Anterior pituitary cells that produce ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE.
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.
A 30-kDa protein synthesized primarily in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND and the HYPOTHALAMUS. It is also found in the skin and other peripheral tissues. Depending on species and tissues, POMC is cleaved by PROHORMONE CONVERTASES yielding various active peptides including ACTH; BETA-LIPOTROPIN; ENDORPHINS; MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONES; and others (GAMMA-LPH; CORTICOTROPIN-LIKE INTERMEDIATE LOBE PEPTIDE; N-terminal peptide of POMC or NPP).
Anterior pituitary cells that produce THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE.
A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.
A peptide of about 41 amino acids that stimulates the release of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. CRH is synthesized by neurons in the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS of the HYPOTHALAMUS. After being released into the pituitary portal circulation, CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the PITUITARY GLAND. CRH can also be synthesized in other tissues, such as PLACENTA; ADRENAL MEDULLA; and TESTIS.
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.
A collection of NEURONS, tracts of NERVE FIBERS, endocrine tissue, and blood vessels in the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation provides the mechanism for hypothalamic neuroendocrine (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) regulation of pituitary function and the release of various PITUITARY HORMONES into the systemic circulation to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
Excision of one or both adrenal glands. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites, enzymes, etc., by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Cellular localization of apelin and its receptor in the anterior pituitary: evidence for a direct stimulatory action of apelin on ACTH release. (1/20)

Apelin is a bioactive peptide recently identified as the endogenous ligand of the human orphan G protein-coupled receptor APJ. The presence of apelin-immunoreactive nerve fibers, together with the detection of apelin receptor mRNA in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus and the stimulatory action of apelin on corticotropin-releasing hormone release, indicate that apelin modulates adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release via an indirect action on the hypothalamus. However, a direct action of apelin in the anterior pituitary cannot be excluded. Here, we provided evidence for the existence of an apelinergic system within the adult male rat pituitary gland. Double immunofluorescence staining indicated that apelin is highly coexpressed in the anterior pituitary, mainly in corticotrophs (96.5 +/- 0.3%) and to a much lower extent in somatotropes (3.2 +/- 0.2%). Using in situ hybridization combined with immunohistochemistry, a high expression of apelin receptor mRNA was also found in corticotrophs, suggesting a local interaction between apelin and ACTH. In an ex vivo perifusion system of anterior pituitaries, apelin 17 (K17F, 10(-6) M) significantly increased basal ACTH release by 41%, whereas apelin 10 (R10F, 10(-6) M), an inactive apelin fragment, was ineffective. In addition, K17F but not R10F induced a dose-dependent increase in K(+)-evoked ACTH release, with maximal increase being observed for a 10(-6) M concentration. Taken together, these data outline the potential role of apelin as an autocrine/paracrine-acting peptide on ACTH release and provide morphological and neuroendocrine basis for further studies that explore the physiological role of apelin in the regulation of anterior pituitary functions.  (+info)

Lack of annexin 1 results in an increase in corticotroph number in male but not female mice. (2/20)

Annexin 1 (ANXA1) is a member of the annexin family of phospholipid- and calcium-binding proteins with a well demonstrated role in early delayed (30 min to 3 h) inhibitory feedback of glucocorticoids in the pituitary. We have examined corticotrophs in wild-type and ANXA1 knockout mice to determine the effects of lack of ANXA1 in male and female animals. Anterior pituitary tissue from ANXA1 wild-type, heterozygote and null mice was fixed and examined (i) by confocal immunocytochemistry to determine the number of corticotrophs and (ii) by electron microscopy to examine the size, secretory granule population and secretory machinery of corticotrophs. No differences in these parameters were detected in female mice. In male ANXA1 null mice, there were approximately four-fold more corticotrophs than in wild-type animals. However, the corticotrophs in ANXA1 null mice were smaller and had reduced numbers of secretory granules (the reduction in granules paralleled the reduction in cell size). No differences in the numerical density of folliculo-stellate, gonadotroph, lactotroph or somatotroph cells were detected in male ANXA1 null mice. Plasma corticosterone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA were unchanged but pituitary ACTH content was increased in male ANXA1 null mice. Interleukin (IL)-6 pituitary content was significantly elevated in male and reduced in female ANXA1 null mice compared to wild-type. In conclusion, these data indicate that ANXA1 deficiency is associated with gender-specific changes in corticotroph number and structure, via direct actions of ANXA1 and/or indirect changes in factors such as IL-6.  (+info)

