Cosmic Radiation
Solar Activity
Spacecraft
Aircraft
Aerospace Medicine
Radiation Monitoring
Radiation Dosage
Radiation, Ionizing
Radiation Injuries
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Chromosome mechanics of fungi under spaceflight conditions--tetrad analysis of two-factor crosses between spore color mutants of Sordaria macrospora. (1/99)
Spore color mutants of the fungus Sordaria macrospora Auersw. were crossed under spaceflight conditions on the space shuttle to MIR mission S/MM 05 (STS-81). The arrangement of spores of different colors in the asci allowed conclusions on the influence of spaceflight conditions on sexual recombination in fungi. Experiments on a 1-g centrifuge in space and in parallel on the ground were used for controls. The samples were analyzed microscopically on their return to earth. Each fruiting body was assessed separately. Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant increase in gene recombination frequencies caused by the heavy ion particle stream in space radiation. The lack of gravity did not influence crossing-over frequencies. Hyphae of the flown samples were assessed for DNA strand breaks. No increase in damage was found compared with the ground samples. It was shown that S. macrospora is able to repair radiation-induced DNA strand breaks within hours. (+info)Incidence of cancer among commercial airline pilots. (2/99)
OBJECTIVES: To describe the cancer pattern in a cohort of commercial pilots by follow up through the Icelandic Cancer Registry. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 458 pilots with emphasis on subcohort working for an airline operating on international routes. A computerised file of the cohort was record linked to the Cancer Registry by making use of personal identification numbers. Expected numbers of cancer cases were calculated on the basis of number of person-years and incidences of cancer at specific sites for men provided by the Cancer Registry. Numbers of separate analyses were made according to different exposure variables. RESULTS: The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for all cancers was 0.97 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.62 to 1.46) in the total cohort and 1.16 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.81) among those operating on international routes. The SIR for malignant melanoma of the skin was 10.20, 95% CI 3.29 to 23.81 in the total cohort and 15.63, 95% CI 5.04 to 36.46 in the restricted cohort. Analyses according to number of block-hours and radiation dose showed that malignant melanomas were found in the subgroups with highest exposure estimates, the SIRs were 13.04 and 28.57 respectively. The SIR was 25.00 for malignant melanoma among those who had been flying over five time zones. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows a high occurrence of malignant melanoma among pilots. It is open to discussion what role exposure of cosmic radiation, numbers of block-hours flown, or lifestyle factors--such as possible excessive sunbathing--play in the aetiology of cancer among pilots. This calls for further and more powerful studies. The excess of malignant melanoma among those flying over five time zones suggests that the importance of disturbance of the circadian rhythm should be taken into consideration in future studies. (+info)Daily periodicity in the activity of a slide used to perform immunologic reactions at a liquid-solid interface. (3/99)
Nickel-plated slides were prepared by evaporating a nickel layer (congruent to 4000 A thick) on glass slides in the presence of a magnetic field whose lines of force were perpendicular to the surface of the slides. Such slides are called active. After being coated with a layer of bovine albumin, they could absorb a layer of antibodies 70-80 A thick. However, if the active slides before they were coated with bovine serum albumin, were submitted to a magnetic field with lines of force parallel to the surface, the layer of antibodies absorbed was only 40 A thick. They had become inactive. It has been found that slides remain active at night but that shortly after sunrise they become slowly inactivated and reach a minimum in their activity at exactly the midday period. They regain full activity at sunset. It is shown that the inactivation results from a solar radiation that can be stopped by 3.5 cm of lead. On December 13th, 1974 there was an eclipse of the sun with 65% occultation at noon (Daylight Saving Time). The activity of the slide at noon was 65% of the maximum activity (83 A) observed before sunrise. The thickness of the adsorbed layer of antibodies were 75 A instead of 63 A observed in the absence of the eclipse. The activation of the slides originates in a radiation of non-solar origin that is adsorbed by 1 can of lead. (+info)p53 deficiency alters the yield and spectrum of radiation-induced lacZ mutants in the brain of transgenic mice. (4/99)
Exposure to heavy particle radiation in the galacto-cosmic environment poses a significant risk in space exploration and the evaluation of radiation-induced genetic damage in tissues, especially in the central nervous system, is an important consideration in long-term manned space missions. We used a plasmid-based transgenic mouse model system, with the pUR288 lacZ transgene integrated in the genome of every cell of C57Bl/6(lacZ) mice, to evaluate the genetic damage induced by iron particle radiation. In order to examine the importance of genetic background on the radiation sensitivity of individuals, we cross-bred p53 wild-type lacZ transgenic mice with p53 nullizygous mice, producing lacZ transgenic mice that were either hemizygous or nullizygous for the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Animals were exposed to an acute dose of 1 Gy of iron particles and the lacZ mutation frequency (MF) in the brain was measured at time intervals from 1 to 16 weeks post-irradiation. Our results suggest that iron particles induced an increase in lacZ MF (2.4-fold increase in p53+/+ mice, 1.3-fold increase in p53+/- mice and 2.1-fold increase in p53-/- mice) and that this induction is both temporally regulated and p53 genotype dependent. Characterization of mutants based on their restriction patterns showed that the majority of the mutants arising spontaneously are derived from point mutations or small deletions in all three genotypes. Radiation induced alterations in the spectrum of deletion mutants and reorganization of the genome, as evidenced by the selection of mutants containing mouse genomic DNA. These observations are unique in that mutations in brain tissue after particle radiation exposure have never before been reported owing to technical limitations in most other mutation assays. (+info)Cosmic radiation protection dosimetry using an Electronic personal Dosemeter (Siemens EPD) on selected international flights. (5/99)
The effectiveness of an Electronic Personal Dosemeter (Siemens EPD) for cosmic-radiation dosimetry at aviation altitudes was examined on eight international flights between March and September, 1998. The EPD values (Hepd) of the dose equivalent from penetrating radiation, Hp(10), were assumed to be almost the same as the electron absorbed doses during those flights. Based on the compositions of cosmic radiation in the atmosphere and the 1977 ICRP recommendation, an empirical equation to conservatively estimate the personal dose equivalent (Hp77) at a depth of 5 cm was derived as Hp77 = 3.1 x Hepd. The personal dose equivalent (Hp90) based on the 1990 ICRP recommendation was given by Hp90 = 4.6 x Hepd; the conservative feature of Hp90 was confirmed in a comparison with the calculated effective doses by means of the CARI-6 code. It is thus expected that the EPD will be effectively used for radiation protection dosimetry on selected international flights. (+info)Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline cabin attendants. (6/99)
