Heterodimeric transcription factors containing a DNA-binding alpha subunits, (CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS), along with a non-DNA-binding beta subunits, CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT. Core Binding Factor regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.
A family of transcription factors that bind to the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. Family members contain a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. They can act as both activators and repressors of expression of GENES involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.
A transcription factor that dimerizes with CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain and is involved in genetic regulation of skeletal development and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.
A non-DNA binding transcription factor that is a subunit of core binding factor. It forms heterodimeric complexes with CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS, and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.
A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain. Runx1 is frequently mutated in human LEUKEMIAS.
A transcription factor that dimerizes with the cofactor CORE BINDING FACTOR BETA SUBUNIT to form core binding factor. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain known as the runt domain.
A family of DNA binding proteins that regulate expression of a variety of GENES during CELL DIFFERENTIATION and APOPTOSIS. Family members contain a highly conserved carboxy-terminal basic HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF involved in dimerization and sequence-specific DNA binding.
Myosin type II isoforms found in smooth muscle.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The GENETIC TRANSLATION products of the fusion between an ONCOGENE and another gene. The latter may be of viral or cellular origin.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Bone-forming cells which secrete an EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. HYDROXYAPATITE crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.
Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.
A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.
The process of bone formation. Histogenesis of bone including ossification.
Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by OSTEOBLASTS and found primarily in BONES. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), which, in the presence of CALCIUM, promotes binding to HYDROXYAPATITE and subsequent accumulation in BONE MATRIX.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.
Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.
Factors that form a preinitiation complex at promoters that are specifically transcribed by RNA POLYMERASE I.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.

Three distinct domains in TEL-AML1 are required for transcriptional repression of the IL-3 promoter. (1/859)

A cytogenetically cryptic (12;21) translocation is the most common molecular abnormality identified in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and it generates a chimeric TEL-AML1 protein. Fusion of the Helix-Loop-Helix (HLH) (also called the pointed) domain of TEL to AML1 has been suggested to convert AML1 from a transcriptional activator to a repressor. To define the structural features of this chimeric protein required for repression, we analysed the transcriptional activity of a series of TEL-AML1 mutants on the AML1-responsive interleukin-3 (IL-3) promoter, a potentially relevant gene target. Our results demonstrate that TEL-AML1 represses basal IL-3 promoter activity in lymphoid cells, and deletion mutant analysis identified three distinct domains of TEL-AML1 that are required for repression; the HLH (pointed) motif contained in the TEL portion of TEL-AML1, and both the runt homology domain (Rhd) and the 74 amino acids downstream of the Rhd that are present in the AML1 portion of the fusion protein. Although AML1B (and a shorter AML1 isoform, AML1A) have transcriptional activating activity on the IL-3 promoter, fusion of the AML1 gene to the TEL gene generates a repressor of IL-3 expression. Consistent with this activity, freshly isolated human ALL cells that contain TEL-AML1 do not express IL-3.  (+info)

Biallelic and heterozygous point mutations in the runt domain of the AML1/PEBP2alphaB gene associated with myeloblastic leukemias. (2/859)

The AML1 gene encoding the DNA-binding alpha-subunit in the Runt domain family of heterodimeric transcription factors has been noted for its frequent involvement in chromosomal translocations associated with leukemia. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) combined with nonisotopic RNase cleavage assay (NIRCA), we found point mutations of the AML1 gene in 8 of 160 leukemia patients: silent mutations, heterozygous missense mutations, and biallelic nonsense or frameshift mutations in 2, 4, and 2 cases, respectively. The mutations were all clustered within the Runt domain. Missense mutations identified in 3 patients showed neither DNA binding nor transactivation, although being active in heterodimerization. These defective missense mutants may be relevant to the predisposition or progression of leukemia. On the other hand, the biallelic nonsense mutants encoding truncated AML1 proteins lost almost all functions examined and may play a role in leukemogenesis leading to acute myeloblastic leukemia.  (+info)

Mutual activation of Ets-1 and AML1 DNA binding by direct interaction of their autoinhibitory domains. (3/859)

The transcription factors Ets-1 and AML1 (the alphaBl subunit of PEBP2/CBF) play critical roles in hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis, and cooperate in the transactivation of the T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain enhancer. The DNA binding capacity of both factors is blocked intramolecularly but can be activated by the removal of negative regulatory domains. These include the exon VII domain for Ets-1 and the negative regulatory domain for DNA binding (NRDB) for alphaB1. Here we report that the direct interaction between the two factors leads to a reciprocal stimulation of their DNA binding activity and activation of their transactivation function. Detailed mapping revealed two independent contact points involving the exon VII and NRDB regions as well as the two DNA binding domains. Using deletion variants and dominant interfering mutants, we demonstrate that the interaction between exon VII and NRDB is necessary and sufficient for cooperative DNA binding. The exon VII and NRDB motifs are highly conserved in evolution yet deleted in natural variants, suggesting that the mechanism described is of biological relevance. The mutual activation of DNA binding of Ets and AML1 through the intermolecular interaction of autoinhibitory domains may represent a novel principle for the regulation of transcription factor function.  (+info)

A novel ubiquitin-specific protease, UBP43, cloned from leukemia fusion protein AML1-ETO-expressing mice, functions in hematopoietic cell differentiation. (4/859)

Using PCR-coupled subtractive screening-representational difference analysis, we have cloned a novel gene from AML1-ETO knockin mice. This gene is highly expressed in the yolk sac and fetal liver of the knockin mice. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicates that its cDNA contains an 1,107-bp open reading frame encoding a 368-amino-acid polypeptide. Further protein sequence and protein translation analysis shows that it belongs to a family of ubiquitin-specific proteases (UBP), and its molecular mass is 43 kDa. Therefore, we have named this gene UBP43. Like other ubiquitin proteases, the UBP43 protein has deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Protein ubiquitination has been implicated in many important cellular events. In wild-type adult mice, UBP43 is highly expressed in the thymus and in peritoneal macrophages. Among nine different murine hematopoietic cell lines analyzed, UBP43 expression is detectable only in cell lines related to the monocytic lineage. Furthermore, its expression is regulated during cytokine-induced monocytic cell differentiation. We have investigated its function in the hematopoietic myeloid cell line M1. UBP43 was introduced into M1 cells by retroviral gene transfer, and several high-expressing UBP43 clones were obtained for further study. Morphologic and cell surface marker examination of UBP43/M1 cells reveals that overexpression of UBP43 blocks cytokine-induced terminal differentiation of monocytic cells. These data suggest that UBP43 plays an important role in hematopoiesis by modulating either the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway or the ubiquitination state of another regulatory factor(s) during myeloid cell differentiation.  (+info)

Regulation of c-fos gene transcription and myeloid cell differentiation by acute myeloid leukemia 1 and acute myeloid leukemia-MTG8, a chimeric leukemogenic derivative of acute myeloid leukemia 1. (5/859)

Both acute myeloid leukemia 1 and c-Fos are regulatory factors of hematopoietic cell differentiation. We identified that the c-fos promoter contains an acute myeloid leukemia 1 binding site at nucleotide positions -6-+14. c-fos promoter activity was induced by transient overexpression of acute myeloid leukemia 1 in Jurkat T-cells, but not by that of the short form of acute myeloid leukemia 1-MTG8, a chimeric acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein. In 32Dcl3 myeloid cells, stable overexpression of acute myeloid leukemia 1-MTG8 blocked the c-fos gene transcription and cell differentiation, but that of acute myeloid leukemia did not. These data suggest that acute myeloid leukemia 1 and acute myeloid leukemia 1-MTG8 reciprocally regulate the myeloid cell differentiation, possibly by the way of regulating c-fos gene transcription.  (+info)

Solution properties of the free and DNA-bound Runt domain of AML1. (6/859)

The Runt domain is responsible for specific DNA and protein-protein interactions in a family of transcription factors which includes human AML1. Structural data on the Runt domain has not yet become available, possibly due to solubility and stability problems with expressed protein fragments. Here we describe the optimization and characterization of a 140-residue fragment, containing the Runt domain of AML1, which is suitable for structural studies. The fragment of AML1 including amino acids 46-185 [AML1 Dm(46-185)] contains a double cysteine-->serine mutation which does not affect Runt domain structure or DNA-binding affinity. Purified AML1 Dm(46-185) is soluble and optimally stable in a buffer containing 200 mm MgSO4 and 20 mm sodium phosphate at pH 6.0. Nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy indicate that the Runt domain contains beta-sheet, but little or no alpha-helical secondary structure elements. The 45 N-terminal residues of AML1 are unstructured and removal of the N-terminal enhances sequence-specific DNA binding. The NMR spectrum of AML1 Dm(46-185) displays a favorable chemical shift dispersion and resolved NOE connectivities are readily identified, suggesting that a structure determination of this Runt domain fragment is feasible. A titration of 15N-labelled AML1 Dm(46-185) with a 14-bp cognate DNA duplex results in changes in the 15N NMR heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectrum which indicate the formation of a specific complex and structural changes in the Runt domain upon DNA binding.  (+info)

