Corticotropin releasing hormone. Medical search

An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).

A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.

A 90-amino acid peptide derived from post-translational processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is the C-terminal fragment of POMC with lipid-mobilizing activities, such as LIPOLYSIS and steroidogenesis. Depending on the species and the tissue sites, beta-LPH may be further processed to yield active peptides including GAMMA-LIPOTROPIN; BETA-MSH; and ENDORPHINS.

Cell surface proteins that bind corticotropin-releasing hormone with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The corticotropin releasing-hormone receptors on anterior pituitary cells mediate the stimulation of corticotropin release by hypothalamic corticotropin releasing factor. The physiological consequence of activating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors on central neurons is not well understood.

Cell surface receptors that bind CORTICOTROPIN; (ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. Pharmacology suggests there may be multiple ACTH receptors. An ACTH receptor has been cloned and belongs to a subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. In addition to the adrenal cortex, ACTH receptors are found in the brain and immune systems.

Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.

One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; OPIOID PEPTIDES is used for the broader group.

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.

Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.

The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It is derived from MESODERM and comprised of three zones (outer ZONA GLOMERULOSA, middle ZONA FASCICULATA, and inner ZONA RETICULARIS) with each producing various steroids preferentially, such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and ANDROSTENEDIONE. Adrenal cortex function is regulated by pituitary ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN.

A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates GAMETOGENESIS and the supporting cells such as the ovarian GRANULOSA CELLS, the testicular SERTOLI CELLS, and LEYDIG CELLS. FSH consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

Neuropeptides of about 40 amino acids which are structurally similar to CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR. Unlike CRF acting primarily through type 1 CRF RECEPTORS, urocortins signal preferentially through type 2 CRF receptors. Urocortins have wide tissue distribution from fish to mammals, and diverse functions. In mammals, urocortins can suppress food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases heat-induced edema.

Peptides with the ability to stimulate pigmented cells MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates. By stimulating the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in these pigmented cells, they increase coloration of skin and other tissue. MSHs, derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), are produced by MELANOTROPHS in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY; CORTICOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY, and the hypothalamic neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS.

A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

An adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid. (From Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1437)

A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.

The interactions between the anterior pituitary and adrenal glands, in which corticotropin (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex and adrenal cortical hormones suppress the production of corticotropin by the anterior pituitary.

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.

The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.

A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Radioimmunoassay of proteins using antibody coupled to an immunosorbent.

The wide middle zone of the adrenal cortex. This zone produces a series of enzymes that convert PREGNENOLONE to cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) via 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE.

Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.

A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.

Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.

An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.

A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)

A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.

An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.

A naturally occurring glucocorticoid. It has been used in replacement therapy for adrenal insufficiency and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Cortisone itself is inactive. It is converted in the liver to the active metabolite HYDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p726)

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Surgical removal or destruction of the hypophysis, or pituitary gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.

Hormones synthesized from amino acids. They are distinguished from INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS in that their actions are systemic.

Raised area at the infundibular region of the HYPOTHALAMUS at the floor of the BRAIN, ventral to the THIRD VENTRICLE and adjacent to the ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS. It contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons and the capillary network of hypophyseal portal system, thus serving as a neuroendocrine link between the brain and the PITUITARY GLAND.

Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.

Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.

The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.

Chemical substances which inhibit the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.

Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.

A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.

Examinations that evaluate and monitor hormone production in the adrenal cortex.

Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.

Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.

The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.

A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.

An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.

Compounds, either natural or synthetic, which block development of the growing insect.

A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

Cell surface proteins that bind pituitary hormones with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Since many pituitary hormones are also released by neurons as neurotransmitters, these receptors are also found in the nervous system.

Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the INFERIOR HORN OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE of the TEMPORAL LOBE. The amygdala is part of the limbic system.

Tests that evaluate the adrenal glands controlled by pituitary hormones.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Injections into the cerebral ventricles.

Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIANS.

A peptide of 44 amino acids in most species that stimulates the release and synthesis of GROWTH HORMONE. GHRF (or GRF) is synthesized by neurons in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, GHRF stimulates GH release by the SOMATOTROPHS in the PITUITARY GLAND.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

Inflammation of the eyelids.

A group of hydroxycorticosteroids bearing a hydroxy group at the 17-position. Urinary excretion of these compounds is used as an index of adrenal function. They are used systemically in the free alcohol form, but with esterification of the hydroxy groups, topical effectiveness is increased.

A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Peptide hormones produced by NEURONS of various regions in the HYPOTHALAMUS. They are released into the pituitary portal circulation to stimulate or inhibit PITUITARY GLAND functions. VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN, though produced in the hypothalamus, are not included here for they are transported down the AXONS to the POSTERIOR LOBE OF PITUITARY before being released into the portal circulation.

A 13-amino acid peptide derived from proteolytic cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, the N-terminal segment of ACTH. ACTH (1-13) is amidated at the C-terminal to form ACTH (1-13)NH2 which in turn is acetylated to form alpha-MSH in the secretory granules. Alpha-MSH stimulates the synthesis and distribution of MELANIN in MELANOCYTES in mammals and MELANOPHORES in lower vertebrates.

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.

A glycoprotein that causes regression of MULLERIAN DUCTS. It is produced by SERTOLI CELLS of the TESTES. In the absence of this hormone, the Mullerian ducts develop into structures of the female reproductive tract. In males, defects of this hormone result in persistent Mullerian duct, a form of MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM.

Hormones produced by the GONADS, including both steroid and peptide hormones. The major steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL and PROGESTERONE from the OVARY, and TESTOSTERONE from the TESTIS. The major peptide hormones include ACTIVINS and INHIBINS.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.

Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.

A subclass of anhydrides with the general structure of dihydrofurandione. They can be substituted on any carbon atom. They modify and inhibit proteins and enzymes and are used in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.

Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

HORMONES secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa that affect the timing or the quality of secretion of digestive enzymes, and regulate the motor activity of the digestive system organs.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.

A group of CORTICOSTEROIDS that affect carbohydrate metabolism (GLUCONEOGENESIS, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of BLOOD SUGAR), inhibit ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system.

A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

A gastrointestinal peptide hormone of about 43-amino acids. It is found to be a potent stimulator of INSULIN secretion and a relatively poor inhibitor of GASTRIC ACID secretion.

Use of a device for the purpose of controlling movement of all or part of the body. Splinting and casting are FRACTURE FIXATION.

Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRA gene (also known as NR1A1, THRA1, ERBA or ERBA1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing.

The increase in a measurable parameter of a PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS, including cellular, microbial, and plant; immunological, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, urinary, digestive, neural, musculoskeletal, ocular, and skin physiological processes; or METABOLIC PROCESS, including enzymatic and other pharmacological processes, by a drug or other chemical.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Hormones secreted by insects. They influence their growth and development. Also synthetic substances that act like insect hormones.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Peptides, natural or synthetic, that stimulate the release of PITUITARY HORMONES. They were first isolated from the extracts of the HYPOTHALAMUS; MEDIAN EMINENCE; PITUITARY STALK; and NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. In addition, some hypophysiotropic hormones control pituitary cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and hormone synthesis. Some can act on more than one pituitary hormone.

Hormones produced by invertebrates, usually insects, mollusks, annelids, and helminths.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Hormones released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). They include a number of peptides which are formed in the NEURONS in the HYPOTHALAMUS, bound to NEUROPHYSINS, and stored in the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. Upon stimulation, these peptides are released into the hypophysial portal vessel blood.

A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.

A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.

Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.

Hormones produced in the testis.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

The beta subunit of follicle stimulating hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide. Full biological activity of FSH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the FSHB gene causes delayed puberty, or infertility.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.

A parathyroid hormone receptor subtype that recognizes both PARATHYROID HORMONE and PARATHYROID HORMONE-RELATED PROTEIN. It is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is expressed at high levels in BONE and in KIDNEY.

Insoluble polymers of TYROSINE derivatives found in and causing darkness in skin (SKIN PIGMENTATION), hair, and feathers providing protection against SUNBURN induced by SUNLIGHT. CAROTENES contribute yellow and red coloration.

A mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the side-chain cleavage of C27 cholesterol to C21 pregnenolone in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP11A1 gene, catalyzes the breakage between C20 and C22 which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of various gonadal and adrenal steroid hormones.

Hormones produced by the placenta include CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, and PLACENTAL LACTOGEN as well as steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE), and neuropeptide hormones similar to those found in the hypothalamus (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES).

Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes.

Peptides released by NEURONS as intercellular messengers. Many neuropeptides are also hormones released by non-neuronal cells.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.

Cell surface receptors that bind thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Activated TRH receptors in the anterior pituitary stimulate the release of thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH); TRH receptors on neurons mediate neurotransmission by TRH.

Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.

The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.

Cell surface proteins that bind PARATHYROID HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Parathyroid hormone receptors on BONE; KIDNEY; and gastrointestinal cells mediate the hormone's role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Induction of a stress reaction in experimental subjects by means of an electrical shock; applies to either convulsive or non-convulsive states.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.

