A species of gram-positive, asporogenous, non-pathogenic, soil bacteria that produces GLUTAMIC ACID.
A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.
A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria in which three cultural types are recognized. These types (gravis, intermedius, and mitis) were originally given in accordance with the clinical severity of the cases from which the different strains were most frequently isolated. This species is the causative agent of DIPHTHERIA.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A species of gram-positive, asporogenous bacteria that was originally isolated from necrotic areas in the kidney of a sheep. It may cause ulcerative lymphangitis, abscesses, and other chronic purulent infections in sheep, horses, and other warm-blooded animals. Human disease may form from contact with infected animals.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
Methods and techniques used to genetically modify cells' biosynthetic product output and develop conditions for growing the cells as BIOREACTORS.
A bacteria isolated from normal skin, intestinal contents, wounds, blood, pus, and soft tissue abscesses. It is a common contaminant of clinical specimens, presumably from the skin of patients or attendants.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A gram-positive organism found in dairy products, fresh and salt water, marine organisms, insects, and decaying organic matter.
A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.
Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.
A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.
The study, utilization, and manipulation of those microorganisms capable of economically producing desirable substances or changes in substances, and the control of undesirable microorganisms.
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.
A species of CORYNEBACTERIUM isolated from abscesses of warm-blooded animals.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.
Salts and esters of gentisic acid.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of aspartic beta-semialdehyde to homoserine, which is the branch point in biosynthesis of methionine, lysine, threonine and leucine from aspartic acid. EC 1.1.1.3.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Benzoate derivatives substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring.
An oxidative decarboxylation process that converts GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE to D-ribose-5-phosphate via 6-phosphogluconate. The pentose product is used in the biosynthesis of NUCLEIC ACIDS. The generated energy is stored in the form of NADPH. This pathway is prominent in tissues which are active in the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS and STEROIDS.
Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.
The use of genetic methodologies to improve functional capacities of an organism rather than to treat disease.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prephenate to phenylpyruvate with the elimination of water and carbon dioxide. In the enteric bacteria this enzyme also possesses chorismate mutase activity, thereby catalyzing the first two steps in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine. EC 4.2.1.51.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate to (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate in the presence of NADP. It is involved in the biosynthesis of VALINE; LEUCINE; ISOLEUCINE; pentothenate and COENZYME A. This enzyme was formerly classified as EC 1.1.1.89.
A group of compounds that are derivatives of heptanedioic acid with the general formula R-C7H11O4.
Polysaccharides composed of repeating galactose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.
An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.
An important enzyme in the glyoxylic acid cycle which reversibly catalyzes the synthesis of L-malate from acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.2.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The in vitro fusion of GENES by RECOMBINANT DNA techniques to analyze protein behavior or GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, or to merge protein functions for specific medical or industrial uses.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.
A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains and consist of several OPERONS.
An isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of chorismic acid to prephenic acid. EC 5.4.99.5.
Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.
An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
A species of METHYLOPHILUS which is motile by single flagella. In addition to growth on methanol as a sole carbon source, growth also occurs on glucose. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
A key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.1.
The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.
An ADP-ribosylating polypeptide produced by CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE that causes the signs and symptoms of DIPHTHERIA. It can be broken into two unequal domains: the smaller, catalytic A domain is the lethal moiety and contains MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASES which transfers ADP RIBOSE to PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTOR 2 thereby inhibiting protein synthesis; and the larger B domain that is needed for entry into cells.
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. EC 2.7.1.-.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of acetylphosphate from acetyl-CoA and inorganic phosphate. Acetylphosphate serves as a high-energy phosphate compound. EC 2.3.1.8.
Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.
A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from 2 moles of PYRUVATE in the biosynthesis of VALINE and the formation of acetohydroxybutyrate from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate in the biosynthesis of ISOLEUCINE. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.18.
Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of mannose from a nucleoside diphosphate mannose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. The group includes EC 2.4.1.32, EC 2.4.1.48, EC 2.4.1.54, and EC 2.4.1.57.

Evolutionary process of amino acid biosynthesis in Corynebacterium at the whole genome level. (1/403)

Corynebacterium glutamicum, which is the closest relative of Corynebacterium efficiens, is widely used for the large scale production of many kinds of amino acids, particularly glutamic acid and lysine, by fermentation. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which is well known as a human pathogen, is also closely related to these two species of Corynebacteria, but it lacks such productivity of amino acids. It is an important and interesting question to ask how those closely related bacterial species have undergone such significant functional differentiation in amino acid biosynthesis. The main purpose of the present study is to clarify the evolutionary process of functional differentiation among the three species of Corynebacteria by conducting a comparative analysis of genome sequences. When Mycobacterium and Streptomyces were used as out groups, our comparative study suggested that the common ancestor of Corynebacteria already possessed almost all of the gene sets necessary for amino acid production. However, C. diphtheriae was found to have lost the genes responsible for amino acid production. Moreover, we found that the common ancestor of C. efficiens and C. glutamicum have acquired some of genes responsible for amino acid production by horizontal gene transfer. Thus, we conclude that the evolutionary events of gene loss and horizontal gene transfer must have been responsible for functional differentiation in amino acid biosynthesis of the three species of Corynebacteria.  (+info)