Induction of apoptosis in myeloid leukaemic cells by ribozymes targeted against AML1/MTG8. (7/859)

The translocation (8;21)(q22;q22) is a karyotypic abnormality detected in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) M2 and results in the formation of the chimeric fusion gene AML1/MTG8. We previously reported that two hammerhead ribozymes against AML1/MTG8 cleave this fusion transcript and also inhibit the proliferation of myeloid leukaemia cell line Kasumi-1 which possesses t(8;21)(q22;q22). In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of inhibition of proliferation in myeloid leukaemic cells with t(8;21)(q22;q22) by ribozymes. These ribozymes specifically inhibited the growth of Kasumi-1 cells, but did not affect the leukaemic cells without t(8;21)(q22;q22). We observed the morphological changes including chromatin condensation, fragmentation and the formation of apoptotic bodies in Kasumi-1 cells incubated with ribozymes for 7 days. In addition, DNA ladder formation was also detected after incubation with ribozymes which suggested the induction of apoptosis in Kasumi-1 cells by the AML1/MTG8 ribozymes. However, the ribozymes did not induce the expression of CD11b and CD14 antigens in Kasumi-1 cells. The above data suggest that these ribozymes therefore inhibit the growth of myeloid leukaemic cells with t(8;21)(q22;q22) by the induction of apoptosis, but not differentiation. We conclude therefore that the ribozymes targeted against AML1/MTG8 may have therapeutic potential for patients with AML carrying t(8;21)(q22;q22) while, in addition, the product of the chimeric gene is responsible for the pathogenesis of myeloid leukaemia.  (+info)

Expression of AML1-d, a short human AML1 isoform, in embryonic stem cells suppresses in vivo tumor growth and differentiation. (8/859)

The human AML1 gene encodes a heterodimeric transcription factor which plays an important role in mammalian hematopoiesis. Several alternatively spliced AML1 mRNA species were identified, some of which encode short protein products that lack the transactivation domain. When transfected into cells these short isoforms dominantly suppress transactivation mediated by the full length AML1 protein. However, their biological function remains obscure. To investigate the role of these short species in cell proliferation and differentiation we generated embryonic stem (ES) cells overexpressing one of the short isoforms, AML1-d, as well as cells expressing the full length isoforms AML1-b and AML2. The in vitro growth rate and differentiation of the transfected ES cells were unchanged. However, overexpression of AML1-d significantly affected the ES cells' ability to form teratocarcinomas in vivo in syngeneic mice, while a similar overexpression of AML1-b and AML2 had no effect on tumor formation. Histological analysis revealed that the AML1-d derived tumors were poorly differentiated and contained numerous apoptotic cells. These data highlight the pleiotropic effects of AML1 gene products and demonstrate for the first time an in vivo growth regulation function for the short isoform AML1-d.  (+info)

Core binding factors (CBFs) are a group of proteins that play critical roles in the development and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, which are the cells responsible for the formation of blood and immune systems. The term "core binding factor" refers to the ability of these proteins to bind to specific DNA sequences, known as core binding sites, and regulate gene transcription.

The two main CBFs are:

1. Core Binding Factor Alpha (CBF-α): Also known as RUNX1 or AML1, this protein forms a complex with Core Binding Factor Beta (CBF-β) to regulate the expression of genes involved in hematopoiesis. Mutations in CBF-α have been associated with various types of leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.
2. Core Binding Factor Beta (CBF-β): Also known as PEBP2B, this protein partners with CBF-α to form the active transcription factor complex. CBF-β enhances the DNA binding affinity and stability of the CBF-α/CBF-β heterodimer.

In certain types of leukemia, chromosomal abnormalities can lead to the formation of fusion proteins involving CBF-α or CBF-β. These fusion proteins disrupt normal hematopoiesis and contribute to the development of cancer. Examples include the t(8;21) translocation that creates the AML1/ETO fusion protein in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the inv(16) inversion that forms the CBFB-MYH11 fusion protein in AML.

Core Binding Factor (CBF) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development and differentiation of various tissues, including hematopoietic cells. It is composed of two subunits: alpha (CBFA or AML1) and beta (CBFB or PEBP2b).

The CBFA subunit, also known as RUNX1, is a transcription factor that binds to DNA and regulates the expression of target genes involved in hematopoiesis, neurogenesis, and other developmental processes. It contains a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the runt homology domain (RHD) that recognizes specific DNA sequences.

Mutations in CBFA have been associated with various hematological disorders, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and familial platelet disorder with predisposition to AML (FDPA). These mutations can lead to altered gene expression, impaired differentiation, and increased proliferation of hematopoietic cells, contributing to the development of these diseases.

Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit, also known as CBF-A1 or RUNX1, is a protein that plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis, which is the process of blood cell development. It is a member of the core binding factor (CBF) complex, which regulates gene transcription and is essential for the differentiation and maturation of hematopoietic stem cells into mature blood cells.

The CBF complex consists of three subunits: CBF-A, CBF-B, and a histone deacetylase (HDAC). The CBF-A subunit can have several isoforms, including CBF-A1, which is encoded by the RUNX1 gene. Mutations in the RUNX1 gene have been associated with various hematological disorders, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), familial platelet disorder with propensity to develop AML, and thrombocytopenia with absent radii syndrome.

CBF-A1/RUNX1 functions as a transcription factor that binds to DNA at specific sequences called core binding factors, thereby regulating the expression of target genes involved in hematopoiesis. Proper regulation of these genes is essential for normal blood cell development and homeostasis.

Core Binding Factor-beta (CBF-β) is a subunit of the Core Binding Factor (CBF), which is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of a DNA-binding alpha subunit and a non-DNA binding beta subunit. The CBF plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell development, by regulating the expression of various genes involved in this process.

The CBF-β subunit is a 36 kDa protein that is encoded by the CBFB gene in humans. It does not bind to DNA directly but instead forms a complex with the DNA-binding alpha subunit, which is either RUNX1 (also known as AML1), RUNX2, or RUNX3. The CBF-β subunit stabilizes the interaction between the alpha subunit and DNA, enhances its DNA-binding affinity, and increases the transcriptional activity of the complex.

Mutations in the CBFB gene have been associated with several hematological disorders, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and familial platelet disorder with predisposition to AML (FPD/AML). These mutations can lead to aberrant transcriptional regulation of hematopoietic genes, resulting in the development of these disorders.

Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, also known as CBF-A2 or CEBP-α, is a protein that forms a complex with other proteins to act as a transcription factor. Transcription factors are proteins that help regulate the expression of genes by binding to specific DNA sequences and controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA.

CBF-A2 is a member of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors, which are important in regulating various biological processes such as cell growth, development, and inflammation. CBF-A2 forms a heterodimer with Core Binding Factor Beta (CBF-β) to form the active transcription factor complex known as the core binding factor (CBF).

The CBF complex binds to the CCAAT box, a specific DNA sequence found in the promoter regions of many genes. By binding to this sequence, the CBF complex can either activate or repress the transcription of target genes, depending on the context and the presence of other regulatory factors.

Mutations in the gene encoding CBF-A2 have been associated with several human diseases, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and multiple myeloma. In AML, mutations in the CBF-A2 gene can lead to the formation of abnormal CBF complexes that disrupt normal gene expression patterns and contribute to the development of leukemia.

Core Binding Factor Alpha 3 Subunit (also known as CBFA3 or AML1) is a protein that forms part of a complex responsible for the regulation of gene transcription, particularly those involved in hematopoiesis (the formation of blood cells). It is a member of the runt-domain family of transcription factors and plays a critical role in normal blood cell development.

Mutations in the CBFA3 gene have been associated with certain types of leukemia, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These mutations can lead to abnormal blood cell development and cancer.

Transcription Factor AP-2 is a specific protein involved in the process of gene transcription. It belongs to a family of transcription factors known as Activating Enhancer-Binding Proteins (AP-2). These proteins regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences called enhancers, which are located near the genes they control.