Receptors with a 6-kDa protein on the surfaces of cells that secrete LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE, usually in the adenohypophysis. LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE binds to these receptors, is endocytosed with the receptor and, in the cell, triggers the release of LUTEINIZING HORMONE or FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE by the cell. These receptors are also found in rat gonads. INHIBINS prevent the binding of GnRH to its receptors.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.

An inherited autosomal recessive trait, characterized by peripheral resistance to THYROID HORMONES and the resulting elevation in serum levels of THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE. This syndrome is caused by mutations of gene THRB encoding the THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS BETA in target cells. HYPOTHYROIDISM in these patients is partly overcome by the increased thyroid hormone levels.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Azoles of one NITROGEN and two double bonds that have aromatic chemical properties.

Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)

The physiological period following the MENOPAUSE, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life.

A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.

Cell surface proteins that bind FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.

Cell surface receptors that bind the hypothalamic hormones regulating pituitary cell differentiation, proliferation, and hormone synthesis and release, including the pituitary-releasing and release-inhibiting hormones. The pituitary hormone-regulating hormones are also released by cells other than hypothalamic neurons, and their receptors also occur on non-pituitary cells, especially brain neurons, where their role is less well understood. Receptors for dopamine, which is a prolactin release-inhibiting hormone as well as a common neurotransmitter, are not included here.

The beta subunit of luteinizing hormone. It is a 15-kDa glycopolypeptide with structure similar to the beta subunit of the placental chorionic gonadatropin (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN) except for the additional 31 amino acids at the C-terminal of CG-beta. Full biological activity of LH requires the non-covalently bound heterodimers of an alpha and a beta subunit. Mutation of the LHB gene causes HYPOGONADISM and infertility.

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.

Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Humoral factors secreted by the thymus gland. They participate in the development of the lymphoid system and the maturation of the cellular immune response.

A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Potent mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability triggered by urocortin through activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. (1/1772)

Urocortin (Ucn) is related to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and both are released in the brain under stress where they stimulate CRH 1 and 2 receptors (CRHR). Outside the brain, they may have proinflammatory actions through activation of mast cells, which are located perivascularly close to nerve endings and degranulate in response to acute psychological stress. Here, we report that a concentration of intradermal Ucn as low as 10 nM induced dose-dependent rat skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability. This effect appeared to be equipotent to that of calcitonin gene-related peptide and neurotensin. Ucn-induced skin vasodilation was inhibited by pretreatment with the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (cromolyn) and was absent in the mast cell-deficient W/Wv mice. The selective nonpeptide CRH receptor 1 antagonist, antalarmin and the nonselective peptide antagonist astressin both reduced vascular permeability triggered by Ucn but not that by Substance P or histamine. In contrast, the peptide antagonist alpha-helical CRH-(9-41) reduced the effect of all three. The vasodilatory effect of Ucn was largely inhibited by pretreatment with H1 receptor antagonists, suggesting that histamine is the major mediator involved in vitro. Neuropeptide depletion of sensory neurons, treatment with the ganglionic blocker hexamethonium, or in situ skin infiltration with the local anesthetic lidocaine did not affect Ucn-induced vascular permeability, indicating that its in situ effect was not mediated through the peripheral nervous system. These results indicate that Ucn is one of the most potent triggers of rat mast cell degranulation and skin vascular permeability. This effect of Ucn may explain stress-induced disorders, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, and may lead to new forms of treatment. (+info)

Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (2/1772)

1. The mechanisms of the sustained vasodilator actions of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and sauvagine (SVG) were studied using rings of endothelium de-nuded rat thoracic aorta (RTA) and the isolated perfused rat superior mesenteric arterial vasculature (SMA). 2. SVG was approximately 50 fold more potent than CRF on RTA (EC40: 0.9 +/- 0.2 and 44 +/- 9 nM respectively, P < 0.05), and approximately 10 fold more active in the perfused SMA (ED40: 0.05 +/- 0.02 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 nmol respectively, P < 0.05). Single bolus injections of CRF (100 pmol) or SVG (15 pmol) in the perfused SMA caused reductions in perfusion pressure of 23 +/- 1 and 24 +/- 2% that lasted more than 20 min. 3. Removal of the endothelium in the perfused SMA with deoxycholic acid attenuated the vasodilatation and revealed two phases to the response; a short lasting direct action, and a sustained phase which was fully inhibited. 4. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME (100 microM) L-NMMA (100 microM) or 2-ethyl-2-thiopseudourea (ETPU, 100 microM) had similar effects on the vasodilator responses to CRF as removal of the endothelium, suggesting a pivotal role for nitric oxide. However the selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[l,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 microM) did not affect the response to CRF. 5. High potassium (60 mM) completely inhibited the vasodilator response to CRF in the perfused SMA, indicating a role for K channels in this response. 6. Compared to other vasodilator agents acting via the release of NO, the actions of CRF and SVG are strikingly long-lasting, suggesting a novel mechanism of prolonged activation of nitric oxide synthase. (+info)

Effect of central corticotropin-releasing factor on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats. (3/1772)

Central neuropeptides play important roles in many instances of physiological and pathophysiological regulation mediated through the autonomic nervous system. In regard to the hepatobiliary system, several neuropeptides act in the brain to regulate bile secretion, hepatic blood flow, and hepatic proliferation. Stressors and sympathetic nerve activation are reported to exacerbate experimental liver injury. Some stressors are known to stimulate corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) synthesis in the central nervous system and induce activation of sympathetic nerves in animal models. The effect of intracisternal CRF on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury was examined in rats. Intracisternal injection of CRF dose dependently enhanced elevation of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level induced by CCl4. Elevations of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels by CCl4 were also enhanced by intracisternal CRF injection. Intracisternal injection of CRF also aggravated CCl4-induced hepatic histological changes. Intracisternal CRF injection alone did not modify the serum ALT level. Intravenous administration of CRF did not influence CCl4-induced acute liver injury. The aggravating effect of central CRF on CCl4-induced acute liver injury was abolished by denervation of hepatic plexus with phenol and by denervation of noradrenergic fibers with 6-hydroxydopamine treatment but not by hepatic branch vagotomy or atropine treatment. These results suggest that CRF acts in the brain to exacerbate acute liver injury through the sympathetic-noradrenergic pathways. (+info)

Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 in mouse spleen: expression after immune stimulation and identification of receptor-bearing cells. (4/1772)

A specific polyclonal Ab against the N-terminal domain of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor, type 1 (CRF-R1), was employed to an immunohistochemical analysis of the spleen from naive mice and mice exposed to an immune challenge. Cell types stained with anti-CRF-R1 Ab were identified by their nuclear shapes and colocalization with the cell type-specific markers ER-MP58, ER-MP20, Moma-1, Moma 2, anti-CD3e mAbs, and anti-Ig Ab. Only a few clusters of CRF-R1+ cells were found in spleen sections of naive mice at sites typical for granulopoietic islands. However, a 17-fold increase in the mean number of CRF-R1+ cells was noted within hours following a challenge of acute systemic inflammation induced by i.p. administration of LPS. The majority of these cells were identified as mature neutrophils. CRF-R1 was shown to mediate suppression of the IL-1beta secretion by these cells. However, at later time points a large number of granulocyte-macrophage precursors was strongly labeled with anti-CRF-R1 Ab. Western blot analysis of splenic membranes from animals treated with LPS revealed a m.w. of approximately 70,000 for CRF-R1. Subcellular staining patterns were suggestive for the predominant localization of CRF-R1 on granule membranes. CRF-R1 mRNA was detected in spleen but not in bone marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes from naive mice. Thus, it was indicated that CRF-R1 was not produced constitutively by mature or immature neutrophils. Its production was rather triggered by inflammatory stimuli. (+info)

Evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in amenorrhoeic women with insulin-dependent diabetes. (5/1772)

Diabetes is associated with a higher incidence of secondary hypogonadotrophic amenorrhoea. In amenorrhoeic women with insulin-dependent diabetes a derangement in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis has been proposed. No data exist on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in these women. Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH), metoclopramide and thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) tests were performed in 15 diabetic women, eight amenorrhoeic (AD) and seven eumenorrhoeic (ED). Frequent blood samples were taken during 24 h to evaluate cortisol plasma concentrations. There were no differences between the groups in body mass index, duration of diabetes, insulin dose and metabolic control. The AD women had lower plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, oestradiol, androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) than the ED women. The responses of pituitary gonadotrophins to GnRH, and of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to TRH, were similar in both groups. The AD women had a lower prolactin response to TRH and metoclopramide, and lower ACTH and cortisol responses to CRH, than the ED women. Mean cortisol concentrations > 24 h were higher in the amenorrhoeic group. Significant differences in cortisol concentrations from 2400 to 1000 h were found between the two groups. Insulin-dependent diabetes may involve mild chronic hypercortisolism which may affect metabolic control. Stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis would increase hypothalamic secretion of CRH. This would lead directly and perhaps also indirectly by increasing dopaminergic tonus to inhibition of GnRH secretion and hence hypogonadotrophic amenorrhoea. Amenorrhoea associated with metabolically controlled insulin-dependent diabetes is a form of functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea that requires pharmacological and psychological management. (+info)

Pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to low-dose physostigmine and arginine vasopressin administration in normal women and men. (6/1772)

Animal studies indicate that central cholinergic neurotransmission stimulates CRH secretion, but several human studies suggest that the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical (HPA) axis may be activated only by doses of cholinergic agonists that produce noxious side effects and, by inference, a nonspecific stress response. Physostigmine (PHYSO), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, was administered to normal women and men at a dose that elevated plasma ACTH1-39, cortisol, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations but produced few or no side effects. Exogenous AVP also was administered alone and following PHYSO, to determine if it would augment the effect of PHYSO on the HPA axis. Fourteen normal women and 14 normal men matched to the women on age and race underwent four test sessions 5 to 7 days apart: PHYSO (8 micrograms/kg i.v.), AVP (0.08 U/kg i.m.), PHYSO plus AVP, and saline control. Serial blood samples taken before and after pharmacologic challenge were analyzed for ACTH1-39, cortisol, and AVP. PHYSO and AVP administration produced no side effects in about half the subjects and mild side effects in the other half, with no significant female-male differences overall. There also were no significant female-male differences in ACTH1-39 or cortisol responses to AVP. In contrast, the men had significantly greater ACTH1-39 responses to PHYSO administration than did the women. The endogenous AVP response to PHYSO also was significantly greater in the men than in the women, and the ACTH1-39 and AVP responses to PHYSO were significantly correlated in the men (both = +0.70) but not in the women. None of the hormone responses was significantly correlated with the presence or absence of side effects in either group of subjects. These results indicate a greater sensitivity of the HPA axis to low-dose PHYSO in normal men than in normal women, which likely is mediated by increased secretion of AVP. The lack of difference in side effects between the two groups of subjects and the lack of significant correlations between presence or absence of side effects and hormone responses in either group suggest that the increased hormone responses in the men were due to increased responsivity of central cholinergic systems and not to a nonspecific stress response. (+info)

Peripheral urocortin delays gastric emptying: role of CRF receptor 2. (7/1772)

Urocortin, a new mammalian member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family has been proposed to be the endogenous ligand for CRF receptor 2 (CRF-R2). We studied the influence of intravenous urocortin on gastric emptying and the role of CRF-R2 in peptide action and postoperative gastric ileus in conscious rats. The intravenous doses of rat CRF and rat urocortin producing 50% inhibition of gastric emptying were 2.5 and 1.1 microgram/kg, respectively. At these intravenous doses, CRF and urocortin have their actions fully reversed by the CRF-R1/CRF-R2 antagonist astressin at antagonist/agonist ratios of 5:1 and 67:1, respectively. Astressin (12 microgram/kg iv) completely prevented abdominal surgery-induced 54% inhibition of gastric emptying 3 h after surgery while having no effect on basal gastric emptying. The selective nonpeptide CRF-R1 antagonists antalarmin (20 mg/kg ip) and NBI-27914 (400 microgram/kg iv) did not influence intravenous CRF-, urocortin- or surgery-induced gastric stasis. These results as well as earlier ones showing that alpha-helical CRF9-41 (a CRF-R2 more selective antagonist) partly prevented postoperative ileus indicate that peripheral CRF-R2 may be primarily involved in intravenous urocortin-, CRF-, and abdominal surgery-induced gastric stasis. (+info)

Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of central corticotropin-releasing factor. (8/1772)

Immune activation of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) provides a negative feedback mechanism to modulate peripheral inflammatory responses. We investigated whether central CRF attenuates endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and leukocyte recruitment during endotoxemia in rats and determined its mechanisms of action. As measured by intravital microscopy, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a dose-dependent increase in leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and emigration in mesenteric venules, which was associated with upregulation of endothelial ICAM-1 expression. Intracisternal injection of CRF abrogated both the increased expression of ICAM-1 and leukocyte recruitment. Intravenous injection of the specific CRF receptor antagonist astressin did not modify leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions induced by a high dose of LPS but enhanced leukocyte adhesion induced by a low dose. Blockade of endogenous glucocorticoids but not alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) receptors reversed the inhibitory action of CRF on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions during endotoxemia. In conclusion, cerebral CRF blunts endothelial upregulation of ICAM-1 and attenuates the recruitment of leukocytes during endotoxemia. The anti-inflammatory effects of CRF are mediated by adrenocortical activation and additional mechanisms independent of alpha-MSH. (+info)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber_cinereum_hamartoma

"Corticotropin-releasing hormone as adrenal androgen secretagogue". Pediatric Research. 46 (3): 351-3. doi:10.1203/00006450- ... Instead, they are released into the blood stream and taken up in the testis and ovaries to produce testosterone and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_reticularis

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), also known as Corticotropin-releasing factor, is an endogenous peptide hormone released ... a nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor antagonist: suppression of pituitary ACTH release and peripheral ... CP-154,526 Pexacerfont Corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist Zoumakis E, Rice KC, Gold PW, Chrousos GP (November 2006). " ... June 2002). "Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) antagonist attenuates adjuvant induced arthritis: role of CRH in peripheral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalarmin

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), also known as corticotropin-releasing hormone, is an endogenous peptide hormone which is ... This then triggers the release of corticotropin (ACTH), another hormone which is involved in the physiological response to ... Corticotropin releasing hormone antagonists Antalarmin CP-154,526 Emicerfont Verucerfont "International Nonproprietary Names ... Zoumakis E, Rice KC, Gold PW, Chrousos GP (November 2006). "Potential uses of corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonists". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pexacerfont

It belongs to corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein family. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a potent stimulator of ... "Entrez Gene: CRHBP corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein". Human CRHBP genome location and CRHBP gene details page in ... 2003). "The corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein is associated with major depression in a population from Northern ... 1995). "Mapping the human corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein gene (CRHBP) to the long arm of chromosome 5 (5q11.2- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRHBP

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is activated by the HPA axis during times of stress. Heightened CRH levels have been ... Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and corticotropin-releasing hormone. The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder_and_substance_use_disorders

It belongs to the corticotropin-releasing hormone family. This gene is a member of the sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor ... "Corticotropin-releasing hormone system in human adipose tissue". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (2): ... "Human stresscopin and stresscopin-related peptide are selective ligands for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor ... It is structurally related to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) gene and the encoded product is an endogenous ligand for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCN3

Genes on human chromosome 2, Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonists, Peptide hormones). ... but not corticotropin-releasing hormone". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 83 (2): 708-11. doi:10.1210/ ... "Human stresscopin and stresscopin-related peptide are selective ligands for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor ... Morin SM, Ling N, Liu XJ, Kahl SD, Gehlert DR (1999). "Differential distribution of urocortin- and corticotropin-releasing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocortin

Placenta contains high levels of CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), which releases the stress hormone cortisol from the ... "Response to Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Infusion in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals". Archives of General Psychiatry. 66 (4 ... Thomson, Murray (2008). "The Effects of Placental Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone on the Physiology and Psychology of the ... The cooking process will destroy all the protein and hormones. Drying it out or freezing it would destroy other things." Two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_placentophagy

April 2005). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone activates ERK1/2 MAPK in specific brain areas". Proceedings of the National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Arzt

Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonists, Peptides, World Anti-Doping Agency ... It is a synthetic form of human corticotropin-releasing hormone (hCRH). The corticorelin stimulation test helps to ... June 1994). "General pharmacological properties of the human corticotropin-releasing hormone corticorelin (human)". ... differentiate between the causes for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent hypercortisolism. It is used to distinguish a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticorelin

Fukudo S (January 2007). "Role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal inflammation". ... The Rome criteria are consensus guidelines, initially released in 1994 and updated periodically since then. These may pertain ... Evidence has demonstrated that the release of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines during acute enteric infection causes ... "New Studies Examine the Evidence on Probiotics in IBS" (PDF) (Press release). American College of Gastroenterology. October 31 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome

Colocalization of connexin 36 and corticotropin-releasing hormone in the mouse brain. BMC Neuroscience 10:41. "Lisa Gunaydin, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Gunaydin

Papadopoulou N, Kalogeromitros D, Staurianeas NG, Tiblalexi D, Theoharides TC (November 2005). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone ... Finally, PLP re-forms its original Schiff base at lysine 305, and histamine is released. This mechanism is very similar to ... H3 controls histamine turnover by feedback inhibition of histamine synthesis and release. Finally, H4 plays roles in mast cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine_decarboxylase

These hormones include dopamine, norepinephrine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and corticotropin-releasing hormone. Many of ... The somatostatin hormone itself can negatively affect the uptake of hormones in the body and may play a role in some hormonal ... GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000180616 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000047904 - Ensembl, May ... and also acts as an inhibitor to the milk producing hormone in female mammals, prolactin, and growth hormones. Researchers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2

These cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus, causing it to release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH in turn stimulates ... The secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone by the hypothalamus triggers cells in the neighboring anterior pituitary to ... ACTH is in turn controlled by the hypothalamic peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is under nervous control. ... Minton JE, Parsons KM (March 1993). "Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol response to corticotropin-releasing factor and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol

Release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus is influenced by stress. CRH is a major regulator of the ... Glucocorticoids also inhibit the further secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and ACTH from the ... Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal axis releases the needed hormones to support the immune system. Activity of the immune system is ... facilitate inflammation through induction of signaling pathways and through activation of the Corticotropin-releasing hormone. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoneuroimmunology

Another possibility being researched is a hyper-production of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). It is possible that ... Therapies with hormones is the standard of care, namely adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), or oral corticosteroids such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_spasms

The corticotropin-releasing hormone test can then differentiate between secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency. ... person's adrenal glands because the exogenous glucocorticoids suppress release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone ... when caused by lack of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the hypothalamus). There are three major types of adrenal ... resulting in a lack of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) production, causing downstream reduction in ACTH production and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency

One study found that the stress hormone placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (pCRH) mediated the relationship between ... Hahn-Holbrook J, Schetter CD, Arora C, Hobel CJ (July 2013). "Placental Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Mediates the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_postpartum_depression

... as well as blocking the Y1-mediated corticotropin releasing hormone release. It has also been used as a lead compound to ... "Involvement of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the regulation of neuroendocrine corticotropin-releasing hormone neuronal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIBP-3226

Additionally, arginine vasopressin upregulates corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is a hormone important for stress ... Yehuda R, Bierer LM (2008). "Transgenerational transmission of cortisol and PTSD risk". Stress Hormones and Post Traumatic ... Offspring of these mice had increased anxiety in response to stressful conditions, increased stress hormone levels, ... Moreover, research has also indicated that an appropriate release of glucocorticoids following acute stress may restore ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders

To maximize and stabilize the pulsatile ACTH secretion, a dose of intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is usually ... September 1991). "Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of ... is a diagnostic medical procedure used to determine whether excess adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is coming from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_petrosal_sinus_sampling

Carter's research focuses on neuropeptide and steroid hormones, including oxytocin, vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing ... 2002) The neurobiology of social affiliation and pair bonding, In Hormones, Brain and Behavior, edited by D. Pfaff, pp. 299-337 ... and implicated these hormones in the regulation of long-lasting neural and effects of early social experiences. She also has a ... vasopressin and hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal ("stress") axis in the traits of monogamy including pair-bond ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Sue_Carter

"Association of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 haplotype and antidepressant treatment response in Mexican- ... "Modulation of pancreatic islets-stress axis by hypothalamic releasing hormones and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase". ... luteinizing hormone, and estradiol in healthy women". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Licinio

"Human stresscopin and stresscopin-related peptide are selective ligands for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor ... potential role of the type-2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor in the control of myometrial contractility". ... This gene is a member of the sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor/urotensin I family. It is structurally related to the ... 2001). "Urocortin II: a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCN2

... it exerts similar physiological effects as corticotropin-releasing hormone. Sauvagine belongs to the corticotropin-releasing ... v t e (Protein pages needing a picture, Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor agonists, Peptide hormones, All stub articles ... Sauvagine has been shown to interact with corticotropin releasing factor receptors 1 and 2, and (as with other CRF-related ... Sauvagine is a neuropeptide from the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and is orthologous to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauvagine

However, oxytocin neurons make other peptides, including corticotropin-releasing hormone and dynorphin, for example, that act ... However, oxytocin neurons make other peptides, including corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and dynorphin, for example, that ... especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone." Oxytocin and vasopressin are the only known hormones released by ... Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to sexual activity and during labour. It is also available ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin

... "corticotropin-releasing factor" (CRF) and the gene transcription factor "cAMP response element binding protein" (CREB).[10] The ... is influential in the reward system and can regulate the expression of stress hormones.[20] ... This, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders."[8] In the DSM-5 (released in 2013), substance abuse ... α2 agonists into the locus coeruleus leads to a decrease in LC firing and norepinephrine release during withdrawal. A possible ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicomania

Neurons in the hypothalamus, particularly the paraventricular nucleus, release vasopressin and corticotropin releasing hormone ... which travel through the hypophysial portal vessel where they travel to and bind to the corticotropin-releasing hormone ... where it stimulates the release of steroid hormones. Steroid hormones bind to glucocorticoid receptors in the brain, providing ... This secretion is made up of glucocorticoids, including cortisol, which are steroid hormones that the adrenal gland releases, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_

1995). „Proopiomelanocortin, corticotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes are expressed ... Entrez Gene: CRH corticotropin releasing hormone".. *^ Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981). „Characterization of a 41- ... 1996). „Corticotropin releasing hormone in colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis". Gut. 37 (4): 544-51. PMC ... 1990). „Structural analysis of the regulatory region of the human corticotropin releasing hormone gene". FEBS Lett. 267 (1): 1- ...

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortikotropin-oslobađajući_hormon

As demonstrated by the effect of the trophic hormone ACTH on adrenal cortex cells, the expression of the mitochondrial genes ... With the mitochondrial RNA processing, individual mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA sequences are released from the primary transcript. ... Raikhinstein M, Hanukoglu I (November 1993). "Mitochondrial-genome-encoded RNAs: differential regulation by corticotropin in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

Responses To Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Hypercortisolism of Depression and Cushings-Disease - Pathophysiologic and ... which has served as a model of the study of the physiologic functions of these key steroid hormones that regulate the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Chrousos

... hormone is determined by the release of the corticotropin-releasing factor as the interruption of the corticotropin-releasing ... Corticotropin-releasing factors travel to the pituitary gland, where they activate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ... This is done through the activation by the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), also known as the corticotropin-releasing ... hormone (CRH). Increased activity of the adrenal nerves is done through the receptors for the corticotropin-releasing factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

LWH-234 NBI-27914 NBI-74788 Pexacerfont R-121919 TS-041 Verucerfont Agonists Corticorelin Corticotropin-releasing hormone ... Netazepide Proglumide Spiroglumide Antagonists Nastorazepide Agonists Cortagine Corticorelin Corticotropin-releasing hormone ... hormone Antagonists ATC-0065 ATC-0175 GW-803430 NGD-4715 SNAP-7941 SNAP-94847 Agonists Melanin-concentrating hormone Agonists ... Agonists Neurotensin Antagonists Levocabastine SR-142948 Agonists Abaloparatide Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone-related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_peptide_receptor

... corticotropin - corticotropin receptor - corticotropin-releasing hormone - corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor - ... thyroid hormone receptor - thyrotropin - thyrotropin receptor - thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor - thyroxine - timeline ... pituitary hormone receptor - pituitary hormone-regulating hormone receptor - plant protein - plasma membrane - plasmid - ... somatotropin-releasing hormone - somatropin - sp1 transcription factor - spectrin - spectroscopy - src gene - src-family kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

ACTH as measured prior to dosing of dexamethasone Equivocal results should be followed by a corticotropin-releasing hormone ... steroid that provides negative feedback to the pituitary gland to suppress the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone_suppression_test

melanocortin GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000185231 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000045569 - ... The adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor or ACTH receptor also known as the melanocortin receptor 2 or MC2 receptor is a type ... Hanukoglu I, Feuchtwanger R, Hanukoglu A (November 1990). "Mechanism of corticotropin and cAMP induction of mitochondrial ... When bound to ACTH, a short-term insulin-resistance occurs, and it stimulates lipolysis via hormone sensitive lipase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACTH_receptor

Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), also known as Corticotropin releasing hormone, is an endogenous peptide hormone which is ... and activates the two corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors CRH-1 and CRH-2. This then triggers the release of ... Antalarmin Corticotropin releasing hormone antagonists List of investigational anxiolytics Pexacerfont Zorrilla EP, Heilig M, ... corticotropin (ACTH), another hormone which is involved in the physiological response to stress. Verucerfont blocks the CRH-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verucerfont

Lecirelin QH01CA93 Deslorelin QH01CA94 Azagly-nafarelin QH01CA95 Peforelin QH01CA96 Salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone ... H01AA01 Corticotropin H01AA02 Tetracosactide H01AB01 Thyrotropin alfa H01AC01 Somatropin H01AC02 Somatrem H01AC03 Mecasermin ... Subgroup H01 is part of the anatomical group H Systemic hormonal preparations, excluding sex hormones and insulins. Codes for ... ATC code H01 Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones and analogues is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATC_code_H01

Antalarmin Pexacerfont Corticotropin releasing hormone antagonist Schulz DW, Mansbach RS, Sprouse J, Braselton JP, Collins J, ... CP-154,526 is a potent and selective antagonist of the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 developed by Pfizer. CP- ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonists, Pyrrolopyrimidines, Pfizer brands, All stub articles, Psychoactive drug stubs). ... Navarro-Zaragoza J, Núñez C, Laorden ML, Milanés MV (May 2010). "Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-154,526

