Contraceptives oral hormonal. Medical search

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.

Contraceptive devices used by females.

Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.

Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.

The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.

Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.

Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.

Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).

Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.

A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.

Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

Contraceptive devices used by males.

Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.

Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

Sexual activities of humans.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

A medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream.

17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.

The sexual union of a male and a female, a term used for human only.

Individuals requesting induced abortions.

Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.

An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent EJACULATION of SEMEN into the VAGINA.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Absence of menstruation.

The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.

Human males as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).

An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.

Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.

A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, to guide and determine present and future decisions on population control by limiting the number of children or controlling fertility, notably through family planning and contraception within the nuclear family.

Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.

Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

A class of natural contraceptive methods in which SEXUAL ABSTINENCE is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation, during the fertile phase. Methods for determining the fertile period or OVULATION DETECTION are based on various physiological indicators, such as circulating hormones, changes in cervical mucus (CERVIX MUCUS), and the basal body temperature.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (From Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America, Foreword 1990; Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Notice to Contributors, Jan 1979)

The unmarried man or woman.

Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.

Painful menstruation.

The physical condition of human reproductive systems.

Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

The first MENSTRUAL CYCLE marked by the initiation of MENSTRUATION.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.

A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.

Personal care items used during MENSTRUATION.

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.

Individual members of Central American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. Mexican Indians are not included.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).

Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.

Human females as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.

A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.

Human behavior or decision related to REPRODUCTION.

Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

Methods of contraception in which physical, chemical, or biological means are used to prevent the SPERM from reaching the fertilizable OVUM.

A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Size and composition of the family.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.

An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Red blood cell precursors, corresponding to ERYTHROBLASTS, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY or VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

Health services for college and university students usually provided by the educational institution.

Refraining from SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Interference with the FREEDOM or PERSONAL AUTONOMY of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf.

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.

The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.

The lengths of intervals between births to women in the population.

A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

Illegal termination of pregnancy.

A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Various forms of chemically induced liver injury and their detection by diagnostic procedures. (1/387)

A large number of chemical agents, administered for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, can produce various types of hepatic injury by several mechanisms. Some agents are intrinsically hepatotoxic, and others produce hepatic injury only in the rare, uniquely susceptible individual. Idiosyncrasy of the host is the mechanism for most types of drug-induced hepatic injury. It may reflect allergy to the drug or a metabolic aberation of the host permitting the accumulation of hepatotoxic metabolites. The syndromes of hepatic disease produced by drugs have been classified hepatocellular, hepatocanalicular, mixed and canalicular. Measurement of serum enzyme activities has provided a powerful tool for studies of hepatotoxicity. Their measurement requires awareness of relative specificity, knowledge of the mechanisms involved, and knowledge of the relationship between known hepatotoxic states and elevated enzyme activities. (+info)

Oral contraceptive use and risk of gestational trophoblastic tumors. (2/387)

BACKGROUND: Gestational trophoblastic disease refers to a spectrum of rare benign and malignant gynecologic disorders whose pathogenesis is not well understood. Recent studies from China and the United States have raised the hypothesis that long-term use of oral contraceptives before conception may increase the risk of gestational trophoblastic tumors. A multicenter case-control study of gestational trophoblastic tumors was undertaken to test this hypothesis. METHODS: Telephone interviews were conducted with 235 case patients, including 50 with gestational choriocarcinoma, and 413 control subjects matched on recentness of pregnancy, age at pregnancy, and area of residence. Relative risks (odds ratios) were computed by conditional logistic regression. Reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS: The relative risk estimate for ever having used oral contraceptives before the index pregnancy was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.0), and the risk increased with duration of use (P for trend = .05). The estimate was highest for women who used oral contraceptives during the cycle in which they became pregnant (relative risk = 4.0; 95% CI=1.6-10), but there was no consistent pattern according to the time interval since last use. Separate analyses of choriocarcinoma and persistent mole yielded similar results, i.e., the relative risk estimates for oral contraceptive use were 2.2 (95% CI=0.8-6.4) and 1.8 (95% CI=1.0-3.0), respectively. Control for the number of sexual partners, which was independently associated with risk (P for trend = .05), did not materially change the results. CONCLUSIONS: This study, the largest to date, indicates that long duration of oral contraceptive use before conception increases the risk of gestational trophoblastic tumors. These findings may provide clues to the pathogenesis of this rare disease. Changes in use of oral contraceptives are not warranted, however, because the incidence attributable to oral contraceptive use is very low. (+info)

Reproductive factors of ovarian and endometrial cancer risk in a high fertility population in Mexico. (3/387)

A case-control study was carried out in Mexico City during 1995-1997 among women with epithelial ovarian cancer (84 cases) and endometrial cancer (85 cases). The control group consisted of 668 healthy women, matched according to age categories. In a multivariate analysis, the reproductive risk factors for ovarian and endometrial cancer are similar. The risk of ovarian cancer was inversely related to the number of full-term pregnancies; the odds ratio (OR) was 0.17 and the 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.05-0.54 when comparing nulliparous women versus those with more than seven pregnancies. For endometrial cancer, a similar association was observed (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.04-0.34). The use of oral contraceptive hormones was inversely associated with both ovarian (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.15-0.83) and endometrial cancer risk (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.90). In women with a history of more than 8.7 years without ovulation, the risk of ovarian cancer decreased four times (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.50), and that of endometrial cancer decreased more than five times (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.08-0.35). These two neoplasms are clearly typified as hormone dependent, and it is possible to establish that "ovulation" and "exfoliative" mechanisms jointly determine the level of risk for both ovarian and endometrial cancer. (+info)

Jugular vein thrombosis: a rare presentation of atypical chronic myeloproliferative disorder in a young woman. (4/387)

Venous thromboembolism is common in subjects with chronic myeloproliferative disorders and is a recognized presenting feature of occult myeloproliferation. We report the case of a young woman who presented with acute thrombosis in the right jugular vein and pulmonary embolism. Splenomegaly and myeloid proliferation with bone marrow fibrosis, in the absence of the criteria for typical myeloproliferative disorders, allowed a diagnosis of an atypical form of chronic myeloproliferative disorder. This form carries a high risk of thrombosis and venous thromboembolism can be the presenting feature, though the course is often indolent. Acute thrombosis in the right jugular vein has not been so far described in these subjects. The outcome of young people with myelofibrosis is unpredictable, but a normal level of hemoglobin and the absence of blast cells and constitutional symptoms at presentation identifies subjects with a low probability of rapid disease progression. (+info)

Effects of oral contraceptives on body fluid regulation. (5/387)

To test the hypothesis that estrogen reduces the operating point for osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP), thirst, and body water balance, we studied nine women (25 +/- 1 yr) during 150 min of dehydrating exercise followed by 180 min of ad libitum rehydration. Subjects were tested six different times, during the early-follicular (twice) and midluteal (twice) menstrual phases and after 4 wk of combined [estradiol-norethindrone (progestin), OC E + P] and 4 wk of norethindrone (progestin only, OC P) oral contraceptive administration, in a randomized crossover design. Basal plasma osmolality (P(osm)) was lower in the luteal phase (281 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O, combined means, P < 0.05), OC E + P (281 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O, P < 0.05), and OC P (282 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O, P < 0. 05) than in the follicular phase (286 +/- 1 mosmol/kgH(2)O, combined means). High plasma estradiol concentration lowered the P(osm) threshold for AVP release during the luteal phase and during OC E + P [x-intercepts, 282 +/- 2, 278 +/- 2, 276 +/- 2, and 280 +/- 2 mosmol/kgH(2)O, for follicular, luteal (combined means), OC E + P, and OC P, respectively; P < 0.05, luteal phase and OC E + P vs. follicular phase] during exercise dehydration, and 17beta-estradiol administration lowered the P(osm) threshold for thirst stimulation [x-intercepts, 280 +/- 2, 279 +/- 2, 276 +/- 2, and 280 +/- 2 mosmol/kgH(2)O for follicular, luteal, OC E + P, and OC P, respectively; P < 0.05, OC E + P vs. follicular phase], without affecting body fluid balance. When plasma 17beta-estradiol concentration was high, P(osm) was low throughout rest, exercise, and rehydration, but plasma arginine vasopressin concentration, thirst, and body fluid retention were unchanged, indicating a lowering of the osmotic operating point for body fluid regulation. (+info)

Tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer and endometrial cancer risk. (6/387)

BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen is effective in treating breast cancer, reduces breast cancer incidence among high-risk women, and is associated with increased endometrial cancer risk. This study was designed to examine the possible modifying effects of endometrial cancer risk factors on the tamoxifen-endometrial cancer association. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of endometrial cancer (324 case patients and 671 individually matched control subjects) nested within a population-based cohort of patients with breast cancer diagnosed from 1978 through 1992 within four regions of the United States. We obtained information on breast cancer treatment and endometrial cancer risk factors through interviews and reviews of medical records. All P values reported are two-sided. RESULTS: Endometrial cancer risk was associated with tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1. 07-2.17). Risk increased with duration of tamoxifen use (P for trend =.0002). Women with more than 5 years of exposure to tamoxifen had 4. 06-fold greater odds of developing endometrial cancer than nonusers (95% CI = 1.74-9.47). Prior use of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) increased risk associated with tamoxifen use (P for homogeneity of trends <.0001). Risk associated with tamoxifen use was stronger among heavier women than among thinner women, although trends did not differ statistically (P =.10). Tamoxifen dose-response effects were more pronounced among women with both previous ERT exposure and higher body mass index than among women in other risk groups. CONCLUSIONS: ERT use and obesity, both established endometrial cancer risk factors and markers of estrogen exposure, substantially modify the association between tamoxifen use and endometrial cancer risk among patients with breast cancer. Women with positive ERT histories and those who are obese, when prescribed tamoxifen, may warrant closer surveillance for endometrial cancer than women without such histories. (+info)

Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions determine risk of thrombosis in families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. (7/387)