Purification and characterization of O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase of Corynebacterium glutamicum. (2/403)

We highly purified O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from the glutamate-producing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 34,500 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and 70,800 as determined by gel filtration chromatography. It had an apparent Km of 7.0 mM for O-acetylserine and a Vmax of 435 micromol min-1 (mg x protein)-1. This is the first report of the cysteine biosynthetic enzyme of C. glutamicum in purified form.  (+info)

BetP of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a transporter with three different functions: betaine transport, osmosensing, and osmoregulation. (3/403)

In order to circumvent deleterious effects of hypo- and hyperosmotic conditions in its environment, Corynebacterium glutamicum has developed a number of mechanisms to counteract osmotic stress. The first response to an osmotic upshift is the activation of uptake mechanisms for the compatible solutes betaine, proline, or ectoine, namely BetP, EctP, ProP, LcoP and PutP. BetP, the most important uptake system responds to osmotic stress by regulation at the level of both protein activity and gene expression. BetP was shown to harbor three different properties, i.e. catalytic activity (betaine transport), sensing of appropriate stimuli (osmosensing) and signal transduction to the catalytic part of the carrier protein which adapts its activity to the extent of osmotic stress (osmoregulation). BetP is comprised of 12 transmembrane segments and carries N- and C-terminal domains, which are involved in osmosensing and/or osmoregulation. Recent results on molecular properties of these domains indicate the significance of particular amino acids within the terminal 25 amino acids of the C-terminal domain of BetP for the process of osmosensing and osmoregulation.  (+info)

Acyl-CoA carboxylases (accD2 and accD3), together with a unique polyketide synthase (Cg-pks), are key to mycolic acid biosynthesis in Corynebacterianeae such as Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (4/403)

The Corynebacterianeae such as Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis possess several unique and structurally diverse lipids, including the genus-specific mycolic acids. Although the function of a number of genes involved in fatty acid and mycolic acid biosynthesis is known, information relevant to the initial steps within these biosynthetic pathways is relatively sparse. Interestingly, the genomes of Corynebacterianeae possess a high number of accD genes, whose gene products resemble the beta-subunit of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase of Escherichia coli, providing the activated intermediate for fatty acid synthesis. We present here our studies on four putative accD genes found in C. glutamicum. Although growth of the accD4 mutant remained unchanged, growth of the accD1 mutant was strongly impaired and partially recovered by the addition of exogenous oleic acid. Overexpression of accD1 and accBC, encoding the carboxylase alpha-subunit, resulted in an 8-fold increase in malonyl-CoA formation from acetyl-CoA in cell lysates, providing evidence that accD1 encodes a carboxyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA. Interestingly, fatty acid profiles remained unchanged in both our accD2 and accD3 mutants, but a complete loss of mycolic acids, either as organic extractable trehalose and glucose mycolates or as cell wall-bound mycolates, was observed. These two carboxyltransferases are also retained in all Corynebacterianeae, including Mycobacterium leprae, constituting two distinct groups of orthologs. Furthermore, carboxyl fixation assays, as well as a study of a Cg-pks deletion mutant, led us to conclude that accD2 and accD3 are key to mycolic acid biosynthesis, thus providing a carboxylated intermediate during condensation of the mero-chain and alpha-branch directed by the pks-encoded polyketide synthase. This study illustrates that the high number of accD paralogs have evolved to represent specific variations on the well known basic theme of providing carboxylated intermediates in lipid biosynthesis.  (+info)

Identification of AcnR, a TetR-type repressor of the aconitase gene acn in Corynebacterium glutamicum. (5/403)

In Corynebacterium glutamicum, the activity of aconitase is 2.5-4-fold higher on propionate, citrate, or acetate than on glucose. Here we show that this variation is caused by transcriptional regulation. In search for putative regulators, a gene (acnR) encoding a TetR-type transcriptional regulator was found to be encoded immediately downstream of the aconitase gene (acn) in C. glutamicum. Deletion of the acnR gene led to a 5-fold increased acn-mRNA level and a 5-fold increased aconitase activity, suggesting that AcnR functions as repressor of acn expression. DNA microarray analyses indicated that acn is the primary target gene of AcnR in the C. glutamicum genome. Purified AcnR was shown to be a homodimer, which binds to the acn promoter in the region from -11 to -28 relative to the transcription start. It thus presumably acts by interfering with the binding of RNA polymerase. The acn-acnR organization is conserved in all corynebacteria and mycobacteria with known genome sequence and a putative AcnR consensus binding motif (CAGNACnnncGTACTG) was identified in the corresponding acn upstream regions. Mutations within this motif inhibited AcnR binding. Because the activities of citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were previously reported not to be increased during growth on acetate, our data indicate that aconitase is a major control point of tricarboxylic acid cycle activity in C. glutamicum, and they identify AcnR as the first transcriptional regulator of a tricarboxylic acid cycle gene in the Corynebacterianeae.  (+info)

Molecular identification of the urea uptake system and transcriptional analysis of urea transporter- and urease-encoding genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum. (6/403)