Cell-specific expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis in the anterior pituitary of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. (3/20)

Cell death is increased in the anterior pituitary of poorly controlled diabetic rats, but anti-apoptotic mechanisms are also activated. We hypothesized that specific cell types are selectively protected against diabetes-induced cell death. To determine when anti-apoptotic mechanisms are activated, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were killed after 1, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of evolution. Anterior pituitaries were processed for western blot analysis to determine changes in the intrinsic cell death pathway and upstream kinases involved in cell protection mechanisms. An increase in cell death was detected by ELISA at 4 weeks of diabetes. TUNEL labelling demonstrated that this corresponded to death of primarily lactotrophs, a few somatotrophs, and no thyrotrophs, corticotrophs or gonadotrophs. Levels of phosphorylated (p) Akt were increased at 1 week of diabetes, while pERK1/2 levels increased at 4 weeks and pJNK at 6 weeks. Activation of caspase 3 decreased and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family increased as early as 1 week after diabetes onset. These changes were coincident with increased IGF-I receptor levels. Levels of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) increased significantly after 6 weeks of diabetes, as did activation of nuclear factor (NF)kappaB. Double immunohistochemistry indicated that XIAP was expressed in less than 1% of lactotrophs and gonadotrophs, approximately 50% of somatotrophs and more than 90% of corticotrophs and thyrotrophs. These results suggest that some cell survival mechanisms are rapidly activated in the anterior pituitary, even before increased cell death can be detected, while others are more delayed. Furthermore, both pituitary cell death and expression of protective mechanisms such as XIAP are cell-type specific.  (+info)

Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase stimulates proopiomelanocortin gene transcription in AtT20 corticotroph cells. (4/20)

Starvation is known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a representative antistress system in the living organism. In this study, we investigated in vitro whether activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is known to occur in intracellular energy depletion, influences the expression of POMC gene that encodes adrenocorticotropin. We first confirmed that each subunit of AMPK was expressed in the AtT20 corticotroph cell line. We then found that AICAR, a cell-permeable AMP analog and an activator of AMPK, potently stimulated the 5'-promoter activity of POMC gene in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were promoter specific because AICAR enhanced the AP1-mediated POMC promoter activities but did not influence other transcription factor-induced transcription. The effect of AICAR on POMC gene transcription was completely eliminated by specific AMPK inhibitor compound C or by dominant negative AMPK, whereas overexpression of constitutively active AMPK mimicked the effect of AICAR. Finally, experiments using specific kinase inhibitors suggested that the PI 3-kinase-mediated signaling pathway is at least partly involved in the effect. Our results suggest that intracellular energy depletion with the resultant activation of AMPK directly stimulates the HPA axis at the pituitary level by increasing the expression of POMC gene.  (+info)

Paracrinicity: the story of 30 years of cellular pituitary crosstalk. (5/20)

Living organisms represent, in essence, dynamic interactions of high complexity between membrane-separated compartments that cannot exist on their own, but reach behaviour in co-ordination. In multicellular organisms, there must be communication and co-ordination between individual cells and cell groups to achieve appropriate behaviour of the system. Depending on the mode of signal transportation and the target, intercellular communication is neuronal, hormonal, paracrine or juxtacrine. Cell signalling can also be self-targeting or autocrine. Although the notion of paracrine and autocrine signalling was already suggested more than 100 years ago, it is only during the last 30 years that these mechanisms have been characterised. In the anterior pituitary, paracrine communication and autocrine loops that operate during fetal and postnatal development in mammals and lower vertebrates have been shown in all hormonal cell types and in folliculo-stellate cells. More than 100 compounds have been identified that have, or may have, paracrine or autocrine actions. They include the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, peptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide, galanin, endothelins, calcitonin, neuromedin B and melanocortins, growth factors of the epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta families, cytokines, tissue factors such as annexin-1 and follistatin, hormones, nitric oxide, purines, retinoids and fatty acid derivatives. In addition, connective tissue cells, endothelial cells and vascular pericytes may influence paracrinicity by delivering growth factors, cytokines, heparan sulphate proteoglycans and proteases. Basement membranes may influence paracrine signalling through the binding of signalling molecules to heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Paracrine/autocrine actions are highly context-dependent. They are turned on/off when hormonal outputs need to be adapted to changing demands of the organism, such as during reproduction, stress, inflammation, starvation and circadian rhythms. Specificity and selectivity in autocrine/paracrine interactions may rely on microanatomical specialisations, functional compartmentalisation in receptor-ligand distribution and the non-equilibrium dynamics of the receptor-ligand interactions in the loops.  (+info)