AP-2 is composed of four subunits that form a homo- or heterodimer, which then binds to the consensus sequence 5'-GCCNNNGGC-3'. This sequence is typically found in the promoter regions of target genes. Once bound, AP-2 can either activate or repress gene transcription, depending on the context and the presence of cofactors.

AP-2 plays crucial roles during embryonic development, particularly in the formation of the nervous system, limbs, and face. It is also involved in cell cycle regulation, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Dysregulation of AP-2 has been implicated in several diseases, including various types of cancer.

Smooth muscle myosin is a type of motor protein that is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, which are found in various organs such as the bladder, blood vessels, and digestive tract. Smooth muscle myosin is composed of two heavy chains and four light chains, forming a hexameric structure. The heavy chains have an N-terminal head domain that contains the ATPase activity and a C-terminal tail domain that mediates filament assembly.

The smooth muscle myosin molecule has several unique features compared to other types of myosins, such as skeletal or cardiac myosin. For example, smooth muscle myosin has a longer lever arm, which allows for greater force generation during contraction. Additionally, the regulatory mechanism of smooth muscle myosin is different from that of skeletal or cardiac myosin. In smooth muscles, the contractile activity is regulated by phosphorylation of the light chains, which is mediated by a specific kinase called myosin light chain kinase (MLCK).

Overall, the proper regulation and function of smooth muscle myosin are critical for maintaining normal physiological functions in various organs. Dysregulation or mutations in smooth muscle myosin can lead to several diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Transcription factors are proteins that play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by controlling the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA). They function by binding to specific DNA sequences, known as response elements, located in the promoter region or enhancer regions of target genes. This binding can either activate or repress the initiation of transcription, depending on the properties and interactions of the particular transcription factor. Transcription factors often act as part of a complex network of regulatory proteins that determine the precise spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development, differentiation, and homeostasis in an organism.

Human chromosome pair 16 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex structure called a chromatin.

Chromosomes come in pairs, with one chromosome inherited from each parent. Chromosome pair 16 contains two homologous chromosomes, which are similar in size, shape, and genetic content but may have slight variations due to differences in the DNA sequences inherited from each parent.

Chromosome pair 16 is one of the 22 autosomal pairs, meaning it contains non-sex chromosomes that are present in both males and females. Chromosome 16 is a medium-sized chromosome, and it contains around 2,800 genes that provide instructions for making proteins and regulating various cellular processes.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 16 can lead to genetic disorders such as chronic myeloid leukemia, some forms of mental retardation, and other developmental abnormalities.

DNA-binding proteins are a type of protein that have the ability to bind to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of organisms. These proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, repair and recombination.

The binding of DNA-binding proteins to specific DNA sequences is mediated by non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. The specificity of binding is determined by the recognition of particular nucleotide sequences or structural features of the DNA molecule.

DNA-binding proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, such as transcription factors, histones, and restriction enzymes. Transcription factors are a major class of DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and recruiting other proteins to modulate transcription. Histones are DNA-binding proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure. Restriction enzymes are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences, and are widely used in molecular biology research and biotechnology applications.

A chromosome inversion is a genetic rearrangement where a segment of a chromosome has been reversed end to end, so that its order of genes is opposite to the original. This means that the gene sequence on the segment of the chromosome has been inverted.

In an inversion, the chromosome breaks in two places, and the segment between the breaks rotates 180 degrees before reattaching. This results in a portion of the chromosome being inverted, or turned upside down, relative to the rest of the chromosome.

Chromosome inversions can be either paracentric or pericentric. Paracentric inversions involve a segment that does not include the centromere (the central constriction point of the chromosome), while pericentric inversions involve a segment that includes the centromere.

Inversions can have various effects on an individual's phenotype, depending on whether the inversion involves genes and if so, how those genes are affected by the inversion. In some cases, inversions may have no noticeable effect, while in others they may cause genetic disorders or predispose an individual to certain health conditions.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, the soft inner part of certain bones where new blood cells are made. In AML, the immature cells, called blasts, in the bone marrow fail to mature into normal blood cells. Instead, these blasts accumulate and interfere with the production of normal blood cells, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white blood cells (leukopenia).

AML is called "acute" because it can progress quickly and become severe within days or weeks without treatment. It is a type of myeloid leukemia, which means that it affects the myeloid cells in the bone marrow. Myeloid cells are a type of white blood cell that includes monocytes and granulocytes, which help fight infection and defend the body against foreign invaders.

In AML, the blasts can build up in the bone marrow and spread to other parts of the body, including the blood, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and brain. This can cause a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, and weight loss.

AML is typically treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and/or stem cell transplantation. The specific treatment plan will depend on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, and the type and stage of the leukemia.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

An oncogene protein fusion is a result of a genetic alteration in which parts of two different genes combine to create a hybrid gene that can contribute to the development of cancer. This fusion can lead to the production of an abnormal protein that promotes uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in a malignant tumor. Oncogene protein fusions are often caused by chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations, inversions, or deletions and are commonly found in various types of cancer, including leukemia and sarcoma. These genetic alterations can serve as potential targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Human chromosome pair 21 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each member of the pair is a single chromosome, and they are identical to each other. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, which contains genetic information that determines many of an individual's traits and characteristics.

Chromosome pair 21 is one of the 23 pairs of human autosomal chromosomes, meaning they are not sex chromosomes (X or Y). Chromosome pair 21 is the smallest of the human chromosomes, and it contains approximately 48 million base pairs of DNA. It contains around 200-300 genes that provide instructions for making proteins and regulating various cellular processes.

Down syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, distinct facial features, and sometimes heart defects, is caused by an extra copy of chromosome pair 21 or a part of it. This additional genetic material can lead to abnormalities in brain development and function, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of Down syndrome.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

A neoplasm is a tumor or growth that is formed by an abnormal and excessive proliferation of cells, which can be benign or malignant. Neoplasm proteins are therefore any proteins that are expressed or produced in these neoplastic cells. These proteins can play various roles in the development, progression, and maintenance of neoplasms.

Some neoplasm proteins may contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth and division seen in cancer, such as oncogenic proteins that promote cell cycle progression or inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death). Others may help the neoplastic cells evade the immune system, allowing them to proliferate undetected. Still others may be involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Neoplasm proteins can also serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response. For example, the presence or level of certain neoplasm proteins in biological samples such as blood or tissue may indicate the presence of a specific type of cancer, help predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence, or suggest whether a particular therapy will be effective.

Overall, understanding the roles and behaviors of neoplasm proteins can provide valuable insights into the biology of cancer and inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Osteoblasts are specialized bone-forming cells that are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. They play a crucial role in the process of bone formation and remodeling. Osteoblasts synthesize, secrete, and mineralize the organic matrix of bones, which is mainly composed of type I collagen.

These cells have receptors for various hormones and growth factors that regulate their activity, such as parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and transforming growth factor-beta. When osteoblasts are not actively producing bone matrix, they can become trapped within the matrix they produce, where they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells that play a role in maintaining bone structure and responding to mechanical stress.

Abnormalities in osteoblast function can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Paget's disease of bone.

Genetic enhancer elements are DNA sequences that increase the transcription of specific genes. They work by binding to regulatory proteins called transcription factors, which in turn recruit RNA polymerase II, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). This results in the activation of gene transcription and increased production of the protein encoded by that gene.

Enhancer elements can be located upstream, downstream, or even within introns of the genes they regulate, and they can act over long distances along the DNA molecule. They are an important mechanism for controlling gene expression in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner, allowing for the precise regulation of gene activity during embryonic development and throughout adult life.

It's worth noting that genetic enhancer elements are often referred to simply as "enhancers," and they are distinct from other types of regulatory DNA sequences such as promoters, silencers, and insulators.

Translocation, genetic, refers to a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a segment of a chromosome is transferred from one chromosome to another, resulting in an altered genome. This can occur between two non-homologous chromosomes (non-reciprocal translocation) or between two homologous chromosomes (reciprocal translocation). Genetic translocations can lead to various clinical consequences, depending on the genes involved and the location of the translocation. Some translocations may result in no apparent effects, while others can cause developmental abnormalities, cancer, or other genetic disorders. In some cases, translocations can also increase the risk of having offspring with genetic conditions.

Osteogenesis is the process of bone formation or development. It involves the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells that synthesize and deposit the organic matrix of bone tissue, composed mainly of type I collagen. This organic matrix later mineralizes to form the inorganic crystalline component of bone, primarily hydroxyapatite.