The molecular identification of the Corynebacterium glutamicum urea uptake system is described. This ABC-type transporter is encoded by the urtABCDE operon, which is transcribed in response to nitrogen limitation. Expression of the urt genes is regulated by the global nitrogen regulator AmtR, and an amtR deletion strain showed constitutive expression of the urtABCDE genes. The AmtR repressor protein also controls transcription of the urease-encoding ureABCEFGD genes in C. glutamicum. The ure gene cluster forms an operon which is mainly transcribed in response to nitrogen starvation. To confirm the increased synthesis of urease subunits under nitrogen limitation, proteome analyses of cytoplasmic protein extracts from cells grown under nitrogen surplus and nitrogen limitation were carried out, and five of the seven urease subunits were identified.  (+info)

Integration of E. coli aroG-pheA tandem genes into Corynebacterium glutamicum tyrA locus and its effect on L-phenylalanine biosynthesis. (7/403)

AIM: To study the effect of integration of tandem aroG-pheA genes into the tyrA locus of Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) on the production of L-phenylalanine. METHODS: By nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis, five p-fluorophenylalanine (FP)-resistant mutants of C.glutamicum FP were selected. The tyrA gene encoding prephenate dehydrogenase (PDH) of C.glutamicum was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned on the plasmid pPR. Kanamycin resistance gene (Km) and the P(BF) -aroG-pheA-T (GA) fragment of pGA were inserted into tyrA gene to form targeting vectors pTK and pTGAK, respectively. Then, they were transformed into C.glutamicum FP respectively by electroporation. Cultures were screened by a medium containing kanamycin and detected by PCR and phenotype analysis. The transformed strains were used for L-phenylalanine fermentation and enzyme assays. RESULTS: Engineering strains of C.glutamicum (Tyr(-)) were obtained. Compared with the original strain, the transformed strain C. glutamicum GAK was observed to have the highest elevation of L-phenylalanine production by a 1.71-fold, and 2.9-, 3.36-, and 3.0-fold in enzyme activities of chorismate mutase, prephenate dehydratase and 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase, respectively. CONCLUSION: Integration of tandem aroG-pheA genes into tyrA locus of C. glutamicum chromosome can disrupt tyrA gene and increase the yield of L-phenylalanine production.  (+info)

Cometabolism of a nongrowth substrate: L-serine utilization by Corynebacterium glutamicum. (8/403)

Despite its key position in central metabolism, L-serine does not support the growth of Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nevertheless, during growth on glucose, L-serine is consumed at rates up to 19.4 +/- 4.0 nmol min(-1) (mg [dry weight])(-1), resulting in the complete consumption of 100 mM L-serine in the presence of 100 mM glucose and an increased growth yield of about 20%. Use of 13C-labeled L-serine and analysis of cellularly derived metabolites by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the carbon skeleton of L-serine is mainly converted to pyruvate-derived metabolites such as L-alanine. The sdaA gene was identified in the genome of C. glutamicum, and overexpression of sdaA resulted in (i) functional L-serine dehydratase (L-SerDH) activity, and therefore conversion of L-serine to pyruvate, and (ii) growth of the recombinant strain on L-serine as the single substrate. In contrast, deletion of sdaA decreased the L-serine cometabolism rate with glucose by 47% but still resulted in degradation of L-serine to pyruvate. Cystathionine beta-lyase was additionally found to convert L-serine to pyruvate, and the respective metC gene was induced 2.4-fold under high internal L-serine concentrations. Upon sdaA overexpression, the growth rate on glucose is reduced 36% from that of the wild type, illustrating that even with glucose as a single substrate, intracellular L-serine conversion to pyruvate might occur, although probably the weak affinity of L-SerDH (apparent Km, 11 mM) prevents substantial L-serine degradation.  (+info)