To analyze inherited antithrombin deficiency as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism in various conditions with regard to the presence or absence of additional genetic or acquired risk factors, we compared 48 antithrombin-deficient individuals with 44 nondeficient individuals of 14 selected families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. The incidence of venous thromboembolism for antithrombin deficient individuals was 20 times higher than among nondeficient individuals (1.1% v 0.05% per year). At the age of 50 years, greater than 50% of antithrombin-deficient individuals had experienced thrombosis compared with 5% of nondeficient individuals. Additional genetic risk factors, Factor V Leiden and PT20210A, were found in more than half of these selected families. The effect of exposure to 2 genetic defects was a 5-fold increased incidence (4.6% per year; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9% to 11.1%). Acquired risk factors were often present, determining the onset of thrombosis. The incidence among those with exposure to antithrombin deficiency and an acquired risk factor was increased 20-fold (20.3% per year; 95% CI, 12.0% to 34.3%). In conclusion, in these thrombophilia families, the genetic and environmental factors interact to bring about venous thrombosis. Inherited antithrombin deficiency proves to be a prominent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. The increased risks among those with exposure to acquired risk factors should be considered and adequate prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in high-risk situations seems indicated in selected families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. (+info)

Exogenous estrogen exposures and changes in diabetic retinopathy. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. (8/387)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the use of exogenous estrogen is associated with changes in the severity of diabetic retinopathy and the incidence of macular edema. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study design involved observation of two well-defined cohorts of women with diabetes. One group was diagnosed with diabetes at < 30 years of age and used insulin (younger-onset group), and the other group was diagnosed at > or = 30 years of age with no criteria regarding therapy (older-onset group). Subjects received standard examinations, medical interviews, and retinal photography in 1980-1982. Specific questions about exogenous hormone exposure were added to the study questionnaire at the first follow-up examination 4 years after the baseline examination. Change in the severity of retinopathy 6 and 10 years after the 4-year follow-up examination were examined regarding the use of oral contraceptives at the first follow-up examination in the younger-onset group and at 6 years after the first follow-up examination regarding hormone replacement therapy in the older-onset group. RESULTS: Changes in the severity of retinopathy and incidence of macular edema were unrelated to either type of estrogen exposure in univariable and multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS: These data are compatible with the hypothesis that the medications used by our population do not affect the severity of diabetic retinopathy or macular edema. (+info)

Use of oral contraceptive can impair muscle gains in young women. The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives are significant ... Extended or continuous cycle combined oral contraceptive pills are a packaging of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) ... hormonal intrauterine devices-IUDs) may also be used to suppress menses. Any brand of combined oral contraceptive pills can be ... Other combined hormonal contraceptives (those containing both an estrogen and a progestin) may also be used in an extended or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive

Oral hormonal contraceptives have an 8% failure rate. The popularity of oral hormonal contraceptives among women changes over ... Hormonal methods Implant Injection Combined oral contraceptives Progestin-only pill Patch Hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring ... Women under the age of thirty more commonly use hormonal oral contraception as their preferred method. Hormonal contraceptives ... combined oral contraceptives, progestin only pill, patch, and hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring. Barrier methods include a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women's_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States

"An effective hormonal male contraceptive using testosterone undecanoate with oral or injectable norethisterone preparations". ... It was the second progestin, after noretynodrel in 1960, to be used in an oral contraceptive. In 1964, additional contraceptive ... these and all other combined oral contraceptives are mixtures of 1 to 2% EE or mestranol and an oral progestin. It has been ... This is the progestogen component of the first oral contraceptive to be offered for sale (i.e., Enovid). Treatment of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone

In comparison, oral contraceptives can contain 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel. The hormonal IUD releases the levonorgestrel ... The hormonal IUD is a long-acting reversible contraceptive, and is considered one of the most effective forms of birth control ... The U.S. CDC does not recommend any hormonal method as a first choice of contraceptive for nursing mothers, although progestin- ... "Hormonal Contraceptives, Progestogens Only". International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1999. Archived from the original on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_intrauterine_device

Patients with adenomas should avoid oral contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapy.[citation needed] Pregnancy could cause ... The role of oral contraceptive use". JAMA. 242 (7): 644-8. doi:10.1001/jama.242.7.644. PMID 221698. "Hepatocellular Adenoma: ... The majority of hepatic adenomas arise in women aged 20-40, most of whom use oral contraceptives. Other medications which also ... classically in women taking estrogen-containing oral contraceptive medication. About 25-50% of hepatic adenomas cause pain in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma

Oral contraception can assist with management of various medical conditions, such as menorrhagia. However, oral contraceptives ... Birth control can be hormonal or physical in nature. ... "Association of Use of Oral Contraceptives With Depressive ... "Oral contraceptive pills for heavy menstrual bleeding". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD000154. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000154 ... Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system

Hormonal contraception is commonly used; common forms include the combined oral contraceptive pill and the contraceptive patch ... and adverse effects produced by oral contraceptive pills. The National Institute of Mental Health research definition compares ... "Hormonal Causes of Premenstrual Tension".[citation needed] The specific term premenstrual syndrome appears to date from an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome

These agents are generally used if oral contraceptives and NSAIDs are ineffective. GnRH can be combined with estrogen and ... Typically, this is achieved initially using hormonal contraception. This can also be accomplished with progestational agents (i ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrioma

Hormonal contraceptives that contain only progestogen, like the oral contraceptive Micronor, and especially higher-dose ... Although oral contraceptives can cause menses to return, oral contraceptives should not be the initial treatment as they can ... Oral contraceptive pills are also often prescribed to patients with secondary amenorrhea due to PCOS in order to regularize the ... Willacy H. "Combined Oral Contraceptive (Follow-up and Common Problems)". Santen FJ, Sofsky J, Bilic N, Lippert R (June 1975 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenorrhea

An oral contraceptive is in use for the control of Canada geese. A slow-release hormonal contraceptive implant for female ... Similar forms of injectable contraceptive are being studied for use in elk and gray squirrels. Oral contraceptives may also be ... "Oral Contraceptives Could Work For Dogs, Cats, Pigs, Maybe Even Deer And Coyotes". ScienceDaily. 25 February 2008. Retrieved 14 ... Another project is five-year development and trial of several oral contraceptives for gray squirrels in the UK. The project has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_contraceptive

... a hormonal oral contraceptive that did in fact stop women from becoming pregnant. Despite half of the trial participants ... The drug was approved as a female oral contraceptive, the first in the U.S., in May 1960. G.D. Searle and company profited ... It was not approved as an oral contraceptive, although it was developed as such. The research team decided that Puerto Rico ... Fully one-third of the wage gains women have made since the 1960s are the result of access to oral contraceptives." ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_trials_in_Puerto_Rico

"Nomegestrol acetate/estradiol hormonal oral contraceptive and breast cancer risk". Anti-Cancer Drugs. 25 (7): 745-750. doi: ... Oral NOMAC was under development for the treatment of breast cancer and for use as a progestogen-only pill for birth control ... A continuous oral formulation of estradiol and NOMAC was under development for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and the ... NOMAC is well-absorbed, with an oral bioavailability of 63%. It is 97.5 to 98% protein-bound, to albumin, and does not bind to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate

Słopień R, Milewska E, Rynio P, Męczekalski B (March 2018). "Use of oral contraceptives for management of acne vulgaris and ... hormonal agents, and oral retinoids. Recommended therapies for first-line use in acne vulgaris treatment include topical ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne

"Combined Hormonal Contraceptive Methods". In Hatcher; Robert A. (eds.). Contraceptive Technology (18th rev. ed.). New York: ... Combined oral contraceptive pills also come in varying types, including varying doses of estrogen, and whether the dose of ... Mestranol/noretynodrel (Enovid)-the first oral contraceptive List of progestogens available in the United States List of ... ISBN 0-7817-6488-2. "US Patent:Oral contraceptive:Patent 6451778 Issued on September 17, 2002 Estimated Expiration Date: July 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_pill_formulations

... in combination with gestagens or oral contraceptives with less side-effects when used in combination with oral contraceptives ... A 2021 meta-analysis found that GnRH analogues and combined hormonal contraceptives were the best treatment for reducing ... Limited evidence indicates that the use of combined oral contraceptives is associated with a reduced risk of endometriosis, as ... Vercellini P, Eskenazi B, Consonni D, Somigliana E, Parazzini F, Abbiati A, Fedele L (1 March 2011). "Oral contraceptives and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis

The most common negative side-effect of hormonal IUDs is irregular menstrual bleeding or spotting. Oral contraceptives reduce ... Oral contraceptives may even lead to short-term regression of adenomyosis. Progesterone or Progestins: Progesterone counteracts ... The use of hormonal IUDs in patients with adenomyosis have been proven to reduce menstrual bleeding, improve anemia and iron ... Hormonal factors such as local hyperestrogenism and elevated levels of s-prolactin as well as autoimmune factors have also been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomyosis

Hormonal methods of preventing pregnancy (such as oral contraceptives [i.e. 'The pill'], depoprogesterone, hormonal IUDs, the ... When anal-oral contact occurs, protection is required since this is a risky sexual behavior in which illnesses as hepatitis A ... A dental dam (originally used in dentistry) is a sheet of latex used for protection when engaging in oral sex. It is typically ... Medical gloves made out of latex, vinyl, nitrile, or polyurethane may be used as a makeshift dental dam during oral sex, or can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_sex

Oral Contraceptive Pills: Combinations, Dosages and the Rationale behind 50 Years or Oral Hormonal Contraceptive Development. ... Hamada H, Nagao H, Toyoda H, Hayashi H, Akihiro L, & Kotaki S (1970). [Clinical observation on oral contraceptive effect by R- ... It has also been studied in combination with estrogens, such as moxestrol, as an oral contraceptive and treatment for ... Iizuka R, Hayashi M, Kamouchi Y, Yamanaka K (1971). "Evaluation of a low-dose progestagen as a contraceptive". Nihon Funin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demegestone

... or by sustained use of oral contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy by inhibiting the secretion of the ... Hormonal contraception that contains estrogen, such as combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs), stop the development of the ... Hormonal contraception is available in a variety of forms such as pills, patches, skin implants and hormonal intrauterine ... Polis CB, Hussain R, Berry A (June 2018). "There might be blood: a scoping review on women's responses to contraceptive-induced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle

Archer JS, Archer DF (June 2002). "Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: a myth debunked". Journal of the ... It was once believed that tetracycline antibiotics impair the effectiveness of many types of hormonal contraception. Recent ... DeRossi SS, Hersh EV (October 2002). "Antibiotics and oral contraceptives". Dental Clinics of North America. 46 (4): 653-64. ... For example, it was used to check uptake of oral rabies vaccine baits by raccoons in the USA. However, this is an invasive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics

Hormonal therapy with oral contraceptives that contain drospirenone have demonstrated efficiency in reducing PMDD symptoms as ... Oral contraceptives have been effective in reducing PMS symptoms, but only certain formulations have proven to be modestly ... Lopez, Laureen M.; Kaptein, Ad A.; Helmerhorst, Frans M. (2009-04-15). Lopez, Laureen M (ed.). "Oral contraceptives containing ... Another FDA approved treatment for PMDD is the oral contraceptive with ethinylestradiol and drospirenone (a novel progestin) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder

Used in the treatment of gynecological disorders and in hormonal replacement therapy and oral contraceptives (with estradiol as ... Used in combination with estrogen in hormonal replacement therapy and oral contraceptives (with ethinylestradiol as Yasmin, ... Used as an oral contraceptive (with estradiol valerate as Natazia and Qlaira and with ethinylestradiol as Valette) and in the ... Widely used in oral contraceptives as well (with ethinylestradiol under the brand names Diane and Diane-35). Not available in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidal_antiandrogen

... was used as an oral, once-a-month, or postcoital hormonal contraceptive. Quingestanol acetate is a ... 73-. ISBN 978-0-300-16791-7. Population Reports: Oral contraceptives. Department of Medical and Public Affairs, George ... "Further experience with quingestanol acetate as a postcoital oral contraceptive". Contraception. 9 (3): 221-5. doi:10.1016/0010 ... It has weak androgenic and estrogenic activity and no other important hormonal activity. The medication is a prodrug of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate

FNH is associated with women of childbearing years and has been associated with women taking hormonal oral contraceptives. This ... their size does not change when taking or not taking oral contraceptives containing estrogen or anabolic steroids), which is ... They are most common in women using contraceptives or hormone replacement therapies containing estrogen, women who are pregnant ... when estrogen-containing contraceptives, steroids are stopped, or post-partum). Women of childbearing age with hepatic adenomas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_tumor

They are taking any hormonal contraception that contain ethinylestradiol (often found in combined oral contraceptives or ... "Safety Information - Viekira Pak (ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir tablets; dasabuvir tablets), Copackaged for Oral Use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasabuvir

Progestin is present in the combined oral contraceptive pill and the hormonal intrauterine device (IUD). Combined oral ... Hormonal therapy is only beneficial in certain types of endometrial cancer. It was once thought to be beneficial in most cases ... In 2010 hormonal therapy is of unclear effect in those with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. There is insufficient ... This risk reduction continues for at least fifteen years after contraceptive use has been stopped. Obese women may need higher ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_cancer

Besides oral contraceptives, other forms of combined hormonal contraception include contraceptive patches, contraceptive ... high doses of ethinylestradiol are no longer used in combined oral contraceptives, and all modern combined oral contraceptives ... Ethinylestradiol is generally used in oral contraceptives instead of estradiol because it has superior oral pharmacokinetics ( ... Only a few clinical studies have compared oral conjugated estrogens and oral estradiol. Oral conjugated estrogens have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)

Estrogen-based oral contraceptives are used to treat both LOCAH- and PCOS-associated hyperandrogenism. These hormonal ... Burkman RT (January 1995). "The role of oral contraceptives in the treatment of hyperandrogenic disorders". The American ... This hormonal imbalance can lead to chronic anovulation, in which the ovaries fail to release mature eggs. These cases of ... As a hormonal symptom of PCOS, menopause, and other endocrine conditions, it is primarily treated as a symptom of these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperandrogenism

Oral Contraceptive Pills: Combinations, Dosages and the Rationale behind 50 Years or Oral Hormonal Contraceptive Development. ... SGA is used as a hormonal contraceptive and in the treatment of endometriosis. Side effects of SGA are similar to those of ... The oral bioavailability of SGA has been reported to be only 10%. However, it has also been reported that the medication is ... It has been reported that the biological half-life of SGA with oral administration is only 1 to 2 hours. In contrast to all of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segesterone_acetate

The first oral contraceptive introduced in Europe was Schering's Anovlar on June 1, 1961, in West Germany. The lower hormonal ... Oral contraceptives should not be used as an initial treatment for female athlete triad. While combined oral contraceptives are ... to test and monitor oral contraceptives which began animal testing of oral contraceptives and in 1960 and 1961 began three ... "Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) study: oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

The Midrash of Genesis speaks of the origins of oral contraceptives: "In the early time of creation, in the time of Lemech, a ... Generally, the introduction of hormonal contraception in the 1960s did not cause the stir within Jewish circles that it caused ... An innovative use of the combined oral contraceptive pill in Judaism is employed by some young brides. The laws of family ... Contraceptive measures that lead to male sterility, are not ever permitted for their interfering with a man's obligation, only ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_contraception

... and contraceptive patches), or throwing away (or simply lying about the consumption of) oral contraceptive pills. Other methods ... exaggerating the risks of hormonal contraceptives, not informing a partner after ceasing the use of female-controlled ... contraceptive implants, or contraceptive injections), and assessing their patient's safety prior to notifying partners about ... Birth control Contraceptive security Domestic violence and pregnancy Forced marriage Forced pregnancy Forced abortion Paternity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_coercion

... is available in the form of 5 mg oral tablets. It is typically used at a dosage of 5 to 40 mg/day. In Japan, a 25 ... Allylestrenol has no androgenic or other off-target hormonal side effects. Allylestrenol is a progestogen, or an agonist of the ... The effective ovulation-inhibiting or contraceptive dosage of allylestrenol in women has been studied, albeit limitedly. At 20 ... Following oral administration, peak levels of allylestrenol occur after 2 to 4 hours. The medication shows considerable plasma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylestrenol

887-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Wassef SA, Sami G, Hamid EA (1970). "Effect of switching with oral contraceptives". Egypt Popul ... Hormonal contraception, Ketones, Progestogens, Vinyl compounds). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgesterone

The risk of depression is tripled for teenage girls who use non-oral forms of hormonal contraception. Lucia O'Sullivan and her ... Godeau E, Nic Gabhainn S, Vignes C, Ross J, Boyce W, Todd J (January 2008). "Contraceptive use by 15-year-old students at their ... Additionally more young men reported having oral-penis contact over oral-vulva contact with a different gender. Young men also ... "Oral sex and condom use among young people in the United Kingdom". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 7. 2010. doi:10.1111/jsm. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality

... including oral contraception. It legalized the free prescription of the contraceptive pill. In 1973, the Movement for the ... The price depends on the type of IUD: for the copper IUD, it is around €30 and for the hormonal IUD, it costs €125,15. Both are ... The contraceptive implant is a small stick put in place under the skin. The implant contains the same hormones as contraceptive ... "The first contraceptive implant in France". 2001. "The contraceptive patch" (in French). "Male condom" (in French). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_in_France

Task Force on Oral Contraceptives; Koetsawang, Suporn; Mandlekar, A.V.; Krishna, Usha R.; Purandare, V.N.; Deshpande, C.K.; ... one's anatomic sex A wish to have surgery and hormonal treatment to make one's body as congruent as possible with one's ... double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives containing the same progestogen, but different estrogens". Contraception ... Treatment options include oral, parenteral, subcutaneous implant, and transdermal (patches, gels). Dosing is patient-specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy

Pastor Z, Holla K, Chmel R (February 2013). "The influence of combined oral contraceptives on female sexual desire: a ... Burrows LJ, Basha M, Goldstein AT (September 2012). "The effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality: a review". J ... The hormonal influences of sexual motivation are much more clearly understood for nonprimate females. Suppression of estrogen ... Cummings J. A.; Becker J. B. (2012). "Quantitative assessment of female sexual motivation in the rat: Hormonal control of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation

In women, symptoms may worsen just before and during menstrual periods, after taking oral contraceptives, and around menopause ... hormonal issues related to menstrual cycles, liver damage, or liver and kidney failure. As a symptom rather than a disease, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminuria

There's still controversy whether benign breast conditions improve or worsen with the use of oral contraceptives or hormone ... Chronic hormonal fluctuations eventually produce small cysts and/or areas of dense or fibrotic tissue over the years. By the ... This condition is an accumulative process, partly caused by the normal hormonal variation during a woman's monthly cycle. The ... Symptoms may worsen during certain parts of the menstrual cycle due to hormonal stimulation. These are normal breast changes, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrocystic_breast_changes

This is usually evident after physical examination as yellow pigment deposits on the skin, in the oral mucosa, or conjunctiva. ... The etiology of ICP is multifactorial and likely involves hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors. Several observations ... 17 Bland cholestasis is almost always caused by anabolic steroids or estrogen contraceptive use, while many drugs may cause ... Frezza M, Surrenti C, Manzillo G, Fiaccadori F, Bortolini M, Di Padova C (July 1990). "Oral S-adenosylmethionine in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis

... diacetate is used in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or mestranol in combined oral contraceptives for ... It has weak androgenic and estrogenic activity and no other important hormonal activity. The medication is a prodrug of ... Upon oral administration and during first-pass metabolism in the liver, etynodiol diacetate is rapidly converted by esterases ... Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate

... it has been suggested that the use of oral contraceptives in women is behind the disparity between the sexes. A 1995 report ... especially polycythemia vera and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Use of estrogen-containing forms of hormonal contraception ... especially in combination with oral contraceptive use Sickle cell anemia Dehydration, primarily in infants and children ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis

HEGEMANN O (May 1959). "[Oral hormonal treatment with methylestrene-olone & methylestradiol as early pregnancy tests]". ... Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. ... Methylestradiol is marketed in combination with normethandrone in the form of oral tablets containing 0.3 mg methylestradiol ... "Reappraisal of the health risks associated with the use of high doses of oral and injectable androgenic steroids". NIDA Res. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylestradiol

... which has been studied for use in hormone replacement therapy for ovariectomized women and as a hormonal contraceptive in ... "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives 3. Inhibition of ovulation". Expert Review of Clinical ... It has greater oral bioavailability than does micronized estradiol due to absorption via the lymphatic system and hence partial ... Dahlgren E, Crona N, Janson PO, Samsioe G (1985). "Oral replacement with estradiol-cyclooctyl acetate: a new estradiol analogue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_cyclooctyl_acetate

Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer (1 January 1991). Oral Contraceptives and Breast ... Leung VW, Levine M, Soon JA (February 2010). "Mechanisms of action of hormonal emergency contraceptives". Pharmacotherapy. 30 ( ... However, the long term side effects common with oral contraceptives such as arterial disease are lower with levonorgestrel than ... Brat T (1974). "Clinical trial with a new low oestrogen combined oral contraceptive". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel

If spotting continues beyond the first 3-4 cycles of oral contraceptive use, a woman should have her prescription adjusted to a ... The term breakthrough bleeding or breakthrough spotting is usually used for women using hormonal contraceptives, such as IUDs ... It may also occur with other hormonal contraceptives. Sometimes, breakthrough bleeding is classified as abnormal and thereby as ... of combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) users during the initial 3 to 4 months of use, it then usually resolves on its own. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermenstrual_bleeding

Women starting an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive may need to increase the dosage of lamotrigine to maintain its level ... which can be of particular concern for women on estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives. Ethinylestradiol, an ingredient of ... Estimate of the mean apparent volume of distribution of lamotrigine following oral administration ranges from 0.9 to 1.3 L/kg. ... Lamotrigine is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. Its absolute bioavailability is 98% and its plasma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

... such as oral contraceptive pills or male condoms. (See also: Comparison of birth control methods) Many forms of female- ... For patients who wish to avoid hormonal medications because of personal medical contraindications such as breast cancer, ... "Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide" (PDF). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations. ... "Contraceptive Use in the United States". Guttmacher Institute. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2019. Wikimedia Commons has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal_ligation

"Oral contraceptives and liver cancer. Results of the Multicentre International Liver Tumor Study (MILTS)". Contraception. 56 (5 ... Cea-Soriano L, Blenk T, Wallander MA, Rodríguez LA (April 2012). "Hormonal therapies and meningioma: is there a link?". Cancer ... 8.2% for 3 mg/day oral diethylstilbestrol (n = 114) (EORTC Trial 30761); and 4.5% for 300 mg/day oral CPA (n = 130) vs. 0% for ... "Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate

It is also used as a contraceptive for population control of Canada geese and feral pigeons. It is also a wide-spectrum anti- ... Following oral administration, nicarbazin rapidly dissociates in vivo into its two components HDP and DNC, which are absorbed ... probably due to an inadequate hormonal arrangement. Injection of LHRF in nicarbazin-treated animals results in an immediate and ... Following oral administration, nicarbazin rapidly dissociates in vivo into its two HDP and DNC components, which follow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicarbazin

... has been studied as a potential hormonal contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women. Reddymasu SC, Soykan I, ... The oral tablets are available in the strength of 10 mg. Domperidone has been studied for use by intramuscular injection and an ... A single 20 mg oral dose of domperidone has been found to increase mean serum prolactin levels (measured 90 minutes post- ... There is a 2- to 3-fold accumulation in levels of domperidone with frequent repeated oral administration of domperidone (four ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

Sexual reproduction and different contraceptive methods are taught in grades 8 and 10 (age 14 and 16) compulsorily. In 2000, a ... They provide knowledge about masturbation, oral and anal sex as well as heterosexual, genital intercourse. In Switzerland, the ... the use of birth control such as condoms and hormonal contraception; and the impact of such use on pregnancy outside marriage, ... HB 1567/ SB 1076 - Introduced in 2009 by Villarreal, this bill would have required instruction on contraceptive use to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_education

Using hormonal combined contraceptive pills also helps in reducing the chances of PID by thickening the cervical mucosal plug ... For women with PID of mild to moderate severity, parenteral and oral therapies appear to be effective. It does not matter to ... Clinical experience guides decisions regarding transition from parenteral to oral therapy, which usually can be initiated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease

Wiegratz, I; Lee, J.H; Kutschera, E; Winkler, U.H; Kuhl, H (August 2004). "Effect of four oral contraceptives on hemostatic ... Kuhl, H. (1999). "Hormonal Contraception". In Oettel, M.; Schillinger, E. (eds.). Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology ... Wiegratz, I.; Jung-Hoffmann, C.; Kuhl, H. (June 1995). "Effect of two oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol and ... December 1990), "Pharmacokinetics of Oral Contraceptive Steroids and Drug Interaction: Salzburg, Austria, September 14-16, 1989 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kuhl

The oral bioavailability of progesterone is very low. Studies using IA have generally measured the bioavailability of oral ... They are used as forms of long-lasting hormonal birth control. A one-year progesterone intrauterine device (IUD) for hormonal ... The IUD was never widely used due to a relatively high contraceptive failure rate of 2.9% and the requirement of annual ... In addition, oral progesterone today is always micronized and suspended in oil. This improves the bioavailability of oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacokinetics_of_progesterone

In 1988, Enovid, along with other oral contraceptives containing high doses of estrogen, was discontinued. Noretynodrel was ... The medication has weak estrogenic activity, no or only very weak androgenic activity, and no other important hormonal activity ... was introduced in the United States as the first oral contraceptive, and the combination of norethisterone and mestranol ... About 1% of an oral dose of noretynodrel is detected in breast milk. The pharmacokinetics of noretynodrel have been reviewed. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noretynodrel

Goebelsmann U (1986). "Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids in Humans". In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive ... l und 2). Horský, Jan; Presl, Jiří (1981). "Hormonal Treatment of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle". In J. Horsky; J. Presl ( ... Int J Oral Surg. 7 (5): 463-70. doi:10.1016/S0300-9785(78)80038-6. PMID 102602. Ward HW (June 1972). "Progestogen therapy for ... Gestonorone caproate was studied by Schering for use as a progestogen-only injectable contraceptive across a dose range of 2.5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate

Oral contraceptives containing only progestin can increase the occurrence of follicular cysts. The use of levonorgestrel- ... Theca Lutein cysts usually spontaneously resolve on their own after the source of hormonal stimulation is removed such as the ... for theca lutein cysts is very conservative due to their benign nature and ability to disappear after the removal of hormonal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theca_lutein_cyst

Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolic disease : current topics / David C. G. Skegg ... Issues to consider in the production of hormonal contraceptives / Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health ... Hormonal steroids in contraception : report of a WHO Scientific Group [‎meeting held in Geneva from 23-27 October 1967]‎ ... Progestogen-only contraceptive use during lactation and its effects on the neonate: Geneva, Switzerland, 22 October 2008 ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Contraceptives%2C+Oral%2C+Hormonal&type=mesh

Monophasic pills Monophasic oral contraceptive pills contain a constant amount of estrogen and progestin in each active pill. ... Oral Contraceptive Pill (Birth Control Pill) Hormonal Activity * Sections Oral Contraceptive Pill (Birth Control Pill) Hormonal ... Oral Contraceptive Pill (Birth Control Pill) Hormonal Activity) and Oral Contraceptive Pill (Birth Control Pill) Hormonal ... Hormonal Activity of Oral Contraceptive Pills. Monophasic pills. Monophasic oral contraceptive pills contain a constant amount ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/2172310-189941/what-are-monophasic-oral-contraceptives

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172310-overview

Included studies reported on incident HIV infection among women using hormonal contraception (injectables, oral contraceptives ... Recommendations for other hormonal contraceptive methods (including combined hormonal methods, implants, and progestin-only ... Update to CDCs U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016: Revised Recommendations for the Use of Hormonal ... BOX. Categories for classifying hormonal contraceptives. 1 = A condition for which there is no restriction for the use of the ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6637a6.htm

Results of search for su:{Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal.} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently ... Safety requirements for contraceptive steroids : proceedings of a Symposium on Improving Safety Requirements for Contraceptive ... Hormonal steroids in contraception : report of a WHO Scientific Group [meeting held in Geneva from 23-27 October 1967] by WHO ... Hormonal contraception : pills, injections & implants / Joseph W. Goldzieher. by Goldzieher, Joseph William , Essential Medical ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BContraceptives%2C%20Oral%2C%20Hormonal.%7D

Oral contraceptives. VI. Hormonal and antihormonal effects of santonin. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1961 Oct ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/106964

Hormonal methods. Oral contraceptives ("the pill"). Pills that a woman takes every day. They may contain only progestin or both ... Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), which are hormonal pills which the woman takes as soon as possible after unprotected ... Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). Intrauterine device (IUD). A small, T-shaped device that a provider inserts into ... How To Use A Dental Dam As A Barrier For Oral Sex (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also in Spanish ...

https://medlineplus.gov/birthcontrol.html

Contraceptives, Oral [‎28]‎. Contraceptives, Oral, Combined [‎19]‎. Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal [‎38]‎. Contraceptives, ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/browse?rpp=20&offset=1269&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=N&order=ASC

Hormonal contraceptives (oral, parenteral or transdermal) for at least 3 months prior to study drug administration. ... Double-barrier method (contraceptive sponge, diaphragm or cervical cap with spermicidal jellies or cream AND a condom); ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02471391

It is projected to grow at a compound annual rate (CAGR of 6.17%) over the forecast period.The Global Hormonal Contraceptive ... Global hormonal contraceptive market was valued at USD 15.8 Billion in 2021. ... These are the main product types covered in the Hormonal Contraceptive market report:. Oral Contraceptive Pills. Injectable ... 4. How is Hormonal Contraceptive technology preference changing consumer behavior?. 5. Which Hormonal Contraceptive messages ...

https://www.pharmiweb.com/press-release/2022-11-22/hormonal-contraceptive-market-upcoming-trends-and-business-opportunities-2022-2030

... ...

https://ca-pharmacytech.therapeuticresearch.com/en/Content/Segments/PRL/2013/Mar/Topic-1-RAAS-in-HF-Topic-2-Oral-vs-vaginal-hormonal-contraceptives-390375

Women at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus are eligible to use all hormonal contraceptive methods and intrauterine ... Women at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus are eligible to use all hormonal contraceptive methods and intrauterine ... Abbreviations: C = continuation; CHC = combined hormonal contraceptive; COC = combined oral contraceptive; Cu = copper; DMPA = ... Abbreviations: ARV = antiretroviral; C = continuation; CHC = combined hormonal contraceptive; COC = combined oral contraceptive ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6914a3.htm?s_cid=mm6914a3_w%5C

