamere
CSRP3
TLN1
Dystrobrevin
SPTAN1
Costamere Defects in Muscular Dystrophies - James Ervasti
Actin, cytoplasmic 2 - Wikipedia
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Clinical Presentation: History, Causes
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Microvillus - Wikipedia
Host cytosol Archives - NeoBiotechnologies
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy region gene-1 (FRG-1) is an actin-bundling protein associated with muscle-attachment...
DEPOD - human DEPhOsphorylation Database
Progesterone signalling in broiler skeletal muscle is associated with divergent feed efficiency
Genatlas sheet
Anatomy and physiology of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle | Deranged Physiology
homoeopathic consultant Archives - Dr SHAH's Homeopathy
Eskorte mo i rana erotiskehistorier | Taus Abogados
anti-Cytokeratin 19 antibody [SQab1872]</span>...
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Posttranslational incorporation of contractile proteins into myofibrils in a cell-free system. | Journal of Cell Biology |...
DeCS 2009 - New terms
Desmin2
- The two primary cytoskeletal components of costameres are desmin intermediate filaments and gamma-actin microfilaments. (wikipedia.org)
- Desmin IFs are present throughout smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, but can be more concentrated in some particular structures, such as dense bodies, around the nuclei, around the Z-line or in costameres. (biologicalworld.com)
Sarcolemma2
- Costameres are subsarcolemmal protein assemblies in striated muscle cells that circumferentially align in register with the Z disk of peripheral myofibrils and physically couple force-generating sarcomeres with the sarcolemma. (grantome.com)
- In myocytes, sarcomeres adhere to the sarcolemma via costameres, which align at Z-discs and M-lines. (wikipedia.org)
Cytoskeletal1
- It has been suggested that synemin could function as a linker between different cytoskeletal components based on the fact that it interacts with several proteins involved in the organization of the costameres, neuromuscular and myotendinous junctions within striated muscle cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Dystrophin2
- It has been shown that gamma-actin interacting with another costameric protein dystrophin is critical for costameres forming mechanically strong links between the cytoskeleton and the sarcolemmal membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- KRT8 together with KRT19, help to link the contractile apparatus to dystrophin at the costameres of striated muscle. (avivasysbio.com)
Structures3
- in adult striated muscle cells, gamma-actin is localized to Z-discs and costamere structures, which are responsible for force transduction and transmission in muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Actin, gamma 1, encoded by this gene, is found in non-muscle cells in the cytoplasm, and in muscle cells at costamere structures, or transverse points of cell-cell adhesion that run perpendicular to the long axis of myocytes. (wikipedia.org)
- and cytoplasmic FRG-1, associated with the Z-disk and costamere-like structures known as dense bodies. (illinois.edu)
Muscle3
- Costameres are clearly important for normal muscle function because several constituent proteins are the primary sites of defect in human muscular dystrophies and dilated cardiomyopathies. (grantome.com)
- Finally, we will assess the role of y-actin in costamere assembly and mechanical function by characterizing new lines of mice where it is specifically ablated in striated muscle. (grantome.com)
- The proposed research will directly address the role of increased y-actin expression and costamere instability in causing the skeletal muscle pathologies associated with dystrophinopathy. (grantome.com)
Myotendinous junctions1
- The 71 integrin is hugely expressed in skeletal muscle fibers and particularly localizes at costameres and myotendinous junctions [142], exactly where it physically connects the ECM towards the sarcomeric contractile apparatus [143]. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
Sarcomere1
- Moreover, the costameres at the cell surface interact with the repeating Z-disc component of the intracellular sarcomere, the contractile unit in muscle, through the actin cytoskeleton. (nature.com)
Cell membrane1
- As Costamere are responsible for linking of internal cytoskeletal system of each muscle fibers to extracellular matrix of collagen and laminin through cell membrane. (atomictherapy.org)
Protein4
- Costameres are sub-sarcolemmal protein assemblies circumferentially aligned in register with the Z-disk of peripheral myofibrils. (wikipedia.org)
- The sarcoglycans of the DGC and the integrins of the integrin-vinculin-talin complex attach directly to filamin C, a component of the Z-disk, linking these protein complexes of costameres to complexes of the Z-disk. (wikipedia.org)
- We identified an interaction of paxillin with the vinexin adaptor protein family member ponsin in nascent costameres during muscle differentiation, which is mediated by an interaction of the second src homology domain 3 (SH3) domain of ponsin with the proline-rich region of paxillin. (ox.ac.uk)
- Here, we describe the characterization of a direct, downstream target gene for the MEF2A transcription factor encoding a large, muscle-specific protein that localizes to the costamere in striated muscle. (elsevierpure.com)
Interact2
- The vinculin and talin components of the integrin-vinculin-talin complex are cytoskeletal proteins physically anchored to the costamere as a whole via the integrin components, which are transmembrane proteins that interact directly with filamin C of the Z disk. (wikipedia.org)
- Paxillin and ponsin interact in nascent costameres of muscle cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Proteins1
- The dysfunction of the proteins involved in costameres contributes to some muscular diseases, including muscular dystrophies and cardiomyopathies. (wikipedia.org)
Structural-functional1
- Costamere is an integral component in maintaining structural-functional integrity of striated muscle cells. (atomictherapy.org)
Physically1
- Restated, filamin C physically links the two complexes that constitute the costamere to sarcomeres by interacting with the sarcoglycans in the DGC and the integrins of the integrin-vinculin-talin complex. (wikipedia.org)
Component1
- 15. Distribution of formins in cardiac muscle: FHOD1 is a component of intercalated discs and costameres. (nih.gov)
Lines1
- Continuous lines in costameres. (squalene-epoxidase.com)
Role1
- Our findings demonstrate that myospryn functions directly downstream of MEF2A at the costamere in striated muscle potentially playing a role in myofibrillogenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
Studies1
- Several studies have suggested that costameres are responsive to mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimuli. (wikipedia.org)
Functions1
- Costameres have several primary functions. (wikipedia.org)