BACKGROUND: Cabin crews are exposed to cosmic radiation at work and this may increase their incidence of radiation-induced cancers. Former studies indicate an increased risk of breast cancer. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed. The cohort was established from the files of the Civil Aviation Administration and included people with a valid licence as a cabin attendant between 1950 and 1994. The cohort was linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway. Observed number of cases was compared with expected, based on national rates. Breast cancer incidence was analysed, adjusting for individual fertility variables. RESULTS: A group of 3693 cabin attendants were followed over 72 804 person-years. Among the women, 38 cases of breast cancer were observed (standardized incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.1, 95% CI : 0.8-1.5). Among men excess risks were found for cancers in the upper respiratory and gastric tract (SIR = 6.0, 95% CI : 2.7-11.4) and cancer of the liver (two cases, SIR = 10.8, 95% CI : 1.3-39.2). For both sexes elevated risks were found for malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer; for men these were SIR = 2.9 (95% CI : 1.1-6.4) and SIR = 9.9 (95% CI : 4.5-18.8) respectively, while for women these were SIR = 1.7 (95% CI : 1.0-2.7) and SIR = 2.9 (95% CI : 1.0-6.9) respectively. For no cancer site was a significant decreased risk found. CONCLUSIONS: An increased risk of radiation-induced cancers was not observed. The excess risks of some other cancers are more probably explained by factors related to lifestyle. (+info)Cell growth and morphology of Dictyostelium discoideum in space environment. (7/99)
Two strains of cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, a radiation-sensitive mutant and the parental wild-type strain, were used to investigate the effects of microgravity and/or cosmic radiation on their morphology through the whole life span from spores to fruiting bodies for about 7 days in space shuttle of NASA. We found almost no effect of space environment on amoeba cell growth in both strains. It was also observed that almost the same number and shape of fruiting bodies in space compared to the control experiments on earth. These results suggest that there is little effect of microgravity and space radiation on germination, cell aggregation, cell differentiation and cell morphology in the cellular slime mold. (+info)Mutation frequency of Dictyostelium discoideum spores exposed to the space environment. (8/99)
Two strains of cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, a radiosensitive mutant and the parental wild-type strain, were used to investigate the effects of cosmic radiation on viability and mutation frequency at the spore stage for about 9 days in Space Shuttle of NASA. We measured little effect of space environment on viability and cell growth in the both strains as compared to ground controls. The mutation frequency of the flown spores were similar to that of ground control. These results suggest that there could be no effect of cosmic radiation, containing high linear energy transfer radiation at about 0.9 mSv/day as detected by real-time radiation monitoring device on the induction of mutation at the spore stage. (+info)Cosmic radiation refers to high-energy radiation that originates from space. It is primarily made up of charged particles, such as protons and electrons, and consists of several components including galactic cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, and trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field (the Van Allen belts).
Galactic cosmic rays are high-energy particles that originate from outside our solar system. They consist mainly of protons, with smaller amounts of helium nuclei (alpha particles) and heavier ions. These particles travel at close to the speed of light and can penetrate the Earth's atmosphere, creating a cascade of secondary particles called "cosmic rays" that can be measured at the Earth's surface.
Solar energetic particles are high-energy charged particles, mainly protons and alpha particles, that are released during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Sun. These events can accelerate particles to extremely high energies, which can pose a radiation hazard for astronauts in space and for electronic systems in satellites.
Trapped radiation in Earth's magnetic field is composed of charged particles that are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field and form two doughnut-shaped regions around the Earth called the Van Allen belts. The inner belt primarily contains high-energy electrons, while the outer belt contains both protons and electrons. These particles can pose a radiation hazard for satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) and for astronauts during spacewalks or missions beyond LEO.
Cosmic radiation is an important consideration for human space exploration, as it can cause damage to living tissue and electronic systems. Therefore, understanding the sources, properties, and effects of cosmic radiation is crucial for ensuring the safety and success of future space missions.
The branch of transportation concerned with flying aircraft, including the design, development, production, and operation of airplanes, helicopters, and other flying machines. In a medical context, aviation may refer to the study of the effects of flight on the human body, particularly in relation to pilot health and safety, or to the medical aspects of aviation, such as aeromedical evacuation and transportation of patients by air.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "solar activity" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Solar activity refers to the various phenomena that occur on the Sun, including solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar wind. These events involve the release of energy and charged particles from the Sun's atmosphere and can have effects on space weather and technological systems in near-Earth space. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spacecraft" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed to fly in outer space. It may be used to transport humans or cargo to and from space stations, conduct scientific research, or explore other celestial bodies such as the moon, planets, and asteroids. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
An "aircraft" is not a medical term, but rather a general term used to describe any vehicle or machine designed to be powered and operated in the air. This includes fixed-wing aircraft such as airplanes and gliders, as well as rotary-wing aircraft such as helicopters and autogyros.
However, there are some medical conditions that can affect a person's ability to safely operate an aircraft, such as certain cardiovascular or neurological disorders. In these cases, the individual may be required to undergo medical evaluation and obtain clearance from aviation medical examiners before they are allowed to fly.
Additionally, there are some medical devices and equipment that are used in aircraft, such as oxygen systems and medical evacuation equipment. These may be used to provide medical care to passengers or crew members during flight.
"Space flight" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general, it refers to the act of traveling through space, outside of Earth's atmosphere, aboard a spacecraft. This can include trips to the International Space Station (ISS), lunar missions, or travel to other planets and moons within our solar system.
