Contraceptives oral combined. Medical search

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.

Contraceptive devices used by females.

Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.

Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.

The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.

Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.

Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.

Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).

Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.

A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.

Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

Contraceptive devices used by males.

Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.

Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

Sexual activities of humans.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

A medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream.

17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.

The sexual union of a male and a female, a term used for human only.

Individuals requesting induced abortions.

Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.

An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent EJACULATION of SEMEN into the VAGINA.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Absence of menstruation.

The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.

Human males as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).

An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.

Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.

A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, to guide and determine present and future decisions on population control by limiting the number of children or controlling fertility, notably through family planning and contraception within the nuclear family.

Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.

Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

A class of natural contraceptive methods in which SEXUAL ABSTINENCE is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation, during the fertile phase. Methods for determining the fertile period or OVULATION DETECTION are based on various physiological indicators, such as circulating hormones, changes in cervical mucus (CERVIX MUCUS), and the basal body temperature.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (From Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America, Foreword 1990; Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Notice to Contributors, Jan 1979)

The unmarried man or woman.

Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.

Painful menstruation.

The physical condition of human reproductive systems.

Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

The first MENSTRUAL CYCLE marked by the initiation of MENSTRUATION.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.

A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.

Personal care items used during MENSTRUATION.

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.

Individual members of Central American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. Mexican Indians are not included.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).

Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.

Human females as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.

A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.

Human behavior or decision related to REPRODUCTION.

Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

Methods of contraception in which physical, chemical, or biological means are used to prevent the SPERM from reaching the fertilizable OVUM.

A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Size and composition of the family.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.

An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Red blood cell precursors, corresponding to ERYTHROBLASTS, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY or VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

Health services for college and university students usually provided by the educational institution.

Refraining from SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Interference with the FREEDOM or PERSONAL AUTONOMY of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf.

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.

The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.

The lengths of intervals between births to women in the population.

A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

Illegal termination of pregnancy.

A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Department of health changes advice on third generation pills.(1/254)

(+info)

Altered reflex control of cutaneous circulation by female sex steroids is independent of prostaglandins. (2/254)

We tested the hypothesis that the shift in the cutaneous vasodilator response to hyperthermia seen with elevated female reproductive hormones is a prostaglandin-dependent resetting of thermoregulation to higher internal temperatures, similar to that seen in the febrile response to bacterial infection. Using water-perfused suits to control body temperature, we conducted heat stress experiments in resting women under conditions of low and high progesterone and estrogen and repeated these experiments after an acute dose of ibuprofen (800 mg). In six women the hormones were exogenous (oral contraceptives); three women had regular menstrual cycles and were tested in the early follicular and midluteal phases. Resting oral temperature (Tor) was significantly elevated with high hormone status (P < 0.05); this was not affected by ibuprofen treatment (P > 0.2). The Tor threshold for cutaneous vasodilation was significantly increased by high hormone status (+0.27 +/- 0.07 degrees C, P < 0. 02); the shift was not affected by ibuprofen treatment (with ibuprofen: +0.29 +/- 0.08 degrees C, P > 0.2 vs. control experiments). The Tor threshold for sweating was similarly increased by high hormone status (+0.22 +/- 0.05 degrees C, P < 0.05); this shift was not influenced by ibuprofen (with ibuprofen: +0.35 +/- 0. 05, P > 0.1 vs. control experiments). Thus the shift in thermoregulatory control of skin blood flow and sweating mediated by female reproductive steroids is not sensitive to ibuprofen; it therefore appears that this shift is independent of prostaglandins. (+info)

Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: A re-analysis of the MediPlus database. (3/254)

In October 1995 the Committee on Safety of Medicines advised UK doctors and pharmacists that oral contraceptives containing desogestrel and gestodene were associated with double the risk of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) compared to pills containing other progestogens. In 1997 data was analysed from the MediPlus database of UK general practitioner records, which reported odds ratios for desogestrel and gestodene lower than that for levonorgestrel. Here the results of a more stringent nested case control analysis on the MediPlus database are reported. The study was larger and cases were verified. A crude incidence of idiopathic VTE was found amongst users of combined oral contraceptives of 4.6 per 10 000 exposed women years. Using levonorgestrel 150 microg + ethinyloestradiol 30 microg as reference, non-significant odds ratios of 1.1 (0.5-2.6) for desogestrel 150 microg + ethinyloestradiol 30 microg and 1.1 (0.5-2.4) for gestodene 75 microg + ethinyloestradiol 30 microg were found. The results of this study show no significant difference in risk between different formulations of combined oral contraceptive. (+info)

Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA case-control study. (4/254)

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between myocardial infarction and use of different types of oral contraception in young women. DESIGN: Community based case-control study. Data from interviews and general practice records. SETTING: England, Scotland, and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n=448) were recruited from women aged between 16 and 44 who had suffered an incident myocardial infarction between 1 October 1993 and 16 October 1995. Controls (n=1728) were women without a diagnosis of myocardial infarction matched for age and general practice. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Odds ratios for myocardial infarction in current users of all combined oral contraceptives stratified by their progestagen content compared with non-users; current users of third generation versus second generation oral contraceptives. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio for myocardial infarction was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 0.78 to 2. 52) for all combined oral contraceptive users, 1.10 (0.52 to 2.30) for second generation users, and 1.96 (0.87 to 4.39) for third generation users. Subgroup analysis by progestagen content did not show any significant difference from 1, and there was no effect of duration of use. The adjusted odds ratio for third generation users versus second generation users was 1.78 (0.66 to 4.83). 87% of cases were not exposed to an oral contraceptive, and 88% had clinical cardiovascular risk factors or were smokers, or both. Smoking was strongly associated with myocardial infarction: adjusted odds ratio 12.5 (7.29 to 21.5) for smoking 20 or more cigarettes a day. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant association between the use of oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction. The modest and non-significant point estimates for this association have wide confidence intervals. There was no significant difference between second and third generation products. (+info)

Combined oral contraceptives, smoking, and cardiovascular risk. (5/254)

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess age specific incidence and mortality of stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and idiopathic venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with use of modern low dose combined oral contraceptives (OCs) and the interaction with smoking. DESIGN: Hospital-based case-control study. SETTING: Hospitals in Oxford region in the United Kingdom, which covered a defined population, during the period 1989-1993. METHODS: Relative risk estimates from the WHO Collaborative Study and observed incidence rates from the Oxford region were used to estimate age specific incidence of each disease among women without cardiovascular risk factors and model total cardiovascular incidence and mortality. RESULTS: Among women who did not use OCs, smoke nor had any other cardiovascular risk factors, total incidence of stroke and AMI were less than 2 events per 100,000 woman years in those aged 20-24 years and rose exponentially with age to 8 events per 100,000 among women aged 40-44 years. Incidence of idiopathic VTE among women who did not use OCs rose linearly with age (from 3.3 per 100,000 at ages 20-24 years to 5.8 per 100,000 at ages 40-44 years). The increased risk of idiopathic VTE associated with OC use among non-smokers constituted over 90% of all cardiovascular events for women aged 20-24 years and more than 60% in those aged 40-44 years. Fatal cardiovascular events were dominated by haemorrhagic stroke and AMI, and among OC users who smoked these two diseases accounted for 80% of cardiovascular deaths among women aged 20-24 years, rising to 97% among those aged 40-44 years. Cardiovascular mortality associated with smoking was greater than that associated with OC use at all ages. Attributable risk associated with OC use was 1 death per 370,000 users annually among women aged 20-24 years, 1 per 170,000 at ages 30-34 years, and 1 per 37,000 at ages 40-44 years. Among smokers, the cardiovascular mortality attributable to OC use was estimated to be about 1 per 100,000 users annually among women aged less than 35 years, and about 1 per 10,000 users annually among those above the age of 35 years. CONCLUSION: The incidence of fatal cardiovascular events among women aged less than 35 years is low. The VTE risk associated with OC use is the largest contributor to OC induced adverse effects. The potentially avoidable excess VTE risk associated with the newer progestogens desogestrel and gestodene would account for a substantial proportion of total cardiovascular morbidity in this age group. For women over age 35 years the absolute risks associated with OC use and smoking are greater because of the steeply rising incidence of arterial diseases. The combination of smoking and OC use among such women is associated with particularly increased risks. Any potential reduction in AMI or stroke risk with use of third generation OCs would be a more important consideration among older compared with younger women, particularly if they smoke. However, the mortality associated with smoking is far greater than that associated with OC use (of any type) at all ages. (+info)

Oral contraceptives and oral antibiotics: interactions and advice in an accident and emergency setting. (6/254)

OBJECTIVE: (1) To determine what advice, if any, would be given by accident and emergency (A&E) doctors to women who were taking the combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) if they had been issued with broad spectrum antibiotics and (2) after an audit programme had been instigated, whether appropriate advice was given to such women. METHODS: A questionnaire was circulated to 12 doctors working in the Exeter A&E department to assess their level of knowledge in prescribing antibiotics to women taking the OCP. Notes of women aged 15-50 who had been prescribed broad spectrum antibiotics were examined to see if a contraceptive history had been taken. If the patient was found to be taking the combined OCP it was noted whether documented advice had been given about using an additional form of contraception. Six months later after two education sessions had been held, prescriptions and notes were examined. A patient education leaflet was produced to be given to these women, indicating what additional precautions should be taken after having been prescribed antibiotics. SETTING: The A&E department of a busy district general hospital. SUBJECTS: Women aged 15-50 who had been issued with broad spectrum antibiotics. RESULTS: The level of knowledge in regard to contraceptive advice given to women taking the OCP among doctors working in an A&E department was poor. However, after educational sessions and the production of a patient information leaflet, there was an improvement in women receiving correct advice. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical significance of drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antibiotics indicates the importance of asking a full contraceptive drug history of any woman of childbearing age and documenting this in the notes. Regular audit of this topic is needed to keep it at the front of doctors' minds. (+info)

Antibiotics, the pill, and pregnancy. (7/254)

OBJECTIVES: To establish if advice concerning risks of pregnancy when taking oral contraceptive pill and antibiotics is being offered. METHOD: A retrospective audit of notes of 100 female patients aged 15-39 who were prescribed antibiotics. RESULTS: Documentation of use of contraception was noted in 3% of patients. Advice concerning risks and further precautions was noted in this 3% but not in any other records. CONCLUSION: The audit identified a gap in documentation and/or clinical practice in advising women of childbearing age of the risk of conceiving when using oral contraceptive pill and antibiotics. Recommendations are given as to how this may be addressed. (+info)

