A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates.
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).
A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It lacks hemagglutinin-esterase.
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death.
A class I viral fusion protein that forms the characteristic spikes, or peplomers, found on the viral surface that mediate virus attachment, fusion, and entry into the host cell. During virus maturation, it is cleaved into two subunits: S1, which binds to receptors in the host cell, and S2, which mediates membrane fusion.
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing atypical respiratory disease (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME) in humans. The organism is believed to have first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002. The natural host is the Chinese horseshoe bat, RHINOLOPHUS sinicus.
A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It contains hemagglutinin-esterase.
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting cats of all ages and commonly found in catteries and zoos. Cats are often found carrying the virus but only a small proportion develop disease. Feline coronavirus and Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) are virtually the same virus in genetic and antigenetic terms, and are morphologically indistinguishable. Since they only differ in their disease potential (with FIPV causing a more serious illness), they are considered biotypes of each other.
Spherical RNA viruses, in the order NIDOVIRALES, infecting a wide range of animals including humans. Transmission is by fecal-oral and respiratory routes. Mechanical transmission is also common. There are two genera: CORONAVIRUS and TOROVIRUS.
A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting dogs. Onset of symptoms is usually sudden and includes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.
Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.
A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing a fatal disease to pigs under 3 weeks old.
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing infections in chickens and possibly pheasants. Chicks up to four weeks old are the most severely affected.
A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing upper and lower RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS. It shares the receptor used by the SARS VIRUS.
Viral proteins found in either the NUCLEOCAPSID or the viral core (VIRAL CORE PROTEINS).
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing pneumonia in newborn rats but a clinically inapparent infection in adults. It is separate but antigenically related to MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS.
A species of CORONAVIRUS causing enteritis in turkeys and pullets.
A mutant strain of TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS causing mild or subclinical respiratory infections in young SWINE. It may also play a role in post-weaning porcine respiratory disease complex, especially when combined with other respiratory agents.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.
A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes INFECTIOUS BOVINE RHINOTRACHEITIS and other associated syndromes in CATTLE.
A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.
The family of civets which are small and medium-sized Old World carnivores, often striped or spotted.
The type species of DELTARETROVIRUS that causes a form of bovine lymphosarcoma (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS) or persistent lymphocytosis.
A group of viruses in the genus PESTIVIRUS, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. The two species (genotypes), BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 , exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. The historical designation, BVDV, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes.
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
An acute, highly contagious virus disease of turkeys characterized by chilling, anorexia, decreased water intake, diarrhea, dehydration and weight loss. The infectious agent is a CORONAVIRUS.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.
A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.
Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide.
INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
A species of DELTAPAPILLOMAVIRUS infecting cattle.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
The region of southwest Asia and northeastern Africa usually considered as extending from Libya on the west to Afghanistan on the east. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.
ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.
Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
The temporal sequence of events that have occurred.
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.
Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses (DIARRHEA VIRUSES, BOVINE VIRAL). Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality.
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.
Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.
An order comprising three families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, nonsegmented, positive sense RNA genomes. The families are CORONAVIRIDAE; ARTERIVIRIDAE; and RONIVIRIDAE.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
A species of PNEUMOVIRUS causing an important respiratory infection in cattle. Symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, and respiratory distress.
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.
The specificity of a virus for infecting a particular type of cell or tissue.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
A herpesvirus infection of CATTLE characterized by INFLAMMATION and NECROSIS of the mucous membranes of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
A multifactorial disease of CATTLE resulting from complex interactions between environmental factors, host factors, and pathogens. The environmental factors act as stressors adversely affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM and other host defenses and enhancing transmission of infecting agents.
Hoofed mammals with four legs, a big-lipped snout, and a humped back belonging to the family Camelidae.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle associated with abnormal prion proteins in the brain. Affected animals develop excitability and salivation followed by ATAXIA. This disorder has been associated with consumption of SCRAPIE infected ruminant derived protein. This condition may be transmitted to humans, where it is referred to as variant or new variant CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME. (Vet Rec 1998 Jul 25;143(41):101-5)
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from Carica papaya. It is also the name used for a purified mixture of papain and CHYMOPAPAIN that is used as a topical enzymatic debriding agent. EC 3.4.22.2.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A family in the suborder Feliformia, order CARNIVORA, comprising one genus Nandinia binotata.
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.
Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
A species in the genus RHADINOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting cattle.
Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
A genus of the family ARTERIVIRIDAE, in the order NIDOVIRALES. The type species is ARTERITIS VIRUS, EQUINE.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.
The type species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus bovine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, BOVINE), found in cattle and causing lymphadenopathy, LYMPHOCYTOSIS, central nervous system lesions, progressive weakness, and emaciation. It has immunological cross-reactivity with other lentiviruses including HIV.
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
A general term for diseases produced by viruses.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
The former British crown colony located off the southeast coast of China, comprised of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, and New Territories. The three sites were ceded to the British by the Chinese respectively in 1841, 1860, and 1898. Hong Kong reverted to China in July 1997. The name represents the Cantonese pronunciation of the Chinese xianggang, fragrant port, from xiang, perfume and gang, port or harbor, with reference to its currents sweetened by fresh water from a river west of it.
Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.
Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, WOLVES; FOXES; and other Canidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.
Animate or inanimate sources which normally harbor disease-causing organisms and thus serve as potential sources of disease outbreaks. Reservoirs are distinguished from vectors (DISEASE VECTORS) and carriers, which are agents of disease transmission rather than continuing sources of potential disease outbreaks.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
Bovine respiratory disease found in animals that have been shipped or exposed to CATTLE recently transported. The major agent responsible for the disease is MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA and less commonly, PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA or HAEMOPHILUS SOMNUS. All three agents are normal inhabitants of the bovine nasal pharyngeal mucosa but not the LUNG. They are considered opportunistic pathogens following STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL and/or a viral infection. The resulting bacterial fibrinous BRONCHOPNEUMONIA is often fatal.
A species of VARICELLOVIRUS that causes a fatal MENINGOENCEPHALITIS in calves.
Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE characterized by enveloped, peplomer-bearing particles containing an elongated tubular nucleocapsid with helical symmetry. Toroviruses have been found in association with enteric infections in horses (Berne virus), cattle (Breda virus), swine, and humans. Transmission probably takes place via the fecal-oral route.
The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.
Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Interferon secreted by leukocytes, fibroblasts, or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens, or allo-antigens. They include alpha- and beta-interferons (INTERFERON-ALPHA and INTERFERON-BETA).
Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue.
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections (BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE) in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. Infections range from clinically inapparent to severe, but do not correlate with biotypes.
A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein from two or more OVERLAPPING GENES. The process is programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the MRNA and is sometimes also affected by the secondary or tertiary mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in VIRUSES (especially RETROVIRUSES); RETROTRANSPOSONS; and bacterial insertion elements but also in some cellular genes.
DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetate esters and water to alcohols and acetate. EC 3.1.1.6.
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.
The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.
Ruminant mammals of South America. They are related to camels.
Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
The species Delphinapterus leucas, in the family Monodontidae, found primarily in the Arctic Ocean and adjoining seas. They are small WHALES lacking a dorsal fin.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.
The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria normally commensal in the flora of CATTLE and SHEEP. But under conditions of physical or PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS, it can cause MASTITIS in sheep and SHIPPING FEVER or ENZOOTIC CALF PNEUMONIA in cattle. Its former name was Pasteurella haemolytica.

Identification of a coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase with a substrate specificity different from those of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus. (1/86)

We have characterized the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) of puffinosis virus (PV), a coronavirus closely related to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). Analysis of the cloned gene revealed approximately 85% sequence identity to HE proteins of MHV and approximately 60% identity to the corresponding esterase of bovine coronavirus. The HE protein exhibited acetylesterase activity with synthetic substrates p-nitrophenyl acetate, alpha-naphthyl acetate, and 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate. In contrast to other viral esterases, no activity was detectable with natural substrates containing 9-O-acetylated sialic acids. Furthermore, PV esterase was unable to remove influenza C virus receptors from human erythrocytes, indicating a substrate specificity different from HEs of influenza C virus and bovine coronavirus. Solid-phase binding assays revealed that purified PV was unable to bind to sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates like bovine submaxillary mucin, mouse alpha1 macroglobulin or bovine brain extract. Because of the close relationship to MHV, possible implications on the substrate specificity of MHV esterases are suggested.  (+info)

Production, characterization, and uses of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant nucleoprotein of elk coronavirus. (2/86)

This is the first report of the production of monoclonal antibodies against elk coronavirus. The nucleoprotein gene of elk coronavirus was amplified by PCR and was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic expression vector. Recombinant nucleocapsid protein was used to immunize mice for the production of hybridomas. Twelve hybridomas that produced monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of elk coronavirus were selected by an indirect fluorescent-antibody test, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a Western blot assay. Ten of the monoclonal antibodies were of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype, one was IgG2a, and one was IgM. All had kappa light chains. By immunohistochemistry four monoclonal antibodies detected bovine coronavirus and elk coronavirus in formalin-fixed intestinal tissues. Antinucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies were found to be better at ruminant coronavirus detection than the anti-spike protein monoclonal antibodies. Because nucleoprotein is a more abundant antigen than spike protein in infected cells, this was not an unexpected finding.  (+info)

Identification of a bovine coronavirus packaging signal. (3/86)

A region of the bovine coronavirus (BCV) genome that functions as a packaging signal has been cloned. The 291-nucleotide clone shares 72% homology with the region of mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) gene 1b that contains the packaging signal. RNA transcripts were packaged into both BCV and MHV virions when the cloned region was appended to a noncoronavirus RNA. This is the first identification of a BCV packaging signal. The data demonstrate that the BCV genome contains a sequence that is conserved at both the sequence and functional levels, thus broadening our insight into coronavirus packaging.  (+info)

Host protein interactions with the 3' end of bovine coronavirus RNA and the requirement of the poly(A) tail for coronavirus defective genome replication. (4/86)

RNA viruses have 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) that contain specific signals for RNA synthesis. The coronavirus genome is capped at the 5' end and has a 3' UTR that consists of 300 to 500 nucleotides (nt) plus a poly(A) tail. To further our understanding of coronavirus replication, we have begun to examine the involvement of host factors in this process for two group II viruses, bovine coronavirus (BCV) and mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV). Specific host protein interactions with the BCV 3' UTR [287 nt plus poly(A) tail] were identified using gel mobility shift assays. Competition with the MHV 3' UTR [301 nt plus poly(A) tail] suggests that the interactions are conserved for the two viruses. Proteins with molecular masses of 99, 95, and 73 kDa were detected in UV cross-linking experiments. Less heavily labeled proteins were also detected in the ranges of 40 to 50 and 30 kDa. The poly(A) tail was required for binding of the 73-kDa protein. Immunoprecipitation of UV-cross-linked proteins identified the 73-kDa protein as the cytoplasmic poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). Replication of the defective genomes BCV Drep and MHV MIDI-C, along with several mutants, was used to determine the importance of the poly(A) tail. Defective genomes with shortened poly(A) tails consisting of 5 or 10 A residues were replicated after transfection into helper virus-infected cells. BCV Drep RNA that lacked a poly(A) tail did not replicate, whereas replication of MHV MIDI-C RNA with a deleted tail was detected after several virus passages. All mutants exhibited delayed kinetics of replication. Detectable extension or addition of the poly(A) tail to the mutants correlated with the appearance of these RNAs in the replication assay. RNAs with shortened poly(A) tails exhibited less in vitro PABP binding, suggesting that decreased interactions with the protein may affect RNA replication. The data strongly indicate that the poly(A) tail is an important cis-acting signal for coronavirus replication.  (+info)

Protection studies on winter dysentery caused by bovine coronavirus in cattle using antigens prepared from infected cell lysates. (5/86)