Domain architecture and assignment details (superfamily, family, region, evalue) for gi|145295828|ref|YP_001138649.1| from Corynebacterium glutamicum R. Plus protein sequence and external database links.
Corynebacterium glutamicum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria which is used industrially for large-scale production of amino acids. While originally identified in a screen for organisms secreting L-glutamate, mutants of C. glutamicum have also been identified which produce various other amino acids. Due to its industrial importance, several clones of C. glutamicum have been sequenced by both industry and academic groups. Furthermore, small RNA data was obtained by RNA-Seq in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 14067 was previously known as Brevibacterium flavum. List of sequenced bacterial genomes Kalinowski, J; Bathe, B; Bartels, D; Bischoff, N; Bott, M; et al. (4 September 2003). The complete Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 genome sequence and its impact on the production of l-aspartate-derived amino acids and vitamins. Journal of Biotechnology. 104 (1-3): 5-25. doi:10.1016/S0168-1656(03)00154-8. PMID 12948626. Zahoor A; Lindner SN; Wendisch VF (October ...
The surface (S)-layer gene region of the Gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 14067 was identified on fosmid clones, sequenced and compared with the genome sequence of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, whose cell surface is devoid of an ordered S-layer lattice. A 5-97 kb DNA region that is absent from the C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 chromosome was identified. This region includes cspB, the structural gene encoding the S-layer protomer PS2, and six additional coding sequences. PCR experiments demonstrated that the respective DNA region is conserved in different C. glutamicum wild-type strains capable of S-layer formation. The DNA region is flanked by a 7 bp direct repeat, suggesting that illegitimate recombination might be responsible for gene loss in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. Transfer of the cloned cspB gene restored the PS2(-) phenotype of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, as confirmed by visualization of the PS2 proteins by SDS-PAGE and imaging of ordered hexagonal S-layer lattices on living ...
The complete genome sequences of greater than 185 microorganisms have been determined, and they are becoming an important resource for the comprehensive understanding of cellular life. Among strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum, bacteria widely used for the industrial production of amino acids, nucleic acids, and organic acids (11, 15), two strains, R (3,314,179 bp) (our unpublished data) and ATCC 13032 (3,309,401 bp [6] or 3,282,708 bp [10]), have been sequenced. Based on whole genome sequences, strain reconstruction studies for improved industrial application have been initiated (21).. By using the genome information of C. glutamicum, we recently found many strain-specific regions existing as islands in the common backbone (24). Gene loss and horizontal gene transfer are major genetic processes of genome evolution. These strain-specific islands (SSIs) were possibly shaped on the genome of the ancestral common strain of two C. glutamicum strains by the integration and deletion of many genes. ...
One of the most important organisms in biotechnology, Corynebacterium glutamicum is currently used to produce 2 million tons of amino acids per year for a rapidly expanding market. Until now, research and information have been scattered among individual papers which are often difficult to locate in a timely manner. As the first complete compilation of major findings, Handbook of Corynebacterium glutamicum is a comprehensive source of scientific and technical information required for the understanding and manipulation of C. glutamicum. The book summarizes the current knowledge in the field ofC. glutamicum research from its discovery in 1957 through the most recent studies at the genomic and systemic level, and provides a basis for future work. Written by experts from industry and academia, chapters cover all major aspects of C. glutamicum, including physiology, biochemistry, genetics, and industrial applications. Just as C. glutamicum has proven its profitability in industry and research, this book will
One of the most important organisms in biotechnology, Corynebacterium glutamicum is currently used to produce 2 million tons of amino acids per year for a rapidly expanding market. Until now, research and information have been scattered among individual papers which are often difficult to locate in a timely manner. As the first complete compilation of major findings, Handbook of Corynebacterium glutamicum is a comprehensive source of scientific and technical information required for the understanding and manipulation of C. glutamicum. The book summarizes the current knowledge in the field ofC. glutamicum research from its discovery in 1957 through the most recent studies at the genomic and systemic level, and provides a basis for future work. Written by experts from industry and academia, chapters cover all major aspects of C. glutamicum, including physiology, biochemistry, genetics, and industrial applications. Just as C. glutamicum has proven its profitability in industry and research, this book will
Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the deamination of dCTP to dUTP and the hydrolysis of dUTP to dUMP without releasing the toxic dUTP intermediate.
p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...
Gene expression changes of glutamate-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum were identified in transcriptome comparisons by DNA microarray analysis. During glutamate production induced by a temperature shift, C glutamicum strain 2262 showed significantly higher mRNA levels of the NCgl2816 and NCgl2817 genes than its non-glutamate- producing derivative 2262NP. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that the two genes together constitute an operon. NCgl2816 putatively codes for a lactate permease, while NCgl2817 was demonstrated to encode quinone-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase, which was named LldD. C. glutamicum LldD displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the substrate L-lactate with a K-m of about 0.51 mM. The specific activity of LIdD was about 10-fold higher during growth on L-lactate or on an L-lactate-glucose mixture than during growth on glucose, D-lactate, or pyruvate, while the specific activity of quinone-dependent D-lactate dehydrogenase differed little with the carbon source. RNA ...