There are two primary types of osteogenesis: intramembranous and endochondral. Intramembranous osteogenesis occurs directly within connective tissue, where mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bone tissue without an intervening cartilage template. This process is responsible for the formation of flat bones like the skull and clavicles.

Endochondral osteogenesis, on the other hand, involves the initial development of a cartilaginous model or template, which is later replaced by bone tissue. This process forms long bones, such as those in the limbs, and occurs through several stages involving chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and calcification, followed by invasion of blood vessels and osteoblasts to replace the cartilage with bone tissue.

Abnormalities in osteogenesis can lead to various skeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysplasia (a disorder affecting skull and collarbone development).

Osteocalcin is a protein that is produced by osteoblasts, which are the cells responsible for bone formation. It is one of the most abundant non-collagenous proteins found in bones and plays a crucial role in the regulation of bone metabolism. Osteocalcin contains a high affinity for calcium ions, making it essential for the mineralization of the bone matrix.

Once synthesized, osteocalcin is secreted into the extracellular matrix, where it binds to hydroxyapatite crystals, helping to regulate their growth and contributing to the overall strength and integrity of the bones. Osteocalcin also has been found to play a role in other physiological processes outside of bone metabolism, such as modulating insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism, and male fertility.

In summary, osteocalcin is a protein produced by osteoblasts that plays a critical role in bone formation, mineralization, and turnover, and has been implicated in various other physiological processes.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Transforming Growth Factor-alpha (TGF-α) is a type of growth factor, specifically a peptide growth factor, that plays a role in cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. It belongs to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of growth factors. TGF-α binds to the EGF receptor (EGFR) on the surface of cells and activates intracellular signaling pathways that promote cellular growth and division.

TGF-α is involved in various biological processes, including embryonic development, wound healing, and tissue repair. However, abnormal regulation of TGF-α has been implicated in several diseases, such as cancer. Overexpression or hyperactivation of TGF-α can contribute to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor progression by stimulating the proliferation of cancer cells and inhibiting their differentiation and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

TGF-α is produced by various cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. It can be secreted in a membrane-bound form (pro-TGF-α) or as a soluble protein after proteolytic cleavage.

Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.

TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.

In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.

Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.

Proto-oncogene proteins are normal cellular proteins that play crucial roles in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). They are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and survival under physiological conditions.

When proto-oncogene proteins undergo mutations or aberrations in their expression levels, they can transform into oncogenic forms, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. These altered proteins are then referred to as oncogene products or oncoproteins. Oncogenic mutations can occur due to various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and aging.

Examples of proto-oncogene proteins include:

1. Ras proteins: Involved in signal transduction pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Activating mutations in Ras genes are found in various human cancers.
2. Myc proteins: Regulate gene expression related to cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and metabolism. Overexpression of Myc proteins is associated with several types of cancer.
3. EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor): A transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Mutations or overexpression of EGFR are linked to various malignancies, such as lung cancer and glioblastoma.
4. Src family kinases: Intracellular tyrosine kinases that regulate signal transduction pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Dysregulation of Src family kinases is implicated in several types of cancer.
5. Abl kinases: Cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases that regulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and stress responses. Aberrant activation of Abl kinases, as seen in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Understanding the roles of proto-oncogene proteins and their dysregulation in cancer development is essential for developing targeted cancer therapies that aim to inhibit or modulate these aberrant signaling pathways.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

Leukemia, myeloid is a type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. Myeloid leukemia affects the myeloid cells, which include red blood cells, platelets, and most types of white blood cells. In this condition, the bone marrow produces abnormal myeloid cells that do not mature properly and accumulate in the bone marrow and blood. These abnormal cells hinder the production of normal blood cells, leading to various symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, increased risk of infections, and easy bruising or bleeding.

There are several types of myeloid leukemias, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). AML progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment, while CML tends to progress more slowly. The exact causes of myeloid leukemia are not fully understood, but risk factors include exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, smoking, genetic disorders, and a history of chemotherapy or other cancer treatments.

POL1 (Polymerase 1) Transcription Initiation Complex Proteins are a set of proteins that come together to form the initiation complex for the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in eukaryotic cells. The POL1 complex includes RNA polymerase I, select transcription factors, and other regulatory proteins. This complex is responsible for the transcription of rRNA genes located within the nucleolus, a specialized region within the cell nucleus. Proper assembly and functioning of this initiation complex are crucial for the production of ribosomes, which play a critical role in protein synthesis.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various body tissues, including the liver, bile ducts, digestive system, bones, and kidneys. It plays a role in breaking down proteins and minerals, such as phosphate, in the body.

The medical definition of alkaline phosphatase refers to its function as a hydrolase enzyme that removes phosphate groups from molecules at an alkaline pH level. In clinical settings, ALP is often measured through blood tests as a biomarker for various health conditions.