Cells infected with bovine coronavirus (BCV) were solubilized with Triton X-100 to yield a cell lysate (CL) antigen having high hemagglutinating (HA) titers. The antigen gave high HA titers using rat erythrocytes, suggesting that it contained large amounts of hemagglutinin esterase (HE) antigen. The CL antigen, combined with an oil adjuvant, was tested for protective and antibody-inducing activities in cattle. Four groups (2 cattle/group) of cattle were inoculated with CL antigen having HA titers of 16 000, 4000, 1000, and 250. Another group served as untreated controls. Two intramuscular inoculations were given at an interval of 3 wk. The animals were challenged with virus 1 wk after the second inoculation. The groups immunized with the CL antigen having an HA titer of 4000 or 16 000 produced hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers of > 320 and serum neutralizing (SN) antibody titers of > 1280. These groups of animals showed no clinical abnormalities after challenge. In the groups immunized with CL antigen at an HA titer of 1000 or 250, HI antibody titers were 40 to 160 and SN titers were 80 to 640. The cattle with HI antibody titers of > or = 160 and the SN titers of > or = 640 showed no clinical signs, but the cattle with the HI antibody titer < 80 and the SN antibody titer < 160 developed watery diarrhea and fever after challenge. These results indicate that CL antigen with high HA titer induces antibody production in cattle that provides effective protection against winter dysentery.  (+info)

Coronavirus and Pasteurella infections in bovine shipping fever pneumonia and Evans' criteria for causation. (6/86)

Respiratory tract infections with viruses and Pasteurella spp. were determined sequentially among 26 cattle that died during two severe epizootics of shipping fever pneumonia. Nasal swab and serum samples were collected prior to onset of the epizootics, during disease progression, and after death, when necropsies were performed and lung samples were collected. Eighteen normal control cattle also were sampled at the beginning of the epizootics as well as at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. Respiratory bovine coronaviruses (RBCV) were isolated from nasal secretions of 21 and 25 cattle before and after transport. Two and 17 cattle nasally shed Pasteurella spp. before and after transport, respectively. RBCV were isolated at titers of 1 x 10(3) to 1.2 x 10(7) PFU per g of lung tissue from 18 cattle that died within 7 days of the epizootics, but not from the lungs of the remaining cattle that died on days 9 to 36. Twenty-five of the 26 lung samples were positive for Pasteurella spp., and their CFU ranged between 4.0 x 10(5) and 2.3 x 10(9) per g. Acute and subacute exudative, necrotizing lobar pneumonia characterized the lung lesions of these cattle with a majority of pneumonic lung lobes exhibiting fibronecrotic and exudative changes typical of pneumonic pasteurellosis, but other lung lobules had histological changes consisting of bronchiolitis and alveolitis typical of virus-induced changes. These cattle were immunologically naive to both infectious agents at the onset of the epizootics, but those that died after day 7 had rising antibody titers against RBCV and Pasteurella haemolytica. In contrast, the 18 clinically normal and RBCV isolation-negative cattle had high hemagglutinin inhibition antibody titers to RBCV from the beginning, while their antibody responses to P. haemolytica antigens were delayed. Evans' criteria for causation were applied to our findings because of the multifactorial nature of shipping fever pneumonia. This analysis identified RBCV as the primary inciting cause in these two epizootics. These viruses were previously not recognized as a causative agent in this complex respiratory tract disease of cattle.  (+info)

Identification of nucleocapsid binding sites within coronavirus-defective genomes. (7/86)

The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein is a major structural component of virions that associates with the genomic RNA to form a helical nucleocapsid. N appears to be a multifunctional protein since data also suggest that the protein may be involved in viral RNA replication and translation. All of these functions presumably involve interactions between N and viral RNAs. As a step toward understanding how N interacts with viral RNAs, we mapped high-efficiency N-binding sites within BCV- and MHV-defective genomes. Both in vivo and in vitro assays were used to study binding of BCV and MHV N proteins to viral and nonviral RNAs. N-viral RNA complexes were detected in bovine coronavirus (BCV)-infected cells and in cells transiently expressing the N protein. Filter binding was used to map N-binding sites within Drep, a BCV-defective genome that is replicated and packaged in the presence of helper virus. One high-efficiency N-binding site was identified between nucleotides 1441 and 1875 at the 3' end of the N ORF within Drep. For comparative purposes N-binding sites were also mapped for the mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV)-defective interfering (DI) RNA MIDI-C. Binding efficiencies similar to those for Drep were measured for RNA transcripts of a region encompassing the MHV packaging signal (nts 3949-4524), as well as a region at the 3' end of the MHV N ORF (nts 4837-5197) within MIDI-C. Binding to the full-length MIDI-C transcript (approximately 5500 nts) and to an approximately 1-kb transcript from the gene 1a region (nts 935-1986) of MIDI-C that excluded the packaging signal were both significantly higher than that measured for the smaller transcripts. This is the first identification of N-binding sequences for BCV. It is also the first report to demonstrate that N interacts in vitro with sequences other than the packaging signal and leader within the MHV genome. The data clearly demonstrate that N binds coronavirus RNAs more efficiently than nonviral RNAs. The results have implications with regard to the multifunctional role of N.  (+info)

Temperature-sensitive acetylesterase activity of haemagglutinin-esterase specified by respiratory bovine coronaviruses. (8/86)

Numerous respiratory bovine coronaviruses (RBCV) were isolated recently from nasal swab samples and lung tissues of feedlot cattle with acute respiratory tract disease. These newly emerging RBCV isolates exhibited distinct phenotypic features that differentiated them from enteropathogenic bovine coronaviruses (EBCV). The RBCV strains had a receptor-destroying enzyme function mediated by acetylesterase (AE) activity of the haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein. The HE genes of wild-type EBCV strain LY138 and RBCV strains OK-0514 (OK) and LSU-94LSS-051 (LSU) were cloned, sequenced and transiently expressed in COS-7 cells. The enzymic properties of HE proteins in COS-7 cellular extracts and in purified virus preparations were assayed at room temperature, 37 degrees C and 39 degrees C by two different assays. One assay used p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) as substrate and detected serine-esterase activity; the second assay monitored AE function with bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) as substrate. The PNPA tests confirmed that HE proteins of EBCV and RBCV were functionally expressed in transfected COS-7 cells. Time-dependent determination of the AE activity of purified RBCV OK and LSU particles showed lower AE activity at 39 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, whereas the purified EBCV LY particles retained full AE activity at both 37 degrees C and 39 degrees C. Transiently expressed RBCV HE exhibited a marked reduction of AE activity after 40 min of assay time at 37 degrees C. In contrast, the AE activity of the transiently expressed EBCV HE remained stable beyond 40 min. The deduced amino-acid sequences of the HE proteins specified by the RBCV strains OK and LSU contained specific amino-acid changes in comparison with the EBCV LY strain, which may be responsible for the observed enzymic differences. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that RBCV strains have evolved to selectivelyreplicate in respiratory tissues and that HE may play a role in this tissue tropism.  (+info)

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause a range of respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Coronavirus infections are caused by one of the four subtypes of coronaviruses: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

The symptoms of coronavirus infections can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Headache
* Sore throat
* Runny nose or stuffy nose
* Body aches or muscle pains
* Diarrhea
* Nausea or vomiting

In severe cases, coronavirus infections can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death. The virus is primarily spread through close contact with an infected person, such as touching, shaking hands, or kissing. It can also be spread by touching contaminated surfaces and objects, such as door handles, light switches, and countertops.

There are several ways to diagnose coronavirus infections, including:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Chest X-ray or CT scan
* Blood tests
* Nucleic acid test (NAT)

Treatment for coronavirus infections is primarily focused on relieving symptoms and supporting the body's immune system. This may include:

* Antiviral medications
* Oxygen therapy
* Pain relief medication
* Rest and hydration

Prevention is key to avoiding coronavirus infections, and this includes:

* Washing hands frequently with soap and water
* Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Staying home when sick

There are also several vaccines currently being developed to protect against coronavirus infections, but these are not yet widely available. It is important to follow the guidance of public health authorities and take precautions to prevent the spread of the virus.

The symptoms of SARS typically begin within 2-10 days after exposure and can include:

* Fever (>38°C)
* Chills
* Headache
* Body aches
* Fatigue
* Dry cough
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Pneumonia

In severe cases, SARS can progress to respiratory failure, which can lead to death. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through close contact with an infected person, as well as through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects.

SARS was first identified in 2003 in China, and it quickly spread to other countries around the world, causing a global outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in March 2003, and it was eventually contained through a combination of measures such as isolation of infected individuals, contact tracing, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

There is no specific treatment for SARS, but supportive care such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may be provided to help manage symptoms. Antiviral medications have been developed to treat SARS, but their effectiveness is still being studied. Prevention of SARS primarily relies on good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, avoidance of close contact with people who are sick, and wearing PPE when caring for infected individuals.

Overall, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening respiratory illness that can be spread through close contact with an infected person. While it has been largely contained through public health measures, it remains important to continue practicing good hygiene and be aware of the risks of SARS in order to prevent its spread.

There are several types of coronaviridae infections, including:

1. Common cold: This is the most common type of coronavirus infection, and it is estimated that the common cold affects millions of people worldwide each year.
2. Seasonal flu: Some coronaviruses can cause seasonal flu, which is a more severe illness than the common cold.
3. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome): This is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that was first identified in 2003.
4. MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus): This is another serious and potentially life-threatening infection that was first identified in 2012.
5. COVID-19: This is a viral respiratory disease that was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It has since spread to become a global pandemic.

The symptoms of coronaviridae infections can vary depending on the type of virus and the individual infected. Common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Sore throat
* Runny nose
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Diarrhea (in some cases)

In severe cases, coronaviridae infections can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections. In rare cases, they can also lead to more serious conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure.

There is no specific treatment for coronaviridae infections, but antiviral medications may be prescribed in some cases. Treatment is generally focused on relieving symptoms and supporting the body's immune system. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and wearing masks in public places. Vaccines are also being developed to prevent COVID-19 and other coronaviridae infections.

Coronaviridae infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

* Rapid antigen tests: These tests can detect the presence of the virus in a person's nose and throat.
* PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests: These tests can detect the genetic material of the virus in a person's respiratory tract.
* Serology tests: These tests can detect antibodies against the virus in a person's blood.

Overall, coronaviridae infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people are able to recover from them. Prevention measures such as good hygiene practices and vaccination can also help prevent the spread of these infections.

Symptoms of FIP include loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, lethargy, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no cure for FIP, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and supporting the cat's quality of life.

Prognosis for cats with FIP is generally poor, and the disease can be fatal within weeks to months after diagnosis. However, some cats may survive for longer periods of time if they receive appropriate supportive care. Prevention is key, and vaccination against feline coronavirus (FCoV) can help reduce the risk of developing FIP.

It's important to note that while FIP is a serious disease, it is relatively rare in cats under 6 months of age, as their immature immune system does not allow the virus to progress to its final stages.

Cattle diseases refer to any health issues that affect cattle, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and environmental factors. These diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of cattle, as well as the livelihoods of farmers and ranchers who rely on them for their livelihood.

Types of Cattle Diseases

There are many different types of cattle diseases, including:

1. Bacterial diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, and botulism.
2. Viral diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and bluetongue.
3. Parasitic diseases, such as heartwater and gapeworm.
4. Genetic disorders, such as polledness and cleft palate.
5. Environmental factors, such as heat stress and nutritional deficiencies.

Symptoms of Cattle Diseases

The symptoms of cattle diseases can vary depending on the specific disease, but may include:

1. Fever and respiratory problems
2. Diarrhea and vomiting
3. Weight loss and depression
4. Swelling and pain in joints or limbs
5. Discharge from the eyes or nose
6. Coughing or difficulty breathing
7. Lameness or reluctance to move
8. Changes in behavior, such as aggression or lethargy

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cattle Diseases

Diagnosing cattle diseases can be challenging, as the symptoms may be similar for different conditions. However, veterinarians use a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical history to make a diagnosis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antibiotics, vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive care such as fluids and nutritional supplements.