The secondary glycine-betaine transporter BetP is one of four osmoregulated carriers, which mediate the import of compatible solutes in the Gram-positive soil bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum under hyperosmotic conditions. BetP serves both as an osmosensor and osmoregulator. Thus the protein has the ability to sense osmotic stress and to regulate its catalytic activity in dependence of the given stress situation. Investigations in proteoliposomes had shown that an elevated internal K+ concentration is the specific stimulus for BetP activation in vitro. In this work a stimulus for an osmosensor identified in vitro could be verified in vivo for the first time, as it was shown that BetP activity depends also in living cell on the presence of potassium. However, the in vivo measurements indicated that beyond K+ a second stimulus is required for osmoresponsive BetP-activation in living cells. It was known that the cytoplasmic C-terminal BetP-domain is essential for potassium sensing. Using ...
Resistance to arsenite (As(III)) by cells is generally accomplished by arsenite efflux permeases from Acr3 or ArsB unrelated families. We analyzed the function of three Acr3 proteins from Corynebacterium glutamicum, CgAcr3-1, CgAcr3-2, and CgAcr3-3. CgAcr3-1 conferred the highest level of As(III) resistance and accumulation in vivo. CgAcr3-1 was also the most active when everted membranes vesicles from Escherichia coli or C. glutamicum mutants were assayed for efflux with different energy sources. As(III) and antimonite (Sb(III)) resistance and accumulation studies using E. coli or C. glutamicum arsenite permease mutants clearly show that CgAcr3-1 is specific for As(III). In everted membrane vesicles expressing CgAcr3-1, dissipation of either the membrane potential or the pH gradient of the proton motive force did not prevent As(III) uptake, whereas dissipation of both components eliminated uptake. Further, a mutagenesis study of CgAcr3-1 suggested that a conserved cysteine and glutamate are ...
The current work deals with the biotechnological synthesis of alpha-ketomethylvalerate (KMV) with Corynebacterium glutamicum. KMV together with the two other branched-chain alpha-keto acids alpha-ketoisovalerate (KIV) and alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) is used as a pharmaceutical agent and also as ingredient of functional food. So far KMV has only been produced by chemical synthesis and the aim of this work was to initiate the development of a fermentative KMV production. When C. glutamicum was cultured in the presence of KMV the growth rate and the final cell density were significantly reduced. The experiments also revealed that the branched-chain alpha-keto acids are degraded by C. glutamicum during growth. Specific branched-chain alpha-keto acid converting enzymes could not be identified in C. glutamicum. Analysis of key enzymes of the KMV biosynthesis revealed that the pyruvate condensing reaction of the acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is competitively inhibited by 100 mM KMV, whereas the ...
The procedure has been used successfully for isolation of different medium-copy-number plasmids carrying pHM1519 or pBL1 origins of replication from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032. Yield of plasmid DNA was typically 0.4-1.5 µg per ml LB culture, although yield was dependent on the vector, the insert, and the size of the plasmid ...
l-Ornithine, a non-essential amino acid, has enormous industrial applications in food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Currently, l-ornithine production is focused on microorganism fermentation using Escherichia coli or Corynebacterium glutamicum. In C. glutamicum, development of high l-ornithine producing C. glutamicum was achieved by deletion of argF, but was accompanied by growth deficiency and arginine auxotrophy. l-Arginine has been routinely added to solve this problem; however, this increases production cost and causes feedback inhibition of N-acetyl-l-glutamate kinase activity. To avoid the drawbacks of growth disturbance due to disruption of ArgF, strategies were adopted to attenuate its expression. Firstly, ribosome binding site substitution and start codon replacement were introduced to construct recombinant C. glutamiucm strains, which resulted in an undesirable l-ornithine production titer. Then, we inserted a terminator (rrnB) between argD and argF, which significantly improved l
The dicarboxylic acid glutarate is an important building-block gaining interest in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Here, a synthetic pathway for fermentative production of glutarate by the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum has been developed. The pathway does not require molecular oxygen and operates via lysine decarboyxylase followed by two transamination and two NAD-dependent oxidation reactions. Using a genome-streamlined L-lysine producing strain as basis, metabolic engineering was performed to enable conversion of L-lysine to glutarate in a five-step synthetic pathway comprising lysine decarboxylase, putrescine transaminase and γ-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli and GABA/5AVA amino transferase and succinate/glutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase either from C. glutamicum or from three Pseudomonas species. Loss of carbon via formation of the by-products cadaverine and N-acetylcadaverine was avoided by deletion of the respective acetylase and export genes. As
Previously, we showed that C. glutamicum mycothiol peroxidase MPx, similar to the glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), was resistant to and induced by organic and inorganic peroxides [55]. Moreover, E. faecium gpx is regulated by MarR-type AsrR [44]. Thus, we suggested C. glutamicum MPx was regulated by CosR. The lacZ activity of Pmpx::lacZ chromosomal promoter fusion reporter in relevant C. glutamicum strains and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) profiling of mpx expression were quantitatively measured in bacterial cells either untreated or treated with different toxic agents of various concentrations (Figure 5A,B). Concentrations of CHP applied were able to reduce the growth rate but under sub-lethal concentrations (Supplementary Figure S5). As expected, high levels of the promoter lacZ activity of mpx were detected in the ΔcosR strain, regardless of whether or not CHP was present. Under normal conditions (without CHP treatment), the promoter lacZ activity of mpx in ΔcosR strain was 6.5 times ...