Elevated levels of ALP in the blood may indicate liver or bone diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, bone fractures, or cancer. Therefore, physicians may order an alkaline phosphatase test to help diagnose and monitor these conditions. However, it is essential to interpret ALP results in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Protein CBFA2T3 (core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: CBFA2T3 core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 3". Hoogeveen AT, Rossetti S, ... Calabi F, Cilli V (Dec 1998). "CBFA2T1 (core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 3), a gene ... and a brefeldin A-sensitive association of RII-alpha protein with one of the isoforms has been demonstrated in the Golgi ...
"Entrez Gene: CBFA2T2 core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 2". Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, ... The protein encoded by this gene binds to the AML1-MTG8 complex and may be important in promoting leukemogenesis. Several ... Transcription factors, All stub articles, Human chromosome 20 gene stubs). ... 18 (2): 846-58. doi:10.1128/MCB.18.2.846. PMC 108796. PMID 9447981. Fracchiolla NS, Colombo G, Finelli P, Maiolo AT, Neri A ( ...
... also known as core-binding factor subunit alpha-1 (CBF-alpha-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUNX2 gene. RUNX2 ... The protein can bind DNA both as a monomer or, with more affinity, as a subunit of a heterodimeric complex. Transcript variants ... This protein is a member of the RUNX family of transcription factors and has a Runt DNA-binding domain. It is essential for ... Zinc finger protein 521 (ZFP521) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) are cofactors of Runx2. Binding of the ...
... or core-binding factor subunit alpha-2 (CBFA2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUNX1 gene. RUNX1 is a ... a DNA binding CBFα chain (RUNX1 or RUNX2) and a non-DNA-binding subunit called core binding factor β (CBFβ); the binding ... Wang, S, Speck, NA (January 1992). "Purification of core-binding factor, a protein that binds the conserved core site in murine ... It belongs to the Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family of genes which are also called core binding factor-α (CBFα). ...
The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position ... Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 11 also known as TAFII28, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF11 ... The conserved region contains four alpha helices and three loops arranged as in histone H3. TAF11 has been shown to interact ... In molecular biology, TAFII28 refers to the TATA box binding protein associated factor. Together with the TATA-binding protein ...
... it allosterically enhances DNA binding by the alpha subunit as the complex binds to the core site of various enhancers and ... Core-binding factor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CBFB gene. The protein encoded by this gene is ... "Entrez Gene: CBFB core-binding factor, beta subunit". The Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2012). "Comprehensive molecular ... the beta subunit of a heterodimeric core-binding transcription factor belonging to the PEBP2/CBF transcription factor family ...
Due to the higher expression, the factor will bind with a high probability to the polymerase-core-enzyme. Doing so, other ... subunits) binds a sigma factor to form a complex called the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. It was previously believed that the RNA ... Instead, it changes its binding with the core during initiation and elongation. Therefore, the sigma factor cycles between a ... Different sigma factors are utilized under different environmental conditions. These specialized sigma factors bind the ...
"Core-binding factor β and Runx transcription factors promote adaptive natural killer cell responses". Science Immunology. 2 (18 ... Binding of IL-12 to IL-12R, which is composed of two different subunits (IL12Rβ1 and IL12Rβ2), leads to the interaction of ... "Increased sensitivity to interferon-alpha in psoriatic T cells". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 125 (5): 936-44. doi ... association with regulatory factors; 3. central DNA-binding domain - binding to the enhancer region of IFN-γ activated sequence ...
Selective factor 1 is composed of the TATA-binding protein and three TAF (TATA box-binding protein-associated factor) subunits ... It contains two short alpha helices and a long central alpha helix. TAF1 (TAFII250) TAF2 (CIF150) TAF3 (TAFII140) TAF4 ( ... for example the downstream promoter element or gene-specific core promoter sequence Due to such interactions, they contribute ... The TBP-associated factors (TAF) are proteins that associate with the TATA-binding protein in transcription initiation. It is a ...
This gene encodes a germ cell-specific counterpart of the large (alpha/beta) subunit of general transcription factor TFIIA that ... pre-initiation complex on a eukaryotic core promoter involve the effects of TFIIA on the interaction between TATA-binding ... TFIIA-alpha and beta-like factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2A1L gene. The assembly and stability of the ... "Entrez Gene: ALF TFIIA-alpha/beta-like factor". Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap ...
These core binding factors, or nuclear factors (NF-Y), are composed of three subunits - NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC. Whereas in ... The first domain (A1) contains 20 amino acids that forms an alpha helix that appears significant in its interactions with NF-YB ... It is essential to the transcription that these core binding factors (also referred to as nuclear factor Y or NF-Y) are able to ... the core binding factor (CBF)-DNA complex retains a high degree of conservation within the CCAAT binding motif, as well as the ...
This complex consists of three membrane proteins- alpha, beta, and gamma. This gene encodes the beta-subunit protein. The Sec61 ... Chen Y, Le Cahérec F, Chuck SL (1998). "Calnexin and other factors that alter translocation affect the rapid binding of ... Knight BC, High S (1998). "Membrane integration of Sec61alpha: a core component of the endoplasmic reticulum translocation ... 1999). "A novel ADP-ribosylation like factor (ARL-6), interacts with the protein-conducting channel SEC61beta subunit". FEBS ...
In normoxia, HIF alpha subunits are marked for the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway through hydroxylation of proline- ... "Structural basis for binding of hypoxia-inducible factor to the oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases". Structure. 17 (7): 981-9. ... The catalytic domain consists of a double-stranded β-helix core that is stabilized by three α-helices packed along the major β- ... X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy showed that both peptides bind to the same binding site on PHD2, in a cleft on the ...
The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position ... "Structure-function analysis of the estrogen receptor alpha corepressor scaffold attachment factor-B1: identification of a ... This gene encodes a subunit of TFIID present in a subset of TFIID complexes. Translocations involving chromosome 17 and ... TATA-binding protein-associated factor 2N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF15 gene. Initiation of transcription ...
Chen Y; Le Cahérec F; Chuck SL (1998). "Calnexin and other factors that alter translocation affect the rapid binding of ... This gene encodes an alpha subunit of the heteromeric SEC61 complex, which also contains beta and gamma subunits. GRCh38: ... Knight BC; High S (1998). "Membrane integration of Sec61alpha: a core component of the endoplasmic reticulum translocation ... Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit alpha isoform 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC61A1 gene. The protein ...
One species that looked at is Drosophila, and in the subunits of the Drosophila transcription initiation factor has specific ... conserved motif found near the C-terminus in every core histone sequence in a histone octamer responsible for the binding of ... The histone fold averages about 70 amino acids and consists of three alpha helices connected by two short, unstructured loops. ... Also the histone fold was first found in TATA box-binding protein-associated factors, which is a main component in ...
... subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. A sigma (σ) factor binds to the core, ... RNA polymerase "core" from E. coli consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) ... The core enzyme has five subunits (~400 kDa): β′ The β′ subunit is the largest subunit, and is encoded by the rpoC gene. The β ... The ω subunit facilitates assembly of RNAP and stabilizes assembled RNAP. In order to bind promoters, RNAP core associates with ...
"The alpha-like RNA polymerase II core subunit 3 (RPB3) is involved in tissue-specific transcription and muscle differentiation ... cooperation with promoter-bound activator domains and binding to TFIIB". J. Mol. Biol. 261 (5): 599-606. doi:10.1006/jmbi. ... "HIV-1 Tat acts as a processivity factor in vitro in conjunction with cellular elongation factors". Genes Dev. 6 (4): 655-66. ... The product of this gene exists as a heterodimer with another polymerase subunit; together they form a core subassembly unit of ...
"The XPB subunit of repair/transcription factor TFIIH directly interacts with SUG1, a subunit of the 26S proteasome and putative ... which interacts with the seven-membered alpha ring of 20S core particle and establishes an asymmetric interface between the 19S ... It also have subunits that can bind with nucleotides (e.g., ATPs) in order to facilitate the association between 19S and 20S ... These subunits can be categorized into two classes based on the ATP dependence of subunits, ATP-dependent subunits and ATP- ...
... a 20S core and a 19S regulator. The 20S core is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 ... "The RTP site shared by the HIV-1 Tat protein and the 11S regulator subunit alpha is crucial for their effects on proteasome ... It also binds closely to the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2, which is a regulator of the degradation of p53 and retinoblastoma ... Accordingly, gene expression by degradation of transcription factors, such as p53, c-jun, c-Fos, NF-κB, c-Myc, HIF-1α, MATα2, ...
"Multidomain organization of eukaryotic guanine nucleotide exchange translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunits revealed by ... The structure can be divided into a structural C-terminal core onto which the two N-terminal helices are attached. The core ... The W2 domain has a globular fold and is exclusively composed out of alpha-helices. ... the eIF-W2 domain functions as the binding site for Mnk eIF4E kinase, an enzyme that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation ...
This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds to the basal transcription factor GTF2B as well as to several ... The protein complex that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to ... "Induced alpha helix in the VP16 activation domain upon binding to a human TAF". Science. 277 (5330): 1310-3. doi:10.1126/ ... TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa, also known as TAF9, is a protein that in ...
The smaller subunit of this Damaged DNA Binding protein complex is known as DDB2 and is able to directly bind DNA lesions ... Recent reports show that IMiDs bind to CRL4CRBN and promote the degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 transcription factors, which are ... RBX1 is a core component of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes and functions to recruit E2 ubiquitin conjugating ... CUL4A protein is 759 amino acids long and forms an extended, rigid structure primarily consisting of alpha-helices. At the N- ...