Prevention of Cattle Diseases

Preventing cattle diseases is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your herd. Some preventative measures include:

1. Proper nutrition and hydration
2. Regular vaccinations and parasite control
3. Sanitary living conditions and frequent cleaning
4. Monitoring for signs of illness and seeking prompt veterinary care if symptoms arise
5. Implementing biosecurity measures such as isolating sick animals and quarantining new animals before introduction to the herd.

It is important to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a comprehensive health plan for your cattle herd, as they can provide guidance on vaccination schedules, parasite control methods, and disease prevention strategies tailored to your specific needs.

Conclusion
Cattle diseases can have a significant impact on the productivity and profitability of your herd, as well as the overall health of your animals. It is essential to be aware of the common cattle diseases, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods to ensure the health and well-being of your herd.

By working closely with a veterinarian and implementing preventative measures such as proper nutrition and sanitary living conditions, you can help protect your cattle from disease and maintain a productive and profitable herd. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to managing cattle diseases.

Symptoms of TGS in pigs include diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration, as well as fever and lethargy. The disease can be highly fatal, especially in young piglets. In humans, the disease can cause mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, but it is usually self-limiting and not life-threatening.

TGS is primarily spread through close contact with infected pigs or contaminated objects, such as feeders or pens. The virus can also be transmitted through the air, such as when an infected pig coughs or sneezes. Prevention and control measures include strict biosecurity practices, such as proper cleaning and disinfection of facilities, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), and avoiding contact with infected animals. Vaccination is also available for pigs, but it is not 100% effective and may not completely prevent the spread of the disease.

Early detection and control of TGS outbreaks are critical to minimize the impact on animal health and productivity, as well as to reduce the risk of transmission to humans. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, laboratory testing (such as PCR or ELISA), and serology. Laboratory confirmation is essential for proper diagnosis and control of the disease.

TGS has significant economic impacts on the swine industry, as it can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in infected herds, resulting in reduced productivity and increased costs for disease management and control. In addition, TGS can have public health implications, as it can pose a risk of transmission to humans, particularly in areas where human-animal contact is more frequent or where biosecurity practices are not strictly followed. Therefore, prevention and control measures should be implemented promptly and consistently to minimize the spread of the disease and protect animal and human health.

The common types of RTIs include:

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
3. Bronchitis: An inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
4. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
5. Tonsillitis: An inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses, resulting in symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and bad breath.
6. Sinusitis: An inflammation of the sinuses, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
7. Laryngitis: An inflammation of the larynx (voice box), which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, loss of voice, and difficulty speaking.

RTIs can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, blood tests, and nasal swab cultures. Treatment for RTIs depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

It's important to note that RTIs can be contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or by touching contaminated surfaces. Therefore, it's essential to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

There are several transmission routes for TE, including:

1. Vertical transmission from mother to egg: The virus can be passed from an infected hen to her eggs before they are laid. This means that chicks hatched from infected eggs may already have the virus inside them and will become sick soon after hatching.
2. Horizontal transmission between birds: Infected birds can transmit the virus to other birds through their feces, which can contaminate feed, water, or the environment. This is why it's important to keep poultry farms clean and hygienic to prevent the spread of disease.
3. Contact with infected birds: People who handle infected birds or their droppings can also become infected and transmit the virus to other birds.
4. Contaminated feed: Feed that is contaminated with the virus can also transmit it to birds. This is why it's important to use clean, virus-free feed and to store it properly.

There are several signs and symptoms of TE in turkeys, including:

1. Diarrhea: Affected birds may have loose, watery droppings that can be streaked with blood or mucus.
2. Vomiting: Birds may vomit their feed, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
3. Dehydration: Affected birds may appear lethargic and have sunken eyes, dry mouths, and puffy wings.
4. Lack of appetite: Birds may stop eating and drinking, which can lead to weight loss and worsening of the disease.
5. Ulcers: In severe cases, the virus can cause ulcers in the intestines, which can be painful and can lead to bleeding.
6. Weight loss: Affected birds may lose weight due to a lack of appetite and dehydration.
7. Poor egg production: In laying hens, the virus can cause poor egg production or no eggs at all.
8. Mortality: The disease can be fatal in some cases, especially if left untreated or if the birds are not provided with proper care and management.

If you suspect that your flock has been exposed to TE, it's important to seek veterinary care immediately. Your veterinarian can perform diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of the virus and provide appropriate treatment. Treatment may include antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, fluid therapy to restore hydration, and supportive care to manage symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide intensive care and monitoring.

Prevention is key when it comes to TE in turkeys. Here are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of transmission:

1. Use clean, virus-free feed and water: Make sure that all feed and water are free from contamination and are provided in clean, sanitized containers.
2. Implement good biosecurity practices: Keep the flock in a clean, well-ventilated area with minimal contact with other birds or animals. Provide separate facilities for feeding, drinking, and manure disposal to reduce the risk of transmission.
3. Vaccinate your flock: Vaccination is an effective way to prevent TE in turkeys. Work with your veterinarian to develop a vaccination program that's tailored to your flock's needs.
4. Monitor for signs of disease: Regularly check your birds for signs of illness, such as loss of appetite, lethargy, and diarrhea. If you suspect that your flock has been exposed to TE, seek veterinary care immediately.
5. Keep your flock healthy: Proper nutrition, good living conditions, and regular health check-ups can help keep your flock healthy and reduce the risk of disease transmission.

By being aware of the signs and symptoms of Turkey Enteritis and taking preventative measures to reduce the risk of transmission, you can help protect your flock and ensure the health and well-being of your birds.

The most common symptoms of bovine mastitis include:

1. Swelling and redness of the udder
2. Increased temperature of the affected quarter
3. Pain or discomfort in the udder
4. Decreased milk production
5. Abnormal milk appearance (e.g., clots, pus, or blood)

If left untreated, mastitis can lead to more severe complications such as abscesses, septicemia, or even death of the animal. Therefore, early detection and proper treatment are crucial to prevent the spread of infection and reduce the severity of clinical signs.

Diagnosis of bovine mastitis is typically based on a combination of clinical examination, milk culture, and laboratory tests (e.g., blood counts, serum biochemistry). Treatment involves antibiotics, supportive care (e.g., fluids, pain management), and identification of the underlying cause to prevent future occurrences.

Prevention of bovine mastitis is key to maintaining a healthy and productive dairy herd. This includes proper sanitation and hygiene practices, regular milking techniques, and effective dry cow therapy. Vaccination against common mastitis-causing pathogens may also be considered in some cases.

Overall, bovine mastitis is a significant health issue in dairy cattle that can have significant economic and welfare implications for farmers and the industry as a whole. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies are essential to maintain a healthy and productive herd.

Examples of emerging communicable diseases include SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), West Nile virus, and HIV/AIDS. These diseases are often difficult to diagnose and treat, and they can spread rapidly due to increased travel and trade, as well as the high level of interconnectedness in today's world.

Emerging communicable diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, such as environmental changes, genetic mutations, or the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. These diseases can also be spread through various routes, including airborne transmission, contact with infected bodily fluids, and vector-borne transmission (such as through mosquitoes or ticks).

To prevent the spread of emerging communicable diseases, it is important to have strong surveillance systems in place to detect and monitor outbreaks, as well as effective public health measures such as vaccination programs, quarantine, and contact tracing. Additionally, research into the causes and transmission mechanisms of these diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies.

Overall, emerging communicable diseases pose a significant threat to global health security, and it is important for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public to be aware of these diseases and take steps to prevent their spread.

A viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted to animals through contact with infected feces, urine, or saliva. The condition can be caused by several different viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms of animal hepatitis may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, the infection can cause liver failure and death.

Prevention:

* Avoid contact with infected animals
* Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Keep pets up to date on vaccinations and preventatives
* Avoid drinking water or eating food that may be contaminated with feces or urine from infected animals
* Use protective clothing and equipment when handling animals that may be infected

Treatment:

* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration and maintain blood pressure
* Antiviral medications in severe cases
* Hospitalization for severe cases or those that do not respond to treatment

Prognosis:

* Depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying health status of the animal. In general, the prognosis is good for animals that receive prompt and appropriate treatment.

Complications:

* Liver failure
* Sepsis (blood infection)
* Kidney failure
* Death

Prevalence:

* Widespread in animals, especially in those that are kept in close quarters or have poor living conditions.

Affected Organ:

* Liver

The symptoms of bovine tuberculosis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing
* Weight loss and loss of condition
* Fever
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Enlarged liver or spleen
* Poor milk production in lactating cows
* Intestinal problems, such as diarrhea or constipation

If left untreated, bovine tuberculosis can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, and peritonitis. It can also spread to other animals in the herd, making it important to identify and isolate infected animals promptly.

Diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Skin tests, such as the Mantoux test or the single-dose intradermal test, can detect exposure to the bacteria, but they may not always provide accurate results in animals with low levels of antibodies. Blood tests, such as the interferon gamma (IFN-γ) test or the QuantiFERON® test, can detect the presence of TB antigens in the blood, but these tests may also have limitations.

Treatment of bovine tuberculosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. The most commonly used antibiotics include isoniazid, streptomycin, and pyrazinamide. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Prevention of bovine tuberculosis primarily involves controlling the spread of the disease through control of the mycobacteria that cause it. Measures such as testing and removal of infected animals, use of clean needles and equipment, and proper disposal of animal carcasses can help prevent the spread of the disease. Additionally, vaccination of animals with a live bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been shown to be effective in preventing TB infections.

In conclusion, bovine tuberculosis is a significant health concern for cattle and other animals, as well as humans who may be exposed to infected animals or contaminated products. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent the spread of the disease and manage symptoms in affected animals. Prevention measures such as testing and removal of infected animals, use of clean needles and equipment, and proper disposal of animal carcasses can help control the spread of the disease.

The disease is typically transmitted through close contact with infected animals, and can be spread through respiratory droplets, contaminated feces, or contaminated surfaces. The virus can also be transmitted from dam to fetus during pregnancy, causing congenital BVD.

BVD-MD is characterized by acute diarrhea, vomiting, and fever, as well as mucosal lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. In severe cases, it can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and even death.

Diagnosis of BVD-MD is typically made through a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests such as PCR or ELISA, and histopathological examination of tissue samples. There is no specific treatment for the disease, but supportive care such as fluids, electrolytes, and antibiotics may be provided to manage symptoms.

Prevention of BVD-MD includes vaccination of animals at risk, strict biosecurity measures, and separation of infected animals from healthy ones. Control programs should also include testing of animals for the presence of the virus and monitoring of herds for signs of the disease.

1. Bacterial dysentery: This type of dysentery is caused by bacteria such as Shigella or Salmonella and is typically spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and blood in the stool.
2. Amebic dysentery: This type of dysentery is caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica and is typically spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and blood in the stool.

Dysentery can be diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as stool samples or blood tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial dysentery and antiparasitic medication for amebic dysentery. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Prevention measures for dysentery include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Avoiding contaminated food and water
* Properly storing and preparing food to prevent bacterial growth
* Avoiding risky behaviors such as anal sex, which can increase the risk of contracting amebic dysentery.

The prognosis for dysentery is generally good if treated promptly and effectively. However, if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and potentially life-threatening infections.

Symptoms of EBL can vary widely and may include:

* Swollen lymph nodes
* Chronic diarrhea
* Weight loss
* Anemia
* Lethargy
* Enlarged spleen and liver
* Neoplastic diseases such as lymphosarcoma, leukemia, or other types of cancer.

EBL is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and biopsies. There is no cure for EBL, and treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing the spread of the disease.

Prevention of EBL includes:

* Testing herds for BLV regularly
* Avoiding close contact between animals
* Practicing good hygiene and sanitation
* Implementing strict biosecurity measures
* Eliminating infected animals from the herd

It is important to note that EBL is not a reportable disease in all countries, and testing for BLV may not be mandatory in all regions. However, it is still important for farmers and veterinarians to be aware of the risk of EBL and take appropriate measures to prevent its spread.