Effects of progestins on cardiovascular diseases: the haemostatic system. (8/254)

The effect of progestin-only therapy on the haemostatic system has mainly been studied in premenopausal women. Although these studies are difficult to compare, most authors agree that there is no consistent pattern of effects on haemostasis. Oestrogen-progestin combinations have been extensively studied in pre- (combined oral contraceptives) and postmenopausal women (sequential and continuous combined hormone replacement therapy), but mostly with emphasis on the effects of oestrogens. Comparative studies into the differential effects of progestins in combined preparations are scarce. Based on these studies, there is evidence for modifying effects of progestins on oestrogen-induced changes, particularly on fibrinogen, factor VII and the fibrinolytic system. The modifying effects appear to vary among certain progestins, the variation being most likely due to differential effects on lipid metabolism. The clinical interpretation of steroid-induced effects on the haemostatic system is difficult. Retrospective analyses linking certain patterns of haemostatic regulation to the risk of venous or arterial vascular diseases are subject to bias, and no interventional studies are yet available. In the absence of such prospective studies and well-designed comparative studies, the available data do not support the notion of a superiority of certain progestins with regard to cardiovascular risks of combined preparations. (+info)

"Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010813.pub2. Swystun, L. L.; Liaw, P. C. (27 June 2016 ... These would be losing weight, increasing exercise and the cessation of oral contraceptives. Moving during periods of travel is ... The risk of developing blood clots can be modified by life style modifications, the discontinuation of oral contraceptives, and ... Zareba, P; Wu, C; Agzarian, J; Rodriguez, D; Kearon, C (Aug 2014). "Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing combined ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis_prevention

In practice, these and all other combined oral contraceptives are mixtures of 1 to 2% EE or mestranol and an oral progestin. It ... Combined oral contraceptive NET with mestranol. Low (e.g., 1 mg, 2 mg). Norethin, Noriday, Norinyl, Norquen, Ortho-Novum, ... Combined oral contraceptive NETA with estradiol. Low (e.g., 0.1 mg, 0.5 mg). Activella, Activelle, Alyacen, Cliane, Climagest, ... Arowojolu, Ayodele O.; Gallo, Maria F.; Lopez, Laureen M.; Grimes, David A. (2012-07-11). "Combined oral contraceptive pills ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethindrone

Sehovic N, Smith KP (May 2010). "Risk of venous thromboembolism with drospirenone in combined oral contraceptive products". Ann ... Nelson, Anita L.; Cwiak, Carrie (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, ... Rapkin RB, Creinin MD (October 2011). "The combined oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol plus ... "Risk of venous thromboembolism in women taking the combined oral contraceptive: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Aust ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drospirenone

She had been taking an oral contraceptive combining ethinylestradiol and quingestrone since 1980. Denis Frank Hawkins (1974). ... Edgren RA, Sturtevant FM (August 1976). "Potencies of oral contraceptives". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (8): 1029-38. doi: ... Oral Advisory Group (1965). Handbook on oral contraception. Little, Brown. p. 18. OCLC 2717593. Larrey D, Geneve J, Pessayre D ... and oral or intraperitoneal doses of quingestrone 20 to 40 times those of oral or intraperitoneal progesterone were unable to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quingestrone

"Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.). Contraceptive ... Combined hormonal contraceptives inhibit follicular development and prevent ovulation as a primary mechanism of action. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation

There are two types of oral birth control pills, the combined oral contraceptive pills (which contain both estrogen and a ... The most common method in the developed world is condoms and oral contraceptives, while in Africa it is oral contraceptives and ... Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and do not change the risk of breast ... ISBN 978-0-8160-7407-5. Nelson A, Cwiak C (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control

See also: Combined oral contraceptive pill § Mechanism of action. Birth control methods usually prevent fertilization. This ... and a study of the combined oral contraceptive pill has been proposed.[27] ... eds.). Contraceptive Technology (19th rev. ed.). New York: Ardent Media. p. 120. ISBN 0-9664902-0-7. .. ... "Ethical Issues Regarding Hormonal Contraceptives". The Truth About Birth Control. Retrieved 14 March 2011.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy

Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Powell A (April 2017). "Choosing the Right Oral Contraceptive Pill for Teens". Pediatric Clinics of North America (Review). 64 ... Wiegratz I, Kuhl H (2002). "Managing cutaneous manifestations of hyperandrogenic disorders: the role of oral contraceptives". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Arowojolu, AO; Gallo, MF; Lopez, LM; Grimes, DA (11 July 2012). Arowojolu, Ayodele O (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills ... produced by oral contraceptives containing gestodene is slightly less than that produced by oral contraceptives containing ... no difference in acne incidence has been observed with oral contraceptives containing gestodene and oral contraceptives ... and gestodene-containing oral contraceptives in comparison with levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives: a review". Am. J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestodene

Half-used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive. The white pills are placebos, mainly for the purpose of reminding the ... Several combined hormonal contraceptives-the pill, NuvaRing, and the contraceptive patch-are usually used in a way that causes ... Combined hormonal contraceptives include both an estrogen and a progestogen. Estrogen negative feedback on the anterior ... If withdrawal bleeding is not desired, combined hormonal contraceptives may be taken continuously, although this increases the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual

"Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives 3. Inhibition of ovulation". Expert Review of Clinical ... It has greater oral bioavailability than does micronized estradiol due to absorption via the lymphatic system and hence partial ... Dahlgren E, Crona N, Janson PO, Samsioe G (1985). "Oral replacement with estradiol-cyclooctyl acetate: a new estradiol analogue ... which has been studied for use in hormone replacement therapy for ovariectomized women and as a hormonal contraceptive in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_cyclooctyl_acetate

In the United States, it is available only in combination with ethinylestradiol as a combined oral contraceptive; it is not ... Indeed, combined oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol and desogestrel have been found to significantly decrease free ... op ten Berg M (1991). "Desogestrel: using a selective progestogen in a combined oral contraceptive". Adv Contracept. 7 (2-3): ... op ten Berg M (1991). "Desogestrel: using a selective progestogen in a combined oral contraceptive". Adv Contracept. 7 (2-3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desogestrel

... these and all other combined oral contraceptives are mixtures of 1 to 2% EE or mestranol and an oral progestin. It has been ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... in combined oral contraceptive pills and alone in progestogen-only pills. Another medical use of norethisterone is to alleviate ... "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis". Expert Review of Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone

... bone and growth endocrine parameters of estetrol in combined oral contraceptives". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 20 (6 ... "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 10 ( ... 2020) E4 FREEDOM (Female Response Concerning Efficacy and Safety of Estetrol/Drospirenone as Oral Contraceptive in a ... 2019) E4 FREEDOM (Female Response Concerning Efficacy and Safety of Estetrol/Drospirenone as Oral Contraceptive in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetrol_(medication)

First prescription of the combined oral contraceptive pill. Beginning of the Asian flu in China, leading to a worldwide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_20th_century

Schering's best-known products are probably its brands of combined oral contraceptive pills. Other key products included the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schering_AG

Unlike the combined oral contraceptive pill etonogestrel contraceptive implant is not contraindicated in women with past ... Drug interactions: It is possible that the implant has similar drug interactions as combined oral contraceptives.[13] However, ... Raymond, EG (2011). "Contraceptive Implants". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Nelson, TJ; Guest, F; et al. Contraceptive technology ( ... Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D (1999). "The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexplanon

Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Fruzzetti F, Bitzer J (2010). "Review of clinical experience with estradiol in combined oral contraceptives". Contraception. 81 ... "An overview of the development of combined oral contraceptives containing estradiol: focus on estradiol valerate/dienogest". ... Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate

... found in regular combined oral contraceptive pills. Combined estrogen and progestin pills are no longer recommended as ... As of 2014, there are 26 brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or norgestrel available ... Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (February 25, 1997). "Certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency ... FDA (February 25, 1997). "Certain combined oral contraceptives for use as postcoital emergency contraception". Fed Regist. 62 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_contraception

Fruzzetti F, Trémollieres F, Bitzer J (May 2012). "An overview of the development of combined oral contraceptives containing ... Fruzzetti F, Trémollieres F, Bitzer J (May 2012). "An overview of the development of combined oral contraceptives containing ... Borgelt LM, Martell CW (January 2012). "Estradiol valerate/dienogest: a novel combined oral contraceptive". Clin Ther. 34 (1): ... "Noncontraceptive benefits of the estradiol valerate/dienogest combined oral contraceptive: a review of the literature". Int J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienogest

Stanczyk FZ, Archer DF, Bhavnani BR (June 2013). "Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: ... Oral contraceptive (anovulatory). 30-100 µg/day. 100-160 µg/day. 320-640 µg/day. 300 µg/day. ND. 40-60 pg/mL. 60-100 pg/mL. 200 ... Oral, sublingual, intranasal, topical/transdermal, vaginal, intramuscular or subcutaneous (as an ester), subdermal implant ... Oral: 13-20 hours[3]. Sublingual: 8-18 hours[5]. Topical (gel): 36.5 hours[6] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Estradiol

"Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment". ... Oral. Estradiol. 10 mg 3x/day. AI-resistant: 2 mg 1-3x/day ... Oral. Estradiol. 1-2 mg 3x/day Conjugated estrogens. 1.25-2.5 ... Interactions with PEP may be less than with oral estrogens due to the lack of the first-pass through the liver.[1] ... Oral. Estradiol. Tablets. 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg per tablet. Estrace, Ovocyclin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate

WHO (2004). "Low-dose combined oral contraceptives". Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (3rd ed.). Geneva: ... "Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) Study: Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Ischemic ... Nelson, Anita L.; Cwiak, Carrie (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, ... Huber JC, Bentz EK, Ott J, Tempfer CB (2008). "Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives". Expert Opinion on ...

https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonālā_kontracepcija

Nelson, Anita L.; Cwiak, Carrie (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". Dalam Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; ... Rott, H (2012 Aug). "Thrombotic risks of oral contraceptives". Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology. 24 (4): 235-40. PMID ... Havrilesky, LJ (2013 Jul). "Oral Contraceptive Pills as Primary Prevention for Ovarian Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta- ... Shulman, LP (2011 Oct). "The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined ...