From a medical perspective, space flight presents unique challenges to the human body, including exposure to microgravity, radiation, and isolation from Earth's biosphere. These factors can have significant impacts on various physiological systems, including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, sensory, and immune systems. As a result, space medicine has emerged as a distinct field of study focused on understanding and mitigating these risks to ensure the health and safety of astronauts during space flight.
Aerospace medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the health and safety of pilots, astronauts, and passengers during space travel or aircraft flight. It involves studying the effects of various factors such as altitude, weightlessness, radiation, noise, vibration, and temperature extremes on the human body, and developing measures to prevent or mitigate any adverse effects.
Aerospace medicine also encompasses the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions that occur during space travel or aircraft flight, as well as the development of medical standards and guidelines for pilot and astronaut selection, training, and fitness for duty. Additionally, it includes research into the physiological and psychological challenges of long-duration space missions and the development of countermeasures to maintain crew health and performance during such missions.
Radiation monitoring is the systematic and continuous measurement, assessment, and tracking of ionizing radiation levels in the environment or within the body to ensure safety and to take appropriate actions when limits are exceeded. It involves the use of specialized instruments and techniques to detect and quantify different types of radiation, such as alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, and x-rays. The data collected from radiation monitoring is used to evaluate radiation exposure, contamination levels, and potential health risks for individuals or communities. This process is crucial in various fields, including nuclear energy production, medical imaging and treatment, radiation therapy, and environmental protection.
Radiation dosage, in the context of medical physics, refers to the amount of radiation energy that is absorbed by a material or tissue, usually measured in units of Gray (Gy), where 1 Gy equals an absorption of 1 Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter. In the clinical setting, radiation dosage is used to plan and assess the amount of radiation delivered to a patient during treatments such as radiotherapy. It's important to note that the biological impact of radiation also depends on other factors, including the type and energy level of the radiation, as well as the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues or organs.
Ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that carries enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules, which means it can knock electrons out of their orbits and create ions. These charged particles can cause damage to living tissue and DNA, making ionizing radiation dangerous to human health. Examples of ionizing radiation include X-rays, gamma rays, and some forms of subatomic particles such as alpha and beta particles. The amount and duration of exposure to ionizing radiation are important factors in determining the potential health effects, which can range from mild skin irritation to an increased risk of cancer and other diseases.
Radiation injuries refer to the damages that occur to living tissues as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. These injuries can be acute, occurring soon after exposure to high levels of radiation, or chronic, developing over a longer period after exposure to lower levels of radiation. The severity and type of injury depend on the dose and duration of exposure, as well as the specific tissues affected.
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation sickness, is the most severe form of acute radiation injury. It can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, and skin burns. In more severe cases, it can lead to neurological damage, hemorrhage, infection, and death.
Chronic radiation injuries, on the other hand, may not appear until months or even years after exposure. They can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, skin changes, cataracts, reduced fertility, and an increased risk of cancer.
Radiation injuries can be treated with supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes replacement, antibiotics, wound care, and blood transfusions. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or control bleeding. Prevention is the best approach to radiation injuries, which includes limiting exposure through proper protective measures and monitoring radiation levels in the environment.
A dose-response relationship in radiation refers to the correlation between the amount of radiation exposure (dose) and the biological response or adverse health effects observed in exposed individuals. As the level of radiation dose increases, the severity and frequency of the adverse health effects also tend to increase. This relationship is crucial in understanding the risks associated with various levels of radiation exposure and helps inform radiation protection standards and guidelines.
The effects of ionizing radiation can be categorized into two types: deterministic and stochastic. Deterministic effects have a threshold dose below which no effect is observed, and above this threshold, the severity of the effect increases with higher doses. Examples include radiation-induced cataracts or radiation dermatitis. Stochastic effects, on the other hand, do not have a clear threshold and are based on probability; as the dose increases, so does the likelihood of the adverse health effect occurring, such as an increased risk of cancer.
Understanding the dose-response relationship in radiation exposure is essential for setting limits on occupational and public exposure to ionizing radiation, optimizing radiation protection practices, and developing effective medical countermeasures in case of radiation emergencies.
Radiation tolerance, in the context of medicine and particularly radiation oncology, refers to the ability of tissues or organs to withstand and recover from exposure to ionizing radiation without experiencing significant damage or loss of function. It is often used to describe the maximum dose of radiation that can be safely delivered to a specific area of the body during radiotherapy treatments.
Radiation tolerance varies depending on the type and location of the tissue or organ. For example, some tissues such as the brain, spinal cord, and lungs have lower radiation tolerance than others like the skin or bone. Factors that can affect radiation tolerance include the total dose of radiation, the fractionation schedule (the number and size of radiation doses), the volume of tissue treated, and the individual patient's overall health and genetic factors.
Assessing radiation tolerance is critical in designing safe and effective radiotherapy plans for cancer patients, as excessive radiation exposure can lead to serious side effects such as radiation-induced injury, fibrosis, or even secondary malignancies.