... extra effort should be made to include long-term users of oral contraceptive … ... Long-term use of oral contraceptives could be a cofactor that increases risk of cervical carcinoma by up to four-fold in women ... Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric ... Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / adverse effects* * DNA, Viral / analysis * Female * Humans * Logistic Models ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11943255/

Stephen Sudler answered: Breakthrough bleed: Missing oral contraceptive pills can result in breakthrough bleeding, which is n ... Hormonal Oral Contraceptives contain hormones that regulate your menstrual cycle. Typically, when a woman misses 1-2 pills, ... Missing oral contraceptive pills can result in breakthrough bleeding, which is not harmful. Since this has occurred, a back-up ...

https://www.healthtap.com/sexual-health/questions/284706-i-have-been-taking-birth-control-for-a-while-and-started-a-new-pack-on-sunday-had-sex-on-sunday-and/

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal. Contraceptives, Oral. Contraceptive Agents, Female. Contraceptive Agents. Reproductive Control ... Contraceptive Agents, Hormonal. Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic. Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal. Antineoplastic Agents. ... Drug: Megestrol acetate oral suspension 625 mg/5 mL Megestrol acetate oral suspension 625 mg/5 mL. Single dose (5 mL) ... Drug: Megestrol acetate oral suspension 625 mg/5 mL Megestrol acetate oral suspension 625 mg/5 mL. Single dose (5 mL) ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00638079

This review summarizes the latest information on hormonal therapies including: combined oral contraceptives; anti‐androgens, ... combined oral contraceptives; anti‐androgens, such as cyproterone acetate, spironolactone and flutamide; low‐dose ... Hormonal treatment is indicated in cases of papulopustular, nodular and conglobate acne in females with identified ... This review summarizes the latest information on hormonal therapies including: ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Is-hormonal-treatment-still-an-option-in-acne-today-Bettoli-Zauli/2e367e6c7ce8a8cbab48f7d517daa91b9e97ba3d

Common types of hormonal birth control include: "The Pill" (oral contraceptives), injection (Depo-Provera, Lunelle), the patch ... Hormonal Methods of Birth Control. There are several different hormonal methods of birth control. The hormones can be estrogen ... What is the best form of birth control? Take this quiz to find out about hormonal, surgical, barrier, and natural methods! ... Spermicide is a type of contraceptive product that is inserted into the vagina before genital contact or sexual intercourse. It ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/can_spermicide_get_you_pregnant/article.htm

Breast cancer and combined oral contraceptives: Results from the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer ... Breast cancer and combined oral contraceptives: Results from the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer ...

https://www.richarddollconsortium.org/publications/36605

... of hormonal contraceptives containing an estrogen or progestogen. If an oral contraceptive is taken on the same day of ... of hormonal contraceptives containing an estrogen or progestogen. If an oral contraceptive is taken on the same day of ... Switching to intrauterine from an oral, transdermal, or vaginal hormonal contraceptive. *Insert intrauterine device at any time ... Switching to intrauterine from an oral, transdermal, or vaginal hormonal contraceptive. *Insert intrauterine device at any time ...

https://reference.medscape.com/drug/mirena-skyla-levonorgestrel-intrauterine-342780

"Oral contraceptives and lipids and lipoproteins: Part I--Variations in mean levels by oral contraceptive type." Contraception ... "Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results." Contraception 54 (suppl (1996): s1-106 ... "Oral contraceptives and cervical cancer - further findings from the oxford family planning association contraceptive study." Br ... The use of oral contraceptives is contraindicated in patients with liver tumors. An increased risk of benign hepatic adenomas ...

https://www.drugs.com/disease-interactions/estradiol,oestrogel-pump-pack.html

There are various hormonal IUD options that are effective…. Over-the-Counter Access to Oral Contraceptives Written by H. Reeve ... Contraceptive Pearl: Hormonal Birth Control & Weight Gain Do hormonal contraceptives cause weight gain? One survey of American ... Hormonal IUDs Written by Samantha Glass Hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been in use for over thirty years. ... Contraceptive Pearl: Contraceptive Counseling for People Living with HIV Written by Samantha Hyacinth with support from The ...

https://www.reproductiveaccess.org/resources/contraceptive-pearls/?emci=9c922567-c00e-ed11-b47a-281878b83d8a&emdi=ea000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001&ceid=

Tables & Protocols Oral Contraceptive Pill (Birth Control Pill) Hormonal Activity * 2002258507-overview ... In fact, studies have clarified that failure rates with fertility awareness methods are higher than with oral contraceptives, ... contraceptive strategy will encourage women and couples to believe that this method may be as effective as oral contraceptives ... I have likened contraceptive options to a cafeteria, meaning that more choices is a good thing. However, some are concerned ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/901552

... effect of exogenous hormonal therapy including oral contraceptives; and (3) effect of the drug or biologic on the ... pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives.. Informed Consent Issues. A critical responsibility of the investigator and the IRB ... It is important that investigators have access to gynecologic consultants who can provide information about contraceptives and ...

https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/evaluation-gender-differences-clinical-investigations

Combined hormonal contraceptives include the: *Oral contraceptive pill. *Contraceptive patch. *Contraceptive ring ... Why stop now? Extended and continuous regiments of combined hormonal contraceptive methods. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015; ... And this goes for both combined hormonal contraceptives-those that deliver both estrogen and progesterone-and progesterone-only ...

https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-long-does-a-period-last-how-many-days-each-month-2721931

7.2 Hormonal Contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptives, including oral, injectable, transdermal, and implantable forms, may not ... Hormonal contraceptives, including oral, injectable, transdermal, and implantable contraceptives should not be used as the sole ... Based on these findings, hormonal contraceptives (including oral, injectable, transdermal, and implantable contraceptives) may ... An interaction study demonstrated that coadministration of bosentan and a combination oral hormonal contraceptive produced ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=c006d8ef-8cb7-4fb3-88eb-b2debc302a20&type=display

oral hormonal contraceptives; and. *HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. Name of substance must be listed in National Health ( ... Prior to COVID-19, PBS Continued Dispensing was limited to oral contraceptives and statins. PBS Expanded Continued Dispensing ... the prescriber must give the pharmacist a written prescription that confirms the oral prescription within 7 days (Schedule 4 ...

https://www.psa.org.au/coronavirus/regulatory-changes/

Hormonal Contraceptives. Oral contraceptives have been associated with a small increased risk of breast cancer in current users ... Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: further results. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. ... used hormonal contraceptives had a higher risk of breast cancer than did women who had never used hormonal contraceptives. ... Marchbanks PA, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, et al.: Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 346 (26): 2025- ...

https://www.cancer.gov/types/breast/hp/breast-prevention-pdq

However, extended-cycle combined hormonal contraceptives may alleviate symptoms. Drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives ... 1.1 Impact of hormonal contraceptives on the risk of venous thromboembolism * 1.2 Impact of hormonal contraceptives on the risk ... 2.3 Impact of hormonal contraceptives on the treatment of ovarian cysts * 2.4 Effect of taking hormonal contraceptives when ... 3.2 Impact of hormonal contraceptives on body weight * 3.3 Impact of hormonal contraceptives on the risk of developing ...

https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/a-1259-1609?issue=10.1055/s-012-54067&articleLanguage=en

hormonal changes in females, such as menopause, taking oral contraceptives, or pregnancy ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/eye-mask-for-dry-eyes

Lesnewski R, Prine L. Initiating hormonal contraception. (medscape.com)
CDC recently evaluated the evidence and the updated WHO guidance on the risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition among women using hormonal contraception. (cdc.gov)
The industry is experiencing rapid growth due to increasing awareness in emerging countries about hormonal contraception methods and growing investments by major players in the R&D of new contraceptive devices. (pharmiweb.com)
CDC updated recommendations in the "U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use" to state that progestin-only injectable contraception (including depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) and intrauterine devices (including levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-bearing) are safe for use without restriction among women at high risk for HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
Hormonal Contraception. (thieme-connect.de)
The aim of this guideline is to provide an evidence- and consensus-based overview of the diagnostic approach and the management of hormonal contraception based on a systematic evaluation of the relevant literature. (thieme-connect.de)
The over‐the‐counter availability of emergency contraception for women aged 17 and older 11 has reenergized the call to make regular oral contraceptives available without a prescription. (guttmacher.org)
Progestin‐only oral contraceptives, which contain the same class of hormone found in emergency contraception, are thought to be a better prospect for a shift to over‐the‐counter status than combined pills, because they have fewer contraindications. (guttmacher.org)
Some methods of hormonal contraception use the two hormones oestrogen and progesterone, or just progesterone alone, similar to those produced by women, to control menstruation. (epilepsy.ie)
Hormonal vs. Non-Hormonal Contraception: What's the Difference? (healthywomen.org)
Should long-term hormonal contraception be reconsidered? (ox.ac.uk)
Understanding the factors associated with the use of hormonal and intrauterine contraception among HIV-infected men and women may lead to interventions that can help reduce high unintended pregnancy rates. (hindawi.com)
1 But like any medication, hormonal contraception can have side effects-including weight gain. (health.com)
IARC Monographs, volume 72: hormonal contraception and post-menopausal hormonal therapy - summary of data reported and evaluation. (bvsalud.org)
Nearly five years ago, the nation's leading group of obstetricians and gynecologists issued a policy statement saying the time had come for oral contraception to be available without a prescription. (wuwf.org)
In fact, she says, some of the potential negative side effects of oral contraception are less likely in younger people. (wuwf.org)
The review also found no evidence that increased access to birth control would lead teenagers to have more sex or engage in riskier sex, a concern voiced by some critics of oral contraception access. (wuwf.org)
So what would happen if oral contraception no longer required a prescription? (wuwf.org)
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has issued multiple statements in the past year stressing that, while the group still supports making oral contraception available without a prescription to teens as well as adults, such a change is not enough on its own for making birth control available to everyone who needs it. (wuwf.org)
Over-the-counter contraception is not an acceptable substitute for the ACA contraceptive coverage mandate," the group wrote in a statement issued in February . (wuwf.org)
In 2002, the most frequent contraceptive method among women aged 15--44 years was oral contraception. (cdc.gov)
Hormonal contraception which one is right the scores can then be divided into physiologic, affective, sensory-discriminative, and cognitive components (71). (awnry.com)