https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawalan_kelahiran

It is most commonly used as contraception in combined oral contraceptives (COC), also known as birth control, to prevent ... A stronger suppression of testosterone levels was observed in men following daily treatment with a combined oral contraceptive ... Fruzzetti F, Trémollieres F, Bitzer J (2012). "An overview of the development of combined oral contraceptives containing ... "20 µg versus 20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol

Women who use combined oral contraceptive pills have a modestly increased risk of myocardial infarction, especially in the ... Roach RE, Helmerhorst FM, Lijfering WM, Stijnen T, Algra A, Dekkers OM (August 2015). "Combined oral contraceptives: the risk ... Most guidelines recommend combining different preventive strategies. A 2015 Cochrane Review found some evidence that such an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction

Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Although oral estrogens decrease IGF-1 levels in some situations, which could theoretically improve acne symptoms, combined ... Studies have shown a 40 to 70% reduction in acne lesions with combined birth control pills. A 2014 review found that oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne

Hormonal contraception is commonly used; common forms include the combined oral contraceptive pill and the contraceptive patch ... and adverse effects produced by oral contraceptive pills. The National Institute of Mental Health research definition compares ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome

These agents are generally used if oral contraceptives and NSAIDs are ineffective. GnRH can be combined with estrogen and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrioma

Inconsistent use was reported by 49% of those using condoms and 76% of those using the combined oral contraceptive pill; 42% of ... Jones, Rachel K., Darroch, Jacqueline E., Henshaw, Stanley K. (2002). Contraceptive Use Among U.S. Women Having Abortions in ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion

Combined oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol have been found to increase circulating SHBG levels by 2- to 4-fold in ... oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol are effective in treating these conditions, and may be combined with AR ... combined oral contraceptives that contain the particularly androgenic progestin levonorgestrel have been found to increase SHBG ... Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

Oral Herstorians Collection at Sinister Wisdom. *Dyke, A Quarterly, published 1975-1979 (online annotated archive, live website ... Combining Greek influences with contemporary French eroticism, she attempted to create an updated and idealized version of ... contraceptives, breast feeding, and miscarriages.[199] ... Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ... or both combined. The article declined to include desire or attraction as it rarely has bearing on measurable health or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbians

Black and Hispanic abortions combined (54,245), account for 73% of the total abortions in the city in 2012, according to a ... According to a study performed by Guttmacher Institute, long-acting contraceptive methods had a significant impact in reducing ... and a marginally higher proportion of those in the oral misoprostol group, than of those in the intra-amniotic prostaglandin ... and consequently birth control methods that prevented implantation became classified as contraceptives, not abortifacients. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States

This eventually led to the development at Syntex of the combined oral contraceptive pill and synthetic cortisone - and to the ... Today, progesterone can be used to make cortisone and oral contraceptives. Honors[edit]. *Mexican Chemical Society at the VI ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Earl_Marker

Women starting an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive may need to increase the dosage of lamotrigine to maintain its level ... A combined study of open cases and a meta-analysis". Revista de Psiquiatria y Salud Mental. 6 (4): 144-9. doi:10.1016/j.rpsm. ... Estimate of the mean apparent volume of distribution of lamotrigine following oral administration ranges from 0.9 to 1.3 L/kg. ... Ethinylestradiol, the ingredient of such contraceptives, has been shown to decrease serum levels of lamotrigine.[46] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

... such as oral contraceptive pills or male condoms.[6] ... Combined estrogen-progestogen. *Contraceptive patch. *Extended ... "Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide" (PDF). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations. ... "Contraceptive Use in the United States". Guttmacher Institute. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2019.. ... "U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2013". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 9 July 2019.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal_ligation

"Interaction between broad-spectrum antibiotics and the combined oral contraceptive pill. A literature review". Contraception 59 ... "Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 106 (6): e16-9. PMID 19000604. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.08.009. ... Weisberg E (May 1999). "Interactions between oral contraceptives and antifungals/antibacterials. Is contraceptive failure the ... Hassan T (March 1987). "Pharmacologic considerations for patients taking oral contraceptives". Conn Dent Stud J 7: 7-8. PMID ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotici

... the combined oral contraceptive pill was created.[1] The combined oral contraceptive pill has two female hormones: estrogen and ... The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is a contraceptive for women. It is often called birth control pill or simply "The ... Women who use combined oral contraceptives are less likely to get cancer of the ovaries. If a woman takes Pill for five years, ... In the United States, the combined oral contraceptive pill was first given to women in 1960.[3] It was a revolutionary ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

... use of combined oral contraceptive pills is significantly associated with lower serum uric acid.[27] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperuricemia

... and oral contraceptive use in healthy nulligravid women aged 19-25 years". Am. J. Epidemiol. 145 (7): 571-80. doi:10.1093/ ... and as combined application of IGF-1 and EGF, through their respective receptors, has been found to synergistically stimulate ... as well as with high IGF-1 levels during oral contraceptive use and with lessening of the normal age-associated decline in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

Prior to the introduction of the combined oral contraceptive pill, condoms were the most popular birth "control" method in the ... and as the only contraceptive that also protected from disease. One group of British contraceptive advocates distributed condom ... Contraceptives fell out of use in Europe after the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century; the use of ... Contraceptives were illegal in 19th century Italy and Germany, but condoms were allowed for disease prevention. Despite legal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_condoms

... such as those found in oral contraceptives with high estrogenic activity), certain antidepressants (such as venlafaxine), ... and combined methods of hormonal contraception (those containing ethinylestradiol) can cause hypertension while in use. *Heavy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_hypertension

... oral contraceptives can contain 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel.[39] The hormonal IUD releases the levonorgestrel directly ... "Combined hormonal versus nonhormonal versus progestin-only contraception in lactation". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): ... A full list of contraindications can be found in the WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use and the CDCUnited ... Progestogen-only contraceptives such as an IUD are not believed to affect milk supply or infant growth.[28] However, a study in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_IUDs

Combined estrogen-progestogen. *Contraceptive patch. *Extended cycle. *Injectable. *Combined vaginal ring. *Pill ... The early first-trimester medical abortion regimen (200 mg of oral mifepristone, followed 24-48 hours later by 800 mcg of ... The medical abortion regimen (200 mg of oral mifepristone, followed 24-48 hours later by 800 mcg of vaginal misoprostol) ... after a change from vaginal to buccal administration of misoprostol combined with the routine preventative use of doxycycline ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_abortion

Identified as one of the simple forms of oral literature by the Dutch linguist André Jolles [de],[2] jokes are passed along ... "The GTVH presents itself as a mechanism … of generating [or describing] an infinite number of jokes by combining the various ... Contraceptive pills were first approved for use in the United States in 1960. ... Identified as one of the "simple forms" of oral literature by André Jolles [de] in 1930,[2] they have been collected and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke

Certain contraceptive methods rely on sponge as a carrier of a liquid medicine. Lemon juice embedded in a sponge has been used ... Paste combines three agents - oil, water, and powder. It is an ointment in which a powder is suspended. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointment

Oral contraceptives significantly decrease the elimination of desmethyldiazepam, a major metabolite of diazepam.[44][76] ... Diazepam in doses of 5 mg or more causes significant deterioration in alertness performance combined with increased feelings of ... Back DJ, Orme ML (June 1990). "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 18 (6): ... The oral LD50 (lethal dose in 50% of the population) of diazepam is 720 mg/kg in mice and 1240 mg/kg in rats.[22] D. J. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valium

Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne»։ Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7): CD004425։ July 2012։ PMID 22786490։ ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012)։ «Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne»։ Cochrane ... Use of oral contraceptives for management of acne vulgaris and hirsutism in women of reproductive and late reproductive age»։ ... Powell A (April 2017)։ «Choosing the Right Oral Contraceptive Pill for Teens»։ Pediatric Clinics of North America (Review) 64 ( ...

https://hy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ակնե

... contraceptive pills that contain both oestrogen and progesterone, the combined oral contraceptive pills, work mainly by ... Women taking an oral contraceptive pill also have thick mucus from the effects of progesterone.[20] Thick mucus also prevents ... Your Guide to the combined pill (PDF). Family Planning Association (UK). January 2014. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-908249-50-0. Retrieved ... NSW, Family Planning (2009). Contraception : healthy choices : a contraceptive clinic in a book (2nd ed.). Sydney, New South ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_portion_of_cervix

Cawson RA, Odell EW, Porter S (2008). Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill ... Orabase (often combined with triamcinolone).[21] Topical analgesics / anesthetics / anti-inflammatory agents. Reduce pain. ... had fewer occurrences of aphthous ulcers during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or with use of the contraceptive pill.[ ... Scully C, Porter S (April 2008). "Oral mucosal disease: recurrent aphthous stomatitis". The British Journal of Oral & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis

2011.) "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)", Contraceptive technology, 20. izmjenjeno izdanje, str. str. 249.-341., New York: ... Ammer, Christine (2009.). "oral contraceptive", The encyclopedia of women's health, 6. izdanje, str. str. 312.-315., New York: ... Rott, H (1. kolovoza 2012.). "Thrombotic risks of oral contraceptives.". Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology 24 (4): 235 ... Shulman, LP (rujan 2011.). "The state of hormonal contraception today: benefits and risks of hormonal contraceptives: combined ...

https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontracepcija

Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. ... When oral synthetic estrogen or combined estrogen-progestogen treatment is delayed until 5 years from menopause, cohort studies ... sequentially combined'. Alternatively, 'continuous combined' HRT can be given with a constant daily hormonal dosage. ... Oral. Estradiol. 0.5-1 mg/day. 1-2 mg/day. 2-4 mg/day ... A subset of the events was combined in a "global index", ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy

Wilson, Stephanie MC; Bivins, Brittney N; Russell, Katelyn A; Bailey, Lynn B (2011). "Oral contraceptive use: Impact on folate ... In this reaction, serine is decarboxylated and combined with palmitoyl-CoA to form sphinganine, which is combined with a fatty ... Use of oral contraceptives and treatment with certain anticonvulsants, isoniazid, cycloserine, penicillamine, and ... This can be detected based on urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid after an oral tryptophan load. Vitamin B6 deficiency can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6

Postgraduate training programs for both fields are usually combined, preparing the practicing obstetrician-gynecologist to be ... It is a reversible contraceptive that can be done in a doctor's office. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynecology

... regimen of certain regular combined oral contraceptive pills superseded off-label use of DES as a postcoital contraceptive.[111 ... FDA (1975). "Diethylstilbestrol as posticoital oral contraceptive; patient labeling". Fed Regist. 40 (25): 5451-5.. ; 40 FR ... DES is well-absorbed with oral administration.[1] With an oral dosage of 1 mg/day DES, plasma levels of DES at 20 hours ... Relative oral potencies of estrogens Estrogen. Type. HF. VE. UCa. FSH. LH. HDL-C. SHBG. CBG. AGT. Liver ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol

Khader YS, Rice J, John L, Abueita O. (2003). "Oral contraceptives use and the risk of myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis ... "Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals". JAMA. 291 (2): ... Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 95 (5): 559-69. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400272. PMID 12738947.. CS1 maint: ... oral contraception, diabetes, lipids, and blood pressure". Eur Heart J. 12 (3): 298-308. PMID 2040311.. CS1 maint: multiple ...

https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ಹೃದಯಾಘಾತ

en:Combined oral contraceptive pill (38) → 경구 피임약 *en:Complications of hypertension (2) ...

https://ko.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/위키백과:미번역_문서/의학

Dehydration due to diarrhea can also alter the effectiveness of medicinal and contraceptive drugs. Adequate fluid intake (oral ... The second-most effective method is to combine filtration and chemical disinfection.[20] Filters eliminate most bacteria and ... The oral cholera vaccine, while effective for prevention of cholera, is of questionable use for prevention of TD.[6] A 2008 ... Wilderness diarrhea is not caused solely by waterborne pathogens, … poor hygiene, with fecal-oral transmission, is also a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma's_Revenge_

All indicate that there is an increased risk of venous thromboembolism associated with combined oral contraceptives containing ... In particular, the excess risk of venous thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or gestodene ... recent advice1 on combined oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism.2 3 4 5 6 I doubt, however, whether your readers will ... and the public about the increased risk of thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/311/7014/1232.2

Clinical Assessment of Low Oestrogen Combined Oral Contraceptive Br Med J 1973; 2 :389 ... Clinical Assessment of Low Oestrogen Combined Oral Contraceptive. Br Med J 1973; 2 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5863.389 ... Results of experience with a low-oestrogen combined contraceptive in 1,085 women showed that a dosage of less than 50 μg is ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/2/5863/389

Contraceptive UseEdit. Combined oral contraceptive pills are a type of oral medication that is designed to be taken every day, ... Combined oral contraceptive pills were developed to prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins. Combined ... Main article: Oral contraceptive formulations. Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations, some containing both ... "Low-dose combined oral contraceptives". Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (3rd ed.). Geneva: Reproductive ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

Contraceptive Agents. Contraceptives, Oral. Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. Estrogens. Hormones. Hormones, Hormone Substitutes ... Interactions Between Antiretrovirals (ARVs) and Combined Oral Contraceptives (COCs). The safety and scientific validity of this ... to study interactions between nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapies and combined oral contraceptive pills. ... Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy does not reduce oral contraceptive effectiveness. AIDS. 2013 Oct;27 Suppl 1:S17-25. doi ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00829114?order=180

Home > RHL Topics > Fertility regulation > Contraception > Combined Oral Contraceptives and venous thrombosis ... Use of combined oral contraceptives increased the risk of venous thrombosis compared with non-use (relative risk 3.5, 95% ... Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use has been associated with venous thrombosis (VT) (i.e., deep venous thrombosis and ... Com-bined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review 2014, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD010813. DOI ...

https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/fertility-regulation/contraception/combined-oral-contraceptives-and-venous-thrombosis

... (COCP) Background B.C. type Hormonal First use 1960 Failure ... Contraceptive sponge. Hormonal:. Combined: Combined oral contraceptive pill (the Pill), Contraceptive patch, NuvaRing ... Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations. The main division is between combined oral contraceptive pills, ... Combined oral contraceptive pills must be ingested at the same time each day. Contraceptive effectiveness may be reduced if a ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/encyclopedia/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill.html

... Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Dec ... Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: Effects on metabolism. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Dec ... the risk-benefit profile of combined oral contraceptives (COC) has substantially changed, with new combinations, dosages and ...

https://medworm.com/270595130/pharmacodynamics-of-combined-estrogen-progestin-oral-contraceptives-effects-on-metabolism/

Oral contraceptives should not be used as an initial treatment for female athlete triad. While combined oral contraceptives are ... Combined oral contraceptive pills are a type of oral medication that is designed to be taken every day, at the same time of day ... Combined oral contraceptive pills were developed to prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins. Combined ... World Health Organization (2004). "Low-dose combined oral contraceptives". Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception.. Edelman AB1, Gallo MF, Jensen JT, Nichols MD, Schulz KF, Grimes ... cyclic use of combined hormonal contraceptives for contraception. [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014] ... of combination oral contraceptives (COCs) has gained legitimacy through its use in treating endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and ... Study findings were similar between 28-day and extended cycles in regard to contraceptive efficacy (i.e., pregnancy rates) and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/%2016034942

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

Combined contraceptive pills (the pill) safely and effectively prevent pregnancy to ensure that safe sex can be enjoyed. You ... Combined Contraceptive Pill. Information on available combined contraceptive pills The combined contraceptive pill is an ... Also referred to simply as the pill, the combined contraceptive pill is an oral tablet that contains both oestrogen and ... In fact, there are currently about 100 million women who use one type of combined oral contraceptive, with multiple brands ...

https://www.euroclinix.net/en/contraception/combined-pill

LCS12 vs Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC) User Satisfaction Study. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... LCS12 vs Combined Oral Contraceptive (COC) User Satisfaction Study Official Title ICMJE Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, ... Combined oral contraceptive (COC; Yasmin; 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone); Subjects will start taking COC at ... Participants received combined oral contraceptive (COC) tablet Yasmin containing 30 μg ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 3 mg ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01254292?term=DROSPIRENONE+AND+ETHINYL+ESTRADIOL+AND+bleeding&rank=8

Combined oral contraceptive pill versus placebo. Two trials compared COCP with a placebo. These studies were at high risk of ... Combined oral contraceptive pill versus placebo. We found two trials including 354 women that compared the COCP with a placebo ... Combined oral contraceptive pill versus other medical treatment. We found one trial of 50 women that compared the COCP with ... Combined oral contraceptive pill versus medical therapies. One underpowered trial compared the COCP with another medical ...

https://www.cochrane.org/CD001019/MENSTR_modern-combined-oral-contraceptives-treatment-pain-associated-endometriosis

Combined oral contraceptives and liver cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives.. [No ... Separate analyses also revealed no association between use of combined oral contraceptives and hepatocellular carcinoma (RR = ... the relative risk of liver cancer in women who had ever used combined oral contraceptives was estimated to be 0.71 (95% CI 0.4- ... These results provide no evidence that short-term use of oral contraceptives enhances risk of liver cancer in countries where ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2645220

... contraceptive effectiveness of the vaginal ring or patch is similar to COC. Compliance is better with the patch, but its use is ... 3(August 1, 2009) / Cochrane for Clinicians: Contraceptive Patch and Vaginal Ring vs. Combined Oral Contraceptives ... Skin patch and vaginal ring versus combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1): ... A 30-year-old patient conceived a child while taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) inconsistently. She now wants ...

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0801/p232.html

... advising that combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone should be considered as a first-line treatment. ... advising that combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone should be considered as a first-line treatment. ... Micronised oral progesterone (100 or 200mg) has fewer androgenic and unwanted adverse effects compared with progestogens such ... Oral progestogen has also been replaced with micronised progesterone for progestogenic opposition when prescribing oestrogen to ...

http://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/clinical/clinical-specialties/womens-health/combined-oral-contraceptives-containing-drospirenone-should-be-first-line-for-pms/20033372.article

Combined: Combined oral contraceptive pill (the Pill), Contraceptive patch, NuvaRing, Combined injectable contraceptive ... Oral contraceptives come in a variety of formulations. The main division is between combined oral contraceptive pills, ... Directions to Hospitals Treating Combined oral contraceptive pill Risk calculators and risk factors for Combined oral ... Combined oral contraceptive pills should be taken at the same time each day. [55] Most brands of combined pills are packaged in ...

https://wikidoc.org/index.php/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

Venous Thromboembolism in Women Taking Combined Oral Contraceptives: Risk Factors A Egun; A Egun ... A Egun, A Uzoigwe, G Riding, CN McCollum; Venous Thromboembolism in Women Taking Combined Oral Contraceptives: Risk Factors. ...

https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article/100/s44/15P/101840/Venous-Thromboembolism-in-Women-Taking-Combined

At present, the combined oral contraceptive pill is approved for contraception by regulatory authorities such as the European ... Dr Lindh said: "We found that combined oral contraceptive use reduced dysmenorrhoea by 0.3 units, which means that every third ... Although some previous studies and anecdotal evidence have suggested that the combined oral contraceptive pill could have an ... The article "The effect of combined oral contraceptives and age on dysmenorrhoea: an epidemiological study" by Ingela Lindh, ...

https://www.healthcanal.com/pregnancy-childbirth/25563-combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-helps-painful-periods.html

Venous Thromboembolism in Women Taking Combined Oral Contraceptives: Risk Factors. A Egun, A Uzoigwe, G Riding, CN McCollum ... Venous Thromboembolism in Women Taking Combined Oral Contraceptives: Risk Factors Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a ...

http://www.clinsci.org/content/100/s44/15P.1

The overall risk of MI and ischemic stroke is increased in women who use combined oral contraceptives. The relative risk of MI ... The overall combined risk of MI and ischemic stroke was increased for users of combined oral contraceptives when compared with ... non-oral contraceptives, and postmenopausal women using hormone therapy were excluded. Both previous combined oral ... Combined oral contraceptives: the risk of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8): ...

https://www.aafp.org/afp/2016/1101/p691.html

Combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone are associated with a 2- and 3-times higher risk for nonfatal venous ... Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing drospirenone are associated with a 2- to 3-times higher risk for nonfatal venous ... Combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone are associated with a 2- and 3-times higher risk for nonfatal venous ... Drospirenone in combined oral contraceptives raises risk for nonfatal venous thromboembolism. June 1, 2011 ...

https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/drospirenone-combined-oral-contraceptives-raises-risk-nonfatal-venous-thromboembolism

Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) including combined oral contraceptives (COC) inhibit ovulation through hypothalamic- ... Amenorrhea and combined oral contraceptive pills. Apr 19, 2016 , Dr. Bob Hatcher , ... the issues are the same after cessation of other combined hormonal methods (contraceptive patch and ring). This syndrome was ... Return to fertility after the completion of COC is generally similar to that observed with other common contraceptive methods, ...

http://managingcontraception.com/amenorrhea-and-combined-oral-contraceptive-pills/

Extended-cycle oral contraceptives (OCs) are increasing in popularity in the United States. A new extended-cycle OC that ... It provides 84 days of a low-dose, combined active pill containing levonorgestrel 100 µg and ethinyl estradiol 20 µg. Instead ... extended-cycle combined oral contraceptive pill with continuous ethinyl estradiol in the United States: a review of the ... The lowest-dose, extended-cycle combined oral contraceptive pill with continuous ethinyl estradiol in the United States: a ...

https://www.dovepress.com/the-lowest-dose-extended-cycle-combined-oral-contraceptive-pill-with-c-a5001

Contraceptive Agents. Contraceptives, Oral. Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal. Reproductive ... Contraceptive Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System Contraceptive Affecting Blood Pressure Drug: Contraceptives, Oral, ... Assessment of Autonomic Tone in Normotensive Women Using Combined Hormonal Oral Contraceptive Containing Drospirenone. The ... combined hormonal oral contraceptive with drospirenone and its influence on blood pressure [ Time Frame: six month after the ...