As a gram-positive bacterium with good genomic stability, C. glutamicum is more difficult to engineer than genetically tractable hosts such as E. coli [40, 48]. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ssDNA recombineering was developed for deleting 400 bp chromosomal fragment in C. glutamicum in the time this manuscript was being prepared [35]. However, gene deletion and insertion with plasmid-borne editing templates that are key enabling techniques for reconstruction and integration of metabolic pathways are still in demand. In this study, a tailor-made CRISPR/Cas9 toolbox was developed for efficient and comprehensive engineering of C. glutamicum. Notably, gene deletion and insertion with plasmid-borne editing templates were efficiently implemented. Moreover, single-nucleotide editing and double-locus editing were achieved at efficiencies of 90.0 and 40.0%, respectively, which will considerably accelerate precise genome editing of C. glutamicum.. S. pyogenes Cas9 is suggested to be toxic to C. glutamicum and ...
Molecular cloning of the Corynebacterium glutamicum (Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ12036) odhA gene encoding a novel type of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
2WIT: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SODIUM-COUPLED GLYCINE BETAINE SYMPORTER BETP FROM CORYNEBACTERIUM GLUTAMICUM WITH BOUND SUBSTRATE
The construction of microbial cell factories requires cost-effective and rapid strain development through metabolic engineering. Recently, RNA-guided CRISPR technologies have been developed for metabolic engineering of industrially-relevant host. To demonstrate the application of the CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), we developed two-plasmid CRISPRi vectors and applied the CRISPRi in Corynebacterium glutamicum to repress single target genes and double target genes simultaneously. Four-different single genes (the pyc, gltA, idsA, and glgC genes) repressions were successfully performed using the CRISPRi vectors, resulting significant mRNA reductions of the targets compared to a control. Subsequently, the phenotypes for the target gene-repressed strains were analyzed, showing the expected cell growth behaviors with different carbon sources. In addition, double gene repression (the idsA and glgC genes in a different order) by the CRISPRi resulted in an independent gene repression to each target gene
Production of lysine by Corynebacterium glutamicum (PTCC 1532) from different agricultural by-products (molasses and pulpy waste date) was compared to glucose as raw materials. For this purpose, ammonium sulphate was selected as a constant nitrogen source. The effect of different nitrogen sources was also investigated with glucose as a constant carbon source. The production of L-lysine was examined qualitatively and quantitatively using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results of fermentation experiments showed that the maximum yield corresponded to molasses (48 g L-1) for the fermentation period of 96 hours. For other substrates the yield was lower and the period of fermentation exceeded that for molasses.
Spontaneous prophage induction in a small subpopulation of cells which takes place in the absence of a known stimulus is an often observed, but poorly understood phenomenon. With the proposed project we aim to investigate the impact of stress responses and stochasticity fluctuations of key regulatory proteins on the spontaneous induction of the Corynebacterium glutamicum prophage CGP3 at the single cell level. We aim to combine classical microbiological approaches with stochastic modelling and the design of novel microfluidic devices for single cell studies to contribute to a better understanding of spontaneous prophage induction as a general phenomenon in bacterial populations ...
Page contains details about Corynebacterium glutamicum catalase-gold nanoparticles nanostructured material . It has composition images, properties, Characterization methods, synthesis, applications and reference articles : nano.nature.com
Corynebacterium glutamicum (strain ATCC 13032 / DSM 20300 / JCM 1318 / LMG 3730 / NCIMB 10025) [2020, 21, Weak + Strong, sRNA] ...
Corynebacterium glutamicum (strain ATCC 13032 / DSM 20300 / JCM 1318 / LMG 3730 / NCIMB 10025) [2020, 21, Weak + Strong, sRNA] ...
This chapter describes the technology and provides strategies for molecular strain improvement using current genetic engineering tools, global analysis techniques, and genome-based engineering approaches, with particular emphasis on the industrially important Corynebacterium glutamicum. The transposon (Tn) mutagenesis experiments described in this chapter were performed using special Tn delivery vectors containing insertion sequences (ISs). As a tool for the mutagenesis of C. glutamicum ATCC 13032, Tn vector pAT6100 has been constructed. In C. glutamicum, comparative genomic analysis between two C. glutamicum strains, R and ATCC 13032, revealed that 11 strain-specific islands are scattered in the genomes. Such strain-specific islands are thought to be composed of dispensable genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Determining the whole genome sequence of C. glutamicum is aimed at gaining sufficient information to manipulate the metabolism or physiology on a global scale, eventually integrating the
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Last September 22, the follow-up meeting of the European project SCILS (http://www.era-ib.net/scils), held in León, brought together European scientists from Germany, UK, Denmark or Norway involved in the research on amino acid production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. The project aims to elucidate the influence of increasing bioreactor inhomogeneities which happen in industrial-scale bioreactors, using this bacterium as workhorse.. ...
A comprehensive overview of C. glutamicum systems biology and biotechnological applications including: proteomics; flux analysis technology; metabolic engineering; manipulation of nitrogen metabolism; transport, degradation and assimilation of aromatic compounds; engineering for production of organic acids and alcohols; production of polyesters; biotechnological applications, biosensors.
FIG. 4. Comparison of mRNA levels and determination of the transcriptional start sites of the C. glutamicum genes pstS (A), ugpA (B), phoR (C), ushA (D), and nucH (E) by primer extension analysis. The reverse transcriptase reactions were performed with the oligonucleotides pstS_prext2, ugpA_prext2, phoR_prext1b, ushA80prext, and nucH90prext for these four genes, respectively, and 20 μg of total RNA was isolated from the following strains: the wild type grown under phosphate excess (lane 1); the wild type 60 min (A and B), 10 min (C), or 90 min (D and E) after a shift from 13 mM Pi to 0.065 mM Pi (lane 2); the ΔphoRS mutant grown under Pi excess (lane 3); and the ΔphoRS mutant 60 min (A and B), 10 min (C), or 90 min (D and E) after a shift from 13 mM Pi to 0.065 mM Pi (lane 4). The transcriptional start sites are indicated by asterisks. The corresponding sequencing reactions were generated by using the same IRD-800-labeled oligonucleotide as in the primer extension reactions as well as PCR ...