Lipopolysaccharide stimulates proopiomelanocortin gene expression in AtT20 corticotroph cells. (6/20)

While lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known to activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, their direct effects on proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) expression at the pituitary level through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of LPS on ACTH secretion and the transcription of the POMC gene in the AtT20 mouse pituitary corticotroph cell line. RT-PCR analysis showed that TLR1-4 and 6 subtype mRNAs were expressed in AtT20 cells. When the cells were treated with LPS, a significant increase in the 5'-promoter activity of POMC gene was observed at 24 h, without any stimulatory effect on ACTH secretion. LPS also stimulated the expression of c-Fos gene and protein, and AP1-, but not NF-kappaB-, mediated transcription. Overall, our data show the expression of TLRs in the pituitary corticotroph cells, and suggest the direct stimulatory effect of LPS on POMC gene expression via TLR (probably TLR4), although the intracellular signaling pathways in the corticotroph may be different from those in immune cells.  (+info)

Immunohistochemical distribution of regulatory peptides in the human fetal adenohypophysis. (7/20)

 (+info)

Flow cytometry-assisted purification and proteomic analysis of the corticotropes dense-core secretory granules. (8/20)

 (+info)

E389-13 Standard Test Method for Particle Size or Screen Analysis at No. 4 (4.75-mm) Sieve and Coarser for Metal-Bearing Ores and Related Materials screen analysis~ particle size~ metallic ores~
Macrophages are an important source of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors, which can promote pathological processes involving inflammation and angiogenesis. This study investigated the effects of Apelin on macrophages under both normal and hypoxic conditions. Under normal culture conditions, Apelin down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1), monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (MCP3), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP1 alpha, MIP1 beta), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). The supernatant concentrations of MCP1, MCP3, MIP1 alpha, MIP1 beta, macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP2) and TNF alpha proteins were significantly decreased in the Apelin treated group. Hypoxia induced profound up-regulations of the angiogenic, chemokine, and inflammatory factors at both the mRNA and protein levels. Apelin suppressed the hypoxia-induced increases in MCP1, MCP3, MIP2, MIP1 beta and ...
With bestsellers being adapted into successful stories on celluloid, Screen analyses the various factors taken into account when a book tells its tale on the big screen
As with any breakthrough, new questions arise and new experiments become feasible.....One problem, however, is that CD32a is a marker for only 50% of the reservoir, whereas the eradication of latent HIV would require a much greater reduction in the number of latently infected cells in the body. Moreover, targeting CD32a would also make the antigen-presenting cells that normally express CD32a vulnerable to destruction, which might well cause unwanted or harmful side effects.....Second, the authors studied CD4 lymphocytes from the blood, but these circulating cells account for 2%, at most, of the CD4 T cells in the body2. It remains to be seen whether CD32a is as good a marker for latently infected cells in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, gut and other tissues. Perhaps more markers could be identified from the 103 differentially expressed genes found in the researchers screen - analysis of these proteins in combination with CD32a might increase the total proportion of identifiable latent ...
Looking for online definition of corticotroph cell in the Medical Dictionary? corticotroph cell explanation free. What is corticotroph cell? Meaning of corticotroph cell medical term. What does corticotroph cell mean?
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The aging in men is accompanied by an increase in the presence of connective tissue in all the organs and tissues, and with increase of corticotrophs and folliculostellate cells in adenohypophysis, which can affect the function of the HPA axis in healthy elderly individuals. Objective of the research was to perform quantification of structural changes during aging (cellularity, presence of the connective tissue and blood flow), collagen type IV, corticotrophs and folliculostellate cells on the pituitary tissue, obtained at autopsy, using histochemical, immunohistochemical and morphometric methods. Histochemical part of the research showed an increase of the cell size that occured during normal aging in the adenohypophysis. The analyzed cells of the adenohypophysis were significantly larger and, at the same time, they were characterized by a substantially more regular shape in female in comparison to the male patients cases. Differences in the cellular composition of the pituitary ...