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show?term=DROSPIRENONE+AND+ETHINYL+ESTRADIOL&rank=60

Efficacy of Acupuncture versus Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill in Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized ... Efficacy of Acupuncture versus Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill in Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized ... Mean (SD) change from baseline of outcome variables in intention-to-treat analysis between acupuncture (ACU) and combined oral ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2015/735690/tab3/

Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are associated with a twofold to sixfold increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT).1 Risk is ... Different combined oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2013 ... Risk of venous thrombosis varies with different types of combined oral contraceptives ... Risk of venous thrombosis varies with different types of combined oral contraceptives ...

https://ebm.bmj.com/content/19/2/e11

... ... Background: Recent studies have indicated that the risk of thromboembolic disease (VTE) in users of combined oral contraceptive ... We also collected data on the effects on SHBG by some combined preparations, where there are no VTE data. ... With the recently developed combined preparations, there is a 150% SHBG increase with norgestimate and a 250-300% increase with ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12047300/

Unaided screening is inaccurate and reflects common misperceptions about the safety of oral contraceptives. Over-the-counter ... Self-screening for contraindications to oral contraceptives using a medical checklist is relatively accurate. ... Accuracy of Self-Screening for Contraindications to Combined Oral Contraceptive Use Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;112(3):572-8. doi ... They then used a checklist to determine the presence of level 3 or 4 contraindications to combined oral contraceptives ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18757654/?dopt=Abstract

Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) , , , ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online ... Combined oral contraceptive pills were developed to prevent ovulation by suppressing the release of gonadotropins. Combined ... The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a ... a b c d e f Nelson, Anita L.; Cwiak, Carrie (2011). "Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, ...

http://worldebookfair.com/articles/eng/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

The review compared different generations of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and their associated risk of VTE. (who.int)
The avoidance of menstruation through extended or continuous administration (greater than 28 days of active pills) of combination oral contraceptives (COCs) has gained legitimacy through its use in treating endometriosis, dysmenorrhea, and menstruation-associated symptoms. (nih.gov)
A 30-year-old patient conceived a child while taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) inconsistently. (aafp.org)
Is the use of contraceptive patches or vaginal rings more effective or safer than COCs? (aafp.org)
To compare the contraceptive effectiveness, cycle control, compliance, and safety of the skin patch or the vaginal ring versus combination oral contraceptives (COCs). (aafp.org)
Information about the effects of COC use on painful periods should be included in contraceptive counselling, as it has been shown that women who experience a beneficial effect of COCs other than contraception, such as a reduction in dysmenorrhoea, are more likely to continue with the pill. (healthcanal.com)
Combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone are associated with a 2- and 3-times higher risk for nonfatal venous thromboembolism than COCs containing levonorgestrel, according to new findings from 2 studies. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing drospirenone are associated with a 2- to 3-times higher risk for nonfatal venous thromboembolism (VTE) than COCs containing levonorgestrel, according to the findings of 2 studies conducted simultaneously by researchers at the Boston University School of Medicine and the University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine, New Zealand. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Recent studies have indicated that the risk of thromboembolic disease (VTE) in users of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCs) varies not only with estrogen dose, but also with the progestogen in pills with the same estrogen dose. (nih.gov)
ABSTRACT We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study on 500 women in Isfahan who started taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) during the period 21 March 1995-20 March 1997. (who.int)
Although considerable work has been done on contraceptives in the Islamic Republic of Iran, little is known about the continuation rate of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and problems concerning their use. (who.int)
Objectives: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) decrease androgen levels, including testosterone (T), which may be associated with sexual dysfunction and mood complaints in some women. (stir.ac.uk)
This document discusses the need for drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies with combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing an estrogen and a progestin when used to prevent pregnancy. (frestedt.com)
This report contains estimates of the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among new users of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. (sentinelinitiative.org)
Previous data from our group suggested that combined oral contraceptives (COCs) may worsen insulin sensitivity particularly in obese women, but limited information on insulin clearance is available in obese women or African-American women. (vcu.edu)
While there are a variety of contraceptive options for patients to choose among, this article will address combined oral contraceptives (COCs). (psychcentral.com)
2 , 3 Although condoms are the most frequently used form of contraception (52% of females reported condom use at last sex), use of more effective hormonal methods, including combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and other hormonal methods, was lower, at 31% and 12%, respectively, in 2011. (aappublications.org)
There is sufficient evidence that hormonal contraceptives, particularly COCs and vaginal rings, may effectively treat acne and hirsutism. (medscape.com)
The use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) elevates the level of circulating CRP [ 16 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), particularly among women with inherited clotting disorders. (cdc.gov)
The World Health Organization classifies combined hormonal contraception as an "unacceptable health risk" for women with thrombogenic mutations but advises against universal thrombophilia screening before prescribing COCs given the low prevalence of thrombophilia and high screening costs. (cdc.gov)
Background Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which is shown to be more pronounced in women with hereditary thrombophilia. (cdc.gov)

Combined oral contraceptive pills are a type of oral medication that is designed to be taken every day, at the same time of day, in order to prevent pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
The effectiveness of the combined oral contraceptive pill appears to be similar whether the active pills are taken continuously for prolonged periods of time or if they are taken for 21 active days and 7 days as placebo. (wikipedia.org)
Factors that may contribute to a decrease in effectiveness: missing more than one active pill in a packet, delay in starting the next packet of active pills (i.e., extending the pill-free, inactive or placebo pill period beyond 7 days), intestinal malabsorption of active pills due to vomiting or diarrhea, drug interactions with active pills that decrease contraceptive estrogen or progestogen levels. (wikipedia.org)
Non-randomized, comparative study (1:1 allocation) to study interactions between nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapies and combined oral contraceptive pills. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Some oral contraceptive pills have only progesterone. (wikipedia.org)
There are two major kinds of oral contraceptive pills. (wikipedia.org)
Can changes in sex hormone binding globulin predict the risk of venous thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptive pills? (nih.gov)
Combined oral contraceptive pills should be taken at the same time each day. (worldebookfair.com)
[13] Most brands of combined pills are packaged in one of two different packet sizes, with days marked off for a 28 day cycle. (worldebookfair.com)
Effect of combined oral contraceptive pills on lipid profile blood pressure and body mass index in women of child bearing age. (thefreedictionary.com)
In contrast, the generally acknowledged requirement for combined oral contraceptive pills to suppress the HPO axis is seven days (23). (thefreedictionary.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of combined oral contraceptive pills on lipid profile in females of reproductive age group. (thefreedictionary.com)
Evra is just as effective as the combined oral contraceptive pills. (2womenshealth.com)
Very little is known about the effects of oral contraceptive pills, despite their increased consumption worldwide. (medindia.net)
New findings state that a commonly used combination of contraceptive pills containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel negatively impacts women's quality of life. (medindia.net)
A common combination of oral contraceptive pills has been shown to negatively impact women's quality of life. (medindia.net)
The combination that included etinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, is recommended in many countries as the first choice due to its least risk of thrombosis among the other combinations of contraceptive pills. (medindia.net)
Despite the fact that an estimated 100 million women around the world use contraceptive pills we know surprisingly little today about the pill's effect on women's health. (medindia.net)
One group was given pills with no effect (placebos) and the other group was given contraceptive pills containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, the most common form of combined contraceptive pill in Sweden and many other countries. (medindia.net)
The results showed that women on contraceptive pills estimated their quality of life to be significantly lower compared to the placebo group. (medindia.net)
Contraceptive pills did not increase depressive symptoms. (medindia.net)
This might in some cases be a contributing cause of low compliance and irregular use of contraceptive pills. (medindia.net)
This possible degradation of quality of life should be paid attention to and taken into account in conjunction with prescribing of contraceptive pills and when choosing a method of contraception," says Niklas Zethraeus. (medindia.net)
The findings from this combination cannot be generalized to other kinds of combinations of contraceptive pills because they may have a different risk profile and side-effects. (medindia.net)
Oral contraceptive or birth control pills contain hormones that prevent pregnancy. (medindia.net)
The main division is between combined oral contraceptive pills , containing both estrogens and synthetic progestogens ( progestins ), and progestogen only pills . (wikipedia.org)
Combined oral contraceptive pills also come in varying types, including varying doses of estrogen, and whether the dose of estrogen or progestogen changes from week to week. (wikipedia.org)
Oral contraceptives are commonly called birth control pills. (cancer.net)
The CHCs being reviewed are sometimes referred to as 'third-generation' or 'fourth-generation' contraceptives and are available as pills, skin patches and vaginal rings. (europa.eu)
The first generation of contraceptive pills, developed in the 1960s, used a high concentration of oestrogen with no progestogen component. (europa.eu)
For over 50 years, American women have relied on oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy. (kff.org)
In the U.S., daily oral contraceptive pills have traditionally only been available with a prescription, but current legislative and advocacy efforts in some states have focused on broadening access to oral contraceptives by eliminating the requirement that women first have an in-person clinical visit. (kff.org)
1 Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) consist of the hormones progestin and estrogen, or only progestin, and must be taken orally once per day in order to prevent pregnancy. (kff.org)
Emergency contraceptive pills are also a type of OCP, consisting of the progestin levonorgestrel, but are not intended for daily use. (kff.org)
Use of combined pills for acne has been formally approved by the FDA for specific brands. (kff.org)
The combined hormonal pills may be associated with a small increased risk of deep vein thrombosis, heart attack, and stroke for some women. (kff.org)
Correct use means not missing any pills, re-starting the pill on time after the pill-free week and taking extra contraceptive precautions when necessary - see below. (patient.info)
Combined oral contraceptive pills have made a name for themselves, thanks to their near 100% efficacy in preventing pregnancy. (blogspot.com)
Cilest is a relatively recent entry to the long list of combined pills that are currently available on the market. (blogspot.com)
Cilest contraceptive pills can decrease the risk of pregnancy by changing your normal menstrual cycle. (blogspot.com)
Unlike some of the other popular hormonal contraceptive pills, Cilest is a monophasic pill. (blogspot.com)
You need to take Cilest contraceptive pills for 21 days at a stretch, followed by a week's gap during which you will be on placebo. (blogspot.com)
You should start taking Cilest contraceptive pills after 7 days, even with ongoing menstrual bleeding. (blogspot.com)
121doc offers prescription contraceptive pills like Cilest after free online consultation. (blogspot.com)
Briefly, women between 19 and 30 years of age were recruited in three groups: (1) nonuser subjects: women who had not been on any hormonal contraceptive for a minimum of six months, (2) COC users: women who have been using pills for a minimum of six months, and (3) CVC users: women who have been using vaginal rings (NuvaRing) for a minimum of six months. (hindawi.com)
It's not the answer to the uncontrolled growth because some people who are taking Oral Contraceptive Pills failed, they can be pregnant without knowing early then if they continue taking Oral Contraceptive Pills they can harm the baby and the baby will have abnormality. (studymode.com)
Women who have used oral contraceptives (also known as birth control pills or the pill ) have a lower risk of ovarian cancer. (studymode.com)
These medications include GnRH analogs, oral contraceptive pills , and progestins (Stoppler, 2011). (studymode.com)
To estimate whether there is any association of long-term use of combined oral contraceptive pills (OCP) with adverse endometrial growth. (ovid.com)
Like many other combined pills, Marvelon is only available in one dosage that has been clinically proven to be highly effective. (euroclinix.net)
Binovum is a biphasic contraceptive treatment, which means that each packs contains two different types of pills with different hormone dosages. (121doc.com)
The risk of depression and antidepressant use might be increased for women and teenage girls who use hormonal contraceptives - such as birth control pills or implants - according to new research. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Oral contraceptives - or birth control pills - remain the most common form of contraception, currently used by around 16 percent of women aged 15-44 in the U.S. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hassan El Agizy , Effect of combined oral contraceptive pills on cellular immune system, Med. (who.int)
This study was carried out on forty five cases selected from women attending the family planning clinic at Al-Husain University Hospital to show the possible effect of oral contraceptive pills on cell immunity. (who.int)
Hormonal contraception is available in oral contraceptive pills and in newer formulations, including the transdermal patch, the vaginal ring, subcutaneous implants, and IM injections. (biomedsearch.com)
Also known as oral contraceptives, birth control pills are highly effective oral medications that use hormones to prevent pregnancy. (healthtap.com)
Interaction between diet pills and oral contraceptive efficacy? (healthtap.com)
Do antibiotics reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills? (healthtap.com)
The combined oral contraceptive pills have estrogen and progesterone, while the progesterone only pill has only progesterone. (edenfantasys.com)
The higher risk of VTE with combined birth control pills is thought to be due to the ethinylestradiol component, as ethinylestradiol has estrogenic effects on liver synthesis of coagulation factors which result in a procoagulatory state. (wikipedia.org)