Cosmic background radiation
Cosmic Radiation Satellite
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Large Latin American Millimeter Array
Pioneer 10
Pioneer 11
Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station
Jim Peebles
Robert H. Dicke
Cyclic model
Phyllis S. Freier
Observational astronomy
Willard Libby
Radiocarbon dating
Edward P. Ney
Concorde
Synchrotron radiation
Rainer Weiss
Ruby Payne-Scott
Margaret Shea (scientist)
Diffusion damping
L'Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science Awards
Steady-state model
Theodor Wulf
Rotating spheres
Rafael Rebolo López
Cryogenic Low-Energy Astrophysics with Neon
List of unsolved problems in physics
Nuclearite
Ter-Antonyan function
Cosmic background radiation - Wikipedia
Radiation Studies - CDC: Cosmic Radiation
cosmic radiation - NaturalNews.com
cosmic micorwave background radiation Archives - Universe Today
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Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation from Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays | IntechOpen
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Rays26
- There is also background radiation in the infrared, x-rays, etc., with different causes, and they can sometimes be resolved into an individual source. (wikipedia.org)
- Cosmic radiation consists of high-energy charged particles, x-rays and gamma rays produced in space. (cdc.gov)
- This yearly amount of radiation is similar to the amount of radiation from three chest x-rays. (cdc.gov)
- The high-energy cosmic rays bombard us all the time, but they interact quickly, producing particles of much lower energy which impact the earth harmlessly. (physlink.com)
- The embedded lights are activated by sensors that detect cosmic rays. (pinktentacle.com)
- According to Takuro Osaka, the University of Tsukuba Graduate School professor who designed the system, the brightness of the blue lights fluctuates according to the intensity of the detected cosmic rays, giving the building an ever-changing magical glow. (pinktentacle.com)
- Study shows the need to shield qubits from natural radiation, like cosmic rays from outer space. (scitechdaily.com)
- Computer engineers have known for at least a decade that natural radiation emanating from materials like concrete and pulsing through our atmosphere in the form of cosmic rays can cause digital computers to malfunction. (scitechdaily.com)
- Natural radiation in the form of X-rays, beta rays, cosmic rays, and gamma rays can penetrate a superconducting qubit and interfere with quantum coherence. (scitechdaily.com)
- High Altitude Dependence of Ionizing Radiation from Cosmic Rays" by Zack Gibson, Akihiro Nagata et al. (usu.edu)
- The fungi have been able to absorb harmful cosmic rays on the International Space Station (ISS). (miraclemandarin.com)
- Cosmic rays. (thrillist.com)
- Is it feasible to build a spaceborne electromagnetic lens (such as but not limited to a solenoid) of large area (perhaps as large as the ring at the supercollider at CERN) to gather and intensify solar wind or cosmic rays? (stackexchange.com)
- to gather and focus cosmic rays? (stackexchange.com)
- As a result of the remarkably weak solar activity, we have also observed the highest fluxes of galactic cosmic rays in the space age and relatively small solar energetic particle events. (unh.edu)
- The first type of radiation is solar radiation, which mostly consists of low- to intermediate-energy protons, electrons and x-rays from our own star. (stackexchange.com)
- The second type of radiation is Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs). (stackexchange.com)
- download high energy radiation from black holes gamma rays cosmic rays and neutrinos princeton of Analysis: A alternative perspective between a Museum and Medicine. (hott-online.de)
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- X-rays are measured in several types of units, the most important of which are the radiation-absorbed dose (rad), which is a US measurement, and the gray (Gy), which is an international measurement. (medscape.com)
- Ionizing radiation is energy that is carried by several types of particles and rays given off by radioactive material, x ray machines, and fuel elements in nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
- The atmosphere of the Earth protects us and all life on the planet from cosmic rays, solar ultraviolet radiation and solar winds. (lu.se)
- In general, ionizing radiation refers to high-energy electromagnetic waves (x-rays and gamma rays) and particles (alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons) that are capable of stripping electrons from atoms (ionization). (msdmanuals.com)
- Over the years, these cosmic rays have given us important hints about the fundamental constituents of matter, they are studied in detail to shed light on open questions in the understanding of our universe, and they are used to commission the operation of particle detectors. (lu.se)
Microwave38
- One component is the cosmic microwave background. (wikipedia.org)
- 179/1" 1938: Walther Nernst re-estimates the cosmic ray temperature as 0.75 K. 1946: The term "microwave" is first used in print in an astronomical context in an article "Microwave Radiation from the Sun and Moon" by Robert Dicke and Robert Beringer. (wikipedia.org)
- 1946: Robert Dicke predicts a microwave background radiation temperature of 20 K (ref: Helge Kragh) 1946: Robert Dicke predicts a microwave background radiation temperature of "less than 20 K" but later revised to 45 K (ref: Stephen G. Brush). (wikipedia.org)
- 1946: George Gamow estimates a temperature of 50 K. 1948: Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman re-estimate Gamow's estimate at 5 K. 1949: Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman re-re-estimate Gamow's estimate at 28 K. 1960s: Robert Dicke re-estimates a MBR (microwave background radiation) temperature of 40 K (ref: Helge Kragh). (wikipedia.org)
- It also accounts for the expansion of the Universe, the existence of the Cosmic Microwave Background , and a broad range of other phenomena. (universetoday.com)
- When people speak simply of 'cosmic radiation' they are usually referring specifically to the cosmic microwave background radiation. (physlink.com)
- Who Discovered the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation? (journalofcosmology.com)
- Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is radiation that fills the universe and is believed to be the afterglow of the Big Bang. (journalofcosmology.com)
- The cosmic microwave background radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that permeates the entire universe, and it is considered one of the most significant pieces of evidence for the Big Bang theory of the universe's origin. (journalofcosmology.com)
- In this text, we will explore the history of the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and the scientists who made this groundbreaking discovery possible. (journalofcosmology.com)
- Key takeaway: The discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) provided evidence for the Big Bang theory, inflationary universe theory, and contributed to the understanding of dark matter and dark energy. (journalofcosmology.com)
- The discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was a significant event in the study of the universe. (journalofcosmology.com)