This occurs through the release of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor, also known as corticotropin-releasing hormone ( ... which stimulates adrenocorticotropin release from the anterior pituitary that in turn induces the release of cortisol from the ... Released glucocorticoids provide negative feedback on the system and also the hippocampus, which in turn regulates the shutting ... This progressive process culminating in the release of glucocorticoids to environmental stimuli is believed to be initiated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_perception

Likewise, the involvement of corticotropin releasing hormone on mast cells in acute stress has been shown to facilitate BBB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-NMDA_receptor_encephalitis

... corticotropin release factor) -> pituitary gland releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) -> adrenal cortex secretes various ... One thing that the body does to combat stressors is to create stress hormones, which in turn create energy reservoirs that are ... stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) -> stress hormones (30 varieties) travel in the blood stream to relevant organs, e.g., glands ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stressor

MCs contain numerous granules and secrete an abundance of prestored mediators such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), ... When an infection occurs, mature basophils will be released from the bone marrow and travel to the site of infection. When ... Examples of toxic materials produced or released by degranulation by granulocytes on the ingestion of microorganisms are: ... Injured basophils and other leukocytes will release another substance called prostaglandins that contributes to an increased ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte

... being developed for the US Air Force based on the Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk Corticotropin-releasing hormone, a polypeptide ... hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the stress response CRH plc, a building materials company, based in Ireland Crimean ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRH

... of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. ACTH is ... with a decrease in the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)). Conversely, chronically elevated ACTH levels occur in ... Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH; also adrenocorticotropin, corticotropin) is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced by and ... along with its precursor corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus). Its principal effects are increased production ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone

... and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex". The Journal of ... Activation of the BNST by certain hormones is thought to promote a startle response The auditory pathway for this response was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startle_response

Diazepam GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000155368 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026385 - ... This gene encodes diazepam binding inhibitor, a protein that is regulated by hormones and is involved in lipid metabolism and ... in addition to its role as a mediator in corticotropin-dependent synthesis of steroids in the adrenal gland. Three pseudogenes ... Diazepam binding inhibitor also mediates the feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion and the postprandial release of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam_binding_inhibitor

... axis inhibits the secretion of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) at the ... Glucocorticoids released in the blood, serve as a messenger by binding to glucocorticoid receptors in a wide distribution ... Factors that contribute to the extent of HPA axis suppression include steroid hormone potency (type of compound and route of ... Any individual who has taken steroid hormones for 2+ weeks is at risk for developing HPA axis suppression. t Systemic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylprednisolone

... , Hormones of the hypothalamus, Peptide hormones, Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone has been shown to interact with its receptors corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRFR1 ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (also known as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or corticoliberin; corticotropin may ... corticotropin releasing hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor genes are expressed in human skin". FEBS Letters. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone

... corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus, suppressing appetite and triggering the release of ... Emotional eating can also be improved by evaluating physical facets like hormone balance. Female hormones, in particular, can ... These steroid hormones increase appetite and, unlike CRH, remain in the bloodstream for a prolonged period of time, often ... Frequent intermittent stressors trigger repeated, sporadic releases of glucocorticoids in intervals too short to allow for a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_eating

"Nonsense mutation in the human growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor causes growth failure analogous to the little (lit) ... Smoller, JW; Truett, GE; Hirsch, J; Leibel, RL (1993). "The Zucker fatty (fa) gene is not a mutation of corticotropin-releasing ... mutation cosegregates with the growth hormone releasing factor receptor on mouse chromosome 6". Mamm Genome. 4 (10): 555-9. doi ... Leibel's co-discovery at Rockefeller University of the hormone leptin, and cloning of the leptin and leptin receptor genes, has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Leibel

Mice with homozygous disruptions in the corticotropin-releasing hormone gene (see below) die at birth due to pulmonary ... few days begins to produce suppression of the patient's adrenal glands suppressing hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone ... The fatty acids released by lipolysis are used for production of energy in tissues like muscle, and the released glycerol ... After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor, the newly formed complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. Hormones. Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists. Physiological Effects of ... In adults, stress can cause the release of a hormone called corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). The release of CRH can cause ... Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) Responsiveness in Children With Functional Dyspepsia. The safety and scientific validity ... The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate whether there are differences in CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01373372

Combined dexamethasone/corticotropin releasing hormone test predicts treatment response in major depression - a potential ... Adrenocorticotropic HormoneAntidepressive AgentsBiomarkersCorticotropin-Releasing HormoneDepressive Disorder, Major ... Exaggerated corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone (DEX)/corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH ... Simultaneous use of thyrotropin-releasing hormone test and combined dexamethasone/corticotropine-releasing hormone test for ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/17123470/Combined_dexamethasone/corticotropin_releasing_hormone_test_predicts_treatment_response_in_major_depression___a_potential_biomarker

Impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone on gastrointestinal motility and adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal controls and ... Impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone on gastrointestinal motility and adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal controls and ... 1988) Effects of intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone upon sleep-related growth hormone surge and sleep EEG in men. ... Background-Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a key role in modulating intestinal motility in stressed animals. ...

https://gut.bmj.com/content/42/6/845

... Journal Article ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an endogenous 41-amino acid peptide involved in a wide ranging series of systems ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an endogenous 41-amino acid peptide involved in a wide ranging series of systems ... Pharmacophore development for corticotropin-releasing hormone: New insights into inhibitor activity. Journal of Medicinal ...

https://scholars.uow.edu.au/display/publicationse142843

It induces the adrenal secretion of cortisol via the stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, regulates the timing of birth ... The placental syncytiotrophoblast is the major source of maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the second ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone and related pituitary-adrenal axis hormones in fetal and maternal blood during the second half ... Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) acts via its two receptors CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 to control stress reaction, ...

https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-10-80

Human skin is a local source of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and expresses CRH and CRH receptors (CRH-R) at mRNA and ... Modulation of the human hair follicle pigmentary unit by corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin peptides Academic ... of cAMP with up-regulation of pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression and subsequent production of adrenocorticotropin hormone. ...

http://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub1587624

Corticotropin-releasing hormone. Endorphins. Endothelin. Kinins (bradykinin). Neurotensin. Renin (connective tissue). ... Table 1. Preformed and newly synthesized mast cell mediators released during an allergic reaction47a Preformed/stored mediators ... collagen-degrading compounds that are released from activated mast cells during an allergic reaction. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/732843

Rat CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) ELISA Kit. E-EL-R0270 Regular price $495.00. $426.00 You Pay ...

https://www.bidscientific.com/products/e-el-r0270

Produktinformationen "rhCG - Corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein" CRH is a powerful stimulator of synthesis and ... Synonyms: Corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein, CRF-BP, CRH-BP, CRF-binding protein. ... Hier finden Sie Informationen und weiterführende Literatur zu rhCG - Corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein. Für ...

https://www.genaxxon.com/shop-all-products/peptide-proteine/hormone/3249/rhcg-1-mg-c6461.1000

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Bingding Protein) CLIA Kit (HUES00869) Human CRHBP (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Bingding ... Corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein. UniProt Synonym Protein Names:. Corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein ... Molecular Function:corticotropin-releasing hormone binding; peptide binding; protein binding. Biological Process: behavioral ... Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a potent stimulator of synthesis and secretion of preopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. ...

https://www.assaygenie.com/human-crhbp-corticotropin-releasing-hormone-bingding-protein-clia-kit-hues00869/

... endoproteolytic processing and differential release of its derived peptides within AtT20 cells by M. Perone et al. ... Corticotropin and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. *Peter Tomaseca Christopher M. Prestonb Elizabeth A. Lintonc, I. M. Castroa ... Cutaneous expression of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors. *A. Slominski, J. Wortsman, +4 ... Corticotropin releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress.. *A. Slominski, J. ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Procorticotrophin-releasing-hormone%3A-processing-and-Perone-Murray/0a664229791c9b26408b833edb1b3dcb5368f461

T1 - The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is superior to the human CRH stimulation test for the ... title = "The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is superior to the human CRH stimulation test for the ... The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is superior to the human CRH stimulation test for the ... The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation test is superior to the human CRH stimulation test for the ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-ovine-corticotropin-releasing-hormone-crh-stimulation-test-is-2

AGRP = Agouti-related protein; CB = cannabinoid; CCK = cholecystokinin; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone; GLIP = ... glucagonlike peptide; Mc-3 and 4 = melanocortin-3 and 4; MCH = melanin concentrating hormone; α-MSH = alpha-melanocyte- ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/985333-guidelines

The production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the placenta alters the profile of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal ... MID-PREGNANCY CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE LEVELS IN ASSOCIATION WITH POSTPARTUM DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS. ... axis hormones and may be associated with postpartum depression. The purpose of this study was to assess, in nondepressed ...

https://publications-affiliated.scilifelab.se/publication/5c6126b0406e4712bf774abdb195f00c