The combined oral contraceptive pill ( COCP ), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as " the pill ", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally. (wikipedia.org)
[8] As of 2012, 16% of U.S. women aged 15-44 reported being on the birth control pill, making it the most widely used contraceptive method among women of that age range. (wikipedia.org)
One third of women aged 16-49 in the United Kingdom currently use either the combined pill or progestogen-only pill , [11] [12] compared with only 1% of women in Japan. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, someone using oral forms of hormonal birth control might be given incorrect information by a health care provider as to the frequency of intake, forget to take the pill one day, or simply not go to the pharmacy on time to renew the prescription. (wikipedia.org)
The Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill ( COCP ), often referred to as " the Pill ", is a combination of an estrogen ( oestrogen ) and a progestin (progestogen), taken by mouth to inhibit normal fertility. (bionity.com)
The combined oral contraceptive pill ( COCP ) is a contraceptive for women. (wikipedia.org)
After this discovery, the combined oral contraceptive pill was created. (wikipedia.org)
The combined oral contraceptive pill is thought to be safe and usually works well. (wikipedia.org)
In the United States, the combined oral contraceptive pill was first given to women in 1960. (wikipedia.org)
Second, it was the first contraceptive to completely separate the act of contraception (in this case the taking of a pill) from sexual intercourse itself. (wikipedia.org)
The combined contraceptive pill is an extremely efficient method of contraception, and one of the most popular types of contraceptives in the UK - which is why roughly 3.5 million women in Britain are using it as their preferred method of pregnancy prevention. (euroclinix.net)
Also referred to simply as 'the pill', the combined contraceptive pill is an oral tablet that contains both oestrogen and progestogen and is proven to be 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. (euroclinix.net)
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is commonly used to treat pain associated with endometriosis but how well it works is unclear. (cochrane.org)
Although some previous studies and anecdotal evidence have suggested that the combined oral contraceptive pill could have an impact on painful periods, a 2009 review of all the available research by the prestigious Cochrane Collaboration concluded that there was limited evidence for pain improvement. (healthcanal.com)
The new findings by Dr Ingela Lindh and her colleagues at the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Sweden, show that women who used the combined oral contraceptive pill suffered less severe pain compared with women who did not use it. (healthcanal.com)
While the name implies pill use, the issues are the same after cessation of other combined hormonal methods (contraceptive patch and ring). (managingcontraception.com)
It provides 84 days of a low-dose, combined active pill containing levonorgestrel 100 µg and ethinyl estradiol 20 µg. (dovepress.com)
Mean (SD) change from baseline of outcome variables in intention-to-treat analysis between acupuncture (ACU) and combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill groups. (hindawi.com)
The combined oral contraceptive pill ( COCP ), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as " the pill ", is a birth control method that includes a combination of an estrogen ( estradiol ) and a progestogen ( progestin ). (worldebookfair.com)
The hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect this reaction, so all participants were taking the monophasic combined oral contraceptive pill. (thefreedictionary.com)
After laparoscopic surgery, patients were randomized to three groups: in Group A (n = 52) oral contraceptive (OC) was administered one pill a day, continuous for 63 days without intervals, in Group B (n = 52) OC was administered as above and then Dan'e mixture was added 30 g/day for the latter 30 days, and in control Group C (n = 52) patients tried to get pregnant after surgery without complementary treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Symptoms associated with the combined pill such as mastalgia dysmenorrhoea and breakthrough bleeding may be more common in early cycles than with COP. (2womenshealth.com)
Women in the control group were motivated to consume oral pill (Sukhi) for 3 consecutive cycles. (bvsalud.org)
Some antibiotics, such as rifampicin and rifabutin, can reduce the effectiveness of the combined oral contraceptive pill . (www.nhs.uk)
The pill was the first FDA-approved contraceptive to be used in the U.S. and is still the most commonly used form of contraception. (kff.org)
What type of contraceptive pill is Cilest? (blogspot.com)
Besides, this combined birth control pill is found effective in reducing the risk of cancer of the endometrium and the ovary. (blogspot.com)
The combination pill is called that because it uses two synthetic hormones -- an estrogen and a progestin -- to prevent pregnancy through an oral medication. (scarleteen.com)
If you have had unprotected sex, your condom broke, or you missed taking your contraceptive pill during the last 72 hours, you should access emergency contraception as soon as possible if you haven't already. (childrenbychoice.org.au)
Progesterone is one of the hormones used in the oral contraceptive pill. (childrenbychoice.org.au)
Women presenting with severe PMS on the oral contraceptive pill should probably consider a trial of an alternative form of contraception sine the contraceptive steroids may accentuate PMS in some individuals. (studymode.com)
Marvelon is a combined oral contraceptive pill. (euroclinix.net)
Being a monophasic combined pill, each Marvelon tablet contains the same amount of hormones. (euroclinix.net)
This combined oral contraceptive pill contains the active ingredients ethinylestradiol and norethisterone, which are synthetic forms of oestrogen and progestogen. (121doc.com)
As a combined contraceptive pill, Binovum contains both oestrogen and progestogen. (121doc.com)
Cilest is a popular type of the contraceptive pill that is almost completely effective at preventing pregnancy. (121doc.com)
This treatment is a combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) as it contains synthetic versions of both oestrogen and progestogen, which are naturally occurring female sex hormones. (121doc.com)
i finished my period on tuesday (16.03.2010) and began taking my contraceptive pill last sunday (14.03.2010). (healthboards.com)
Significantly increased blood pressure whilst taking combined pill? (healthboards.com)
Is contraceptive injection or contraceptive pill better? (healthtap.com)
Background: Combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is the most commonly used contraceptive method in Bangladesh. (who.int)
Objective: To observe the effects of combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) on FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/ FVC% in apparently healthy women receiving COCP. (who.int)
A total 30 apparently healthy young women, age ranged 20 to 30 years were included in this study who were combined oral contraceptive pill users (COCP-U) for at least 6 months. (who.int)
Thirty age and BMI matched combined oral contraceptive pill nonusers (COCP-NU) were taken as control. (who.int)
A new oral contraceptive containing drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol plus levomefolate calcium was formulated to decrease the risk of neural tube defects in pregnancies conceived while taking or shortly after discontinuing this pill. (elsevier.com)
Expert opinion: This new pill has similar contraceptive efficacy, side effect, safety and benefits profile to other drospirenone- containing contraceptives. (elsevier.com)
Rapkin, RB & Creinin, MD 2011, ' The combined oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol plus levomefolate calcium ', Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy , vol. 12, no. 15, pp. 2403-2410. (elsevier.com)
Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans? (scribd.com)
save Save Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in h. (scribd.com)
New evidence is now emerging that taking the oral contraceptive pill might significantly alter both female and male mate choice by removing the mid-cycle change in preferences. (scribd.com)
Here, we review recent evidence to discuss the possibility that contraceptive pill use in women changes mate preferences in both sexes and affects subsequent mate choice and reproductive outcomes. (scribd.com)
Although we take a purely biological perspective towards pill use, we do not wish to undermine the crucial social and medical positive associates of this contraceptive method, which might act in opposite ways from those discussed here. (scribd.com)
If you had unprotected sex in the past 5 days, you should take an emergency contraceptive pill (ECP), such as Plan B. (edenfantasys.com)
Drospirenone (DRSP) is used by itself as a progestogen-only birth control pill, in combination with the estrogens ethinylestradiol (EE) or estetrol (E4), with or without supplemental folic acid (vitamin B9), as a combined birth control pill, and in combination with the estrogen estradiol (E2) for use in menopausal hormone therapy. (wikipedia.org)