Some common examples of CNSVD include:

1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain caused by the herpes simplex virus. It can cause fever, headache, confusion, and seizures.
2. West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by the West Nile virus, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle weakness, and confusion.
3. Japanese encephalitis (JE): This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, seizures, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
4. Rabies: This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, usually a dog, bat, or raccoon. Symptoms can include fever, headache, agitation, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
5. Enteroviral encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by enteroviruses, which are common viruses that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms can include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.

The diagnosis of CNSVD typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests or lumbar puncture), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and rehabilitation.

Prevention of CNSVD includes avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other vectors that can transmit disease, maintaining good hygiene practices (such as washing hands frequently), and getting vaccinated against diseases such as rabies and measles. In addition, taking steps to prevent head trauma and using protective equipment when engaging in activities that involve risk of head injury can help reduce the risk of CNSVD.

Overall, while central nervous system viral diseases can be serious and potentially life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms of IBR can include fever, coughing, sneezing, runny eyes, and loss of appetite. In severe cases, the disease can lead to pneumonia, meningitis, and even death. The virus is highly adaptable and can survive for long periods of time in the environment, making it difficult to control and eliminate from infected herds.

Diagnosis of IBR is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and serology. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications, and isolation of infected animals to prevent further spread of the disease. Vaccination is also an important tool in controlling IBR outbreaks, and several vaccines are available for use in cattle.

Prevention of IBR primarily involves good husbandry practices, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of facilities, proper feeding and watering, and avoiding close contact between animals from different herds. The disease is also reportable to animal health authorities, and strict biosecurity measures are in place to prevent the spread of the virus to other farms and regions.

IBR is a significant economic burden on the cattle industry worldwide, as it can lead to reduced productivity, increased mortality rates, and trade restrictions due to the risk of disease transmission to other animals and humans. Therefore, early detection, effective treatment, and strict control measures are essential for controlling outbreaks and minimizing the impact of IBR on animal health and the economy.

1. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): This is a highly contagious virus that weakens the immune system, making cats more susceptible to other infections and cancer.
2. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): Similar to HIV in humans, this virus attacks the immune system and can lead to a range of secondary infections and diseases.
3. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): A viral disease that causes fluid accumulation in the abdomen and chest, leading to difficulty breathing and abdominal pain.
4. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A group of conditions that affect the bladder and urethra, including urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
5. Feline Diabetes: Cats can develop diabetes, which can lead to a range of complications if left untreated, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and blindness.
6. Feline Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland that can cause weight loss, anxiety, and heart problems if left untreated.
7. Feline Cancer: Cats can develop various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and skin cancer.
8. Dental disease: Cats are prone to dental problems, such as tartar buildup, gum disease, and tooth resorption.
9. Obesity: A common problem in cats, obesity can lead to a range of health issues, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease.
10. Behavioral disorders: Cats can develop behavioral disorders such as anxiety, stress, and aggression, which can impact their quality of life and relationships with humans.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or managed with proper care, including regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, parasite control, a balanced diet, exercise, and mental stimulation. Additionally, early detection and treatment can significantly improve the outcome for cats with health issues.

The main components of BRDC are:

1. Viral respiratory diseases (such as Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus and Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus)
2. Bacterial pneumonia (such as Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus somnus)
3. Environmental stressors (such as dust, ammonia, and high temperatures)
4. Secondary bacterial infections (such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae)

The signs of BRDC can vary depending on the specific cause and severity of the disease, but may include:

1. Nasal discharge
2. Coughing
3. Sneezing
4. Lethargy
5. Decreased appetite
6. Fever
7. Pneumonia
8. Pleuritis (inflammation of the lining around the lungs)
9. Peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdomen)

BRDC is typically diagnosed based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as radiography or ultrasonography. Treatment may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and supportive care such as fluids and nutritional supplements.

Prevention is key to managing BRDC, and this includes:

1. Vaccination against viral respiratory diseases
2. Good herd management practices, such as proper sanitation, ventilation, and animal husbandry
3. Avoiding stressful conditions and providing adequate nutrition and water
4. Monitoring for early signs of disease and seeking prompt veterinary care if symptoms arise
5. Isolation of infected animals to prevent spread of the disease.

Symptoms of BSE include:

* Behavioral changes, such as aggression or confusion
* Loss of coordination and balance
* Weakness or paralysis of the limbs
* Vision problems
* Difficulty swallowing or chewing
* Change in vocalization or bellowing

BSE is transmitted through the consumption of contaminated beef products, such as meat and bonemeal, which contain the abnormal prion protein. The disease can also be spread through blood transfusions or other medical procedures using infected material.

There is no cure for BSE, and it is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical signs, necropsy, and laboratory tests such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Western blotting.

Prevention of BSE includes:

* Implementing strict controls on the handling and disposal of animal carcasses and tissues
* Avoiding the use of meat and bonemeal in animal feed
* Ensuring proper sterilization and safety protocols in medical procedures
* Monitoring and testing for the presence of the disease in cattle populations.

BSE has significant economic and public health implications, as it can lead to the loss of entire herds and the closure of livestock markets, as well as the potential for human transmission through the consumption of contaminated beef products.

The symptoms of encephalomyelitis can vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, muscle weakness, confusion, seizures, and loss of sensation or paralysis in parts of the body. In severe cases, encephalomyelitis can lead to life-threatening complications such as brain damage, stroke, and respiratory failure.

The diagnosis of encephalomyelitis is based on a combination of clinical features, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of inflammatory markers or antibodies against specific infectious agents. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans can help to identify inflammation in the brain and spinal cord.

Treatment of encephalomyelitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, antiviral medications may be used to treat infections such as herpes simplex or West Nile virus. In other cases, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage. Supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and physical therapy may also be necessary to manage symptoms and promote recovery.

In conclusion, encephalomyelitis is a serious condition that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

A type of pneumonia caused by a viral infection. The most common viruses that cause pneumonia are the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and adenovirus.

Symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and loss of appetite.

Treatment typically involves antiviral medications and supportive care to manage symptoms and improve lung function. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention measures include vaccination against the flu and RSV, good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Zoonoses (zoonosis) refers to infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, and can be spread through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.

Examples of Zoonoses

Some common examples of zoonoses include:

1. Rabies: a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected animal, typically dogs, bats, or raccoons.
2. Lyme disease: a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is spread to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis).
3. Toxoplasmosis: a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated cat feces or undercooked meat.
4. Leptospirosis: a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira interrogans, which is spread to humans through contact with contaminated water or soil.
5. Avian influenza (bird flu): a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.

Transmission of Zoonoses

Zoonoses can be transmitted to humans in a variety of ways, including:

1. Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
2. Contact with contaminated soil, water, or other environmental sources.
3. Through vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas.
4. By consuming contaminated food or water.
5. Through close contact with an infected person or animal.

Prevention of Zoonoses

Preventing the transmission of zoonoses requires a combination of personal protective measures, good hygiene practices, and careful handling of animals and animal products. Some strategies for preventing zoonoses include:

1. Washing hands frequently, especially after contact with animals or their waste.
2. Avoiding direct contact with wild animals and avoiding touching or feeding stray animals.
3. Cooking meat and eggs thoroughly to kill harmful bacteria.
4. Keeping pets up to date on vaccinations and preventative care.
5. Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, particularly poultry and pork.
6. Using insect repellents and wearing protective clothing when outdoors in areas where vectors are prevalent.
7. Implementing proper sanitation and hygiene practices in animal housing and husbandry.
8. Implementing strict biosecurity measures on farms and in animal facilities to prevent the spread of disease.
9. Providing education and training to individuals working with animals or in areas where zoonoses are prevalent.
10. Monitoring for and reporting cases of zoonotic disease to help track and control outbreaks.

Conclusion

Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, posing a significant risk to human health and animal welfare. Understanding the causes, transmission, and prevention of zoonoses is essential for protecting both humans and animals from these diseases. By implementing appropriate measures such as avoiding contact with wild animals, cooking meat thoroughly, keeping pets up to date on vaccinations, and implementing proper sanitation and biosecurity practices, we can reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission and protect public health and animal welfare.

The symptoms of the common cold can vary depending on the individual and the virus that is causing the infection. Some of the most typical symptoms include:

Fever (less than 102°F)
Runny or stuffy nose
Sneezing
Coughing
Headache
Sore throat
Fatigue
Muscle aches

The common cold is usually diagnosed based on symptoms and medical history. There is no cure for the common cold, but over-the-counter medications can help alleviate some of the symptoms. Antiviral medications are not effective against the common cold because it is caused by a virus, not bacteria.

Preventive measures for the common cold include:

Washing your hands frequently
Avoiding close contact with people who have colds
Not touching your eyes, nose, or mouth
Staying hydrated
Getting enough sleep
Exercising regularly
Eating a healthy diet

There are many myths and misconceptions about the common cold that can lead to confusion and inappropriate treatment. Some of these include:

Chicken soup is not an effective treatment for colds.
Antibiotics do not work against viral infections such as the common cold.
Over-the-counter medications such as decongestants and antihistamines can have side effects and are not always effective.
Drinking plenty of fluids does help to thin out mucus and keep your body hydrated, but it will not cure a cold.

The common cold is usually a self-limiting illness that resolves on its own within one week. However, people with weakened immune systems or other underlying health conditions may experience more severe symptoms or complications such as bronchitis, pneumonia, or sinusitis. In these cases, medical attention may be necessary.

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and causes symptoms such as sneezing, running nose, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections.
3. Measles: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, rashes, coughing, and redness of the eyes.
4. Rubella (German measles): A mild viral infection that can cause fever, rashes, headache, and swollen lymph nodes.
5. Chickenpox: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, itching, and a characteristic rash of small blisters on the skin.
6. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): A viral infection that can cause genital herpes, cold sores, or other skin lesions.
7. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A viral infection that attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
8. Hepatitis B: A viral infection that affects the liver, causing inflammation and damage to liver cells.
9. Hepatitis C: Another viral infection that affects the liver, often leading to chronic liver disease and liver cancer.
10. Ebola: A deadly viral infection that causes fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding.
11. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia and respiratory failure.
12. West Nile virus: A viral infection that can cause fever, headache, and muscle pain, as well as more severe symptoms such as meningitis or encephalitis.

Viral infections can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces, objects, or insects such as mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include:

1. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels or utensils.
5. Using condoms or other barrier methods during sexual activity.
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, such as HPV and hepatitis B.
7. Using insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
8. Screening blood products and organs for certain viruses before transfusion or transplantation.

Treatment for viral infections depends on the specific virus and the severity of the illness. Antiviral medications may be used to reduce the replication of the virus and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Prevention is key in avoiding viral infections, so taking the necessary precautions and practicing good hygiene can go a long way in protecting oneself and others from these common and potentially debilitating illnesses.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

The most common demyelinating diseases include:

1. Multiple sclerosis (MS): An autoimmune disease that affects the CNS, including the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS causes inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath, leading to a range of symptoms such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and cognitive difficulties.
2. Acute demyelination: A sudden, severe loss of myelin that can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other factors. This condition can result in temporary or permanent nerve damage.
3. Chronic inflammatory demyelination (CIDP): A rare autoimmune disorder that causes progressive damage to the myelin sheath over time. CIDP can affect the CNS and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
4. Moore's disease: A rare genetic disorder that results in progressive demyelination of the CNS, leading to a range of neurological symptoms including muscle weakness, seizures, and cognitive difficulties.
5. Leukodystrophies: A group of genetic disorders that affect the development or function of myelin-producing cells in the CNS. These conditions can cause progressive loss of myelin and result in a range of neurological symptoms.

Demyelinating diseases can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions and the disease progression can be unpredictable. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its severity, and may include medications to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune system, as well as rehabilitation therapies to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

The symptoms of pneumonic pasteurellosis in humans include fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, the infection can lead to respiratory failure, sepsis, and death.

Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood cultures and chest x-rays. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation, to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Prevention of pneumonic pasteurellosis includes avoiding close contact with infected animals, wearing protective clothing and equipment when handling animals, and properly cleaning and disinfecting animal products and facilities. Vaccination of animals is also recommended to reduce the risk of transmission to humans.

A disease that affects pigs, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and nutritional deficiencies. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): A highly contagious viral disease that can cause reproductive failure, respiratory problems, and death.
2. Swine Influenza: A viral infection similar to human influenza, which can cause fever, coughing, and pneumonia in pigs.
3. Erysipelas: A bacterial infection that causes high fever, loss of appetite, and skin lesions in pigs.
4. Actinobacillosis: A bacterial infection that can cause pneumonia, arthritis, and abscesses in pigs.
5. Parasitic infections: Such as gastrointestinal parasites like roundworms and tapeworms, which can cause diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss in pigs.
6. Scrapie: A degenerative neurological disorder that affects pigs and other animals, causing confusion, aggression, and eventually death.
7. Nutritional deficiencies: Such as a lack of vitamin E or selenium, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including muscular dystrophy and anemia.
8. Genetic disorders: Such as achondroplasia, a condition that causes dwarfism and deformities in pigs.
9. Environmental diseases: Such as heat stress, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including respiratory distress and death.

It's important to note that many swine diseases have similar symptoms, making accurate diagnosis by a veterinarian essential for effective treatment and control.

Symptoms of enteritis may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. In severe cases, the condition can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and even death if left untreated.

The diagnosis of enteritis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, imaging studies, and laboratory tests (e.g., blood tests, stool cultures). Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

There are several types of diarrhea, including:

1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.

Symptoms of diarrhea may include:

* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea

Complications of diarrhea can include:

* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.

Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.

A type of encephalitis caused by a virus that inflames the brain and spinal cord, leading to fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death. Viral encephalitis is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito or tick, but can also be spread through contact with infected blood or organs. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and seizures, as well as antiviral medications in severe cases.

Synonyms: viral encephalitis

Antonyms: bacterial encephalitis

Similar term: meningitis

1. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): This is a severe respiratory disease caused by the hantavirus, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms of HPS can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Leptospirosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira, which is found in the urine of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
3. Rat-bite fever: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Streptobacillus moniliformis, which is found in the saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
4. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM): This is a viral infection caused by the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
5. Tularemia: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.

These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can be transmitted to humans through contact with rodents. It is important to take precautions when handling or removing rodents, as they can pose a serious health risk. If you suspect that you have been exposed to a rodent-borne disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