Monophasic oral contraceptive pills contain a constant amount of estrogen and progestin in each active pill. (medscape.com)
Biphasic oral contraceptive pills deliver the same amount of estrogen each day while progestin dose is increased halfway through cycle. (medscape.com)
Triphasic oral contraceptive pills have 3 different doses of progestin and estrogen that change approximately every 7 days. (medscape.com)
Four-phasic oral contraceptive pills provide 4 different doses of progestin/estrogen during a 28-day cycle. (medscape.com)
Ninety-one-day oral contraceptive pills provide a constant dose of estrogen and progestin for 84 days. (medscape.com)
Progesterone-only oral contraceptive pills provide a constant dose of progestin. (medscape.com)
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), which are hormonal pills which the woman takes as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse. (medlineplus.gov)
Accordingly, some women will find the 1-year duration of this contraceptive to be an important advantage over existing methods, including pills, the patch, and the NuvaRing. (medscape.com)
Written by H. Reeve Bright Requiring a prescription for oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) creates access barriers for patients. (reproductiveaccess.org)
Missing oral contraceptive pills can result in breakthrough bleeding , which is not harmful. (healthtap.com)
Design: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, oral contraceptive pills and weight loss in PCOS. (elsevier.com)
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) (eg, Plan B One-Step OTC, an enteric-coated levonorgestrel ECP that dissolves and is absorbed in the intestine), ovulation inhibition effective until the LH surge. (medscape.com)
Around 16% of American women use oral contraceptive pills that should be taken around the same time every day. (medium.com)
They found that women who took birth control pills were at three times the risk of blood clots than those who did not use any type of hormonal birth control, but those who used other types of non-oral hormonal contraceptives were at higher risk. (go.com)
The mothers took hormonal birth control pills. (foodrenegade.com)
If you don't have access to dedicated EC, oral contraceptives can be used as replacement EC, but remember the following: 1) Only some contraceptives work as EC 2) Different contraceptives require different dosages and time schedules to work as EC 3) For combined pills, you must only use the first 21 pills in 28-day packs and 4) They may be less effective than dedicated EC. (gynopedia.org)
In Djibouti, emergency contraceptive pills (morning after pills) are available over-the-counter at pharmacies. (gynopedia.org)
You can find emergency contraceptive pills (morning after pills) at pharmacies, and they are sold over-the-counter. (gynopedia.org)
[5] Note that ellaOne is currently the most effective form of emergency contraceptive pills available, but they also tend to be more expensive. (gynopedia.org)
Oral contraceptive pills and other hormonal treatments are also used to relieve cramping and lessen the blood flow. (periodprohelp.com)
An example of a conventional dermatology approach to treating acne is a prescription of antibiotics and/or oral contraceptive pills. (cocokind.com)

Levonorgestrel-IUDs prevent pregnancy primarily by inducing a sterile inflammatory response in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and ova, with additional hormonal effects on the endometrium and cervical mucus. (reproductiveaccess.org)
Learn how pregnancy, menopause, and some contraceptives might play a role in hormone-related bad breath - and how you can deal with it. (colgate.com)
If you take a form of hormonal birth control, you're elevating the levels of certain hormones - estrogen and progestin - in your body to prevent pregnancy. (colgate.com)
A woman is therefore most vulnerable during times of hormonal change, such as the onset of menstruation (in the teen years), pregnancy, postpartum, and perimenopause. (healthyplace.com)
Women who are sensitive to hormonal shifts are therefore more likely to experience PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome), PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder , a more severe form of PMS), Pregnancy or Postpartum Depression , and mood symptoms in the Perimenopausal period. (healthyplace.com)
2 Unintended pregnancy rates are also driven by women who forgo contraceptives entirely. (guttmacher.org)
3 Frequent contraceptive discontinuation contributes to the high rates of unintended pregnancy and abortion in the United States. (guttmacher.org)
Among women, younger age, not wanting a pregnancy in 2 years, being with their partner for more than 4 years, and being able to make family planning decisions by themselves were associated with hormonal and intrauterine contraceptive use. (hindawi.com)
Thus when discussing contraceptive options with women who might consider switching, the option of an IUD offers not only a method that is as effective as sterilization at preventing unintended pregnancy, and which lasts five or 10 years, but that also has a lower risk of venous thrombosis,' said Hillard. (go.com)
Hormonal birth control, like the pill, offers women a safe, effective way to prevent pregnancy. (health.com)
The bacteria found in large numbers in these oral conditions have been linked to serious health problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. (hugginsappliedhealing.com)
Teen pregnancy rates are way down in the U.S., and teenagers are using contraceptives more often. (wuwf.org)
The term "contraceptives" refers to pharmacological agents that prevent pregnancy. (unmcrh.org)
Women are at a higher risk of developing dry eye syndrome due to hormonal changes, pregnancy, taking oral contraceptives, and menopause. (lmcoptometry.ca)
However, youve probably also noticed that these symptoms are similar to those of PMS.Paying attention to your exact fertility hormone concentrations using the Mira Plus tracker can help you pinpoint hormonal changes with greater accuracy to differentiate early pregnancy symptoms from PMS. (periodprohelp.com)
Changes in levels of sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) in women during puberty, pregnancy, menstrual cycle, menopause and oral contraceptives use, in addition to acting in other organs, also act in the oral cavity, particularly in the periodontal tissues, as modifying factor of various types of pre-existing pathologies. (bvsalud.org)
According to studies, there are five situations in women's lives during which hormone fluctuations make them more susceptible to oral health problems: puberty, their menstrual cycles, pregnancy, menopause, and birth control pill usage. (gladdenfarmsfamilydentistry.net)
First things first - contraceptives prevent pregnancy, but don't necessarily protect against disease. (ubyssey.ca)

There are two types: hormonal IUDs and copper IUDs. (medlineplus.gov)
In fact, studies have clarified that failure rates with fertility awareness methods are higher than with oral contraceptives, and much higher than with long-acting methods like IUDs and implants. (medscape.com)
Written by Samantha Glass Hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs) have been in use for over thirty years. (reproductiveaccess.org)
For the first 4-6 weeks postpartum, non-hormonal methods are the first choice, followed by IUDs and progestogen implants. (e-lactancia.org)
Birth control implants and intrauterine devices (IUDs) are long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs). (health.com)

The Natural Cycles app helps women track their body temperature and menstrual cycle, and advises when they should avoid sexual intercourse (or use other contraceptives such as condoms) on the most fertile days. (medscape.com)
s study included condoms as a contraceptive in their analyses. (hindawi.com)
As condoms require very consistent use to be effective, they are considered to be only "moderately effective" or Tier 3 in their contraceptive effectiveness, as compared to oral contraceptives (OC) and the depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injection, which are "effective" or Tier 2, and the subdermal implant and the copper intrauterine device (IUD), which are "very effective" or Tier 1 [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
Some contraceptives, like condoms, do both. (ubyssey.ca)
You can use condoms for protection during penetrative or even oral sex, although many people are skipping them . (buzzfeednews.com)
If you don't want to use something hormonal or get a copper IUD , White said, spermicides are a nonhormonal, over-the-counter product that you simply add to condoms to make them more effective. (buzzfeednews.com)

Interventions: Continuous oral contraceptive pill (OCP) or intensive lifestyle modification (Lifestyle) or the combination (Combined) for 16 weeks. (elsevier.com)
It would mark the beginning of more than a decade of enduring the side effects of the pill, along with other types of hormonal birth control. (healthline.com)
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, effects of an oral contraceptive pill (norethindrone/ethinyl estradiol [EE]) were investigated in 100 patients with endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea for four cycles. (uspharmacist.com)
Weight gain can be a side effect of hormonal birth control, like the pill. (health.com)
NOTE: If switching from combined oral contraceptive (OC), initiate norethindrone the day after the last active combined OC pill. (pdr.net)
That includes the pill, implanted hormonal birth control and intrauterine devices. (wuwf.org)
It's a daily oral pill that can prevent HIV infection before exposure. (gynopedia.org)
That's 7,000 people interested in learning about HSDD and Addyi, the only FDA-Approved non-hormonal little pink pill! (addyihcp.com)

91-day combination oral contraceptives - Reduce the number of menstrual cycles per year. (medscape.com)
The combined hormonal contraceptives, even those that the authors found to have an increased risk of venous thrombosis compared to other specific combination oral contraceptives, are associated with a higher risk than an individual would experience if she were pregnant,' said Hillard. (go.com)

this guidance states that the advantages of progestin-only injectable contraceptive use (including depot medroxyprogesterone acetate [DMPA]) by women at high risk for HIV infection outweigh the theoretical or proven risks (U.S. MEC category 2). (cdc.gov)
oral, transdermal patch, and vaginal ring) and progestins (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate [DMPA] and norethindrone). (uspharmacist.com)
However, many large observational studies to date have indicated an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and HIV acquisition and transmission. (uz-ctrc.org)

Although the most effective form of testosterone therapy is not reliable as a contraceptive, oral contraceptives with ethinylestradiol may help minimize hormonal fluctuations during menstruation. (indigenous4motherearthrioplus20.org)
Monthly menstruation cycle - Hormonal changes (especially the increase in progesterone) occur during a woman's menstrual cycle. (gladdenfarmsfamilydentistry.net)

Combined hormonal contraceptives, progestins, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, danazol, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are current pharmacologic options for pain management. (uspharmacist.com)
According to the firms, "very few" treatments are specifically indicated for the treatment of endometriosis, and associated pain is often managed with medicines such as oral contraceptives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids and hormonal therapies, as well as surgery in the most extreme cases. (pharmatimes.com)

California authorized pharmacists to distribute most types of hormonal birth control. (wuwf.org)

No matter your life stage, keep your medical and oral health care professionals informed of any hormone shifts. (colgate.com)
Are your moods affected by hormone-based oral contraceptives? (healthyplace.com)
AbbVie and Neurocrine have announced the US approval of Orilissa, the first and only oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist specifically developed for women with moderate to severe endometriosis pain. (pharmatimes.com)
The study suggests that some women talk with their doctor about switching from non-oral hormone contraceptives if they are already at high risk for blood clots. (go.com)
Treatment consisted of a therapy with oral hygiene instruction, scaling and planing root surface, and referred to a gynecologist for hormone replacement, followed by resection of the lesion. (bvsalud.org)