Background: Observations that epidermal cells release both corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and proopiome lanocortin (POMC ... Inhibition of mouse melanoma cell proliferation by corticotropin-releasing hormone and its analogs Academic Article ...

http://dgivan.dental.uab.edu/display/pub1587663

In addition, the BLA contains a high density of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF(1)) receptors in comparison to the CeA. ... Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / antagonists & inhibitors * Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / metabolism* * Dose-Response ... In addition, the BLA contains a high density of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF(1)) receptors in comparison to the CeA. ... Activation of basolateral amygdala corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptors modulates the consolidation of contextual fear ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17988803/?dopt=Abstract

Cushing syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body has a high level of the hormone cortisol. ... Tumor elsewhere in the body that produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). *Tumors elsewhere in the body that produce ... Cushing disease, which occurs when the pituitary gland makes too much of the hormone adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). ACTH ... If the tumor cannot be removed, you may need medicines to help block the release of cortisol or the ability of cortisol to ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000410.htm

... ... Patterns of plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone, progesterone, estradiol, and estriol change and the onset of human labor. ... progesterone; estradiol; estriol; corticotropin-releasing hormones. Identifier uon:7579. Identifier http://hdl.handle.net/ ...

https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/%20/manager/Repository/uon:7579

In vitro and in vivo temporal aspects of ACTH secretion: stimulatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin ... The objective of the present study was to evaluate the temporal aspects associated with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) ... In vitro and in vivo temporal aspects of ACTH secretion: stimulatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin ... and vasopressin (VP) stimulated bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro ...

https://vivo.library.tamu.edu/vivo/display/n173173SE

Action of neurotensin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and RFamide-related peptide-3 in E2-induced negative feedback control: ... Action of neurotensin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and RFamide-related peptide-3 in E2-induced negative feedback control: ... Action of neurotensin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and RFamide-related peptide-3 in E2-induced negative feedback control ... Action of neurotensin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and RFamide-related peptide-3 in E2-induced negative feedback control ...

https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/action-of-neurotensin-corticotropin-releasing-hormone-and-rfamide

Role of DNA Methlyation in the Glucocorticoid Recept (GR)-Mediated Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) Down-regulation (For: ...

https://experts.unthsc.edu/en/projects/role-of-dna-methlyation-in-the-glucocorticoid-recept-gr-mediated--3

Corticotropin-releasing hormone heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and immunoreactivity are induced in extrahypothalamic brain ... Dive into the research topics of Corticotropin-releasing hormone heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and immunoreactivity are ...

https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/corticotropin-releasing-hormone-heterogeneous-nuclear-rna-hnrna-a/fingerprints/

Locus coeruleus stimulation by corticotropin-releasing hormone suppresses in vitro cellular immune responses ... Stimulation of LC by corticotropin-releasing hormone is reported to exert an immunosuppressive effect on the peripheral ... 2013) Regulation of IL-17 family members by adrenal hormones during experimental sepsis in mice The American Journal of ... 2004) Cholinergic agonists inhibit HMGB1 release and improve survival in experimental sepsis Nature Medicine 10:1216-1221. ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/21055

ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; IL-1, interleukin-1; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF, tumor- ... Stress, hormones, immunity, the complexity of interwined systems, and the simplicity of humanism. J Intensive Care Med ( 1997 ... Evidence for H2-receptor-mediated inhibition of histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. Agents Actions ( 1982;) 12:: 85 ... released from inflammatory exudate,the immune system produces more r signal (e.g.antibodies, interleukin-2), thus bringing ...

https://hpathy.com/scientific-research/immunology-and-homeopathy-the-rationale-of-the-simile/

Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasone administration. A new test to distinguish ... Tumors that ectopically secrete ACTH are rare, and tumors that secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are extremely rare ... gonadotropin-releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty, hyperthyroidism, renal phosphate wasting, and other endocrine ... gonadotropin-releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty, hyperthyroidism, renal phosphate wasting, and other endocrine ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/921086-overview

Mice deficient for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behaviour and are hypersensitive to stress. ... Reul JMHM, Holsboer F. On the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors in anxiety and depression. Dialogues Clin ... Deletion of crhr2 reveals an anxiolytic role for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2. Nat Genet. 2000;24:415-9. ... Abnormal adaptations to stress and impaired cardiovascular function in mice lacking corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-020-0695-7??utm_source=other&utm_medium=other&utm_content=null&utm_campaign=BSCN_2_DD01_CN_Nature_article_paid_XMOL&error=cookies_not_supported&code=482f3795-3109-4a81-97ab-ea5941c6df28

corticotropin releasing hormone. IDA. RGD. PMID:11908464. RGD:704423. NCBI chr 2:102,143,055...102,144,919 Ensembl chr 2: ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/ontology/annot.html?acc_id=MP:0005384&species=Rat

https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortikotropin-osloba%C4%91aju%C4%87i_hormon

Restraint stress and corticotropin releasing hormone modulation of murine cutaneous POMC mRNA. ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asthma+OR+%27allerg%2A%27+OR+%27immune%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=2706&RecNo=2706&View=b&

Exaggerated corticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol response to the combined dexamethasone (DEX)/corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) test, indicating impaired regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system, is frequently observed in depression. (unboundmedicine.com)
Methods -CRH (2 μg/kg) was intravenously administered during duodenal and colonic manometry and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was measured by radioimmunoassay. (bmj.com)
Cushing disease , which occurs when the pituitary gland makes too much of the hormone adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). (medlineplus.gov)
In vitro and in vivo temporal aspects of ACTH secretion: stimulatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone and vasopressin in cattle. (tamu.edu)
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the temporal aspects associated with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (VP) stimulated bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion in vitro and in vivo. (tamu.edu)
Adrenal hyperplasia as a cause of Cushing's syndrome can be considered either adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) dependent or independent. (renalandurologynews.com)
After traveling to the pituitary gland , CRH stimulates the production adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or corticotropin) through cleavage of the large glycoprotein pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
ACTH then travels to the adrenal cortex, via the bloodstream, stimulating cortisol to be produced and released. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The main function of ACTH, a polypeptide hormone, is to stimulate the adrenal glands to release cortisol in response to stress. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The pituitary makes adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), a hormone that tells the adrenal glands to make cortisol. (nih.gov)
The hypothalamus makes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a hormone that tells the pituitary to make ACTH. (nih.gov)
CRF [ ( PUBMED:2200028 ) ] is a hormone found mainly in the paraventricular nucleus of the mammalian hypothalamus that regulates the release of corticotropin (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. (embl-heidelberg.de)
From here, CRF is transported to the anterior pituitary, stimulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release via CRF type 1 receptors, thereby activating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA) and thus glucocorticoid release. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Urotensin-I is released from the urophysis of fish, and produces ACTH and subsequent cortisol release in vivo. (embl-heidelberg.de)
The UI peptides are equipotent with the other two naturally occurring peptides (CRF and sauvagine) in the release of mammalian pituitary corticotropin (ACTH), but UI is several times more potent than the mammalian homologue in the stimulation of release of fish pituitary ACTH. (embl-heidelberg.de)
This stimulates the pituitary gland to make adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (barnesjewish.org)
ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to make and release corticosteroid hormones into the blood. (barnesjewish.org)
If there is too much or too little cortisol, these glands change the amount of CRH and ACTH they release. (barnesjewish.org)
Some bronchial carcinoids produce corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) instead of ACTH and otherwise mimic pituitary Cushing syndrome. (medscape.com)
In this article, we are going to learn about the trophic hormone ACTH, its functions and related disorders in detail. (tutorialspoint.com)
ACTH is an acronym for an adrenocorticotropic hormone which is produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. (tutorialspoint.com)
The synthesis of ACTH is triggered when the pituitary gland is acted upon by the Corticotropin-releasing hormone present in the hypothalamus. (tutorialspoint.com)
One of these fragments includes our hormone of concern- the ACTH. (tutorialspoint.com)
The secreted ACTH, when attached with these cells, activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase in the cell membrane of the cell which in turn produces cAMP.The cAMP is known to activate various pathways that result in the formation of adrenocortical hormones. (tutorialspoint.com)
ACTH is involved in stimulating the secretion of the glucocorticoid hormones, especially cortisol which is steroidal in nature from the adrenal cortex cells. (tutorialspoint.com)
When blood cortisol levels are lower than normal, a special group of cells present in the hypothalamus release the corticotropin-releasing hormone which in turn enables the pituitary gland to release ACTH for circulation in the bloodstream. (tutorialspoint.com)
What are the ACTH hormone disorders? (tutorialspoint.com)
ACTH hormone does not cause any direct disorders in the human body. (tutorialspoint.com)
Glucocorticoids can be categorized as short, intermediate, or long acting, based on their biologic effective half-life, which is defined as the duration of corticotropin (ACTH) suppression after a single dose of the compound. (medscape.com)
Tras ser liberada en la circulación portal hipofisaria, la CRH estimula la liberación de ACTH en la HIPÓFISIS. (bvsalud.org)
After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND . (bvsalud.org)
Secondary adrenal insufficiency involves adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency due to pituitary causes or, less often, hypothalamic causes, including suppression from exogenous corticosteroid. (medscape.com)
In tertiary adrenal insufficiency, classic findings include low cortisol levels, low-normal ACTH levels, and reduced corticotropin-releasing hormone levels. (medscape.com)
The anterior pituitary produces six major hormones: (1) prolactin (PRL), (2) growth hormone (GH), (3) adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), (4) luteinizing hormone (LH), (5) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and (6) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). (mhmedical.com)
The most relevant hormones for the neuroendocrine axis are the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and ß-endorphins, which stimulate the secretion of various endogenous substances, such as glucocorticoids, produced in the adrenal cortex, and noradrenaline and adrenaline, produced in the adrenal medulla and nerve endings 5-7 . (bvsalud.org)