- We have devoted our research activities to developing high accuracy component separation scheme which is able to separate cosmic microwave background radiation signal and foreground emission components signals originated from interstellar matter in our Galaxy from observed polarization data in microwave bands. (nii.ac.jp)
- The cosmic microwave radiation background can be termed as the most studied bit of evidence that explains the Big Bang. (assignster.com)
- With the big bang theory being one of the most comprehensive theories in figuring out the origins of the universe and its approximate age, the cosmic microwave radiation background plays a fundamental role in understanding the big bang. (assignster.com)
- From meticulous studies of the cosmic microwave background radiation to the unearthing of planets around other heavenly bodies, to investigate the impact of galaxies aged billions of years, and exploration expeditions to other, astronomers are fast structuring a representation of the cosmos and its development process by which it is evolving with immense aspects than ever before. (assignster.com)
- The Cosmic Microwave Radiation Background also known as CMRB, CRB or CMB is the remnant left behind (afterglow) after occurrence of the big bang 13.7billion years ago "cooled to a faint whisper in the microwave spectrum by the expansion of the Universe for 15 billion years (which causes the radiation originally produced in the big bang to redshift to longer wavelengths). (assignster.com)
- In reality George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, & Robert Herman had envisaged in 1948 that the cosmic microwave radiation background as a leftover of the development of the early cosmos. (assignster.com)
- Accurate measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation are critical to astronomy, since any proposed representation of the cosmos should make clear this radiation. (assignster.com)
- The CMRB radiance is at a temperature of 2.725 K no matter the bearing observed in the sky, and its spectrum 'a thermal blackbody' hits the highest point of its microwave range frequency of 160.2 GHz thus it derives its name 'the cosmic microwave background radiation' from this characteristic. (assignster.com)
- Hubble's discovery that the universe is expanding in all directions and consequent discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Radiation Background, the remnant of some cataclysmic explosion billions of years ago have all helped to… generate scientific support to the big abng theory'(Germadnik 2001). (assignster.com)
- The cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) is widely interpreted as the thermal afterglow of a hot big bang. (princeton.edu)
- One of the most crucial pieces of evidence that supports this theory is the leftover radiation that can still be found in the empty vastness of space-the Cosmic Microwave Background. (wpioneer.com)
- One important form is the microwave background radiation, which peaks at about 1 mm wavelength (i.e. (wpioneer.com)
- Since then, other observations made with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) have detected this radiation. (wpioneer.com)
- This lesson defines cosmic microwave background radiation, including the history behind its discovery and what this tells us about the universe as a whole. (wpioneer.com)
- cosmic microwave background The microwave radiation that arrives at the Earth from every direction in space. (wpioneer.com)
- At Bell Laboratories, they were testing a microwave radiation detector. (wpioneer.com)
- translation and definition "cosmic microwave background radiation", English-German Dictionary online. (wpioneer.com)
- The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is thought to be leftover radiation from the Big Bang, or the time when the universe began. (wpioneer.com)
- We present the calculations of the temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) caused by an inhomogeneous region (the clump) within the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model of the Universe build in the framework of the Randall-Sundrum one brane model. (waset.org)
- The extremely high temperature of the Big Bang released intense, very short wavelength radiation, but the subsequent cooling of the universe has shifted those wavelengths to the microwave region. (physlink.com)
- The short answer is that experimentalists measure the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background photons (and as you might guess by the name they tend to have microwave wavelengths). (physlink.com)
- In 2001 The DASI team announced the most detailed measurements of the temperature, or power spectrum of the Cosmic microwave background (CMB). (wikipedia.org)
- This radiation has since been redshifted by the expansion of the universe and can be seen faintly in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum . (wikipedia.org)
- The high altitude and extreme dryness means the air is thinner and contains much less water vapour than other climates, which is important as water is a good absorber of microwave radiation and blocks a portion of the CMB signal. (wikipedia.org)
- Investigating the Cosmic Microwave Background Cold-Spot. (scientiamag.org)
- Since the discovery of CMB in 1964 by Physicist Arno Penzias and Radio-Astronomer Robert Wilson (For which they won the Nobel Prize of 1978), the Cosmic Microwave Background has given scientists oceans of information and curiosity. (scientiamag.org)
Electromagnetic radiation8
- Cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation that fills all space. (wikipedia.org)
- In the context of modern science, astronomy and astrophysics, it also refers to all spacetime, all forms of energy (i.e. electromagnetic radiation and matter) and the physical laws that bind them. (universetoday.com)
- It is a form of isotropic/electromagnetic radiation covering the universe left over from the earlier stages of development of the universe. (assignster.com)
- Cosmic background radiation definition, electromagnetic radiation coming from every direction in the universe, considered the remnant of the big bang and corresponding to the black-body radiation of 3 K, the temperature to which the universe has cooled. (wpioneer.com)
- Cosmic background radiation definition: electromagnetic radiation coming from every direction in the universe , considered the. (wpioneer.com)
- Radio waves, such as from cell phones and AM and FM radio transmitters, and visible light also are forms of electromagnetic radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
- Energy can travel through space in the form of electromagnetic radiation. (medscape.com)
- Electromagnetic radiation is composed of massless waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. (medscape.com)
Ultraviolet radiation2
- It does not tell you about non-ionizing radiation, such as microwaves, ultrasound, or ultraviolet radiation. (cdc.gov)
- Airline pilots and flight attendants are exposed occupationally to certain known cancer risk factors (e.g., cosmic radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and circadian rhythm disruption). (cdc.gov)
Risk from cosmic radiation1
- What is the risk from cosmic radiation? (cdc.gov)
Astronauts would be exposed2
- This video summary discusses new research, recently published in BMC Genomics , that investigates the effects on mice brains of exposure to 56 Fe ions - the same kind of radiation that astronauts would be exposed to on a deep space mission to Mars. (biomedcentral.com)