... which include two alphas, a beta, and a beta prime (α, α, β, and β'). A fifth subunit, sigma (called the σ-factor), is only ... The binding of the σ-factor to the promoter is the first step in initiation. Once the σ-factor releases from the polymerase, ... When the σ-factor detaches, it is in core polymerase form. The σ-factor recognizes promoter sequences at -35 and -10 regions ... Bacteria have a σ-factor that detects and binds to promoter sites but eukaryotes do not need a σ-factor. Instead, eukaryotes ...
November 1993). "A third recognition element in bacterial promoters: DNA binding by the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase". ... RNA polymerase holoenzymes containing other sigma factors recognize different core promoter sequences. ← upstream downstream ... In the case of a transcription factor binding site, there may be a single sequence that binds the protein most strongly under ... An inactive enhancer may be bound by an inactive transcription factor. Phosphorylation of the transcription factor may activate ...
This contains a core of two compact domains with each having five alpha helices. The first five-helix bundle is a conserved ... Viral cyclin D binds human Cdk6 and inhibits Rb by phosphorylating it, resulting in free transcription factors which result in ... A simplification in yeast is that all cyclins bind to the same Cdc subunit, the Cdc28. Cyclins in yeast are controlled by ... A role for cAMP response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 in pp60(v-src) signaling in breast ...
Ruediger R, Fields K, Walter G (1999). "Binding specificity of protein phosphatase 2A core enzyme for regulatory B subunits and ... 1990). "alpha- and beta-forms of the 65-kDa subunit of protein phosphatase 2A have a similar 39 amino acid repeating structure ... Hong Y, Sarge KD (1999). "Regulation of protein phosphatase 2A activity by heat shock transcription factor 2". J. Biol. Chem. ... It consists of a common heteromeric core enzyme, which is composed of a catalytic subunit and a constant regulatory subunit, ...
The core enzyme of RNA polymerase has five subunits (protein subunits) (~400 kDa). Because of the RNA polymerase association ... with sigma factor, the complete RNA polymerase therefore has 6 subunits: the sigma subunit-in addition to the two alpha (α), ... also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (promoter ... The RNA polymerase core associates with the sigma factor to form RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Sigma factor reduces the affinity ...
... core binding factor alpha 1 subunit MeSH D12.776.930.155.200.200 - core binding factor alpha 2 subunit MeSH D12.776.930.155. ... 200.300 - core binding factor alpha 3 subunit MeSH D12.776.930.316.750.750 - maf transcription factors, small MeSH D12.776. ... nf-e2 transcription factor, p45 subunit MeSH D12.776.930.323.500.500 - hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha MeSH D12.776.930.323. ... CCAAT-binding factor MeSH D12.776.930.127.124.500 - CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein-alpha MeSH D12.776.930.127.124.750 - CCAAT- ...
Phelan ML, Sif S, Narlikar GJ, Kingston RE (1999). "Reconstitution of a core chromatin remodeling complex from SWI/SNF subunits ... "Architectural DNA binding by a high-mobility-group/kinesin-like subunit in mammalian SWI/SNF-related complexes". Proc. Natl. ... "A physical and functional map of the human TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway". Nat. Cell Biol. 6 (2): 97-105. ... "A Human RNA Polymerase II Complex Containing Factors That Modify Chromatin Structure". Mol. Cell. Biol. 18 (9): 5355-63. doi: ...
Protein CBFA2T3 (core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded ... "Entrez Gene: CBFA2T3 core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 3". Hoogeveen AT, Rossetti S, ... Calabi F, Cilli V (Dec 1998). "CBFA2T1 (core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 3), a gene ... and a brefeldin A-sensitive association of RII-alpha protein with one of the isoforms has been demonstrated in the Golgi ...
The RUNX1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1). Learn about this ... SL3-3 enhancer factor 1 alpha B subunit. *SL3/AKV core-binding factor alpha B subunit ... Core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. A rearrangement (translocation) of genetic material involving the RUNX1 gene is ... This protein interacts with another protein called core binding factor beta or CBFβ (produced from the CBFB gene), which helps ...
Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics, Cyclin D2/genetics, Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics, Humans, ... Oncogenic transcription factors such as the leukemic fusion protein RUNX1/ETO, which drives t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML ... N2 - Oncogenic transcription factors such as the leukemic fusion protein RUNX1/ETO, which drives t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia ... AB - Oncogenic transcription factors such as the leukemic fusion protein RUNX1/ETO, which drives t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia ...
Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit 16% * ras GTPase-Activating Proteins 14% ...
core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 2. Image. No pdb structure. ... Nucleotide-binding Domain, Leucine Rich Repeat Containing Receptor Signaling Pathway. *Regulation Of Multicellular Organism ... Growth Factor Receptor Binding. *Sequence-specific DNA Binding Transcription Factor Activity. *Transcription Corepressor ...
core-binding factor, runt domain, alpha subunit 2; translocated to, 2. 20q11. CV:PGCnp. DEG:Zhao_2015. DMG:Wockner_2014. ... TNF receptor associated factor 4. 17q11-q12. CV:PGCnp. PMID:cooccur. 2886. GRB7. -. growth factor receptor bound protein 7. ... DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha. 1p36.3-p36.2. DMG:Jaffe_2016. DMG:Wockner_2014. Network. ... nuclear factor I/X (CCAAT-binding transcription factor). 19p13.3. CV:PGCnp. DMG:Wockner_2014. CompositeSet. Darnell FMRP ...
Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits. *CpG Islands. *Crosses, Genetic. *Cyclohexylamines. *Cyclophosphamide. *Cyclosporine ... Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit. * ... Receptors, Colony-Stimulating Factor. *Receptors, Retinoic Acid ...
... constitute a small family of transcription factors called core-binding factors (CBFs). Runx1 is famous for its role in HSC ... that along with its homologues Runx2 and Runx3 and their shared non-DNA binding subunit CBFbeta, ... Runx1 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, ... studies have identified a number of transcription factors and ... Animals, Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, Embryo, Mammalian, Hematopoiesis, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Hematopoietic System ...
RUNX1(AML1, CBFA2) encodes the alpha subunit of core binding factor and is a transcription factor important in normal ... 2% of essential thrombocythemia and 2% of polycythemia vera. The mutations include frameshift, missense, nonsense, and splice ...
... upregulation of osteochondrogenic genes like core-binding factor subunit alpha-1 (Cbfa-1) and osteopontin (OPN), and ... Factor de impacto. El factor de impacto mide la media del número de citaciones recibidas en un año por trabajos publicados en ... 31 Factors such as FGF-23, secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP-4), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-7), and matrix ... Changes in the efficiency of Pi transport are the primary factor responsible for the regulation of Pi homeostasis.16 PTH,17 FGF ...
... core-binding factor subunit alpha-1/Runt-related transcription factor 2, Type I collagen, ALP, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin ... In this study, we first identified es-Raptor (the core component of mTOR complex 1) and es-Rictor (the core component of mTOR ... BACKGROUND: The loss of tumor antigens and depletion of CD8 T cells caused by the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway are important factors for ... The purified inhibitor was determined to be a slow- and tight-binding inhibitor of bovine CPA (Ki = 1.1·× 10-8 mol/L) and ...
Moreover, Smad6, an inhibitor of Bmp4 signaling, binds and inhibits Runx1 activity, whereas Smad1, a positive mediator of Bmp4 ... development is regulated by several signaling pathways and a number of key transcription factors, which include Scl/Tal1, Runx1 ... Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, Embryo, Mammalian, Endothelial Cells, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Gene ... Moreover, Smad6, an inhibitor of Bmp4 signaling, binds and inhibits Runx1 activity, whereas Smad1, a positive mediator of Bmp4 ...
Animals, Cell Proliferation, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, Gene Expression, Gene ... If you click Reject all non-essential cookies only necessary cookies providing core functionality such as security, network ...
MYEF2 is bound in undifferentiated cells and is lost upon differentiation, whereas LSD1 is bound in differentiated cells. ... RUNX1 has been shown to be part of a large transcription factor complex, together with LDB1, GATA1, TAL1, and ETO2 (N. Meier et ... and microarray expression analysis were used to show that RUNX1 binds approximately 9,000 target sites in erythroid cells and ... RUNX1 is known to be an essential transcription factor for generating hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), but much less is known ...
This negative effect of Dlk1 on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activity requires the membrane-bound form of the protein ... where its expression is dependent on the hematopoietic transcription factor Runx1. We further demonstrate that Dlk1 has a ... Animals, Aorta, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Cell Membrane, Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit, Embryo, Mammalian, Gene ... This negative effect of Dlk1 on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell activity requires the membrane-bound form of the protein ...
To bind to the promoter, the core RNAP binds to the sigma (σ), forming the holoenzyme (ββ′α2ω σ) with 6 subunits. The σ factor ... consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 ... factor binds to the core, it forms the holoenzyme. The five subunits are described below:. *β′ is the largest subunit that is ... α subunit also contains elements for interaction with the regulatory factors.. *ω is the smallest of all subunits that helps ...
Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit. * Disease Management. * Genetic Association Studies. * Genetic Predisposition to Disease ...
Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is ... A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3 end of the tRNA ... This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity). Nucleocapsid ... Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral ...
Most core are conical, with only 7% tubular. The core is constituted by capsid protein hexamer subunits. The core is ... A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5-end of the viral RNA. RT uses the 3 end of the tRNA ... This capsid restriction by TRIM5 is one of the factors which restricts HIV-1 to the human species (By similarity). Nucleocapsid ... Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral ...