... (BCV or BCoV) is a coronavirus which is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1. The infecting virus is an ... Bovine Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus OC43". Journal of Virology. 80 (14): 7270-7274. doi:10.1128/JVI.02675-05. PMC 1489060 ... "Bovine Coronavirus". WikiVet. Retrieved 2011-08-20.; reviewed and published by WikiVet. (Articles with short description, Short ... Fehr, Anthony R.; Perlman, Stanley (2015). "Coronaviruses: An Overview of Their Replication and Pathogenesis". Coronaviruses. ...
... with trypsin HKU4 MERS Bovine coronavirus Rabbit HKU14 MHV OC43 (1967) HKU1 Parker rat coronavirus Dromedary camel HKU23 Canine ... Avian coronavirus (IBV) Turkey coronavirus Porcine deltacoronavirus HKU15 including a human case Parrot coronavirus Becker, W. ... Saif, L. J.; Heckert, R. A.; Miller, K. L.; Tarek, M. M. (1988). "Cell culture propagation of bovine coronavirus - PMC". ... "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus". ...
"Coronavirus: Caution urged over Madagascar's 'herbal cure'". BBC News. 2020-04-22. Retrieved 2022-11-23. "Urverg Ratsimamanga, ... "Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: A survey". International Dairy Journal. 16 (11): 1408-1414. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj. ... "Madagascar pushes untested herbal coronavirus remedy on its neighbors". Coda Story. 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2022-11-17. Goodman, ...
For example, the coronaviruses of dog (Canine respiratory coronavirus), cattle (Bovine coronavirus), and human (HCoV-OC43) ... Bovine coronavirus (discovered in 1973), Human enteric coronavirus (discovered in 1975), Equine coronavirus (discovered in 2000 ... The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of the diseases caused by coronaviruses and the diseases they cause ... Coronaviruses that are transmitted from animals (zoonoses) are clinically the most important human coronaviruses as they are ...
Human coronavirus OC43; Bovine coronavirus; Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus; Equine coronavirus) and a newly ... Lim, Yvonne Xinyi; Ng, Yan Ling; Tam, James P.; Liu, Ding Xiang (2016-07-25). "Human Coronaviruses: A Review of Virus-Host ... Betacoronavirus 1 is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and cattle. The infecting virus is an enveloped, positive- ... Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Huang, Yi; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Yuen, Kwok-Yung (2010-08-24). "Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics ...
Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43), Hedgehog coronavirus 1, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome- ... Canine coronavirus), Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1, Miniopterus bat coronavirus ... equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a cross-species jump. Later in the 1890s, human coronavirus OC43 ... is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus. Human coronavirus HKU1, like the aforementioned viruses, also has ...
Although bovine tuberculosis is not considered a major threat to wolves, it has been recorded to have killed two wolf pups in ... The canine coronavirus has been recorded in Alaskan wolves, infections being most prevalent in winter months. Bacterial ... Some wolves carry Neospora caninum, which can be spread to cattle and is correlated with bovine miscarriages. Among flukes, the ... and canine coronavirus. Wolves are a major host for rabies in Russia, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq and India. In wolves, the ...
... bovine spongiform encephalopathy and coronavirus. She has worked with the World Health Organization on their technical strategy ... "UK's original coronavirus plan risked 'hundreds of thousands' dead". Financial Times. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020. " ... "Sobering coronavirus study prompted Britain to toughen its approach". Reuters. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020. "COVID- ... Her research considers the epidemiology of infectious disease, including malaria, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, HIV, SARS ...
"A new approach for diagnosis of bovine coronavirus using a reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay". ... An exception is a recent study comparing RT-qPCR, RT-LAMP, and RPA for detection of Schmallenberg virus and bovine viral ... Aebischer, Andrea (2014). "Rapid Genome Detection of Schmallenberg Virus and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus by Use of Isothermal ...
"HSE news". Coronavirus: latest information and advice. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020. "Australian Health Management Plan ... Bovine Practitioner; 1998; 32:61-70. 8. Thomson, J. Biosecurity: preventing and controlling diseases in the beef herd. ... "Coronavirus (COVID-19) health alert". Australian Government Department of Health. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020. " ...
In contrast, bovine coronavirus, human coronavirus OC43, and others are still sugar receptors, so the spike NTD retains the ... there are also the Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24 and Myodes coronavirus 2JL14, with a large number ... Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus ... Murine coronavirus is believed to be most closely related to human coronavirus HKU1. These two species, along with ...
... is a higher-order genomic structure implicated in the mediation of DIP production in bovine coronavirus, with apparent homologs ... untranslated region is a cis-acting element in bovine coronavirus defective interfering RNA replication". Journal of Virology. ... DIP generation is regulated within viruses: the Coronavirus SL-III cis-acting replication element (shown in the image) ... SARS coronavirus, measles, alphaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. DIPs are a naturally occurring ...
Martín, M.-J.; Martín-Sosa, S.; García-Pardo, L.-A.; Hueso, P. (2001). "Distribution of Bovine Milk Sialoglycoconjugates During ... Dr ADDIE website focused research about FIP Coronavirus Site général Coronavirus site général Coronavirus Pictures (CS1 French- ... Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that infects cats worldwide. It is a coronavirus of the species ... "Feline Coronavirus Type II Strains 79-1683 and 79-1146 Originate from a Double Recombination between Feline Coronavirus Type I ...
A comparison of two virus strains in the Betacoronavirus 1 species, bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus OC43, indicated ... They calculated that the human coronavirus OC43 had split from bovine coronavirus about 130 years before, approximately ... The calculation was based on genetic comparisons between bovine coronavirus and different strains of OC43. While their research ... "Complete Genomic Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43: Molecular Clock Analysis Suggests a Relatively Recent Zoonotic Coronavirus ...
Comparison of HCoV-OC43 with the most closely related strain of Betacoronavirus 1 species, bovine coronavirus BCoV, indicated ... Human coronavirus HKU1 Lee, Paul (2007). Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 in Hong Kong (Thesis). The University ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human coronavirus OC43. Wikispecies has information related to Human coronavirus OC43. ... "Complete Genomic Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43: Molecular Clock Analysis Suggests a Relatively Recent Zoonotic Coronavirus ...
They cause Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhea(BVD). Mucosal disease is a distinct, chronic persistent ... Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. They infect ... bovine malignant catarrhal fever), dogs, goats, horses, cats (feline viral rhinotracheitis), and pigs (pseudorabies). ...
"Coronavirus: Can cow dung and urine help cure the novel coronavirus?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on ... For example, giardiasis, E. coli, salmonellosis and tuberculosis can all be transmitted via bovine fecal matter. Drinking camel ... on coronavirus misinformation". UNICEF. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. "'No Meat, No Coronavirus' Makes No Sense ... "Coronavirus: Don't use vodka to sanitise hands". BBC News. March 6, 2020. Pinheiro C (March 4, 2020). "Álcool em gel não evita ...
Bovine toroviruses are proposed to have mainly two different serotypes: bovine torovirus serotype 1 (BoTV-1) and bovine ... Toroviruses, Coronaviruses and arteriviruses are in the order Nidovirales, a group of non segmented, positive sense single ... The 'Breda' bovine torovirus was later found in 1979 while investigation in a dairy farm in Breda. They had several calves who ... The 'Breda' bovine torovirus was later found in 1979 while investigation in a dairy farm in Breda. They had several calves ...
... which was similarly observed in bovine coronavirus. In addition, it was found that the TAS of the IBV D-RNA contained a ... Coronavirus D-RNA like that of IBV, are produced during high multiplicity of infection and contain cis-acting sequences which ... "In vitro and in ovo expression of chicken gamma interferon by a defective RNA of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus ... "Expression of reporter genes from the defective RNA CD-61 of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus". The Journal of ...
Australia, the UK, Spain and New Zealand have all conducted successful vaccination programs to prevent Bovine Tuberculosis, by ... "Helping wild animals through vaccination: could this happen for coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2?". Animal Ethics. 2020-05-12. ... wild animals could be vaccinated against coronaviruses to relieve the suffering of the affected animals, prevent disease ...
... bovine coronavirus (BCoV), and human coronaviruses like HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-OC43. Notably, this element is absent from the other ... Coronavirus 5′ UTR Coronavirus 3′ UTR Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m) Coronavirus ... Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element, the coronavirus 3′ ... The Coronavirus packaging signal is a conserved cis-regulatory element found in Betacoronavirus (part of the Coronavirus ...
Known as canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) and found to be similar to strain OC43 of bovine and human coronaviruses, it ... taken between 2017 and 2018 and found a novel coronavirus. This coronavirus is a species of Canine coronavirus (CCoV) which was ... A more serious complication of canine coronavirus occurs when the dog is also infected with canine parvovirus. Coronavirus ... Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which is a member of the species ...
... may refer to: Betacoronavirus (β-CoV), a virus Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), a virus Brightcove, an American company, stock ...
... an antiviral drug for the treatment of hepatitis C virus Bovine coronavirus, an RNA virus BCV: Battle Construction Vehicles, a ...
1 Bovine coronavirus Human coronavirus OC43 China Rattus coronavirus HKU24 Human coronavirus HKU1 Murine coronavirus Mouse ... Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Eidolon bat coronavirus C704 Rousettus bat coronavirus ... Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1) Bat coronavirus RaTG13 Hedgehog coronavirus 1 Middle East respiratory syndrome ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- ...
"Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of a Coronavirus-Like Particle COVID-19 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18-55 Years". ... a Plant-Based Alternative to Bovine-Derived Trypsin (Peer-Reviewed)". BioPharm International. 24 (10): 44-8. Sigma Catalog FAQ ...
"How we know disinfectants should kill the COVID-19 coronavirus". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2020-03-31. Taylor, M. ... "Preventing Bovine Mastitis by a Postmilking Teat Disinfectant Containing Acidified Sodium Chlorite". Journal of Dairy Science. ... posted a list of many disinfectants that meet its criteria for use in environmental measures against the causative coronavirus ...
She has interests in ecology, conservation, and animal welfare having worked on bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and Foot ... statistical and biomathematical methods to analyse epidemiological patterns of infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease ... Donnelly, Christl A.; Woodroffe, Rosie (2015). "Bovine tuberculosis: Badger-cull targets unlikely to reduce TB". Nature. 526 ( ... mouth disease in cattle, bovine tuberculosis and policies regarding badger culling in the United Kingdom. Scholia has a profile ...
... coronavirus MeSH B04.820.504.540.150.150 - coronavirus, bovine MeSH B04.820.504.540.150.160 - coronavirus, canine MeSH B04.820. ... coronavirus MeSH B04.909.777.500.540.150.150 - coronavirus, bovine MeSH B04.909.777.500.540.150.160 - coronavirus, canine MeSH ... coronavirus 229e, human MeSH B04.820.504.540.150.220 - coronavirus oc43, human MeSH B04.820.504.540.150.260 - coronavirus, rat ... coronavirus oc43, human MeSH B04.909.777.500.540.150.260 - coronavirus, rat MeSH B04.909.777.500.540.150.300 - coronavirus, ...
Lately Lead Scientist, Bovine Tuberculosis, Animal and Plant Health Agency. For services to Animal Health and Welfare. David ... Director, Coronavirus Response, Department for Work and Pensions. For Public Service. Matthew David Hamlyn. Strategic Director ...
Covid Economics 35: 7 July 2020 McDonnell, Adam (November 16, 2020). "How many Britons are willing to take a coronavirus ... as well as hypotheses that vaccinations can transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. These ...
"Coronavirus: Fear over rise in animal-to-human diseases". BBC. 6 July 2020. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. ... The first vaccine against smallpox by Edward Jenner in 1800 was by infection of a zoonotic bovine virus which caused a disease ... "Mink found to have coronavirus on two Dutch farms - ministry". Reuters. 26 April 2020. Archived from the original on 27 April ... The authors suggest that climate-driven changes in the distribution and robustness of bat species harboring coronaviruses may ...
"Coronavirus: il viaggio dei test". Istituto Superiore di Sanità. Shiao YH (December 2003). "A new reverse transcription- ... "Direct RT-PCR from serum enables fast and cost-effective phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus". Journal of ...
He visited Michigan, Maryland and Washington to discuss bovine TB policy, writing extensively on the issue facing the UK. He ... during the coronavirus pandemic without any other firms being given the opportunity to bid for the work. Paterson represented ... Paterson, Owen (6 December 2005). "Owen Paterson MP visits the USA to discuss Bovine TB Policy". Farmers Weekly. Archived from ... 133m coronavirus testing contract unopposed". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020. ...
"Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus ... It may cause respiratory disease resembling human influenza on its own, or it may be part of a bovine respiratory disease (BRD ... Two antigenic lineages are in circulation: D/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (D/OK) and D/bovine/Oklahoma/660/2013 (D/660). Krammer F ...
"Bovine Genomics , Genome Canada". www.genomecanada.ca. Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2019-08-02. Airhart ... "Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus". NBC News. 11 May 2020. "Deforestation of Amazon ... "Cop26 climate talks postponed to 2021 amid coronavirus pandemic". Climate Home News. 1 April 2020. Archived from the original ... Newburger E (13 March 2020). "Coronavirus could weaken climate change action and hit clean energy investment, researchers warn ...
A study found bovine calf rennet could be used to coagulate dromedary milk. A special factory has been set up in Nouakchott to ... in Egypt was the first to show the dromedary might be a host for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). A ... Ramet, J.P. (1987). "Saudi Arabia: use of bovine calf rennet to coagulate raw camel milk". World Animal Review (FAO). 61: 11-16 ... "MERS coronavirus in dromedary camel herd, Saudi Arabia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (7): 1231-4. doi:10.3201/ ...
The FDA's Anti-Gay Blood Ban Holds Back Coronavirus Treatment - The Daily Show with Trevor Noah , Comedy Central US, 5 May 2020 ... The ombudsman added that people over the age of 65 and people who lived in Britain during the bovine spongiform encephalopathy ... Allyn, Bobby (2 April 2020). "FDA Loosens Restrictions On Gay Blood Donors Amid 'Urgent Need' Caused By Coronavirus". NPR. ... LGBT portal Gay sexual practices Terminology of homosexuality Commissioner, Office of the (2 April 2020). "Coronavirus (COVID- ...
Also in 2013, the bovine herd in Colombia reached 20.1 million head of cattle, of which 2.5 million (12.5%) were milking cows. ... Some of these reforms had been desired for years, and others had come into starker view during the coronavirus pandemic. ...
Brown, Matthew (17 June 2020). "Fact check: Neither Pirbright Institute nor Bill Gates owns novel coronavirus patent". USA ... animal diseases including some avian viruses and a small amount of bovine immunology whilst Pirbright works on exotic (unusual ...
Walker, Peter (21 May 2020). "UK coronavirus test with 20-minute wait being trialled". The Guardian. Park, Gun-Soo; Ku, Keunbon ... method for the simultaneous detection of bovine Babesia parasites". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 71 (3): 281-7. doi: ... of Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays Targeting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ...