Corticotroph releasing hormone (CRH) is one of the major regulatory hormones associated with the neuroendocrine response to stress. Pituitary corticotroph cells generate repetitive action potentials and associated Ca2+ transients in response to the agonist CRH. The mechanisms underlying this process are complex. CRH is known to activate the adenosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. PKA phosphorylates L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, activating them and contributing to the generation of an action potential and Ca2+ transients. In an earlier Hodgkin-Huxley type mathematical model of this process, LeBeau et al. showed than an increase in the L-type current was sufficient to generate repetitive action potentials from a resting state in the model (LeBeau et al., 1997). However, they found that the action potential frequency of the model was much higher than the observed experimental action potential frequency. This problem was addressed in the ...
Anti-ACTH is a useful marker in classification of pituitary tumors and the study of pituitary disease. It reacts with ACTH-producing cells (corticotrophs). It also may react with other tumors (e.g. some small cell carcinomas of the lung) causing paraneoplastic syndromes by secreting ACTH ...
The involvement of excitatory amino acids in the control of ACTH release is well established. Activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors has a stimulatory effect on ACTH release, while the role of...
Cushings disease is very rare in the paediatric population. Although uncommon, corticotroph hyperplasia causing Cushings syndrome has been described in the adult population, but appears to be extremely rare in children. Likewise, cyclical cortisol hypersecretion, while accounting for 15 % of adult cases of Cushings disease, has only rarely been described in the paediatric population.…
Proinsulin is converted into insulin by the action of two endoproteases. Type I (PC1/PC3) is thought to cleave between the B-chain and the connecting peptide (C-peptide) and type II (PC2) between the C-peptide and the A-chain. An acidic region immediately C-terminal to the point of cleavage at the B-chain/C-peptide junction is well conserved throughout evolution and has been suggested to be important for proinsulin conversion [Gross, Villa-Komaroff, Kahn, Weir and Halban (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 21486-21490]. We have here compared the precise role of this region as a whole and just the first acidic residue C-terminal to the point of cleavage in processing of proinsulin by PC3. To this end, several mutations were introduced in this region of human proinsulin (native sequence, B-chain RREAEDL C-peptide): RRPAEDL (C1Pro mutant); RRLAEDL (C1Leu mutant); RRL (C1-C4del mutant); RRE (del-C1Glu mutant). Mutant and native cDNAs were stably transfected into AtT20 (pituitary corticotroph) cells, in which ...
Semantic Scholar extracted view of [Chimeras from regulatory peptides as a device for studying their action]. by E. P. Kharchenko et al.
The universal response to cellular stress involves expression of chaperones to protect and refold proteins undergoing denaturation, or to send irretrievably damaged proteins into the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for degradation. In addition, it has become clear that protection from oxidative stress is a component of the minimal stress proteome (Kültz, 2005), and oxidative stress proteins are often increased in abundance after heat stress, including in bivalves (Tomanek and Zuzow, 2010; Fields et al., 2012a). Stress proteins form a substantial portion of the proteomic response to acute heat exposure in G. demissa, but interestingly, changes in abundance do not appear immediately (i.e. at 0 h), instead becoming apparent at the 3 h time point.. Among the stress proteins increased in abundance at 3 h are GRP78, HSP24.1 and PPIase (Fig. 4A). GRP78 is an HSP70 analog found in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it has a central role in the unfolded protein response (Lai et al., 2010) and may help limit ...
Despite the initial report by Palomero and co-workers,29 subsequent studies have not confirmed that loss of PTEN activity is intrinsically linked to GSI resistance.585721 For example, GSI sensitivity was similar between NOTCH1-driven T-cell leukemia cells obtained from wild-type mice and from PTEN knockout mice.58 However, PTEN deficiency does accelerate the disease progression of NOTCH1-driven leukemia.58 Using a different Pten knockout mouse model (Ptenflox/flox/Lck-Cre), Hagenbeek et al. found that PTEN-deficient thymocytes were just as sensitive to in vitro GSI treatment as were wild-type thymocytes.57 Moreover, several human T-ALL cell lines with mutant alleles of PTEN - different cell lines from those used by Palomero et al. - were actually sensitive to GSI.21 In diagnostic samples from patients with TALLMO, PTEN is frequently inactivated in the absence of NOTCH-activating mutations.59363221 Thus, mutations in PTEN and NOTCH1/FBXW7 are frequently independent genetic events and only ...