Genome-scale metabolic network model (GSMM) is an important in silico tool that can efficiently predict the target genes to be modulated. A Corynebacterium crenatum argB-M4 Cc_iKK446_arginine model was constructed on the basis of the GSMM of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 Cg_iKK446. Sixty-four gene deletion sites, twenty-four gene enhancement sites, and seven gene attenuation sites were det ...
The Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 prophage CGP3 encodes an actin-like protein, AlpC that was shown to be involved in viral DNA transport and efficient viral DNA replication. AlpC binds to an adapter, AlpA that in turn binds to specific DNA sequences, termed alpS sites. Thus, the AlpAC system is similar to the known plasmid segregation system ParMRS. So far it is unclear how the AlpACS system mediates DNA transport and, whether AlpA and AlpC functionally interact. We show here that AlpA modulates AlpC filamentation dynamics in a dual way. Unbound AlpA stimulates AlpC filament disassembly, while AlpA bound to alpS sites allows for AlpC filament formation. Based on these results we propose a simple search and capture model that explains DNA segregation by viral AlpACS DNA segregation system. ...
The Corynebacterineae comprise a suborder of the Actinomycetales and include most[citation needed] of the acid-fast bacteria. Therewith it is a subgroup of the high GC-content and Gram-positive bacteria. Among its subgroup Mycobacteriaceae are the species which cause tuberculosis and leprosy. The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by The All-Species Living Tree Project. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Order Corynebacteriales Goodfellow & Jones 2015 [Corynebacteriales Goodfellow & Jones 2012; Corynebacterineae Stackebrandt et al. 1997 emend. Zhi, Li & Stackebrandt 2009; Mycobacteria] Genus Lawsonella Bell et al. 2016 [Lawsonella Nicholson et al. 2015] Genus Tomitella Katayama et al. 2010 Family Corynebacteriaceae Lehmann and Neumann 1907 emend. Zhi, Li & Stackebrandt 2009 (Coryneform bacteria) Genus Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann 1896 emend. ...
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TY - JOUR. T1 - pCGR2 copy number depends on the par locus that forms a ParC-ParB-DNA partition complex in Corynebacterium glutamicum. AU - Okibe, Naoko. AU - Suzuki, Nobuaki. AU - Inui, Masayuki. AU - Yukawa, Hideaki. N1 - Copyright: Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.. PY - 2013/8. Y1 - 2013/8. N2 - Aims: To characterize the par system of Corynebacterium glutamicum pCGR2 and to manipulate the par components to effectively manipulate plasmid copy number. Methods and Results: ParB binds sequence specifically to centromere-binding sites around the parAB operon and serves as an autorepressor. A small ORF (orf4, later named parC) downstream of parAB encodes a protein with 23·7% sequence identity with ParB. ParB is also implicated in the repression of parC transcription. Nonetheless, this ParC protein does not bind to centromere-binding sites and is not essential for plasmid stability. Introduction of a frameshift mutation within ParC implicated the protein in regulation of both ...
L-citrulline plays an important role in human health and nutrition and is an intermediate of the L-arginine biosynthetic pathway. L-citrulline is a by-product of L-arginine production by Corynebacterium glutamicum. In this study, C. glutamicum was engineered for overproduction of L-citrulline as major product without L-arginine being produced as by-product. To this end, L-arginine biosynthesis was derepressed by deletion of the arginine repressor gene argR and conversion of L-citrulline towards L-arginine was avoided by deletion of the argininosuccinate synthetase gene argG. Moreover, to facilitate L-citrulline production the gene encoding a feedback resistant N-acetyl L-glutamate kinase argBfbr as well as the gene encoding L-ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase argF were overexpressed. The resulting strain accumulated 44.1 ± 0.5 mM L-citrulline from glucose minimal medium with a yield of 0.38 ± 0.01 g⋅g−1 and a volumetric productivity of 0.32 ± 0.01 g⋅l−1⋅h−1. In addition, production
Corynebacterium jeikeium, a resident of human skin, is often associated with multidrug resistant nosocomial infections in immunodepressed patients. C. jeikeium K411 belongs to mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes, the mycolata and contains a channel-forming protein as judged from reconstitution experiments with artificial lipid bilayer experiments. The channel-forming protein was present in detergent treated cell walls and in extracts of whole cells using organic solvents. A gene coding for a 40 amino acid long polypeptide possibly responsible for the pore-forming activity was identified in the known genome of C. jeikeium by its similar chromosomal localization to known porH and porA genes of other Corynebacterium strains. The gene jk0268 was expressed in a porin deficient Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. For purification temporarily histidine-tailed or with a GST-tag at the N-terminus, the homogeneous protein caused channel-forming activity with an average conductance of 1.25 nS in 1M KCl ...
Corynebacterium glutamicum 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (ispF) datasheet and description hight quality product and Backed by our Guarantee
Here, C. glutamicum was shown to possess N-acetylglucosaminidase activity that is encoded by cg3158/nagA 2 . Structurally, the NagA2 protein belongs to the family 3 glycoside hydrolases, and among these, the N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidases show a selective specificity for GlcNAc as substrate [47] with only few exceptions [48]. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity was assayed with 4-nitrophenyl N,N-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside as substrate, and about 0.27 mM supported half-maximal activity. In comparison, NagZ from E. coli had a higher Km on the same substrate (0.43 mM) [49], whereas NagZ of B. subtilis showed an about two fold lower Km of 0.11 ± 0.0 mM with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-GlcNAc as substrate [40].. The role of the NagA2 activity in C. glutamicum is still unclear. Analysis of the C. glutamicum transcriptome revealed that the nagA2 gene is transcribed as leaderless transcript with a relatively low RNA abundance [41]. It is not known whether nagA2 expression is regulated in C. ...