From 2015 to 2017, 12.6% of women aged 15-49 in the US reported using oral contraception, making it the second most common method of contraception in this age range with female sterilization being the most common method. (wikipedia.org)
Continuous or extended cycle vs. cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception. (nih.gov)
There are other formulations of the combined hormonal contraception such as the transdermal patch, vaginal ring or combined injectable contraceptives which this review did not cover but should be considered in future updates. (cochrane.org)
Liang S, Grossman D and Phillips KA, User characteristics and outof-pocket expenditures for progestin-only versus combined oral contraceptives , Contraception, 2012, 86(6):666-672. (thefreedictionary.com)
The combined oral contraceptive (COC) is among the most widely used methods of contraception worldwide. (thefreedictionary.com)
Women who discontinue oral contraception often substitute a less reliable method or no method at all, often leading to unintended pregnancy. (who.int)
Current issues and available options in combined hormonal contraception. (springer.com)
Zimmerman Y, Foidart J, Pintiaux A, Minon J, Fauser BCMJ, Cobey KD & Coelingh Bennink HJT (2015) Restoring testosterone levels by adding dehydroepiandrosterone to a drospirenone containing combined oral contraceptive: II Clinical effects, Contraception, 91 (2), pp. 134-142. (stir.ac.uk)
Table 1 lists the typical accidental pregnancy rates for users of combined oral contraceptives and other methods of contraception. (drugs.com)
While prescribing contraceptives and choosing a method of contraception, the possible degradation of quality of life should be taken into account. (medindia.net)
Over the past 10 years, a number of new contraceptive methods have become available to adolescents, newer guidance has been issued on existing contraceptive methods, and the evidence base for contraception for special populations (adolescents who have disabilities, are obese, are recipients of solid organ transplants, or are HIV infected) has expanded. (aappublications.org)
Oral contraceptives are now the most widely used form of contraception and are also commonly used to manage other health conditions. (kff.org)
This factsheet provides an overview of oral contraception, discusses private insurance and Medicaid coverage, and reviews emerging strategies to promote and expand women's access to oral contraceptives. (kff.org)
Oral contraceptive could be considered individuals who require contraception, particularly if dysmenorrhea or heavy menstrual flow are major contributors to the overall summations of symptomatology. (studymode.com)
Sexual Dysfunction in Two Types of Hormonal Contraception: Combined Oral Contraceptives versus Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate', Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health , 5(1), pp. 806-813. (ac.ir)
The reviewers' conclusions are straightforward: evidence from the well-conducted trials is inadequate to make recommendations regarding hormonal contraceptive use in lactating women and to establish an effect of hormonal contraception on milk volume or quality. (who.int)

The relative risk of venous thrombosis for combined oral contraceptives with 30-35 μg ethinylestradiol and gestodene, desogestrel, cyproterone acetate, or drospirenone were similar and about 50-80% higher than for combined oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel. (who.int)
Micronised oral progesterone (100 or 200mg) has fewer androgenic and unwanted adverse effects compared with progestogens such as norethisterone and levonorgestrel,' say the RCOG. (pulsetoday.co.uk)
Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel: case-control study using United States claims data. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
All COC increase the risk of VT, but those containing third-generation progestogens (desogestrel and gestodene) augment the VT risk approximately twofold compared to oral contraceptives containing second-generation progestogens (levonorgestrel and norgestrel). (bmj.com)
A combined oral contraceptive (150 μg levonorgestrel and 30 μg ethinylestradiol) or placebo for 3 months of treatment. (ovid.com)
This study shows no negative impact of a levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptive on overall sexual function, although three of seven sexual function domains were adversely affected. (ovid.com)
Dieben, Thom O.M. 2005-03-01 00:00:00 This open-label, randomized, Phase III study compared the efficacy and tolerability of and compliance with NuvaRing, a combined contraceptive vaginal ring releasing 15 μg of ethinylestradiol (EE) and 120 μg of etonogestrel daily, with those of and with a combined oral contraceptive (COC) containing 150 μg of levonorgestrel (LNG) and 30 μg of EE. (deepdyve.com)
Progestagen-only preparations caused changes of anticoagulant parameters opposite to those of combined OCs, which in a number of cases were more pronounced with levonorgestrel. (bloodjournal.org)
However, in 1995 and 1996, 4 studies reported that women who used so-called third-generation oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or gestodene were at higher risk of venous thromboembolism than users of oral contraceptives with the second-generation progestagen, levonorgestrel. (bloodjournal.org)
SEASONALE (levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets) is an extended-cycle combination oral contraceptive consisting of 84 pink active tablets each containing 0.15 mg of levonorgestrel, a synthetic progestin and 0.03 mg of ethinyl estradiol, an estrogen , and 7 white inert tablets (without hormones). (rxlist.com)
Contraceptive effectiveness of gestodene GSD was comparable to that of levonorgestrel LNG, and had similar pattern of spotting, breakthrough bleeding and absence of withdrawal bleeding. (duhnnae.com)

Oral progestogen has also been replaced with micronised progesterone for progestogenic opposition when prescribing oestrogen to treat PMS, as it is less likely to reintroduce PMS-like symptoms. (pulsetoday.co.uk)
It may be due to changes in the type of oral contraceptive used, for example, differences in oestrogen content and progestogen type, or a different appreciation of pain in the women born in later years, in that they may be more pain sensitive or are more prepared to complain about pain than women of the same age but born earlier. (healthcanal.com)
an oral contraceptive that includes both an estrogen and a progestogen, which may be administered in either two or three different phases during each menstrual cycle. (thefreedictionary.com)
A hormonal contraceptive containing both an oestrogen and a PROGESTOGEN drug. (thefreedictionary.com)
or depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) also releases progestogen into the bloodstream and is repeated every 3 months, whereas the transdermal contraceptive patch releases both EE and norelgestromin and is applied weekly. (medscape.com)
BackgroundThe progestogen component of oral contraceptives OCs has undergone changes since it was recognized that their chemical structure can influence the spectrum of minor adverse and beneficial effects. (duhnnae.com)
This combined contraceptive contains two synthetic forms of oestrogen and progestogen, which are naturally occurring female hormones. (121doc.com)

Results of experience with a low-oestrogen combined contraceptive in 1,085 women showed that a dosage of less than 50 μg is compatible with satisfactory cycle control and efficacy. (bmj.com)
Contraceptive efficacy may be impaired by numerous means. (wikipedia.org)
Study findings were similar between 28-day and extended cycles in regard to contraceptive efficacy (i.e., pregnancy rates) and safety profiles. (nih.gov)
Efficacy and safety of a contraceptive vaginal ring (NuvaRing) compared with a combined oral. (deepdyve.com)
The study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of a combined oral contraceptive, YAZ, containing 3 mg drospirenone/20 μg ethinyl estradiol administered in a 24/4 regimen. (springer.com)
Secondary objectives included assessing contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, and bleeding patterns among subjects with and without preceding abortion, along with efficacy in moderate acne vulgaris. (springer.com)
Bachmann G, Sulak PJ, Sampson-Landers C, Benda N, Marr J. Efficacy and safety of a low-dose 24-day combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. (springer.com)
The efficacy of these contraceptive methods, except sterilization, the IUD, and the NORPLANT ® System depends upon the reliability with which they are used. (drugs.com)
While hormonal contraceptives are generally reliable at preventing pregnancy, the various forms are not equal in efficacy. (medscape.com)
Outcome measures were reasonably chosen (namely, contraceptive efficacy, milk volume and composition, duration of lactation and infant growth). (who.int)
Does terbinafine reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives? (healthtap.com)

As contraceptives and hormonal therapies continue to advance and increase in popularity, it is important for dermatologists to understand their mechanisms and dermatologic effects given the intricate interplay between hormones and the skin. (medscape.com)
Hormones used in contraceptive methods have contradictory effects on sexual function. (ac.ir)
Being under the category of monophasic and combined, this contraceptive contains both synthetic version of the female sex hormones oestrogen and progesterone and the same amount of these active ingredients are present in each tablet. (euroclinix.net)
This bleeding replaces your period and is your body's way of removing the contraceptive hormones safely from your system. (euroclinix.net)
The presence of both these hormones make Binovum one of the most effective contraceptive methods available. (121doc.com)
Contraceptive choices for lactating women may be limited due to concerns about effects steroidal hormones. (who.int)

A COC containing 30 μg ethinylestradiol (EE) and 3 mg DRSP was used for 3 cycles, followed by 6 cycles of the same COC combined with 50 mg/day DHEA or placebo. (stir.ac.uk)
The dermatologic effects of hormonal contraceptives are due to their capacity to affect androgen receptors through progestins, as well as estrogen receptors through mestranol or ethinylestradiol (EE). (medscape.com)
MethodsThe objective of this review was to evaluate currently available low-dose OCs containing ethinylestradiol and different progestogens in terms of contraceptive effectiveness, cycle control, side effects and continuation rates. (duhnnae.com)
Ethinylestradiol + etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring: new drug. (biomedsearch.com)