Ramajayam R, Tan KP, Liang PH (October 2011). "Recent development of 3C and 3CL protease inhibitors for anti-coronavirus and ... but not bovine enterovirus, targets the host cell cytoskeleton via the nonstructural protein 3Cpro". Journal of Virology. 82 ( ... Ramajayam R, Tan KP, Liang PH (October 2011). "Recent development of 3C and 3CL protease inhibitors for anti-coronavirus and ... Ramajayam R, Tan KP, Liang PH (October 2011). "Recent development of 3C and 3CL protease inhibitors for anti-coronavirus and ...
An arbitrarily chosen DNA fragment derived from the mRNA transcript of bovine serum albumin was evolved through random point ... DNAzymes have also been shown to inhibit the replication of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), ...
"Japanese researchers to test blood thinner for coronavirus treatment". The Japan Times Online. 2020-03-19. ISSN 0447-5763. ... "The kinetic and structural characterization of the reaction of nafamostat with bovine pancreatic trypsin". Thrombosis Research ... March 2020). "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro". Cell ...
Established by Congress to combat a wide range of animal diseases-from infectious disease of swine to bovine pneumonia, Texas ... Orent, Wendy (16 November 2020). "Will the Coronavirus Evolve to Be Less Deadly? - History and science suggesting many possible ... Fall, Ed; Yates, Christian (1 February 2021). "Will coronavirus really evolve to become less deadly?". The Conversation. ... Observed differences between human and bovine tuberculosis (1895). Discussed the possibility of mosquitos as a malaria ...
The bovine protein is homologous with other mammalian species and is a homogeneous 50 kDa glycoprotein with an isoelectric ... coronavirus, and immunodeficiency virus and of feline leukemia virus antigen and the interrelationship of these viral ... Purification of protein from bovine-derived stromal cell supernatants produces a substantially homogeneous factor, free of ...
A game changer': FDA authorizes Abbott Labs' portable, 5-minute coronavirus test the size of a toaster". USA Today. Retrieved ... "Comparison of two commercially available immunoassays for the measurement of bovine cardiac troponin I in cattle with induced ... "The scramble for the rapid coronavirus tests everybody wants". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 April 2020. Burns, Matt (2 ... "FDA Approves Abbott Laboratories Coronavirus Test, Company To Ship 150,000 Kits". International Business Times. 19 March 2020. ...
During the coronavirus pandemic, FDA granted emergency use authorization for personal protective equipment (PPE), in vitro ... The FDA's requirements to prevent the spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy are also administered by CVM through ... Stephen M. Hahn M.D., Commissioner of Food and Drugs - Food and Drug Administration (March 18, 2020). "Coronavirus (COVID-19) ... Medicine, Center for Veterinary (April 11, 2019). "Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy". FDA. Archived from the original on ...
"Coronavirus: Everything You Need to Know on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. "Doctor Radio's Medical Director, Dr. Marc Siegel ... At the time, bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("mad cow disease") was generating headlines, but the average American woman ... Marc Siegel says "worse case scenario" for coronavirus is "it could be the flu"". Media Matters for America. Retrieved October ... Sangal, Aditi; Vogt, Adrienne (January 26, 2022). "Fauci expected to discuss universal coronavirus vaccine at White House ...
This review aims to summarize current data describing the characteristics of bovine coronavirus (BCV) and the three clinical ... Bovine Enteroids as an In Vitro Model for Infection with Bovine Coronavirus. Shakya R, Jiménez-Meléndez A, Robertson LJ, Myrmel ... Bovine coronavirus as the causative agent of winter dysentery: serological evidence. Alenius S, Niskanen R, Juntti N, Larsson B ... Infectious mechanisms of enteropathogenic bovine coronaviruses. Storz J, Zhang XM. Storz J, et al. Behring Inst Mitt. 1991 Jul ...
... but were negative for coronavirus, rotavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (Appendix Table 2). Histopathologic observation ... Mohamed FF, Mansour SMG, Orabi A, El-Araby IE, Ng TFF, Mor SK, et al. Detection and genetic characterization of bovine ... Three clusters of bovine kobuvirus isolated in Korea, 2008-2010. Virus Genes. 2011;42:402-6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Molecular detection of bovine kobuviruses in Italy. Arch Virol. 2012;157:2393-6. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ...
Bovine comedy: police round up 22 escaped cows in Limburg town ... Help us to keep providing you information about coronavirus in ... Bovine comedy: police round up 22 escaped cows in Limburg town. June 29, 2021 Photo: Politie Brunssum-Landgraaf. Photo: Politie ...
Neutralizing antibodies against bovine coronavirus as well as antibodies specific for E. coli K99+ pilus antigens present in ... coli and bovine coronavirus. Maximal protection is achieved when administered in the first 12 hours after birth and used in ... Do not vaccinate calves with oral Coronavirus or Rotavirus products within 5 days of administering First Defense.. F1-B11. ... FIRST DEFENSE are prepared from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. A FIRST DEFENSE capsule containing dried colostral antibodies ...
Genome Sequence of Bovine Coronavirus Variants from the Nasal Virome of Irish Beef Suckler and Pre-weaned Dairy Calves ... We report 24 bovine coronavirus (BCoV) genome sequences from Ireland. BCoV was sequenced directly from nasal swabs that had ... Genome Sequence of Bovine Coronavirus Variants from the Nasal Virome of Irish Beef Suckler ... Clinically Diagnosed with Bovine Respiratory Disease. Ní Dhufaigh, Kerrie; McCabe, Matthew; Cormican, Paul; Cuevas-Gomez, ...
... we previously showed that bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) gB was able to functionally complement a gB− PrV mutant. To analyse in ... Mechanisms and enzymes involved in SARS coronavirus genome expression Volker Thiel, Konstantin A. Ivanov, Ákos Putics, Tobias ... Fitzpatrick D., Zamb T., Parker M., Van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S., Babiuk L., Lawman M. 1988; Expression of bovine ... Liang X., Babiuk L., Van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S., Fitzpatrick D., Zamb T. 1991; Bovine herpesvirus 1 attachment to ...
... severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In order ... hosts of coronaviruses using a dual-model approach based on nineteen parameters computed from spike genes of coronaviruses. ... Predictions on 47 additional coronaviruses precisely conformed to conclusions or speculations by other researchers. Our ... Many coronaviruses are capable of interspecies transmission. Some of them have caused worldwide panic as emerging human ...
Efficacy of the bovine coronavirus (BCV) fraction of ScourGuard 4KC was demonstrated in a challenge study. Calves were removed ... bovine coronavirus, enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli having the K99 pili adherence factor, and Clostridium ... bovine coronavirus, E. coli K99 and Cl. perfringens type C in calves of vaccinated dams. ... Efficacy of the bovine rotavirus (BRV) fraction of ScourGuard 4KC was demonstrated in 2 challenge studies conducted by Zoetis ...
Parker, M. D., Yoo, D., & Babiuk, L. A. (1990). Expression and secretion of the bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase ... Parker, M. D. ; Yoo, D. ; Babiuk, L. A. / Expression and secretion of the bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase ... Parker, MD, Yoo, D & Babiuk, LA 1990, Expression and secretion of the bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein ... A cDNA fragment representing the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene of bovine coronavirus (BVC) was inserted into the genome of ...
Targeting of Protein Kinase CK2 Elicits Antiviral Activity on Bovine Coronavirus Infection. *Ailyn C. Ramón, George V. Pérez, + ... The findings not only unveil the direct antiviral activity of CIGB-325 on coronavirus infection but also provide molecular ...
Experimental bovine coronavirus in turkey poults and young chickens. Avian Dis. 2001;45:157-63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Molecular characterization of a bovine enteric calicivirus: relationship to the Norwalk-like viruses. J Virol. 1999;73:819-25. ... Self-assembly of the recombinant capsid protein of a bovine norovirus (BoNV) into virus-like particles and evaluation of cross- ... bovine, and murine NoV strains is summarized in Table 3. In the complete capsid, the QW48 strain was most closely related to ...
Description: Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial expressed in E.coli ... Coronavirus In Dogs. Lab Reagents Coronavirus Dog Laboratories manufactures the coronavirus in dogs reagents distributed by ... please contact Coronavirus Dog. Other Coronavirus products are available in stock. Specificity: Coronavirus Category: In Group ... Coronavirus 229E and Human coronavirus OC43 are known to be the cause for the common cold. HCoV-229E is related to large range ...
Theaflavins from black tea exhibit antiviral activity against bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections.Oct 01, 1998. ... Raw milk, but not heat-treated milk, displays strong viral inhibition of bovine rotavirus and coronavirus.Oct 01, 1987. ... Diseases : Coronavirus Disease, Coronavirus Infection. Pharmacological Actions : Antiviral Agents, Enzyme Inhibitors, Protease ... Diseases : Coronavirus Disease, Coronavirus Infection, SARS. Additional Keywords : Superiority of Natural Substances versus ...
bovine coronavirus. BiPAP. bi-level positive airway pressure. BSL. biosafety laboratory. CBER. Center for Biologics Evaluation ... Coronavirus. any of a family (Coronaviridae) of single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope with club-shaped ...
The bovine serum albumin market has been estimated to experience significant growth opportunities in the forthcoming years. ... The coronavirus has resulted in the closure of the industrial establishments due to the imposition of lockdown to maintain ... Bovine Serum Albumin Market: Competitive Dynamics and Key Developments. The key players operating in the bovine serum albumin ... Bovine Serum Albumin Market: Regional Assessment The bovine serum albumin market is spread across different geographical ...
Bovine Coronavirus IHC. TVMDL tissue. blocks. -. Referral. Michigan. -. Schedule: M=Monday, T=Tuesday, W=Wednesday, R=Thursday ... Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnostic Plan. Bovine Sudden Death Diagnostic Plan. Bovine Abortion Diagnostic Plan. Bovine ... Bovine Calf Diarrhea Diagnostic Plan. Bovine Pinkeye (IBK) Diagnostic Plan. Bovine Adult Diarrhea/Weight Loss Diagnostic Plan. ... Bovine Coronavirus (rtPCR). lung, trachea, TTW, BAL, nasal/pharyngeal swab. 1-4 days. Molecular Diagnostics. CAN. CS. TWRF. ...
5. Host protein interactions with the 3 end of bovine coronavirus RNA and the requirement of the poly(A) tail for coronavirus ... Identification of a bovine coronavirus packaging signal.. Cologna R; Hogue BG. J Virol; 2000 Jan; 74(1):580-3. PubMed ID: ... Stem-loop III in the 5 untranslated region is a cis-acting element in bovine coronavirus defective interfering RNA replication ... Targeted RNA recombination of the membrane and nucleocapsid protein genes between mouse hepatitis virus and bovine coronavirus. ...
One embodiment of such includes a live, attenuated coronavirus comprising a variant replicase gene encoding polyproteins ... Coronaviruses, vaccines comprising the same, and methods for preventing disease. ... 241000711443 Bovine coronavirus Species 0.000 claims description 12 * 241000711506 Canine coronavirus Species 0.000 claims ... canine coronavirus (CCoV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) of chickens, bovine coronavirus (BoCoV), and porcine coronaviruses ...
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), or Mad Cow Disease ... The coronavirus vaccine doesnt cause Alzheimers, ALS If Your Time is short * Classens paper presents no evidence other than ... The coronavirus vaccines use a new but well-researched technology called mRNA, which tells the body how to produce copies of ... He speculates on his website that the coronavirus pandemic "is actually a bioweapon attack and may be linked to the U.S. ...
The S glycoprotein of coronaviruses is important for viral entry and pathogenesis with most variable sequences. Therefore, we ... Abraham, S.; Kienzle, T.E.; Lapps, W.; Brian, D.A. Deduced sequence of the bovine coronavirus spike protein and identification ... Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of bovine coronavirus based on the spike glycoprotein gene. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2012, 12, ... Human beta-coronavirus S proteins are cleaved into S1 and S2 subunits by host proteases [17]. The S1 subunit forming a globular ...
The MeSH heading Coronavirus, Human was deleted and all occurrences of that term were replaced by the MeSH heading, Coronavirus ... Bovine Viral. In addition, maintenance tasks were performed to find those citations pertaining to two specific bovine diarrhea ... When appropriate, the new MeSH headings Coronavirus 229E, Human and/or Coronavirus OC43, Human were also added to those ... The MeSH heading Diarrhea Virus, Bovine Viral was deleted and all occurrences of that term were replaced by the MeSH heading, ...
The bovine coronavirus (BoCV) was consistently detected in all herds with WD. Of other pathogens, only coccidian oocyts were ... Detection and Isolation of Winter Dysentery Bovine Coronavirus Circulated in Korea during 2002-2004 ... Genetic and antigenic analyses of bovine respiratory syncytial virus were conducted on 12 field strains from Tohoku and ... Genetic and Antigenic Analyses of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Japan ...
NR-455 Polyclonal Anti-Bovine Coronavirus, Mebus (antiserum, Guinea Pig) M. Polyclonal Antiserum BEI Level 1 4588744 ... NR-459 Polyclonal Anti-Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, ISU-1 (antiserum, Guinea Pig) ... NR-460 Polyclonal Anti-Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, ISU-1 (antiserum, Gnotobiotic Pig) ...
... bovine coronavirus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus.. Human fecal normalization. Normalizing SARS-CoV-2 wastewater ... Candidates for matrix recovery controls are enveloped viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes, including murine coronavirus ( ... synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA or purified RNA from a non-human coronavirus, as described in Matrix Recovery Controls) into ...
Coronavirus, Bovine Preferred Concept UI. M0027100. Registry Number. txid11128. Scope Note. A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting ... Coronavirus, Bovine Preferred Term Term UI T053618. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1994). ... Bovine Coronavirus Term UI T000882307. Date06/23/2015. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM (1994). ... Bovine Coronavirus Registry Number. txid11128. Previous Indexing. Coronaviridae (1977-1993). Public MeSH Note. 94. History Note ...
Small Particle Aerosol Exposure of African Green Monkeys to MERS-CoV as a Model for Highly Pathogenic Coronavirus Infection [ ... despite high levels of preexisting antibody titers against a bovine betacoronavirus. The in-contact animals did not become ... Effects of Cocooning on Coronavirus Disease Rates after Relaxing Social Distancing [PDF - 493 KB - 3 pages] X. Wang et al. View ... Coronavirus Disease Model to Inform Transmission-Reducing Measures and Health System Preparedness, Australia [PDF - 2.79 MB - ...
The tachi palace casino resort itself has been closed since march 20 because of the coronavirus. Most nineteenth-century ... a useful tool for evaluating bovine leukemia virus infection status. In the united states, only a few states (california, ...
Read Breaking News, opinion, analysis on coronavirus outbreak updated and published at Down To Earth. ... Apart from usual poultry, bovine and fish, a few protected species are also illegally traded for food in wet markets ... Air Pollution Data Centre Blogs India World Coronavirus Environment Agriculture Water Food Natural Disasters Waste Energy ... The global spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has created grave fear for people in countries that are already ...
In vitro studies on the use of clay, clay minerals and charcoal to adsorb bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus. Vet ... An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections. Vet ...
  • We conducted a taxonomic analysis of raw FASTQ files using Kraken version 1 and MiniKraken DB ( https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/kraken ), which showed 15,582 kobuvirus sequence reads in addition to sequences for E. coli , coronavirus, and rotavirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Real-time reverse transcription PCR showed 4/9 samples were positive for BKV by cycle thresholds of 23.0 (case IL35146), 29.97 (case IL37122), 32.84 (case IL50179), and 33.61 (case IL34890) but were negative for coronavirus, rotavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus ( Appendix Table 2). (cdc.gov)
  • Do not vaccinate calves with oral Coronavirus or Rotavirus products within 5 days of administering First Defense. (animalhealthusa.com)