FIG. 5. Effects of the l-glutamate-producing condition of biotin limitation on l-glutamate production in AJ11024. Wild-type (solid circles) and AJ110214 (open circles) cells were cultured under biotin-limited conditions. Biotin concentrations are shown along the x axis. For biotin-limited conditions, seed cultures were prepared with 10, 30, 60, 100, and 300 μg of biotin liter−1, and 1 ml was inoculated into 20 ml of the main medium lacking biotin so that biotin was depleted during the main cultures. For biotin-rich conditions, a seed culture was prepared in 300 μg of biotin liter−1, and 1 ml was inoculated into 20 ml of the main medium containing 300 μg of biotin liter−1. The biotin concentration was calculated by dividing the total amounts of biotin supplied to the seed and main cultures by the volume of the main culture. The specific l-glutamate production rate (A), the specific glucose consumption rate (B), and the l-glutamate yield (C) are shown. Specific rates were calculated ...
Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the large-scale production of L-glutamate, but the efflux of this amino acid is poorly understood. This study shows that addition of ethambutol (EMB) to growing cultures of C. glutamicum causes L-glutamate efflux at rates of up to 15 nmol min(-1) (mg dry wt)(-1), whereas in the absence of EMB, no efflux occurs. EMB is used for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and at a molecular level it targets a series of arabinosyltransferases (EmbCAB). The single arabinosyltransferase-encoding emb gene of C. glutamicum was placed under the control of a Tet repressor (TetR). Experiments with this strain, as well as with an emb-overexpressing strain, coupled with biochemical analyses showed that: (i) emb expression was correlated with L-glutamate efflux, (ii) emb overexpression increased EMB resistance, (iii) EMB caused less arabinan deposition in cell wall arabinogalactan, and (iv) EMB caused a reduced content of cell-wall-bound mycolic acids. Thus EMB ...
Acetobacter- used in the production of vitamin c. Saccharomyces ceravisae which is a type of yeast - produces the enzyme invertase which converts sucrose into glucose and fructose ( a very sweet sugar found in fruits and honey) to produce the semi liquid centre in some chocolate eggs.. Aspergillus Niger - used to produce citric acid which is used as a flavour enhancer and as a preservative in fizzy drinks. Corynebacterium glutamicum - used to produce glutamicum acid which is turned into msg (a flavour enhancer). Mucor miehei- this fungus produces the enzyme chymosin which is used as an alternative to rennet(from calves stomach) to help milk curdle and office vegetarian cheeses. Bacillus theringiensis- produces a toxin that kills insects , used as a biological control agent, the gene can be put into cotton plants to produce a natural pest resistance.. Plant stanol esters -are chemicals and are used to reduce cholesterol by 10 % produced commercially by using bacteria to convert sterols ( types of ...
casSAR Dugability of B4SMK1 | lldD | L-lactate dehydrogenase - Also known as LLDD_STRM5, lldD. Catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate. Is coupled to the respiratory chain.
The topic „Systemic Microbiology headed by Prof. Bott performs research in molecular and applied microbiology. The long term aim is a comprehensive understanding of the metabolic and regulatory networks in selected microorganisms such as Corynebacterium glutamicum or Gluconobacter oxydans, which serve as production platforms in White Biotechnology to convert renewable carbon sources into industrially or pharmaceutically used compounds (e.g. amino acids or proteins). Besides microbiological, genetical, and biochemical methods, global tools such genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are applied. Synthetic biology is used to increase the substrate and product spectrum of the microbial cell factories by adding new metabolic pathways. Novel tools in strain development and single-cell analysis are established based on biosensors and high-throughput methods such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). more ...
Research Manager Håvard Sletta - SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology, Trondheim - Norway. The project aims to systematically elucidate the influence of increasing bioreactor inhomogeneity which occurs in industrial-scale bioreactor, with respect to microbial physiology and production performance of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a microorganism with broad industrial applications. Early consideration of inhomogeneity issues during lab scale process development will facilitate the selection of the most potent production strain, accelerate the upscaling process and improve the performance at production scale. Such inhomogeneous conditions can be mimicked at lab scale by a so called scale-down simulator bioreactor, consisting of a well-mixed stirred tank reactor (STR) and a plug-flow reactor (PFR) connected in series to it. During operation the cultivation volume is continuously pumped from the STR through the PFR simulating zones of inhomogeneity known to be present at the ...
Determining the chemical and structural modifications occurring within a protein during fundamental processes such as ligand or substrate binding is essential to building up a complete picture of biological function. Currently, significant unanswered questions relate to the way in which protein structural dynamics fit within the structure-function relationship and to the functional role, if any, of bound water molecules in the active site. Addressing these questions requires a multidisciplinary approach and complementary experimental techniques that, in combination, enhance our understanding of the complexities of protein chemistry. We exemplify this philosophy by applying both physical and biological approaches to investigate the active site chemistry that contributes to the inhibition of the Corynebacterium glutamicum catalase enzyme by nitric oxide. Ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR) experiments exploit the NO ligand as a local probe of the active site molecular ...
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By joining ICAAS, you will become a member of the association representing the leading amino acids producers and users. In particular, joining ICAAS provides the opportunities to:. ...
The Raleigh, NC plant of Ajinomoto U.S.A. manufactures amino acids, the integral components of protein. All the plants amino acids are pharmaceutical grade,...
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