Authors Abstract: COPYRIGHT 1999, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The release of Ca(super 2+) from intracellular stores is an important trigger for secretion in many sell types. Depending on the spatial relationship between the intracellular Ca(super 2+) stores and the site of exocytosis, the Ca(super 2+) signal can be very local or spread throughout the entire cell. Here, we review how the release of Ca(super 2+) from inositol trisphospate (IP(sub 3))-sensitive stores contributes differently to the stimulus-secretion coupling in three types of secretory cells (acinar cells of the pancrease, gonadotrophs, and corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland). We propose that in both pancreatic acinar cells and pituitary gonadotrophs the IP(sub 3)-sensitive stores may be in close proximity to the sites of exocytosis such that the concentration of Ca(super 2+) at those sites are transiently much higher than the average cytosolic (Ca(sub 2+) concentration. In contract, the local Ca(super 2+) gradient is less ...
Species: Mouse Immunogen: Synthetic peptide corresponding to aa 1-24 of human ACTH (AH26); N-terminal fragment of human ACTH conjugated to KLH (57). Clone: AH26 & 57 Isotype: IgG1, kappa (AH26); IgG1, kappa (57). Species Reactivity: Human, Mouse, and Rat. Expected to show a broad species reactivity. Positive Control: Normal pituitary gland or pituitary tumor. Specificity: This antibody is specific to Synacthen (aa 1-24 of ACTH); this antibody does not react with CLIP (aa 17-39 of ACTH). Anti-ACTH is a useful marker in classification of pituitary tumors and in the study of pituitary disease. It reacts with ACTH-producing cells (corticotrophs). It also may react with other tumors (e.g. some small cell carcinomas of the lung) causing paraneoplastic syndromes by secreting ACTH. Status: ...
The apelin peptide is described as one of the most potent inotropic agents, produced endogenously in a wide range of cells, including cardiomyocytes. Despite positive effects on cardiac contractility in multicellular preparations, as well as indications of cardio-protective actions in several diseases, its effects and mechanisms of action at the cellular level are incompletely understood. Here, we report apelin effects on dynamic mechanical characteristics of single ventricular cardiomyocytes, isolated from mouse models (control, apelin-deficient [Apelin-KO], apelin-receptor KO mouse [APJ-KO]), and rat. Dynamic changes in maximal velocity of cell shortening and relaxation were monitored. In addition, more traditional indicators of inotropic effects, such as maximum shortening (in mechanically unloaded cells) or peak force development (in auxotonic contracting cells, preloaded using the carbon fibre technique) were studied. The key finding is that, using Apelin-KO cardiomyocytes exposed to different
Internalization, recycling and lysosomal sorting are key processes that regulate the temporal and spatial signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Interactions between GPCR intracytosolic sorting signals and adaptor proteins facilitate trafficking through the endocytic pathway. To date only a few sorting signals and molecules that regulate GPCR trafficking have been identified. A study reported in the May 2005 issue of Molecular Pharmacology has now identified an internal PDZ ligand motif that seems to regulate efficient recycling of the ETA endothelin receptor. This finding now expands the diversity of GPCR sorting motifs to include internal and C-terminal PDZ ligands, tyrosine-based motifs, and lysine residues capable of being ubiquitinated.. ...
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Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) causes various neurodevelopmental deficits in offspring, including reduced expression of the stress regulatory proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) gene and an elevated stress response for multiple generations via the male germline. Male germline-specific effects of FAE on the Pomc gene raises the question if the sex-determining region Y (SRY) may have a role in regulating Pomc gene expression. Using a transgenerational model of FAE in Fischer 344 rats, we determined the role of SRY in the regulation of the Pomc gene. FAEs, like on the Pomc gene, reduced Sry gene expression in sperm and the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) in male adult offspring. Fetal alcohol-induced inhibition of Sry gene expression was associated with increased Sry promoter DNA methylation. Additionally, fetal alcohol effects on the Sry gene persisted for three generations in the male germline but not in the female germline. Sry gene knockdown reduced the Pomc gene expression. Sry recruitment onto the Pomc promoter