Placental CRH exerts multiple functions in the maternal organism: It induces the adrenal secretion of cortisol via the stimulation of adrenocorticotropic hormone, regulates the timing of birth via its actions in the myometrium and inhibits the invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Urocortin acts in vitro to stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. (embl-heidelberg.de)
It tells the pituitary gland to start releasing adrenocorticotropic hormone. (verywellhealth.com)
The adrenocorticotropic hormone is released into the bloodstream. (verywellhealth.com)
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE . (bvsalud.org)
83 nmol/L) and high plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were consistent with primary adrenal insufficiency. (bioscientifica.com)

This chapter discusses the discovery and chemical characterization of the first identified hypothalamic releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (pyroGlu-His-ProNH2), which provided ultimate confirmation for the founding principles of neuroendocrinology which resulted later in the discovery of other releasing factor peptides. (semanticscholar.org)
These include corticotropin-releasing hormone, oxytocin, arginine vasopressin and thyrotropin releasing hormone. (umd.edu)

The production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the placenta alters the profile of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones and may be associated with postpartum depression. (scilifelab.se)
Glucocorticoid synthesis and release is strictly regulated by the pituitary and hypothalamus by negative feedback and, to a lesser extent, by catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and neural inputs from the autonomic system. (medscape.com)
These include the release of a hormone from the hypothalamus , that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce yet another hormone, that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, which can then act to help the body deal with the stress. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Under conditions of stress, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released by the hypothalamus . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The hypothalamus makes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). (barnesjewish.org)
Both the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland can sense whether the blood has the right amount of cortisol (a hormone) in it. (barnesjewish.org)
The hypothalamus is important in regulating hormone levels in the body. (verywellhealth.com)
The hypothalamus then releases corticotropin-releasing hormone. (verywellhealth.com)
Increasing blood cortisol levels now start to negatively impact the secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. (tutorialspoint.com)
The rhythmic discharges from the SCN to various neurons of the central nervous system, including pineal gland and hypothalamus, translate into circadian rhythm characteristic of several hormones and metabolites such as glucose. (who.int)
Pituitary adenomas are benign monoclonal tumors that arise from one of the five anterior pituitary cell types and may cause clinical effects from either overproduction of a pituitary hormone or compressive/destructive effects on surrounding structures, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, optic chiasm, and cavernous sinus. (mhmedical.com)
Nerve cells in the hypothalamus make chemicals that control the release of hormones secreted from the pituitary gland. (kidshealth.org)

Cushing syndrome is a disorder that occurs when your body has a high level of the hormone cortisol. (medlineplus.gov)
Glucocorticoids mimic the action of the body's natural hormone cortisol. (medlineplus.gov)
If the tumor cannot be removed, you may need medicines to help block the release of cortisol or the ability of cortisol to signal. (medlineplus.gov)
Cortisol , known in medical use as hydrocortisone , is one of the major steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex , the outer layer of the adrenal gland of mammals . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Cortisol is a vital hormone and is sometimes known as the stress hormone in humans, as it is involved in the body's natural response to physical or emotional stress . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Like cortisone , cortisol is a corticosteroid , a term that refers to steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of the body. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Another hormone produced in the adrenal glands , albeit in the adrenal medulla, not the adrenal cortex like corticosteroids, is adrenaline (epinephrine), which like cortisol, deals with stress. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In normal release, cortisol (like other glucocorticoid agents) has widespread actions that help restore homeostasis after stress . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
The adrenal glands make two main types of hormones: cortisol and aldosterone. (nih.gov)
Cortisol is sometimes called the "stress hormone" because it helps your body respond to stress. (nih.gov)
Cortisol belongs to a class of hormones called glucocorticoids. (nih.gov)
The result of the activation of the HPA axis is the release of cortisol. (verywellhealth.com)
Cortisol is a steroidal hormone. (verywellhealth.com)
In what is known as the brain-skin connection , the brain discharges corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which triggers a process that releases cortisol. (dermcollective.com)
Cortisol is a hormone that has many functions in the body such as regulating metabolism and immune function, and facilitating the inflammatory response. (dermcollective.com)
During times of distress, the body releases adrenaline and cortisol to gain a boost of energy in a fight or flight response. (dermcollective.com)

Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) acts via its two receptors CRH-R1 and CRH-R2 to control stress reaction, autonomic functions, behavioural response, appetite, metabolism and the immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
Characterization of a cDNA encoding a novel avian hypothalamic neuropeptide exerting an inhibitory effect on gonadotropin release. (semanticscholar.org)
For example, vagal afferents activated by endotoxin and cytokines in sepsis stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and exert anti-inflammatory effects through the release of glucocorticoids ( Tracey, 2002 ). (elifesciences.org)
Particularly interesting is the recent accumulating evidence that sensitized extrahypothalamic stress systems [e.g., hyperglutamatergic activity, blunted hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) hormonal levels, altered corticotropin-releasing factor signaling, and altered glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the extended amygdala] are evident in withdrawn dependent rats, supporting the hypothesis that pathological neuroadaptations in the extended amygdala contribute to the negative affective state. (frontiersin.org)
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), the proximal neuroendocrine element in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in mammals (HPA),coordinates the complex array of behavioral, autonomic and endocrine responses to stress. (biologists.com)
DNA complementary to the rat hypothalamic mRNA coding for the corticotropin-releasing factor precursor (prepro-CRF) has been cloned by screening a cDNA library with a human genomic DNA probe. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Neuronal activity and stress differentially regulate hippocampal and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone expression in the immature rat. (bvsalud.org)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Sleep and Endocrinology: Hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis and growth hormone. (who.int)
The cause and effect relationship of the hypothalamic releasing hormones and their target hormones on various phases of sleep including initial non rapid eye movement (NREM) phase at onset of sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) phase near awakening, is an upcoming research area. (who.int)
Pituitary hormones are secreted in a pulsatile manner, reflecting intermittent stimulation by specific hypothalamic-releasing factors. (mhmedical.com)
Hypothalamic hormones regulate anterior pituitary tropic hormones that, in turn, determine target gland secretion. (mhmedical.com)
Peripheral hormones feedback to regulate hypothalamic and pituitary hormones. (mhmedical.com)
2020. Sex and age influence gonadal steroid hormone receptor distributions relative to estrogen receptor β-containing neurons in the mouse hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. . (cornell.edu)

Finally, microinfusions of either DMP696 into the CeA or a specific corticotropin-releasing factor 2 receptor antagonist in the BLA were shown to have no major effects on disrupting either contextual fear conditioning or performance of contextual freezing in the drug-free conditioned fear test. (nih.gov)
The effects were also observed at very low peptide concentrations (10 -13 M) with no apparent linear correlation between peptide dosage and increase of fluorescence intensity,which implied co-expression of different corticotropin releasing factor receptor forms in the same cell. (biologists.com)
Here, we provide evidence that a subpopulation of OT neurons initiate expression of the receptor for the stress neuropeptide Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF), CRFR1, in reproductive females. (bvsalud.org)
Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRH-R1) polymorphisms are associated with irritable bowel syndrome and acoustic startle response. (cdc.gov)
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 2 Gene Variants in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. (cdc.gov)
For example, a neurotransmitter , hormone , or atomic ions may each bind to the extracellular domain as a ligand coupled to receptor. (ipfs.io)
The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES . (nih.gov)
Moreover, they found that interrupting the hormone from binding to the CRFR1 receptor blocked the improvement of memory normally promoted by exercise. (alz.org)
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 Activation During Exposure to Novelty Stress Protects Against Alzheimer's Disease-Like Cognitive Decline in AßPP/PS1 Mice , Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. (alz.org)
2018. Sex Differences in the Subcellular Distribution of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor 1 in the Rat Hippocampus following Chronic Immobilization Stress. . (cornell.edu)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a potent stimulator of synthesis and secretion of preopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. (assaygenie.com)
Background: Observations that epidermal cells release both corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and proopiome lanocortin (POMC) peptides has raised questions about the physiological relevance of this hypothalamo-pituitary-like system in mammalian skin. (uab.edu)