- What materials provide the best protection from the kinds of high-energy cosmic radiation astronauts would be exposed to on these journeys? (stackexchange.com)
0.33 mSv2
- The average annual dose or exposure from cosmic radiation is 0.33 mSv (33 mrem) or 11% of a person's yearly exposure due to all natural sources of radiation. (cdc.gov)
- Whether or not you fly, the average person's dose of cosmic radiation is 0.33 mSv or 11% of our yearly exposure to all natural sources of radiation. (amodrn.com)
Galactic4
- Does the worsening galactic cosmic radiation environment observed by CRaTER preclude future manned deep space exploration? (unh.edu)
- We show that while these conditions are not a show stopper for long‐duration missions (e.g., to the Moon, an asteroid, or Mars), galactic cosmic ray radiation remains a significant and worsening factor that limits mission durations. (unh.edu)
- Galactic cosmic radiation presents a more significant challenge: the time to 3% risk of exposure‐induced death (REID) in interplanetary space was less than 400 days for a 30 year old male and less than 300 days for a 30 year old female in the last cycle 23-24 minimum. (unh.edu)
- 2. Exposure to noise and ionizing non-ionizing radiation (galactic cosmic radiation, energetic solar-article radiation and in-flight radiation as sources). (cdc.gov)
Temperature9
- The discovery (by chance in 1965) of the cosmic background radiation suggests that the early universe was dominated by a radiation field, a field of extremely high temperature and pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- 1965: Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson measure the temperature to be approximately 3 K. Robert Dicke, P. J. E. Peebles, P. G. Roll and D. T. Wilkinson interpret this radiation as a signature of the Big Bang. (wikipedia.org)
- Measurements of the anisotropy in the CMBR temperature provide a snapshot of the distribution of fluctuations in the gravitational potential at the earliest stages of cosmic structure formation. (princeton.edu)
- When the buoyancy parameter F r is negligible, researchers find that the cosmic ray density at shock boundary (E n ) decreases with increasing temperature. (medwelljournals.com)
- It is also observed that the variation of radiation parameter N in cosmic ray transport has no significant effect in the temperature distribution. (medwelljournals.com)
- Thus, even when radiation is significant, it does not really modify the temperature within the cosmic ray region. (medwelljournals.com)
- However, for increases in the density at shock boundaries say (En), the temperature distribution decreases. (medwelljournals.com)
- What is meant when one says that the temperature of the cosmic background radiation is 3K? (physlink.com)
- As to why temperature is a useful variable, it is important to point out that not every photon from the cosmic background has a temperature of 2.7K. In fact, there is a whole range of energies (or temperatures). (physlink.com)
Type of radiation3
- This type of radiation is called cosmic radiation. (cdc.gov)
- But it turns out, there's another type of radiation most of us aren't even aware of-cosmic radiation. (amodrn.com)
- These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and the type of radiation. (cdc.gov)
Telescope3
- An article for background (behind paywall) A Proposed Focusing Cosmic-Ray Telescope, WT Harris, Phys. (stackexchange.com)
- The Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) instrument onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) characterizes the global lunar radiation environment and its biological impacts by measuring cosmic ray (CR) radiation. (researchain.net)
- We use observations from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to examine the implications of these highly unusual solar conditions for human space exploration. (unh.edu)
Universe14
- This component is redshifted photons that have freely streamed from an epoch when the Universe became transparent for the first time to radiation. (wikipedia.org)
- Through the testing of theoretical principles, experiments involving particle accelerators and high-energy states, and astronomical studies that have observed the deep Universe, scientists have constructed a timeline of events that began with the Big Bang and has led to the current state of cosmic evolution. (universetoday.com)
- The CMBR is believed to be the radiation that was left over from the hot and dense early universe, which has cooled down to just a few degrees above absolute zero. (journalofcosmology.com)
- The CMBR is believed to be the radiation that was left over from the hot and dense early universe, and it is an important tool for studying the early universe and its structure and evolution. (journalofcosmology.com)
- After the Universe recombined the baryons and radiation decoupled, and the radiation could travel freely towards us. (caltech.edu)
- Discovered inadvertently by two Bell Laboratories astronomers in 1964, the CMBR is the residual radiation from the Big Bang that fills the universe in all directions. (particlezoo.net)
- The evolution of initially isothermal perturbations produced in a radiation-dominated universe is investigated until the time of recombination. (harvard.edu)
- The ratio of the amplitude of baryon irregularities to that of radiation generated in the course of the evolution of the universe is determined. (harvard.edu)
- Because this radiation provides a snapshot of the universe at that time, it has become the Rosetta stone of cosmology. (assignster.com)
- In the aftermath of the big bang as the universe cooled down, remnant radiation formed from the cooling of the radiation and plasma filling the expanding universe. (assignster.com)
- On The Uniformity of the Observed Universe and the Cosmic Background Radiation. (institutefortheoreticalphysics.org)
- The remnant 'background radiation' from the Big Bang is now seen coming from all directions in the Universe. (physlink.com)
- Instead, we can always see some areas have more matter or galaxies, and some don't, eventually giving rise to the cosmic web we see in the models of the Universe. (scientiamag.org)
- The primitive fluctuations in the CMB have the strong support of evidence for cosmic inflation, and cosmologists believe that the Universe had the uttermost rapid expansion when it was merely seconds old. (scientiamag.org)
Harmful cosmic1
- If the field continues to becomes weaker, objects in orbit, such as satellites, will soon require more shielding from harmful cosmic radiation in these areas. (lu.se)
Gravitational4
- Recently, an alternative to LIGO measurement of gravitational waves was proposed based on [2] that argued light produced from heating NPs of cosmic dust during black hole coalescence was modulated by audible sound produced in NP collisions with black hole debris prior to being carried by the light to Earth. (prlog.org)
- In the audible range, LIGO may be measuring a continuum of low frequency noise from cosmic dust modulated by inspiral rotational speeds having nothing to do with gravitational waves, a conclusion of which does not depend on LIGO having near impossible resolution. (prlog.org)
- Physicists did not consider NPs of cosmic dust in the intense heat of coalescing black holes produce light that travels to Earth and confuses LIGO gravitational wave measurements. (prlog.org)
- Nature, 1968, 217.5128: 511-516, [4] Dyer C. C., The gravitational perturbation of the cosmic background radiation by density concentrations, Month. (waset.org)
Aircrew5