TY - JOUR. T1 - Apelin regulates the electrophysiological characteristics of atrial myocytes. AU - Cheng, Chen Chuan. AU - Weerateerangkul, Punate. AU - Lu, Yen Yu. AU - Chen, Yao Chang. AU - Lin, Yung Kuo. AU - Chen, Shih Ann. AU - Chen, Yi Jen. PY - 2013/1. Y1 - 2013/1. N2 - Backgroud: Apelin, a potential agent for treating heart failure, has various ionic effects on ventricular myocytes. However, the effects of apelin on the atrium are not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of apelin on the electrophysiological characteristics of atrial myocytes. Method: Whole-cell patch-clamp techniques were used to investigate the action potential (AP) and ionic currents in isolated rabbit left atrial (LA) myocytes before and after the administration of apelin. Result: Apelin reduced LA AP duration measured at 90%, 50% and 20% repolarization of the amplitude by 11±3%, 24±5%, 30±7% at 1nM (n=11), and by 14±4%, 36±6% and 45±5% at 10nM (n=11), but not at 0·1nM. Apeline ...
Cambia means change.Cambia is an independent non-profit institute creating new technologies, tools and paradigms to promote change and enable innovation. ...
Forskare i Cederträ-Sinaien Samuel Oschin som Omfattande Cancer Instiftar upptäckt i pre-kliniskt, modellerar att dormant prostatacancerceller som finnas i bensilkespapper kan reawakeneds och att
För att uppmärksamma att Sveriges diplomatiska relationer med Japan firar 150 år under 2018 genomförs en särskild utlysning i samarbete mellan STINT och Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (RJ).. ...
Data Availability StatementThe datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author. focal lesions is a rare phenomenon. Methionine-labelled PET/MR may be useful in the analysis of collision sellar lesions, including CH. Corticotroph cell hyperplasia can present as slight and fluctuating hypercortisolaemia. studies have contributed to an understanding of the pathophysiological basis of corticotroph adenomas (CA) as well as their varying medical picture. It is hypothesised BMS-654457 that silent corticotroph adenomas (SCA) originate from the intermediate lobe, while adenomas causing full-blown CS originate from anterior lobal cells (5, 6). Some reports possess indicated that individuals with adenomas originating from intermediate lobe cells may have slight symptoms of CS and differentiating these instances from ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secretion or pseudo-CS presents additional difficulty (7, 8). With this work we present the case of a patient ...
Adrenal suppression will begin to occur if prednisone is taken for longer than seven days. Eventually, this may cause the body to temporarily lose the ability to manufacture natural corticosteroids (especially cortisol), which results in dependence on prednisone. For this reason, prednisone should not be abruptly stopped if taken for more than seven days; instead, the dosage should be gradually reduced. This weaning process may be over a few days if the course of prednisone was short, but may take weeks or months[29] if the patient had been on long-term treatment. Abrupt withdrawal may lead to an Addison crisis. For those on chronic therapy, alternate-day dosing may preserve adrenal function and thereby reduce side effects.[30] Glucocorticoids act to inhibit feedback of both the hypothalamus, decreasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland, decreasing the amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). For this reason, glucocorticoid analogue ...
Suramin is a polyanionic compound which has been used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), while preliminary success has been reported in the treatment of cancer. However, suramin also causes adrenal insufficiency. We have previously reported that suramin selectively inhibited corticotropin (ACTH)-stimulated corticosterone release by dispersed adrenal cells in a dose-dependent manner via a direct interaction with the ACTH molecule. The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the effect of suramin on hormone release by dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells. Suramin at a concentration of 100 μM inhibited both basal and secretagogue-stimulated ACTH release by cells cultured in minimal essential medium (MEM) only, while it had no effect on ACTH release by cells cultured in MEM + 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) or MEM + 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). In addition, suramin also caused a parallel decrease of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone ...