In the absence of worldwide information about HPV status, extra effort should be made to include long-term users of oral contraceptives in cervical screening programmes. (nih.gov)
A small increase in the risk of breast cancer has been noted in users of oral contraceptives. (who.int)
The incidence rates for venous thromboembolism in the study population were 30.8 (95% confidence interval 25.6 to 36.8) per 100 000 woman years among users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone and 12.5 (9.61 to 15.9) per 100 000 woman years among users of oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel. (bmj.com)
Conclusions The risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone seems to be around twice that of users of oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel, after the effects of potential confounders and prescribing biases have been taken into account. (bmj.com)

In March 2017, based on newly published studies ( 6 ), and after considering factors such as the balance of benefits and harms and ethical principles of ensuring informed contraceptive choice, WHO updated its recommendations on the safety of progestin-only injectable use among women at high risk for HIV infection from MEC category 1 to MEC category 2 (advantages of using the method generally outweigh the theoretical or proven risks). (cdc.gov)
The revised guidelines present two major changes to existing guidelines: (A) there are now just 2 categories of pneumonia instead of 3 ("pneumonia" which is treated at home with oral amoxicillin and "severe pneumonia" which requires injectable antibiotics) and (B) oral amoxicillin replaces oral c. (bvsalud.org)

Risk factors associated with endometriosis include early menarche, late menopause, blockage of menstrual discharge, low birthweight, and exposure to exogenous hormonal agents. (uspharmacist.com)

Hormonal contraceptives: Bosentan use decreases contraceptive exposure and reduces effectiveness (7.2). (nih.gov)
Lamotrigine: some research has suggested that Lamotrigine may interact with the COCP, contraceptive patch and vaginal ring reducing the effectiveness of Lamotrigine, thus increasing the risk of breakthrough seizures. (epilepsy.ie)
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations. (bvsalud.org)
This forces women to compromise between what they can afford and the contraceptive effectiveness that they need. (ubyssey.ca)

Many people start taking hormonal birth control during adolescence or young adulthood. (health.com)

Women who use non-oral hormonal contraceptives, like patches and vaginal rings, may be at higher risk of blood clots than those who take oral forms of birth control, according to a new Danish study published in the journal BMJ. (go.com)

Combination patch contraceptive - Releases estrogen and progesterone directly into the skin. (medscape.com)
Fibrocystic changes are associated with hormonal shifts in estrogen and progesterone, which affect the breast tissue. (epnet.com)

I have likened contraceptive options to a cafeteria, meaning that more choices is a good thing. (medscape.com)

CDC's U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (U.S. MEC) (first published in 2010 and updated in 2016) provides evidence-based guidance for the safe use of contraceptive methods among U.S. women with certain characteristics or medical conditions ( 1 ), and is adapted from global guidance from the World Health Organization (WHO) and kept up to date based on continual review of published literature ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Hormonal contraceptives, also known as birth control methods that affect the endocrine systems, are birth control options. (pharmiweb.com)
Women at high risk for HIV are eligible to use all hormonal contraceptive methods and intrauterine devices. (cdc.gov)
U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use" (U.S. MEC) 2016 provides evidence-based guidance for the safe use of contraceptive methods among U.S. women with certain characteristics or medical conditions ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Two New Contraceptive Methods: More Choice or More Risk? (medscape.com)
Among other subjects, it considers the use of "unnatural contraceptive methods in specific circumstances, in which it would be irresponsible to have children. (zenit.org)
To pose today, as the authors of the book mentioned above do, the use of "unnatural contraceptive methods in specific circumstances … " is, beyond a theoretic intellectual exercise, an affirmation that doesn't take into account either the reality of studies on the accompaniment of marriages or the experience of so very many marriages. (zenit.org)
To improve women's satisfaction with contraceptive methods, determining what features they prefer and how these preferences are satisfied by available methods and methods under development is crucial. (guttmacher.org)
The contraceptive features women want are largely absent from currently available methods. (guttmacher.org)
Currently available contraceptive methods are not meeting many women's needs. (guttmacher.org)
1 The large gap between typical‐ and perfect‐use failure rates indicates widespread inconsistent use of the most common contraceptive methods. (guttmacher.org)
Low levels of effective contraceptive use and high levels of dissatisfaction may be due to barriers to contraceptive availability or to a mismatch between women's preferences and the features of available methods. (guttmacher.org)
Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate factors that are associated with hormonal or intrauterine contraceptive use (the most effective nonpermanent contraceptive methods) among both HIV-infected women and men. (hindawi.com)
need for awareness about reproductive planning, through information and clarification regarding the use of contraceptive methods. (bvsalud.org)
Among 10 801 currently married women aged 15-49 years surveyed, 38.8% were not using any contraceptive method, 18.9% used traditional methods, and 42.3% relied on modern contraceptive methods. (who.int)
Logistic regression analysis revealed 4 significant predictors of using modern contraceptive methods: location in Central Region, residence in urban areas, age and parity. (who.int)
Contraceptive use is generally estimated from methods has come at the expense of modern methods. (who.int)
The their family by avoiding undesired pregnancies and 12-month contraceptive discontinuation rate remained consequently serving their intention to stop and/or high for all methods (48%) ( 7 ). (who.int)

Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) place women at increased risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) and arterial thrombotic events (ATEs), including acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. (contraceptionjournal.org)

Contraceptive vaginal ring - Hormones are absorbed directly by the reproductive organs. (medscape.com)
The hormones-bad breath connection is another demonstration of how oral health affects your entire body - and vice versa. (colgate.com)
Combined oral contraceptives, or COCs, are drugs that affect a woman's body with the help of hormones. (unmcrh.org)
Natural treatments for hormonal acne are aimed at decreasing androgens (male sex hormones) in the body, often by decreasing the intake of testosterone-rich or boosting foods. (cocokind.com)

Participants The study encompassed all women aged 15 to 44 years who received an oral contraceptive containing either drospirenone or levonorgestrel after 1 January 2002. (bmj.com)

It aims to meet this goal by increasing the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) and eliminating unmet need for FP among all women, which are currently at 35% and 18.5%, respectively [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
In Jordan, the overall contraceptive prevalence rate wide is the Demographic and Health Survey, in which has increased markedly over the past 2 decades, from 40% data have been collected through nationally representa- in 1990 to 61% in 2012. (who.int)

Menopause - Women are known to experience numerous oral changes as they age. (gladdenfarmsfamilydentistry.net)

However, some are concerned that FDA approval of a fertility awareness contraceptive strategy will encourage women and couples to believe that this method may be as effective as oral contraceptives and other, more effective forms of birth control. (medscape.com)
At age 26, I was off hormonal birth control for the first time. (healthline.com)
My son is almost 1 1/2 years old now, and despite my midwife's urging, I've chosen to remain off hormonal birth control. (healthline.com)
5 However, other studies haven't found any significant relationship between hormonal birth control and weight gain, in both women with or without obesity. (health.com)
If hormonal birth control was available over the counter, it too would fall outside the law's coverage mandate. (wuwf.org)
Choice of which proportion of women whose last birth was unplanned contraceptive method to use is affected by factors such was 25%, accounting for 45 000 births annually ( 7 ). (who.int)
52 It is essential that local arrangements that the delivery of birth control gallbladder disease answer the partnership with health and contraceptives work have a right to make a take oral their preferred based on CRCs so depending on. (hotelvikasinn.com)
This double standard is as real as the difficulties - due to factors like the number of sperm produced , side effects and the lack of oral testosterone - developing a viable form of male birth control. (ubyssey.ca)

In contrast to the effects of conventional hormonal therapies (i.e. (loire-net.tv)

We aimed to assess how use of oral contraceptives affected risk of cervical cancer in women who tested positive for HPV DNA. (nih.gov)
This retrospective study is based on data collected from medical records and A questionnaire was developed to assess the risk factors (such as: parity, age at first marriage, smoking, oral contraceptive, and Hormonal status) of cervical cancer among the participants. (bvsalud.org)

Melasma does not have one specific cause-rather, it's caused by a combination of genetics, hormonal changes, and sun exposure. (comfortzoneskin.com)

And treatment hormonal fluctuations or imbalances replacement on the upper branch to that in the lower. (awnry.com)
Hormonal acne" is often caused by the normal fluctuations in the menstrual cycle. (khealth.com)

Is hormonal treatment still an option in acne today? (semanticscholar.org)
Hormonal treatment is indicated in cases of papulopustular, nodular and conglobate acne in females with identified hyperandrogenism, in adult women who have monthly flare‐ups and when standard therapeutic options are unsuccessful or inappropriate. (semanticscholar.org)
An update to hormonal pathogenesis of acne, the basics of endocrinal evaluation for patients with suspected hormonal acne, and an overview of the current hormonal treatment options in women are provided. (semanticscholar.org)
Dr. Diane Thiboutot, Professor of Dermatology at The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, gave a practical talk at the 2022 ODAC Dermatology, Aesthetic and Surgical Conference about hormonal treatment of acne. (nextstepsinderm.com)
Oral medications may also be taken in place of topical treatments, some doctors even claim that this has a higher efficacy of preventing recurrence of this type of acne compared to topical products. (hellodoctor.com.ph)
With that being said, fluconazole would be the best oral medication in treating this type of acne. (hellodoctor.com.ph)
One of the most common misconceptions about this type of acne is that it is interchangeable with hormonal acne. (hellodoctor.com.ph)
Hormonal acne, on the other hand, is caused by excess sebum in the hair follicles. (hellodoctor.com.ph)
Hormonal acne can cause pain due to inflammation. (hellodoctor.com.ph)
On the other hand, hormonal acne treatment would include antibiotics and retinoids (moderate to severe acne), topical creams (blackhead and whiteheads ), benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoid, and topical antibiotic (inflammatory acne). (hellodoctor.com.ph)
In short, the treatments for cystic acne are similar to hormonal acne. (hellodoctor.com.ph)
With that being said, hormonal acne, cystic acne, and nodule acne somewhat share the same type of treatments which addresses bacteria and inflammation. (hellodoctor.com.ph)
Can you talk about how hormonal imbalances affect acne? (cocokind.com)
What are some clues that somebody is dealing with hormonal acne? (cocokind.com)