Besides, GHRH and CRH, several other peptide and steroid hormones such as growth hormone (GH), its secretagogues, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y, estrogen and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate are associated or have the potential to change phases of sleep including initial slow wave-NREM sleep. (who.int)
Once excited, the PVN produces the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), which travels through the hypophyseal portal system and stimulates the adrenal and pituitary glands to produce many neurotransmitters. (bvsalud.org)

In addition, the BLA contains a high density of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF(1)) receptors in comparison to the CeA. (nih.gov)
The researchers first hope to target the faulty protein receptors which should activate the enzyme that releases NO. (warwick.ac.uk)

Hier finden Sie Informationen und weiterführende Literatur zu rhCG - Corticotropin releasing hormone binding protein. (genaxxon.com)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an endogenous 41-amino acid peptide involved in a wide ranging series of systems including the brain, the coordination of the body's overall response to stress, and more recently as a crucial initiator in the onset of labor, also known as the placental clock. (edu.au)
A mammalian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone homolog, RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), was also found to be expressed in mHypoA-55 cells, and RFRP-3 expression in these cells was increased by exogenous melatonin stimulation. (elsevier.com)

The adrenal cortex secretes hormones into the bloodstream. (barnesjewish.org)
That's because it secretes hormones into the bloodstream, and makes and secretes enzymes into the digestive tract. (kidshealth.org)

1984). „Isolation and sequence analysis of the human corticotropin-releasing factor precursor gene" . (wikipedia.org)
Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for rat corticotropin-releasing factor precursor. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Using confocal laser scanning microscopy we investigated the Ca 2+ distribution in single corticotropin releasing factor- and urocortin-stimulated human skin cells. (biologists.com)
Corticotropin releasing factor induced Ca 2+ flux into the cytoplasm, while urocortin Ca 2+ flux into the nucleus with a remarkable oscillatory effect. (biologists.com)
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), urotensin-I, urocortin and sauvagine form a family of related neuropeptides in vertebrates. (embl-heidelberg.de)

Associations between Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Related Genes and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. (cdc.gov)

Restraint stress and corticotropin releasing hormone modulation of murine cutaneous POMC mRNA. (cdc.gov)

2003). „Paracrine regulation of endometrial function: interaction between progesterone and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and activin A". Steroids . (wikipedia.org)
Estrogen, progesterone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) levels are normally increased during the third trimester of pregnancy. (medscape.com)

TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. (mhmedical.com)

Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH) producing tumors can also cause adrenal hyperplasia. (renalandurologynews.com)
Disorders of the pituitary can be broadly divided into clinical syndromes associated with hormone excess (i.e., benign pituitary tumors) or with hormone deficiency (i.e., infarction, mass effects, autoimmune, granulomatous disease, and genetic disorders). (mhmedical.com)

Table 1 summarizes the relative potencies and half-lives of main steroid hormones. (medscape.com)
But, these steroid hormones are made in much larger amounts by the ovaries (estrogen) in women and testes (androgens) in men. (barnesjewish.org)

Because of the small size of the paraventricular nucleus, we validated the samples by measuring several hormones mainly synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus. (umd.edu)
We measured the mRNA expression of each of these hormones using quantitative PCR and detected them principally in the paraventricular nucleus. (umd.edu)

Part of the CRH stimulation test is giving a synthetic type of corticotropin, Acthrel® (brand name for Corticorelin), as injection. (clinicaltrials.gov)

For this reason, other dynamic tests have been proposed such as arginine (ARG), combined GH releasing hormone plus ARG (GHRH-ARG), levodopa (L-DOPA) in spite of data indicating poor performance of some of these tests for evaluation of adult GHD. (touchendocrinology.com)
Most characteristic of these changes are surge of melatonin with biological night, surge of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)􀀁at onset of sleep and surge of corticotropin-􀀁releasing􀀁hormone􀀁(CRH) during late part of the sleep. (who.int)

The adrenal cortex secretes hormones that have an effect on the body's metabolism. (barnesjewish.org)
This hormone helps control the body's use of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. (barnesjewish.org)
Hormones are the body's chemical messengers. (kidshealth.org)
It makes hormones called corticosteroids (pronounced: kor-tih-ko-STER-oydz) that help control salt and water balance in the body, the body's response to stress, metabolism, the immune system , and sexual development and function. (kidshealth.org)

The brought together the Guidelines Steering Group, Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use other experts on hormonal contraception, experts provides recommendations on the use of various on steroidal hormones and experts in neonatal contraceptive methods by women and men development and care, to evaluate all available with specific characteristics or with known pre- scientific data in this area. (who.int)

The endocrine system regulates how much of each hormone is released. (kidshealth.org)

It has many effects and is sometimes called the "stress hormone. (verywellhealth.com)
When the pregnancy is compromised the placenta can also release a hormone called 'corticotropin releasing hormone' (CRH - also known as the 'stress' hormone). (warwick.ac.uk)
It is widely believed that the stress hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) may have a protective effect on the brain, including the memory changes brought on by Alzheimer's. (alz.org)

La CRH también puede sintetizarse en otros tejidos, como la PLACENTA, la MÉDULA SUPRARRENAL y el TESTÍCULO. (bvsalud.org)

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. (kidshealth.org)
The more thyroid hormone there is in the bloodstream, the faster chemical reactions happen in the body. (kidshealth.org)

We predicted that the homologous hormone human CRH (hCRH) might be an equally useful diagnostic agent, with the theoretic advantage of being less immunogenic. (elsevier.com)

Corticotropin releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress. (semanticscholar.org)

These hormones are converted elsewhere in the body to female hormones (estrogens) and male hormones (androgens). (barnesjewish.org)

Both neurotensin (NT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) were expressed in these cells and upregulated by E2. (elsevier.com)

In terms of assessing aspects of maternal-placental-fetal stress biology during pregnancy, in addition to collecting stress-related biomarkers such as those related to glucocorticoid activity and pro-inflammatory state, it may be important to assess concentrations of placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). (stressmeasurement.org)

This information influences the hormones that the pituitary makes and releases. (kidshealth.org)

Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults is a recognized clinical syndrome and its diagnosis is established through GH stimulation testing. (touchendocrinology.com)
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults is characterized by alterations in body composition, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, bone mineral density, cardiovascular risk profile, and quality of life. (touchendocrinology.com)

[ 3 ] Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is also known to induce increased production of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and corticotropin, as well as interleukin 1 and endothelin 1, all of which contribute to increased melanin production by intraepidermal melanocytes. (medscape.com)

This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. (kidshealth.org)
These hormones control the rate at which cells burn fuels from food to make energy. (kidshealth.org)

The adrenal glands, two small glands on top of your kidneys, make hormones that are essential for life. (nih.gov)
The endocrine system is made up of glands that make hormones. (kidshealth.org)

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Potent mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability triggered by urocortin through activation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors. (1/1772)

Studies of the role of endothelium-dependent nitric oxide release in the sustained vasodilator effects of corticotrophin releasing factor and sauvagine. (2/1772)

Effect of central corticotropin-releasing factor on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats. (3/1772)

Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 in mouse spleen: expression after immune stimulation and identification of receptor-bearing cells. (4/1772)

Evaluation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in amenorrhoeic women with insulin-dependent diabetes. (5/1772)

Pituitary-adrenal cortical responses to low-dose physostigmine and arginine vasopressin administration in normal women and men. (6/1772)

Peripheral urocortin delays gastric emptying: role of CRF receptor 2. (7/1772)

Mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of central corticotropin-releasing factor. (8/1772)

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

beta-Lipotropin

Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

Receptors, Corticotropin

Hormones

Cosyntropin

Endorphins

Hydrocortisone

Thyroid Hormones

Adrenal Cortex

Pituitary Gland

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Urocortins

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones

Luteinizing Hormone

Corticosterone

Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Insufficiency

Pituitary-Adrenal System

Parathyroid Hormone

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Pro-Opiomelanocortin

Gonadal Steroid Hormones

Pituitary Hormones, Anterior

Radioimmunoassay

Radioimmunosorbent Test

Zona Fasciculata

Receptors, Thyroid Hormone

Human Growth Hormone

beta-Endorphin

Hypothalamus

Aminoglutethimide

Ether

Spasms, Infantile

Cushing Syndrome

Dexamethasone

Cortisone

RNA, Messenger

Hypophysectomy

Pituitary Hormones

Peptide Hormones

Median Eminence

ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic

Adrenal Gland Diseases

Stress, Physiological

Hormone Antagonists

Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

Hirsutism

Protein Precursors

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests

Pituitary Neoplasms

Adrenalectomy

Triiodothyronine

Arginine Vasopressin

Prolactin

Cyclic AMP

Thyrotropin

Metyrapone

Juvenile Hormones

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Neurosecretory Systems

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Receptors, Pituitary Hormone

Amygdala

Pituitary-Adrenal Function Tests

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Injections, Intraventricular

Amphibian Proteins

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

Cattle

Methandrostenolone

Estradiol

Blepharitis

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids

Steroids

Hypothalamic Hormones

alpha-MSH