The current search experiments designed to study the effect of chronic and acute heat stress on the relationship between HSP70, leptin and luteinizing hormones level in female rats. 45 female pups were used in the age of weaning, were randomly divided into three equal groups. 1st group was a control group, 2nd group exposed to chronic heat stress at 38 ºC for 1hour a day since the age of weaning until onset of puberty and the 3rd group exposed to acute heat stress at 38 ºC for 4 hours per day for 5 consecutive days from 35 day age of rat and each group above were secondary divided into 3 age groups consisted of pre-puberty, at puberty and post-puberty. Results of study showed female rats exposed to chronic and acute stress led to significant increase in the level of luteinizing hormone at onset of the puberty. The result showed correlation coefficient between the level of HSP70 and leptin hormone significantly in the females acute stressed group at onset of puberty, as well as female exposed to
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Research outputs, collaborations and relationships for MOH Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, PUHSC PKU published between 1 December 2017 - 30 November 2018 as tracked by the Nature Index.
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We have shown here that NOS1AP interacts with the N-terminal region of nNOS via a novel internal ExF motif, in contrast to the classical PDZ docking assumed to be responsible. The affinity of the NOS1AP C-terminal motif for the PDZ binding pocket is nearly 1 mm, which is not considered a significant interaction. However, in the presence of an internal region containing the ExF motif, the C-terminal PDZ ligand motif increases the lifetime of the nNOS-NOS1AP complex, which appears to be a critical parameter to initiate signaling.. Interaction between NOS1AP and nNOS is increasingly cited as a potential drug target in a growing number of diseases, including cardiovascular and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and anxiety disorders (Weber et al., 2014; Zhu et al., 2014). It is a downstream component of the excitotoxic NR-PSD95-nNOS pathway (Cao et al., 2005; Li et al., 2013). This pathway is the target of the only neuroprotectant that has been successful in a clinical trial for ...
Studiens syfte var att undersöka erfarenheter hos psykoterapeuter inom psykiatrin av att bedriva KBT med patienter som samtidigt lever med kronisk och/eller allvarlig somatisk sjukdom. Detta utifrån frågeställningar om hur KBT-terapeuter beskriver hur samtidig allvarlig och/eller kronisk somatisk sjukdom påverkar det terapeutiska arbetet och hur terapeuterna förhåller sig till denna påverkan i relation till att genomföra terapin? Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex psykoterapeuter som alla hade KBT-inriktning och arbetade inom psykiatrin. En tematisk analys gjordes sedan av intervjuerna och där framkom huvudteman som följsamhet, helhetssyn och organisatorisk påverkan. Följsamhet till patienternas behov av anpassning gällde allt från längden på sessionerna till möjligheten att pausa terapin under vissa perioder. Att ha en helhetssyn kunde innebära att psykoterapeuten klev utanför sitt expertområde för att samarbeta med den somatiska vården kring en patient, ...
LifeMap Lösningar, Inc., en medicinsk teknologistart fokuserad på att skapa innovativa mobila vård- produkter (för mHealth) och servar drivit av stora data, meddelade i dag att en initial $5 miljon
Här presenteras avhandlingar inom svensk kärlkirurgi.. Listan är endast påbörjad, och en ständig komplettering kommer att pågå.. Sänd bidrag till webmaster!. ...
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for life. It has a circadian rhythm that anticipates the metabolic, immunoregulatory and cognitive needs of the active portion of the day, and retains an ability to react rapidly to perceived stressful stimuli. The circadian variation in glucocorticoids is very noisy because it is made up from an underlying approximately hourly ultradian rhythm of glucocorticoid pulses, which increase in amplitude at the peak of circadian secretion. We have shown that these pulses emerge as a consequence of the feedforward-feedback relationship between the actions of corticotrophin hormone (ACTH) on the adrenal cortex and of endogenous glucocorticoids on pituitary corticotrophs. The adrenal gland itself has adapted to respond preferentially to a digital signal of ACTH and has its own feedforward-feedback system that effectively amplifies the pulsatile characteristics of the incoming signal. Glucocorticoid receptor signalling in the body is also adapted to
Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Neurosciences, Neurosciences & Neurology, ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, NEUROSCIENCES, melatonin, pituitary, development, gonadotroph, Pitx1, HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE, LUTEINIZING-HORMONE, PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN GENE, PHOTOPERIODIC TIME, SYRIAN-HAMSTER, PARS TUBERALIS, EXPRESSION, PTX1, TRANSCRIPTION, RECEPTOR ...