  • Efficacy of the bovine rotavirus (BRV) fraction of ScourGuard 4KC was demonstrated in 2 challenge studies conducted by Zoetis Inc. Healthy neonatal calves were removed from their dams prior to nursing, and were fed colostrum collected from heifers previously vaccinated with either ScourGuard 4KC or a placebo. (drugs.com)
  • The Giardia lamblia- Cryptosporidium-Rotavirus-Coronvirus Antigen Combo Test is a rapid diagnostic tool for detecting Giardia bovine antigen, Cryptosporidium bovine antigen, bovine rotavirus antigen, and bovine coronavirus antigen. (hwtai.com)
  • Symptoms of young cattle infected with Giardia bovis, Cryptosporidium bovis, bovine rotavirus, and bovine coronvirus are similar, which can cause and dehydration in sick cattle. (hwtai.com)
  • Another added bonus is that the Air Mini just got FDA-cleared for the destruction of viruses and bacteria, and can inactivate up to 99.99% of H1N1 and coronavirus (bovine/porcine) strains. (iwantmedia.com)
  • Whole genome analysis of selected human and animal rotaviruses identified in Uganda from 2012 to 2014 reveals complex genome reassortment events between human, bovine, caprine and porcine strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Genome organization and phylogenic tree of bovine kobuvirus IL35164 isolated from cattle, United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Genome Sequence of Bovine Coronavirus Variants from the Nasal Virome of Irish Beef Suckler and Pre-weaned Dairy Calves Clinically Diagnosed with Bovine Respiratory Disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • We report 24 bovine coronavirus (BCoV) genome sequences from Ireland . (bvsalud.org)
  • A cDNA fragment representing the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) gene of bovine coronavirus (BVC) was inserted into the genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. (illinois.edu)
  • Coronaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses with some unique characteristics such as the possession of a very large nucleic acid, high infidelity of the RNA-dependent polymerase, and high rate of mutation and recombination in the genome. (who.int)
  • 1. A bulged stem-loop structure in the 3' untranslated region of the genome of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus is essential for replication. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Characterization of the RNA components of a putative molecular switch in the 3' untranslated region of the murine coronavirus genome. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Host protein interactions with the 3' end of bovine coronavirus RNA and the requirement of the poly(A) tail for coronavirus defective genome replication. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Characterization of an essential RNA secondary structure in the 3' untranslated region of the murine coronavirus genome. (nih.gov)
  • 7. An optimal cis-replication stem-loop IV in the 5' untranslated region of the mouse coronavirus genome extends 16 nucleotides into open reading frame 1. (nih.gov)
  • 15. A hypervariable region within the 3' cis-acting element of the murine coronavirus genome is nonessential for RNA synthesis but affects pathogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • Cleavage of the bovine herpesvirus glycoprotein B is not essential for its function. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Glycoprotein IV of bovine herpesvirus 1-expressing cell line complements and rescues a conditionally lethal viral mutant. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Parker, MD , Yoo, D & Babiuk, LA 1990, ' Expression and secretion of the bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein by insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses ', Journal of virology , vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1625-1629. (illinois.edu)
  • The S glycoprotein of coronaviruses is important for viral entry and pathogenesis with most variable sequences. (mdpi.com)
  • Coronavirus Dog Laboratories manufactures the coronavirus in dogs reagents distributed by Genprice. (iowaodes.com)
  • Coronavirus Plant Laboratories manufactures the coronavirus face plant reagents distributed by Genprice. (urokinases.com)
  • The mAbs generated from those hybridomas could be used as a reagent (second Ab) of anti-human immunoglobins in a diagnostic assay for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the virus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) and other assays that detect antigen specific antibodies from human sera. (nih.gov)
  • The findings not only unveil the direct antiviral activity of CIGB-325 on coronavirus infection but also provide molecular clues underlying such effect and reinforce the scientific rationality behind the pharmacologic inhibition of CK2 to treat coronav virus infections. (semanticscholar.org)
  • It is intended for diagnosing and monitoring of patients related to infection by SARS Coronavirus. (iowaodes.com)
  • Prevalence of comorbidities in the novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • A history of smoking may lead to a more severe coronavirus infection. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Description: For the qualitative determination of IgG class antibodies against SARS Coronavirus in Human serum or plasma. (iowaodes.com)
  • In less than two decades, three members of the group, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-COV-2, have emerged causing disease outbreaks that affected millions and claimed the lives of thousands of people. (who.int)
  • We detected bovine kobuvirus (BKV) in calves with diarrhea in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • To further screen BKV in bovine samples, we designed primers and probes (sequences available upon request) targeting 3D to test 9 additional intestinal samples from necropsied calves. (cdc.gov)
  • BCoV was sequenced directly from nasal swabs that had been collected during a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreak among recently purchased beef suckler and pre-weaned dairy calves. (bvsalud.org)
  • A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death. (nih.gov)
  • Some of them have caused worldwide panic as emerging human pathogens in recent years, e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). (nature.com)
  • En moins de deux décennies, trois membres du groupe, le coronavirus (CoV) du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (SRAS), le syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS)-CoV et le SRAS-COV-2, sont apparus, provoquant des épidémies qui ont touché des millions et des personnes. (who.int)
  • Further, different companies operating in the bovine serum albumin market have also experienced negative impacts of the pandemic in the past year. (medgadget.com)
  • He speculates on his website that the coronavirus pandemic "is actually a bioweapon attack and may be linked to the U.S. anthrax attack of 2001. (politifact.com)
  • Failing to protect farmers amid the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic can worsen India's agrarian distress. (org.in)
  • Bovine coronavirus as the causative agent of winter dysentery: serological evidence. (nih.gov)
  • Human coronaviruses, which hitherto were causative agents of mild respiratory diseases of man, have recently become one of the most important groups of pathogens of humans the world over. (who.int)
  • The research article is baseless - there is no evidence that the coronavirus vaccine causes Alzheimer's, ALS or prion diseases. (politifact.com)
  • All he includes is a three-sentence methods section summarizing an unspecified analysis of the coronavirus vaccine. (politifact.com)
  • The live-attenuated vaccine candidates are based on a recombinant chimeric bovine/human parainfluenza virus 3 (rB/HPIV3) vector expressing prefusion-stabilized versions of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike (S) protein. (nih.gov)
  • Description: Human coronavirus 229E is a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA virus species in the Alphacoronavirus genus of the subfamily Coronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales. (iowaodes.com)
  • In 2017, another coronavirus, the swine acute diarrhea syndrome (SADS) coronavirus (SADS-CoV) emerged in animals killing over 24,000 piglets in China. (who.int)
  • En 2017, un autre coronavirus, le coronavirus du syndrome de la diarrhée aiguë du porc (SADS) (SADS-CoV) est apparu chez des animaux tuant plus de 24000 porcelets en Chine. (who.int)
  • A New Bat-HKU2-like Coronavirus in Swine, China, 2017. (cdc.gov)
  • In the past 12 years, two emerging infectious diseases-severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-attacked humans and animals worldwide and caused approximately 774 human deaths and 315 human deaths, respectively ( http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/ , http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_07_23_mers/en/ ). (nature.com)
  • 9. Putative cis-acting stem-loops in the 5' untranslated region of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus can substitute for their mouse hepatitis virus counterparts. (nih.gov)
  • Vaccination has proven highly effective against severe acute res-piratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the long-term immunogenicity and the functional preserved im-mune responses of vaccines are needed to inform evolving evi-dence-based guidelines for boosting schedules. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are four globally distributed known human coronaviruses - HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HC0V-NL63 and HCoV-OC43, which are found in different locations around the world at different times of the year. (iowaodes.com)
  • Coronavirus 229E and Human coronavirus OC43 are known to be the cause for the common cold. (iowaodes.com)
  • Additionally, between the Coronaviruses, HCoV-229E is the most frequently co-detected with other respiratory viruses, mainly with HRSV (Human respiratory syncytial virus). (iowaodes.com)
  • The Coronavirus In Dogs reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (iowaodes.com)
  • The bovine serum albumin market has been estimated to experience significant growth opportunities in the forthcoming years. (medgadget.com)
  • Bovine serum albumin is extracted from the blood plasma of cows. (medgadget.com)
  • The immunoassay applications of bovine serum albumin include immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. (medgadget.com)
  • Further, chemicals and enzymes, food and beverages, marine biotechnology and aquaculture, animal breeding, and biotechnology are some of the industries that use bovine serum albumin. (medgadget.com)
  • The bovine serum albumin is the protein that can be used as a by-product of cheese because of the cost its economical nature. (medgadget.com)
  • Various research organizations are using bovine serum albumin as the protein standard. (medgadget.com)
  • It has been used in order to determine unknown quantities of some other proteins while keeping in mind the quantities of bovine serum albumin. (medgadget.com)
  • In addition to this, the bovine serum albumin does not put any noteworthy effects on various biochemical reactions. (medgadget.com)
  • High solubility in water and highly pure nature are some of the other prominent characteristics that are estimated to boost opportunities in the bovine serum albumin market. (medgadget.com)
  • The key players operating in the bovine serum albumin market have been adopting different strategies to fuel growth opportunities in the forthcoming years. (medgadget.com)
  • The bovine serum albumin market is spread across different geographical locations around the world including North America, Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and Latin America. (medgadget.com)
  • TVMDL also has a Bovine Comprehensive Abortion Serology Panel to investigate infectious bovine abortion utilizing serum from heifers or cows that suffered pregnancy loss. (tamu.edu)
  • RÉSUMÉ L'émergence d'une nouvelle souche de coronavirus dans la Péninsule arabique a soulevé des inquiétudes sanitaires à l'échelle mondiale en 2012, d'une part parce que la majorité des infections humaines ont été mortelles et d'autre part parce qu'une origine animale était suspectée. (who.int)
  • Coronavirus as an agent of neonatal calf diarrhea in a Chinese dairy cattle farm. (nih.gov)
  • FIRST DEFENSE is a capsule containing antibodies which aid in the reduction of morbidity and mortality from neonatal calf scours caused by K99+ E. coli and bovine coronavirus. (animalhealthusa.com)
  • You may have heard about the new variants of SARS-CoV-2-the coronavirus that causes COVID-19-that have appeared in other parts of the world and have now been detected in the United States. (nih.gov)
  • Many coronaviruses are capable of interspecies transmission. (nature.com)
  • 13. Construction of murine coronavirus mutants containing interspecies chimeric nucleocapsid proteins. (nih.gov)
  • Since coronavirus NL63 is a positive single-stranded RNA virus, the processes of replication via transcription and translation can be carried out in the cytoplasm of the infected cell. (iowaodes.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies against bovine coronavirus as well as antibodies specific for E. coli K99+ pilus antigens present in FIRST DEFENSE are prepared from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. (animalhealthusa.com)
  • Expression of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins gI and gIII in transfected murine cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 4. Genetic evidence of a long-range RNA-RNA interaction between the genomic 5' untranslated region and the nonstructural protein 1 coding region in murine and bovine coronaviruses. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Characterization of a murine coronavirus defective interfering RNA internal cis-acting replication signal. (nih.gov)
  • Coronavirus vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna have not been linked to neurodegenerative or prion diseases. (politifact.com)
  • In the article , published in the journal Microbiology & Infectious Diseases in January, J. Bart Classen wrote that components of the coronavirus vaccines may cause the misfolding of proteins associated with Alzheimer's and Lou Gehrig's disease, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (politifact.com)
  • The coronavirus vaccines use a new but well-researched technology called mRNA, which tells the body how to produce copies of the protein on the surface of the virus without infecting the patient. (politifact.com)
  • The Food and Drug Administration has granted emergency use authorization to two coronavirus vaccines: one from Pfizer-BioNTech and one from Moderna. (politifact.com)
  • This plan was created to assist with the investigation of etiologic agents that may cause infectious bovine abortion as well as pathophysiology that may explain loss of pregnancy close to expected parturition. (tamu.edu)
  • A report of family case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed in Wuhan and treated using the combination of western medicine and Chinese traditional patent medicine Shuanghuanglian oral liquid. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The high prevalence of coronaviruses in domestic and wild animals, especially bats and birds, and the propensity for their genomes to undergo mutation and recombination may lead to emergence of new coronaviruses that could pose a serious threat to human and animal health. (who.int)
  • This is followed by an outline of the unique replication strategy adopted by coronaviruses. (nih.gov)
  • 10. A U-turn motif-containing stem-loop in the coronavirus 5' untranslated region plays a functional role in replication. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Stem-loop III in the 5' untranslated region is a cis-acting element in bovine coronavirus defective interfering RNA replication. (nih.gov)
  • This review aims to summarize current data describing the characteristics of bovine coronavirus (BCV) and the three clinical syndromes with which this virus is associated. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Targeted RNA recombination of the membrane and nucleocapsid protein genes between mouse hepatitis virus and bovine coronavirus. (nih.gov)
  • 18. An interaction between the nucleocapsid protein and a component of the replicase-transcriptase complex is crucial for the infectivity of coronavirus genomic RNA. (nih.gov)
  • Description: Coronavirus, natural protein. (urokinases.com)
  • In order to assess their threat to humans, we explored to infer the potential hosts of coronaviruses using a dual-model approach based on nineteen parameters computed from spike genes of coronaviruses. (nature.com)
  • Coronavirus NL63 is not an emerging virus, but rather one that continually circulates the human population. (iowaodes.com)
  • Les coronavirus sont des virus à ARN simple brin avec certaines caractéristiques uniques telles que la possession d'un très grand acide nucléique, une infidélité élevée de la polymérase dépendante de l'ARN, et un taux élevé de mutation et de recombinaison dans le génome. (who.int)
  • L'Organisation mondiale de la Santé a invité des experts en santé publique et scientifiques à une réunion urgente en janvier 2013, étant donné les connaissances limitées disponibles sur l'évolution épidémiologique et naturelle de l'infection par ce nouveau virus. (who.int)
  • Pendant la réunion, les données disponibles ont été examinées et des lacunes critiques dans les connaissances ont été identifiées en vue d'améliorer la compréhension du risque pour la santé publique associé à ce virus, d'intensifier la préparation et de préserver et de protéger la santé mondiale. (who.int)
  • SARS-CoV-2 is a virus of the Coronavirus family that has emerged as a major public health concern. (nih.gov)