It forms heterodimeric complexes with CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS, and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of ... "Core Binding Factor beta Subunit" by people in this website by year, and whether "Core Binding Factor beta Subunit" was a major ... A non-DNA binding transcription factor that is a subunit of core binding factor. ... "Core Binding Factor beta Subunit" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ...
Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit. * Female. * Fetal Proteins. * Genetic Loci. * Genetic Predisposition to Disease ...
Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits 39% * Mutation 37% * Proteins 24% * RNAi Screen Identifies MTA1 as an Epigenetic Modifier of ...
Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Transcription Factors Medicine & Life Sciences 42% ... Runx factors bind DNA and co-factors to activate or repress genes crucial for bone formation, hematopoiesis, and neuronal ... Runx factors bind DNA and co-factors to activate or repress genes crucial for bone formation, hematopoiesis, and neuronal ... Runx factors bind DNA and co-factors to activate or repress genes crucial for bone formation, hematopoiesis, and neuronal ...
An important development in cancer research over the past 2 decades has been the recognition that genetic changes drive the ... The CBF complex is a heterodimer with a DNA binding alpha subunit and a non-DNA binding beta subunit, CBFβ, which ... Core binding factor AML: This subtype of AML is defined by the presence of either t(8;21)(q22;q22) or inv(16)(p13q22). Both ... Transcription factors, proteins that bind to the regulatory sequences of target genes, compose the largest class of oncogenes ...
Retinoblastoma binding factor 1 site in the core promoter region of the human RB gene is activated by hGABP/E4TF1. Sowa Y, et ... beta subunit. This protein forms a tetrameric complex with the alpha subunit, and stimulates transcription of target genes. The ... GA-binding protein subunit beta-1. Names. GA binding protein transcription factor beta subunit 1. GABP subunit beta-2. nuclear ... GABPB1 GA binding protein transcription factor subunit beta 1 [Homo sapiens] GABPB1 GA binding protein transcription factor ...
... was previously considered to be dependent on direct binding with the promoter of Indian hedgehog (Ihh)-the major regulator of ... The authors previous studies identified neural EGFL like 1 (Nell-1) as a Runx2-responsive growth factor for chondrogenic ... In Runx2 −/− chondrocytes, Nell-1 stimulated the expression and signal transduction of Runx3, another transcription factor ... The pro-chondrogenic function of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) ...
ATP binds to the amino proximal alpha-beta domain, where the Walker A (motif I) and Walker B (motif II) are found. The N- ... An ATP-dependent 3-5 DNA helicase which is a component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor, involved in nucleotide ... Eukaryotic TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPB subunit. ... Structure of Mss116p bound to ssRNA and AMP-PNP. 3i5y. Structure of Mss116p bound to ssRNA containing a single 5-BrU and AMP- ...
  • The RUNX1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Like other transcription factors, the RUNX1 protein attaches (binds) to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This protein interacts with another protein called core binding factor beta or CBFβ (produced from the CBFB gene), which helps RUNX1 bind to DNA and prevents it from being broken down. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Transcription factor RUNX1 promotes survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Oncogenic transcription factors such as the leukemic fusion protein RUNX1/ETO, which drives t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), constitute cancer-specific but highly challenging therapeutic targets. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
  • Runx1 is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, that along with its homologues Runx2 and Runx3 and their shared non-DNA binding subunit CBFbeta, constitute a small family of transcription factors called core-binding factors (CBFs). (ox.ac.uk)
  • RUNX1(AML1, CBFA2) encodes the alpha subunit of core binding factor and is a transcription factor important in normal hematopoietic development. (cornell.edu)
  • RUNX1 mutations have been reported in approximately 10% of myelodysplastic cases, 5-15% of acute myeloid leukemia, 8-37% of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, 10% of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 3% of systemic mastocytosis, 2% of essential thrombocythemia and 2% of polycythemia vera. (cornell.edu)
  • Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development is regulated by several signaling pathways and a number of key transcription factors, which include Scl/Tal1, Runx1, and members of the Smad family. (ox.ac.uk)
  • RUNX1 is known to be an essential transcription factor for generating hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), but much less is known about its role in the downstream process of hematopoietic differentiation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • RUNX1 has been shown to be part of a large transcription factor complex, together with LDB1, GATA1, TAL1, and ETO2 (N. Meier et al. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) and microarray expression analysis were used to show that RUNX1 binds approximately 9,000 target sites in erythroid cells and is primarily active in the undifferentiated state. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We show here that Dlk1 is expressed in the smooth muscle layer of the dorsal aorta and the ventral sub-aortic mesenchyme, where its expression is dependent on the hematopoietic transcription factor Runx1. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The carboxy-terminus of CoAA is essential for binding the Runt domains of Runx1 and Runx2. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Together, these proteins form one version of a complex known as core binding factor (CBF). (medlineplus.gov)
  • All of the proteins bind ATP and, consequently, all of them carry the classical Walker A (phosphate-binding loop or P-loop) and Walker B (Mg2+-binding aspartic acid) motifs. (embl.de)
  • The prototype of DEAD-box proteins is the translation initiation factor eIF4A. (embl.de)
  • While mRNA of alfa subunits (HIFs- α) are not altered by exposure to hypoxia, alfa, but not beta, proteins are stabilized by hypoxia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The TAF homology (TAFH) or Nervy homology region 1 (NHR1) domain is a domain of 95-100 amino acids present in eukaryotic proteins of the MTG/ETO family and whereof the core ~75-80 residues occur in TAF proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • DNA-binding motifs, first described in one of the HMGA PROTEINS: HMG-I(Y) PROTEIN. (lookformedical.com)
  • Characterisation of a cluster of genes encoding Theileria annulata AT hook DNA-binding proteins and evidence for localisation to the host cell nucleus. (lookformedical.com)
  • 3%). The organic phase is mainly formed by collagen type I fibers, which provide elasticity and flexibility to bone, but also non-collagenous proteins as well, such as cytokines, growth factors, and proteoglycans. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CoAA repressed Runx factor-dependent activation of reporter genes in a histone deacetylaseindependent manner. (elsevierpure.com)
  • METHODS: Using nuclear extracts from Jurkat cells and primary human CD8+ T cells, the effects of rs4648889 on allele-specific transcription factor (TF) binding were investigated by DNA pull-down assay and quantitative mass spectrometry (qMS), with validation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), Western blotting of the pulled-down eluates, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) synthesizes pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into the ribosome 's 28S, 18S, and 5.8S subunits. (sciencefacts.net)
  • The sigma (σ) factor of the RNA polymerase is encoded by nuclear genes. (sciencefacts.net)
  • An ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase which is a component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor, involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. (embl.de)
  • Cheng A, Wan D, Ghatak A, Wang C , Feng D, Fondell JD, Ebright RH , Fan H. Identification and Structural Modeling of the RNA Polymerase Omega Subunits in Chlamydiae and Other Obligate Intracellular Bacteria. (academictree.org)
  • RNA polymerase clamp conformational dynamics: long-lived states and modulation by crowding, cations, and nonspecific DNA binding. (academictree.org)
  • In eukaryotes the initiation of transcription of protein encoding genes by polymerase II (Pol II) is modulated by general and specific transcription factors. (embl.de)
  • It forms heterodimeric complexes with CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS, and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Runx factors bind DNA and co-factors to activate or repress genes crucial for bone formation, hematopoiesis, and neuronal development. (elsevierpure.com)
  • This protein forms a tetrameric complex with the alpha subunit, and stimulates transcription of target genes. (nih.gov)
  • Transcription factor that binds to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. (lu.se)
  • The dimers bind at kappa-B sites in the DNA of their target genes and the individual dimers have distinct preferences for different kappa-B sites that they can bind with distinguishable affinity and specificity. (hmdb.ca)
  • p50 binds to the kappa-B consensus sequence 5'- GGRNNYYCC-3', located in the enhancer region of genes involved in immune response and acute phase reactions. (hmdb.ca)
  • Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) is a key transcription factor (TF) that regulates a common set of genes related to the cell cycle in various cell types. (mdpi.com)
  • Genes down-regulated in comparison of dendritic cells (DC) stimulated with Pam3Csk4 (TLR1/2 agonist) at 0.5 h versus those stimulated at 8 h. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • Cleavage/polyadenylation specificity factor, A subunit, C-terminal [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Further functional effects were tested by small interfering RNA knockdown of the gene for interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), followed by reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the levels of IFNγ messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein, respectively. (ox.ac.uk)
  • evm.model.tig00001501.4","tig00001501_g9219.t1","Cyanophora paradoxa","Pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 OS=Oryza sativa subsp. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "Cz03g40300.t1","No alias","Chromochloris zofingiensis","Pre-mRNA processing factor 4 (PRP4)-like [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • protein_coding" "Cz05g30030.t1","No alias","Chromochloris zofingiensis","mRNA splicing factor Cwf21 domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the association of rs4648889 with AS reflects allele-specific binding of this enhancer-like region to certain TFs, including IRF5, IKZF3, and members of the NuRD complex. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 18874) imidazoleglycerol phosphate synthase%2C cyclase subunit CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0021 19046. (go.jp)