Levonorgestrel (oral, implant, IUD) ( Safe. (e-lactancia.org)

Pune, Maharashtra, November 22 2022 (Wiredrelease) Market.biz -:Global hormonal contraceptive market was valued at USD 15.8 Billion in 2021. (pharmiweb.com)

The first oral contraceptives were introduced in the early 1960s and contained high doses of both oestrogen and progestogen. (bmj.com)
1 Over the subsequent years, oral contraceptives containing smaller doses of oestrogen and progestogen were introduced to the market in an attempt to reduce cardiovascular risk. (bmj.com)
It presents data reported and results of carcinogenicity evaluation for humans and experimental animals of oral contraceptives, progestogens, and oestrogen. (bvsalud.org)

As with antibiotics, there is a proven link between oral contraceptives and damaged gut flora. (foodrenegade.com)
Other treatments would include oral antibiotics (secondary bacterial infection), adalimumab (resistance severe disease), and systemic corticosteroids (reducing inflammation). (hellodoctor.com.ph)
This can lead to recurrent breakouts and may need to be treated with an antibiotic gel or lotion, or oral antibiotics like doxycycline, to decrease the amount of bacteria on the skin. (khealth.com)

Objective To compare the risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women receiving oral contraceptives containing drospirenone with that in women receiving oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel. (bmj.com)
In the case-control analysis, the conditional odds ratio for venous thromboembolism comparing use of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone with use of those containing levonorgestrel was 2.3 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 3.2). (bmj.com)
The age adjusted incidence rate ratio for venous thromboembolism for current use of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with those containing levonorgestrel was 2.8 (2.1 to 3.8). (bmj.com)

Research on ‐inconsistent contraceptive use has cited barriers to access and dissatisfaction with method characteristics as primary reasons that women experience gaps in coverage. (guttmacher.org)

Metabolic and inflammatory outcomes in women using oral contraceptives and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in a general population. (ox.ac.uk)
A survey of the polycystic ovary syndrome in the Greek island of Lesbos: hormonal and metabolic profile. (bmj.com)
It's all the same stresses, disruptions at the level of hormonal and metabolic processes that can affect female functions. (relationship4you.com)

Available contraceptives are not meeting many women's needs, as is evident by high levels of typical‐use failure, method switching and discontinuation. (guttmacher.org)

For these women, refer to the recommendations in the 'U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use' for women with other factors related to STDs, and the 'U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use' on STD screening before IUD insertion" ( 1 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
During 9-12 March 2014, WHO convened a meeting of the Guideline Development Group (GDG) comprising 52 individuals representing a wide range of stakeholders, for the purpose of reviewing, and where appropriate, revising its Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, fourth edition (MEC) guidanc. (bvsalud.org)

In one study, 50 patients with recurrent dysmenorrhea despite treatment with a cyclic combined oral contraceptive (COC) were treated with a continuous oral contraceptive (desogestrel 0.15 mg/EE 0.02 mg) for 2 years. (uspharmacist.com)
The type of progestogen became the focus of discussion in the mid-1990s, when concern was raised that women taking third generation oral contraceptives (which contained desogestrel or gestodene) were at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared with those taking second generation oral contraceptives (which contained levonorgestrel). (bmj.com)
It is a monophasic hormonal oral contraceptive containing a combination of an estrogen (ethinyl estradiol) and progestogen (desogestrel) (150 mcg/20 mcg). (unmcrh.org)

It is a low-dose monophasic oral contraceptive with antiandrogenic effect. (unmcrh.org)
It is a monophasic oral contraceptive. (unmcrh.org)

Dr. Thiboutot discussed the hormonal work up, indications for hormonal treatment, and guidelines for choosing a therapy, including oral contraceptives. (nextstepsinderm.com)
This study concluded the importance of an integrated therapy for conditions such as presented, providing less damage to oral and systemic levels of the patient. (bvsalud.org)
Our preliminary findings support further studies to determine whether adding hormonal therapy might aid in reducing or preventing progression of early-stage prostate cancers during AS. (loire-net.tv)

A patient's choice of contraceptive method involves factors such as efficacy, safety, noncontraceptive benefits, cost, and personal considerations. (medscape.com)
Cases were women with current use of a study oral contraceptive and a diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in the absence of identifiable clinical risk factors (idiopathic venous thromboembolism). (bmj.com)
We estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) to evaluate factors associated with hormonal and intrauterine contraceptive use for men and women in separate models. (hindawi.com)
The men and women in our study population differed in the factors associated with hormonal and intrauterine contraceptive use. (hindawi.com)
The contraceptive effect is achieved due to a number of factors, the most important of which are inhibition of ovulation and changes in the cervical mucus viscosity. (unmcrh.org)
The contraceptive effect of combined oral contraceptives is not based on the interaction of various factors, the most important of which are the suppression of ovulation and changes in the properties of the cervical secretion. (unmcrh.org)
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is considered a reactive tumor like lesion seen in the oral cavity caused due to low-grade local irritation, traumatic injury, or hormonal factors. (srmjrds.in)
Oral PGs occur in the gingival in 75% of cases, and precipitating factors include poor oral hygiene, local irritants, and foreign material in the gingival. (srmjrds.in)

Daily oral administration or long-acting injection (intramuscular or subcutaneous) every 3 to 6 months. (e-lactancia.org)

For general information on emergency contraceptives, click here and here . (gynopedia.org)
Emergency contraceptives were conceived and serve only as emergency medicines. (relationship4you.com)

Combined oral contraceptives, also known as COCs. (relationship4you.com)

This article seeks to give a comprehensive review of oral PG with its etiology, clinical features, treatment, and multiple differential diagnoses. (srmjrds.in)

The risk of venous thromboembolism was later also found to be increased for use of oral contraceptives containing cyproterone. (bmj.com)

Condom plus hormonal method at last intercourse: Females. (cdc.gov)
15 to 17 years who used a condom plus hormonal method at last intercourse. (cdc.gov)
This measure tracks the proportion of females aged 15 to 17 years who used a condom (male or female) plus hormonal method at last intercourse. (cdc.gov)

To date, recommendations for use of hormonal contraceptives among women at high risk for HIV infection have been U.S. MEC category 1 (safe for use without restriction) ( Box ). (cdc.gov)
Evidence on the potential association between contraceptive use and risk for HIV acquisition among women at high risk for HIV infection has been closely monitored by CDC and WHO. (cdc.gov)
Long-term use of oral contraceptives could be a cofactor that increases risk of cervical carcinoma by up to four-fold in women who are positive for cervical HPV DNA. (nih.gov)
This risk, however, drops following the cessation of contraceptive use so that, at ten years post-use, there is no significant increase in the risk of developing breast cancer. (who.int)
2 3 4 5 6 In the end, the consensus was that an increased risk of venous thromboembolism existed in users of third generation oral contraceptives. (bmj.com)
7 Thus, post-marketing surveillance to monitor newer contraceptives as they are introduced to the market is important, particularly for an established risk such as venous thromboembolism. (bmj.com)
The importance of 18 contraceptive method features was rated by 574 women seeking abortions-a group at high risk of having unprotected intercourse and unintended pregnancies-at six clinics across the United States in 2010. (guttmacher.org)
Most up-to-date information on oral contraceptives (OCs) and breast cancer risk comes from a collaborative re-analysis of individual data on 53297 cases and 100239 controls. (nih.gov)
While non-oral hormonal contraceptives did indeed show a higher risk of blood clots, Hillard said individuals must consider which option is best and most effective. (go.com)
For example, women with Factor V Leiden (FVL) who take oral contraceptives are at higher risk for developing VTE and, if tested and found to have FVL, can be prescribed a more appropriate non-hormonal contraceptive. (cdc.gov)
As the Echo trial continues its investigation on certain hormonal contraceptives and the possibility they increase the risk of acquiring HIV, the conversation on the issue is heating up. (avac.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment57

Psychiatry and Psychology26

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena15

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups8

Health Care51

Geographicals18

Various forms of chemically induced liver injury and their detection by diagnostic procedures. (1/387)

Oral contraceptive use and risk of gestational trophoblastic tumors. (2/387)

Reproductive factors of ovarian and endometrial cancer risk in a high fertility population in Mexico. (3/387)

Jugular vein thrombosis: a rare presentation of atypical chronic myeloproliferative disorder in a young woman. (4/387)

Effects of oral contraceptives on body fluid regulation. (5/387)

Tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer and endometrial cancer risk. (6/387)

Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions determine risk of thrombosis in families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. (7/387)

Exogenous estrogen exposures and changes in diabetic retinopathy. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. (8/387)

Contraceptives, Oral

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Contraceptive Agents

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

Contraceptive Agents, Female

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

Contraceptive Devices

Contraception

Contraceptive Devices, Female

Contraception Behavior

Contraceptive Agents, Male

Intrauterine Devices

Family Planning Services

Ethinyl Estradiol

Desogestrel

Norgestrel

Levonorgestrel

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Mestranol

Norethindrone

Vaccines, Contraceptive

Pregnancy, Unplanned

Sterilization, Reproductive

Pregnancy, Unwanted

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Spermatocidal Agents

Contraception, Postcoital

Intrauterine Devices, Copper

Menstruation

Norethynodrel

Ethynodiol Diacetate

Pregnancy

Abortion, Induced

Contraception, Immunologic

Norpregnenes

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

Progestins

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

Sterilization, Tubal

Androstenes

Menstrual Cycle

Progesterone Congeners

Parity

Intrauterine Devices, Medicated

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Contraceptive Devices, Male

Pregnancy in Adolescence

Menstruation Disturbances

Megestrol

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

Drug Implants

Sex Education

Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents

Ovulation Inhibition

Medroxyprogesterone

Fertility

Condoms

Sexual Behavior

Norpregnadienes

Transdermal Patch

Ethisterone

Uterine Hemorrhage

Estradiol Congeners

Metrorrhagia

Risk Factors

Estrogens

Nonoxynol

Coitus

Abortion Applicants

Xanthurenates

Abortion, Legal

Reproductive Health Services

Age Factors

Marriage

Case-Control Studies

Women's Health

Reproductive History

Questionnaires

Sexually Transmitted Diseases