- Large studies into the health of pilots and aircrew have shown no increased risk of cancer as a result of frequent exposure to cosmic radiation. (amodrn.com)
- According to the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency , exposures of aircrew to cosmic radiation are typically less than a quarter of the occupational dose limit of 20mSV-and this is similar to airlines across the world. (amodrn.com)
- Aircrew have the highest annual individual radiation dose of any occupation, work irregular hours, and can be at risk of exposure to infectious diseases when traveling. (cdc.gov)
- For breastfeeding aircrew members, exposure to external radiation while working will not expose a baby to radiation through the breastmilk. (cdc.gov)
- The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements recommends a radiation dose limit of 0.5 mSv (millisievert) per month during pregnancy, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides information on current weather conditions and whether aircrew flying at higher altitudes could be exposed to higher radiation levels due to solar radiation activity. (cdc.gov)
Black Body Radi1
- The theoretical distribution of wavelengths in that radiation represents 'black body' radiation, and is described mathematically by an equation called Planck's Law. (physlink.com)
Person's1
- Once in the body, radioactive material may be transported to various sites, such as the bone marrow, where it continues to emit radiation, increasing the person's radiation exposure, until it is removed or emits all its energy (decays). (msdmanuals.com)
Particle4
- Cosmic particle flux is significantly higher on board aircraft that at ground level. (radioprotection.org)
- Solar particle radiation. (thrillist.com)
- Since their discovery in the 1920s, high-energy radiation originating outside our Solar System have played a crucial role in particle physics, cosmology and astroparticle physics. (lu.se)
- This talk will provide an overview of cosmic radiation, its origins and its implications for particle physics as well as cosmology and astroparticle physics. (lu.se)
Remnant1
- There are also very old remnant neutrinos in the cosmic radiation. (physlink.com)
Types of radiation5
- Cosmic radiation is a collection of many different types of radiation from many different types of sources. (physlink.com)
- With respect to potential travel in our own solar system there are two general types of radiation that have our concern! (stackexchange.com)
- Finally, we will describe the more important types of radiation to which you may be exposed. (cdc.gov)
- Depending on the magnitude of the dose, organs exposed, and types of radiation cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation can cause acute illness, increase the risk of developing cancer, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
- The Gy and Sv are similar, except the Sv takes into account the effectiveness of different types of radiation to cause damage and the sensitivity of different tissues in the body to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
Circadian1
- 5. Published a scientific article reporting that among a small subset of flight attendants with 32 or more births breast cancer was more frequent when exposure to cosmic radiation or circadian disruption was higher. (cdc.gov)
Background13
- The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect shows the phenomena of radiant cosmic background radiation interacting with "electron" clouds distorting the spectrum of the radiation. (wikipedia.org)
- See cosmic infrared background and X-ray background. (wikipedia.org)
- See also cosmic neutrino background and extragalactic background light. (wikipedia.org)
- The variations in the pattern correspond to density variations which formed galaxies and were first detected by NASA's COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer). (particlezoo.net)
- Combining it with the observed upper bound on the anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation, the authors obtain a severe constraint on the amplitude of initially isothermal fluctuations at the time of recombination. (harvard.edu)
- The flux of ionizing radiation from cosmic background sources has been measured as a function of altitude using a compact Geiger counter aboard a high altitude balloon. (usu.edu)
- Cause of cosmic background radiation, for example! (kindnessthroughknowledge.com)
- As the newborn cosmos … Meaning of cosmic background radiation. (wpioneer.com)
- background radiation definition: 1. (wpioneer.com)
- Information and translations of cosmic background radiation in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. (wpioneer.com)
- At the end of the day, we are all exposed to background radiation on a daily basis-it's in the water we drink, the food we eat, the homes we live in and the devices we use. (amodrn.com)
- and this peak wavelength is precisely what the experimentalists observe in the photon spectrum of the cosmic background radiation. (physlink.com)
- The instrument is similar in design to the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI) and the Very Small Array (VSA). (wikipedia.org)
Measurements2
- Reference: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. (cdc.gov)
- Measurements of the CMBR intensity as a function of frequency constrain the history of cosmic energetics. (princeton.edu)
Amount of radiation3
- There's a terrifying amount of radiation in space just aching to zap anyone who comes close to touching it. (thrillist.com)
- The amount of radiation is measured in several different units. (msdmanuals.com)
- The gray (Gy) and sievert (Sv) are measures of the dose of radiation, which is the amount of radiation deposited in matter, and are the units used to measure dose in humans after exposure to radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
Dose11
- Radiation dose due to cosmic radiation will vary with altitude. (cdc.gov)
- The average annual dose due to cosmic radiation in the US is 0.34 mSv (34 mrem) per year. (cdc.gov)
- This low radiation dose is unlikely to affect human health. (cdc.gov)
- This dose assessment tool was developed by the French General Directorate of Civil Aviation (DGAC) and partners: the Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), the Paris Observatory and the French Institute for Polar Research - Paul-Emile Victor (IPEV). (radioprotection.org)
- C'est pourquoi la directive européenne adoptée en 1996 demande aux compagnies aériennes d'estimer la dose et d'informer les personnels navigants sur le risque. (radioprotection.org)
- La dose efficace doit être estimée en utilisant divers moyens expérimentaux ou par calcul. (radioprotection.org)
- The radiation dose on a typical commercial airline flight altitude is about 0.003 millisieverts (mSv) per hour. (amodrn.com)
- Bar any nuclear disasters, the highest dose of radiation comes from undergoing regular medical imaging (ie. (amodrn.com)
- A very large dose of ionizing radiation can also damage the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular system), brain, and skin. (msdmanuals.com)
- An individual's radiation dose can be increased in two ways, contamination and irradiation. (msdmanuals.com)
- ALARA et 98,2 % ignoraient qu'il n'existait pas de seuil en dessous duquel une dose est sans danger, selon les recommandations internationales. (who.int)
Wavelength2