PubMed journal article: Ghrelin does not mediate the somatotroph and corticotroph responses to the stimulatory effect of glucagon or insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in humans. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android
The inotropic and vasoactive properties of the ligand apelin and its cognate G-protein coupled receptor APJ have been characterized by administration of exogenous peptide, but the function of endogenous apelin on the cardiovascular system is not well described. To investigate the tonic effects of apelin-APJ in contractile function, we generated and characterized apelin and APJ null mice. We also investigated the regulation of apelin and APJ receptor expression in response to cardiac pressure overload. While knockout apelin mice were viable and fertile, APJ null mice showed evidence of fetal wastage for approximately half of the embryos. Compared to wild-type controls, APJ deficient mice reaching adulthood had significantly reduced exercise capacity (treadmill runtime: 20.30 ± 0.974 vs. 23.64 ± 0.737, P=0.009) and LV fractional shortening by echocardiography (29.88 ± 0.927% vs. 44.93 ± 2.66%, P,0.0001). Isolated myocytes from APJ knockouts exhibited reduced sarcomeric shortening (5.070 ± ...
It is widely known that orexin A and B peptides as well as their receptors are expressed in the hypothalamus and distributed throughout the central nervous system, but there have been few studies regarding its presences in other parts of the body. There is now evidence that orexin (ORX) and its receptors (ORXR1/2) are present in the avian liver; however, their regulation under different environmental conditions is still unknown. In the current study, we sought to determine the effects of heat and oxidative stress using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) on the hepatic expression of ORX and ORXR1/2 in the avian species. Overall, heat stress significantly down regulated the expression of ORX, and ORXR1/2 mRNA and pro1tein in quail liver and LMH cells. LMH cells treated with H2O2 had decreased ORX protein and increased ORX mRNA levels (P | 0.05). There was a biphasic effect of 4-HNE on the expression of ORX and ORXR1/2 in LMH cells. There was a significant upregulation at low doses (10
The clinical success of targeted therapies along with technological advances in genome-wide profiling have spurred large-scale efforts to systematically map the molecular landscape of human cancers. These approaches nominate candidate essential or tumor suppressor genes, but are not able to identify all types of acquired vulnerabilities, such as synthetic lethal relationships between aberrantly regulated pathways.. Functional studies are therefore an essential complement to these approaches, serving both to confirm the biological roles of candidate cancer genes, and also to identify other vulnerabilities that are acquired as a consequence of observed genetic alterations.. Pooled short hairpin RNAi screening is proving to be a powerful method by which loss-of-function studies can identify new cancer targets. We are developing novel in vivo methods to identify genes which are essential for lung tumorigenesis, using mini-libraries of short hairpins against selected genes of interest.. ...
Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilket stöd ensamkommande barn behöver vid ankomsten till Sverige utifrån personalens erfarenhet. Metoden är en kvalitativ studie som baseras utifrån intervjuer och litteraturkunskap för att få mer ingående och friare svar från intervjupersonerna. Huvudteman som framkom under intervjuerna är grundläggande behov, stödet som erbjuds, trygghet, föräldragestalter, utbildning, fritid och hinder i arbetet. Samtliga intervjupersoner beskriver ungdomarnas behov mycket olika då det skiljer sig från person till person. Det stöd barnen får är den viktigaste faktor som de ensamkommande barnen behöver för att kunna utvecklas och få ett bättre och tryggare liv. Resultatet visar att personalen har vetskap om all den kunskap som behövs för att kunna vara en bra förebild och en stödjande vuxen i barnens vardag. Det framkom tydligt hur relationen och tryggheten för de ensamkommande barnen är avgörande och ...
and so publications internetprofessional essay writersand after that items on-line Målgruppsanpassning av ett budskap är många gånger svårt att genomföra utan att trampa på någons ideologiska självkänsla. Jag tänker närmast på stora organisationers offentliga budskap, och framför allt i den offentliga sektorn. För att förtydliga lite tänkte jag ta några exempel på politiska budskap och hur dessa förmedlats till allmänheten, och hur de har bemötts internt.

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