  • Risperidone upregulates fatty acid synthase (FASN) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) expression in hepatocyte cultures and mouse liver by targeting the hepatic SREBP-1c/FASN couple, which is also one of the mechanisms by which risperidone induces weight gain ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Pre-osteoblasts, a heterogeneous population of cells, including those transitioning from MSCs to mature osteoblasts, which express the transcription factor runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) , a key player in the osteogenesis process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They display considerable versatility in binding modes, even between members of the same class (e.g. some bind DNA, others protein), suggesting that Znf motifs are stable scaffolds that have evolved specialised functions. (embl.de)
  • Zinc-binding motifs are stable structures, and they rarely undergo conformational changes upon binding their target. (embl.de)
  • The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. (lookformedical.com)
  • Recently, we described the characterisation of a parasite gene (TashAT2), whose polypeptide product bears AT hook DNA-binding motifs and may be transported from the parasite to the host nucleus. (lookformedical.com)
  • The MutS requirements suppress with conformational enzymes binding other MLH and MutL, the later bind aromatic release family favour and catalytic cytokine to the MLH Canadians, widely eventually as RPA, EXO1, RFC, well long, and D-fructose less intrinsic lipids. (erik-mill.de)
  • This gene encodes the GA-binding protein transcription factor, beta subunit. (nih.gov)
  • α subunit also contains elements for interaction with the regulatory factors. (sciencefacts.net)
  • pRB functions as a negative regulatory transcription factor during the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition. (medscape.com)
  • This study provides evidence that a switch-protein kinase regulatory network controls availability of σ 66 , the main sigma subunit for transcription in Chlamydia . (plos.org)
  • The AML1-CBFbeta transcription factor complex is essential for the definitive hematopoiesis of all lineages and is the most frequent target of chromosomal rearrangements in human leukemia. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Molecular cloning of cDNA indicated that the AML1-MTG8-binding protein (MTGR1) is highly related to MTG8 and similar to Drosophila Nervy. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Ectopic expression of AML1-MTG8 in L-G murine myeloid progenitor cells inhibits differentiation to mature neutrophils and induces cell proliferation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • MYEF2 is bound in undifferentiated cells and is lost upon differentiation, whereas LSD1 is bound in differentiated cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Interaction with human PPIA/CYPA protects the virus from restriction by human TRIM5-alpha and from an unknown antiviral activity in human cells. (proteopedia.org)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are activated by secreted, active transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ) to migrate to bone-resorptive sites and differentiate into osteoblasts (see below). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This activation is the methyltransferases and ligases at the galactose of 2'-O-methyluridine-1369 Type with a initial resident of human base cells. (erik-mill.de)
  • These toxins bind to specific receptors of the intestinal epithelial cells and cause secretion of water and electrolytes into the intestinal lumen. (cdc.gov)
  • A tRNA(3)-Lys binds to the primer-binding site (PBS) situated at the 5'-end of the viral RNA. (proteopedia.org)
  • tRNA synthetase class II core domain (G, Seryl-tRNA synthetase N-terminal domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • In this study, we identified CoAA as a Runx2 binding protein. (elsevierpure.com)
  • ARID DNA-binding domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • ATPase, AAA-type, core [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Probable molybdopterin binding domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Molydopterin dinucleotide binding domain, Molybdopterin oxidoreductase Fe4S4 domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • 4Fe-4S binding domain, 4Fe-4S dicluster domain [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • DMSO reductase anchor subunit (DmsC) [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Nitrate reductase delta subunit [Interproscan]. (ntu.edu.sg)
  • Eukaryotic DNA repair helicase RAD3/ERCC-2, an ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase involved in nucleotide excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. (embl.de)
  • Eukaryotic TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPB subunit. (embl.de)
  • The core enzyme (ββ′α 2 ω) consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Core Binding Factor beta Subunit" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Core Binding Factor beta Subunit" by people in this website by year, and whether "Core Binding Factor beta Subunit" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Core Binding Factor beta Subunit" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the nuclear respiratory factor-2 beta subunit-encoding the GABPB1 gene within the occupational environment. (nih.gov)
  • The structural homology with the RecA recombination protein covers the five contiguous parallel beta strands and the tandem alpha helices. (embl.de)
  • ATP binds to the amino proximal alpha-beta domain, where the Walker A (motif I) and Walker B (motif II) are found. (embl.de)
  • The carboxy-terminal alpha-beta domain is structurally very similar to the proximal one even though it is bereft of an ATP-binding site, suggesting that it may have originally arisen through gene duplication of the first one. (embl.de)
  • These transcription factors are composed of an alpha subunit (HIF-1α, HIF-2α and HIF-3α), and a beta subunit (HIF-1β) [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genetic studies have identified a number of transcription factors and signaling molecules that act at the onset of hematopoiesis, and have begun to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of HSCs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Characterization of DNA binding, transcriptional activation, and regulated nuclear association of recombinant human NFATp. (colorado.edu)
  • Antígeno nuclear que juega un papel en la síntesis y reparación del ADN, y en la progresión del ciclo celular. (bvsalud.org)
  • Accordingly, Syntaxin-1 and Synaptobrevin-2 each contribute one and SNAP25 contributes two alpha-helices to the ternary SNARE complex. (nature.com)
  • Capsid protein p24 forms the conical core that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex in the virion. (proteopedia.org)
  • The transcription initiation TFIID complex is composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs). (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The SNARE complex assembles from vesicular Synaptobrevin-2 as well as Syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 both anchored to the presynaptic membrane. (nature.com)
  • To achieve this, the neuronal SNARE (i.e., soluble N -ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex brings the vesicle and presynaptic membranes in close proximity, thereby, mediating the fusion of the two membranes resulting in exocytosis of neurotransmitters. (nature.com)
  • Based on the presence of glutamine or arginine residues in the zero layer, the SNAREs are classified as Qa- (Syntaxin-1), Qb- and Qc- (SNAP25) or R-SNAREs (Synaptobrevin-2) resulting in the formation of the ternary QabcR (3Q:1R) SNARE complex 8 . (nature.com)
  • ER stress restores homeostasis through three main mechanisms, including protein kinase-R-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1É (IRE1É ) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). (bvsalud.org)
  • ω is the smallest of all subunits that helps assemble and provide stability to the core enzyme. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Cdk5 and Abl enzyme substrate 2 [So. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • These data indicate that CoAA is an inhibitor of Runx factors and can negate Runx factor regulation of gene expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The primary data for 1-step growth, 2-step growth and gene expression summarized in Figs 4 and 5 are available in the S1 Dataset in the supplementary information. (plos.org)
  • How Reliable Are Gene Expression-Based and Immunohistochemical Biomarkers Assessed on a Core-Needle Biopsy? (lu.se)
  • Nucleic-acid-binding motif in transcriptional elongation factor TFIIS and RNA polymerases. (embl.de)
  • To date, most identified mutations leading to severe FXIII deficiency and a bleeding disorder involve subunit A, with very few mutations reported involving subunit B. The gene for subunit A is located on chromosome 6 bands p24-25. (medscape.com)
  • 2) and endoplasmic proteolysis of cleavage H4( H4K20Me1)( Loenarz et al. (erik-mill.de)
  • When the sigma (σ) factor binds to the core, it forms the holoenzyme. (sciencefacts.net)
  • To bind to the promoter, the core RNAP binds to the sigma (σ), forming the holoenzyme (ββ′α2ω σ) with 6 subunits. (sciencefacts.net)
  • A model is proposed where the relative levels of active antagonist (RsbV1) and switch-protein anti-sigma factor (RsbW) control the availability of σ 66 and subsequently act as a molecular 'throttle' for Chlamydia growth and development. (plos.org)
  • This entry represents a zinc finger motif found in transcription factor IIs (TFIIS). (embl.de)
  • Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. (lookformedical.com)
  • 39504) translation initiation factor 2%2C alpha subunit CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0045 complement(39546. (go.jp)
  • 54053) translation initiation factor eIF-1A CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0064 complement(54088. (go.jp)
  • 47904) TATA-box binding family protein CP001857 CDS Arcpr_0059 47991. (go.jp)
  • The general transcription factors operate through common promoters elements (such as the TATA box). (embl.de)
  • The σ factor reduces the core enzyme's affinity for binding to non-specific DNA sequences while binding to the promoter. (sciencefacts.net)
  • Transcription initiation at a consensus bacterial promoter proceeds via a 'bind-unwind-load-and-lock' mechanism. (academictree.org)
  • Intersecting analysis, molecular docking, and pathway validation analysis showed that risperidone influences the adipocytokine signaling pathway by targeting MAPK14 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 14), MAPK8 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8), and RXRA (retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha), thereby inhibiting long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation by decreasing STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) expression and phosphorylation. (frontiersin.org)
  • NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor which is present in almost all cell types and is involved in many biological processed such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. (hmdb.ca)
  • 1hxw is a 2 chain structure with sequence from 9hiv1 . (proteopedia.org)
  • 3cyx is a 2 chain structure with sequence from Human immunodeficiency virus 1 . (proteopedia.org)
  • Their binding properties depend on the amino acid sequence of the finger domains and of the linker between fingers, as well as on the higher-order structures and the number of fingers. (embl.de)
  • The consensus core of HRE sequence is 5′-RCGTG-3′ (where R is A or G). (biomedcentral.com)