- Briefly stated: Under the QM restriction that heat capacity of the atom vanishes, simplified QED conserves heat supplied to a nanoscale QM box having refractive index n and sides d by creating standing EM radiation having wavelength λ = 2 nd. (prlog.org)
- At first, all of the radiation is in the infrared region, which has a wavelength too long for humans to see. (physlink.com)
Earth's atmosphere1
- Charged particles react with the earth's atmosphere to produce secondary radiation which reaches the earth. (cdc.gov)
Shield7
- The particles that do make it to the earth interact with our atmosphere, which acts as a 'radiation shield. (physlink.com)
- They built a shield around the qubits that lowered the amount of natural radiation in their environment. (scitechdaily.com)
- In addition, it may be necessary to shield experimental quantum computers from radiation in the atmosphere. (scitechdaily.com)
- It self-replicates and self-heals, so even if there's a solar flare that damages the radiation shield significantly, it will be able to grow back in a few days. (miraclemandarin.com)
- These rain down on earth constantly, but our atmosphere acts a radiation shield, providing a layer of protection. (amodrn.com)
- For long-distance manned missions, such as a mission to Mars, we are inevitably going to have to shield astronauts from cosmic radiation, especially in the event of a solar flare or SEP. (stackexchange.com)
- Since hydrogen rich materials work well to shield the most common types of cosmic radiation, some plastics could work. (stackexchange.com)
SIEVERT3
- In France, the computerized system for flight assessment of exposure to cosmic radiation in air transport (SIEVERT) is delivered to airlines for assisting them in the application of the European directive. (radioprotection.org)
- En France, le système d'information et d'évaluation par vol de l'exposition au rayonnement cosmique dans les transports aériens (SIEVERT) est proposé aux compagnies pour les assister dans l'application de la directive européenne. (radioprotection.org)
- The roentgen equivalent man (rem) unit of measure and sievert (Sv) unit are used to quantify radiation exposure over time (eg, environmental releases). (medscape.com)
Exposure to ionizing4
- Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from many sources. (cdc.gov)
- This information is important because exposure to ionizing radiation may harm you and because these sites may be sources of exposure. (cdc.gov)
- Even in the event that you are exposed, it does not necessarily mean you will be harmed or suffer longterm health effects from exposure to ionizing radiation. (cdc.gov)
- Radiation injury is damage to tissues caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
Altitudes1
- Higher altitudes mean greater exposure to cosmic radiation. (cdc.gov)
Energetic1
- Radiation is energy transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. (medscape.com)
Flux1
- The signature of 14 C variation is very similar to the confirmed three SEP events and points to an extreme short-term flux of cosmic ray radiation into the atmosphere. (lu.se)
Particles2
- Also known as ionic radiation, cosmic radiation is the energy particles from outer space, produced by the stars and our sun. (amodrn.com)
- Ionizing radiation can also be in the form of particulate radiation, which includes subatomic l charged or neutral particles traveling near the speed of light and therefore with high very high kinetic energy. (medscape.com)
Ionizing Radiation Exposure1
- NCRP Report No. 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States. (cdc.gov)
Typically2
- e.g. , perturbations in the Dark Energy component itself [ 19 ]) but typically these are buried in the cosmic variance. (caltech.edu)
- The radiation breaks apart matched pairs of electrons that typically carry electric current without resistance in a superconductor," said VanDevender. (scitechdaily.com)
Emit1
- Stars like our Sun emit primarily in the visible region, and cooler objects like planets emit invisible infrared radiation. (physlink.com)
Physical1
- Some evidence suggests that cosmic radiation exposure, high physical job demands, and working during typical sleep hours might be associated with an increased risk for miscarriage among pregnant flight attendants. (cdc.gov)
Body to radiation1
- Cosmic radiation exposes the body to radiation in a manner similar to exposure from a medical X-ray. (cdc.gov)
Solar radiation1
- Equipped with only early versions of the technologies that would later make space travel routine, the crew battled unseeable enemies such as solar radiation and Moon dust which threatened their lives nearly every moment of the trip. (thrillist.com)
Atmosphere2
- Cosmic radiation is more intense in the upper atmosphere and most intense in deep space. (cdc.gov)
- Of course, if we were in space without the protection of our atmosphere then we would need some other type of shielding from the radiation (spacesuits and protective covering on our spacecrafts). (physlink.com)
Exposures1
- The Monographs programme has since been expanded to include consideration of exposures to complex mixtures of chemicals (which occur, for example, in some occupations and as a result of human habits) and to environmental agents of other kinds, such as infectious agents and various forms of radiation. (who.int)
Waves2
- See LIGO: Einstein's gravational waves or sournd carried by light from cosmic dust? (prlog.org)
- M-INT Kobe , a commercial complex scheduled to open in Kobe on October 4, has been outfitted with an exterior lighting system that translates cosmic energy waves into pulsating blue light. (pinktentacle.com)
Outer space1
- Takuro Osaka has been exploring the use of cosmic radiation in art since 1995, and for years he has been discussing the possibility of collaborating with Japan's space agency (JAXA, formerly NASDA) on art projects in outer space. (pinktentacle.com)
Detectors1
- Natural radiation may interfere with both superconducting dark matter detectors (seen here) and superconducting qubits. (scitechdaily.com)
Frequency3
- The problem with light created in cosmic dust carrying audible sound is that NPs are compact solids lacking the compliance to allow modulation of light in the frequency range 20 - 2000 Hz. (prlog.org)
- LIGO sensitivity is explained by light created as cosmic dust is heated during black hole coalescence and modulated in frequency f depending on its time dependent radial location R(t) in the inspiral of black hole debris, i.e., f = V/2πR(t), where V is a constant inspiral velocity. (prlog.org)
- Moreover, the continuum of LIGO low frequency narrow band noise spikes most likely do not depend on 60 Hz measurement noise, but rather are proportional to the local concentration of cosmic dust. (prlog.org)
Spectrum2
- The origin of this radiation depends on the region of the spectrum that is observed. (wikipedia.org)
- Because microwaves have wavelengths longer than even invisible infrared radiation, they are observed in the radio region of the spectrum with radio telescopes. (physlink.com)
Space3
- One natural source of radiation is from space. (cdc.gov)
- After ruling out a number of different possibilities, he considered the idea that natural radiation from sources like metals found in the soil and cosmic radiation from space might be pushing the qubits into decoherence. (scitechdaily.com)
- A year ago, research by Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Co. confirmed the long-held suspicion that plastics are among the most effective of materials in protecting astronauts from deep-space radiation. (thrillist.com)