The U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (US MEC) provides guidance on safe contraceptive use for women by underlying medical condition. (aafp.org)
They then used a checklist to determine the presence of level 3 or 4 contraindications to combined oral contraceptives according to the World Health Organization Medical Eligibility Criteria. (nih.gov)
Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. (psychcentral.com)
CDC created U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010, from guidance developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and finalized the recommendations after consultation with a group of health professionals who met in Atlanta, Georgia, during February 2009. (cdc.gov)
In 1996, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the first edition of the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (MEC), which gave evidence-based guidance on the safety of contraceptive method use for women and men worldwide who had specific characteristics and medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
CDC, through close collaboration with WHO, has contributed substantially during the last 15 years to creation of WHO's global family planning guidance, which includes four documents: the medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, the selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use, a decision-making tool for clients and providers, and a global family planning handbook. (cdc.gov)

Hormonal contraceptives are equally effective in preventing pregnancy. (aafp.org)
Approximately one in six U.S. women of reproductive age uses combined oral contraceptives, 2 and all formulations are equally effective at preventing pregnancy. (aafp.org)
Given that unintended pregnancy itself increases the risk of adverse health events among women with these underlying medical conditions, clinicians must consider these risks and may want to offer alternative contraceptive methods for women who cannot take combined oral contraceptives. (aafp.org)
Less than maximal use of long-acting, reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs), including IUDs and contraceptive implants, might be a contributing factor to high unintended pregnancy rates in the United States ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Improving contraceptive delivery by increasing on-site availability in physicians' offices and clinics of a range of contraceptive methods, including LARCs, might increase contraceptive use and reduce rates of unintended pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Penicillins that are combined with clavulanic acid should not be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding unless absolutely necessary. (hse.ie)
6 While most (86%) women who use OCP take them to prevent pregnancy, 14% use them solely for non-contraceptive reasons. (kff.org)
measure of a contraceptive method's ability to prevent a pregnancy when used by the general public. (studymode.com)
They consist of monthly injections of combined formulations containing an estrogen and a progestin to prevent pregnancy . (wikipedia.org)
One of the main benefits of using an oral contraceptive such as Marvelon is that it provides you with immediate and convenient protection against pregnancy if taken on the first day of your period. (euroclinix.net)
When used correctly, Marvelon is a highly effective contraceptive with neat 100% protection against pregnancy. (euroclinix.net)
Binovum can be used by women who are over the age of 18 and who want to use a hormonal contraceptive to prevent pregnancy. (121doc.com)
Cilest can be used by women who want to prevent pregnancy using a hormonal contraceptive method. (121doc.com)
These contraceptives work by preventing ovulation and making it harder for sperm to reach the egg, thereby preventing pregnancy. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists have produced new guidelines for premenstrual syndrome, advising that combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone should be considered as a first-line treatment. (pulsetoday.co.uk)
The objective of these study was to evaluate the effect of the use of a contraceptive containing 20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 3mg of drospirenone in the autonomic nervous system in healthy women. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Drospirenone DRSP was similar compared to desogestrel DSG regarding contraceptive effectiveness, cycle control and side effects. (duhnnae.com)
Additionally, we review studies evaluating the addition of levomefolate calcium to oral contraceptives containing 3 mg drospirenone and either 20 or 30 μg ethinyl estradiol. (elsevier.com)

Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: Effects on metabolism. (medworm.com)
Studies with progestin-only contraceptives, non-oral contraceptives, and postmenopausal women using hormone therapy were excluded. (aafp.org)
LOESTRIN 24 Fe is a combination oral contraceptive for oral administration consisting of active tablets containing norethindrone acetate, a progestin, and ethinyl estradiol, an estrogen, and placebo tablets containing ferrous fumarate, which serve no therapeutic purpose. (globalrph.com)

In this study, we aimed to compare sexual function in women using combined oral contraceptives (COC) and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), referred to healthcare centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran in 2013. (ac.ir)

In particular, the excess risk of venous thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or gestodene is 15 per 100000 users per year, not 15 per 100000 women. (bmj.com)
The committee's decision to advise doctors, pharmacists, and the public about the increased risk of thromboembolism with combined oral contraceptives containing desogestrel or gestodene was based on the results of three studies. (bmj.com)
Sullivan H, Furniss H, Spona J, Elstein M. Effect of 21-day and 24-day oral contraceptive regimens containing gestodene (60 microg) and ethinyl estradiol (15 microg) on ovarian activity. (springer.com)
In the early 1980s, third-generation oral contraceptives, containing the progestagens desogestrel or gestodene, were developed in an attempt to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and to decrease androgenic side effects such as weight gain, acne, and adverse changes in metabolism of lipoprotein. (bloodjournal.org)

3 The US MEC limits its recommendations for combined oral contraceptive use to formulations containing no more than 35 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and states that combined oral contraceptive use in women with multiple major risk factors for cardiovascular disease may increase health risks to an unacceptable level. (aafp.org)
BACKGROUND: Cyproterone acetate combined with ethinyl estradiol (CPA/EE) provides a treatment option for women with acne, hirsutism or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). (bath.ac.uk)
The chemical name for norethindrone, USP is 17-Hydroxy-19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one, for ethinyl estradiol, USP is 19-Nor-17α-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol. (drugs.com)
Norgestimate is designated as (18,19-Dinor-17-pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one,17-(acetyloxy)-13-ethyl-, oxime,(17α)(+)-) and ethinyl estradiol is designated as (19-nor-17α-pregna,1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol). (rxlist.com)
ORTHO TRI-CYCLEN Lo is a combination oral contraceptive containing the progestational compound norgestimate and the estrogenic compound ethinyl estradiol. (globalrph.com)

However, recent studies based on large population samples suggested that as compared to the previously used medications, current combined oral contraceptives (COC) do not affect periodontal health, possibly related to their lower concentration of progesterone and estradiol. (thefreedictionary.com)

To provide a comprehensive overview of the risk of venous thrombosis in women using different combined oral contraceptives. (who.int)
Based on data from 122 newly diagnosed cases of primary liver cancer and 802 matched controls, the relative risk of liver cancer in women who had ever used combined oral contraceptives was estimated to be 0.71 (95% CI 0.4-1.2). (nih.gov)
Most women in this study came from areas in which hepatitis B is endemic and rates of liver cancer are relatively high, and in most cases use of oral contraceptives was of short duration. (nih.gov)
Each group included approximately 400 to 520 women, who provided information on their height, weight, reproductive history, pattern of menstruation and menstrual pain, and contraceptive use. (healthcanal.com)
By comparing the same women at two different ages, the researchers were able to use each woman as her own control, enabling them to establish whether any reduction in severity of symptoms was due to combined oral contraceptive (COC) use or increasing age. (healthcanal.com)
We found there was a significant difference in the severity of dysmenorrhoea depending on whether or not the women used combined oral contraceptives. (healthcanal.com)
The overall risk of MI and ischemic stroke is increased in women who use combined oral contraceptives. (aafp.org)
To estimate how well a convenience sample of women from the general population could self-screen for contraindications to combined oral contraceptives using a medical checklist. (nih.gov)
METHODS: Using the General Practice Research Database, utilization patterns of CPA/EE and conventional oral contraceptives were compared in women aged 15-39 years, with or without acne or PCOS. (bath.ac.uk)
Overall sexual function was similar in women in the oral contraceptive and placebo groups. (ovid.com)
Side-effects of oral contraceptives were the most frequent reasons given by women for discontinuation of use [6]. (who.int)
The study aims to evaluate whether laparoscopic surgery combined with oral contraceptive or herbs were more effective than laparoscopic alone in improving fecundity and pelvic pain in women with minimal/mild endometriosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum copper in rural women taking combined oral contraceptive. (bvsalud.org)
This prospective case-control study included 78 women between 15 to 45 years of age from rural area to see changes in serum copper level as a consequence of oral contraceptive use. (bvsalud.org)
Among the subjects, 34 women were included as controls because of not taking any form of hormonal contraceptives neither during the time of selection nor during one-year period prior to the study. (bvsalud.org)
Another 44 women were randomly selected as cases on the basis of using combined oral contraceptives (Sukhi) for a duration of 4 months onwards. (bvsalud.org)
Women using third-generation oral contraceptives were more resistant to the anticoagulant action of APC than users of second-generation oral contraceptives. (bloodjournal.org)
For this reason, combination oral contraceptives, including Necon ® 0.5/35, should not be used by women who are over 35 years of age and smoke. (drugs.com)
A first choice combined oral contraceptive influences general well-being in healthy women - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. (medindia.net)
This guidance comprises recommendations for the use of specific contraceptive methods by women and men who have certain characteristics or medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
However, some WHO recommendations were modified for use in the United States, including recommendations about contraceptive use for women with venous thromboembolism, valvular heart disease, ovarian cancer, and uterine fibroids and for postpartum and breastfeeding women. (cdc.gov)
The recommendations in this document are intended to assist health-care providers when they counsel women, men, and couples about contraceptive method choice. (cdc.gov)
This document contains recommendations for health-care providers for the safe use of contraceptive methods by women and men with various characteristics and medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
7 Oral contraceptives are safe for most women. (kff.org)
Contraceptive coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has made access to the full range of contraceptive methods affordable to millions of women. (kff.org)
While very popular with the public, with over 77% of women and 64% of men reporting support for no-cost contraceptive coverage (Figure 1) , it has been the focus of litigation brought by religious employers, with 2 cases reaching the Supreme Court. (kff.org)
Starting in 2012, all new private plans were required to cover, without cost-sharing, the full range of contraceptives approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as prescribed for women, counseling and services. (kff.org)
Plans are required to have a "waiver" process for women who have a medical need for contraceptives otherwise subject to cost-sharing or not covered. (kff.org)
Finasteride, a medication approved to treat hair loss in men, may also improve the condition in women when combined with oral contraceptives, according to an article in the March issue of Archives of Dermatology. (news-medical.net)
Combined injectable contraceptives ( CICs ) are a form of hormonal birth control for women. (wikipedia.org)
These findings suggest a previously unidentified adverse effect of long-term combined OCP use in women who are anticipating future fertility. (ovid.com)
The Marvelon combined contraceptive is easy to take and a popular method for many women in the UK. (euroclinix.net)
Between 10% and over 60% of women in China do not use an effective contraceptive method at the time of first intercourse post partum, and more than 80% of Chinese women say they do not need a contraceptive at 3 months post partum (4, 5).The main contraceptive methods used at that time are LAM, the condom, and the intrauterine device (IUD). (who.int)
Hormonal contraceptive use should be avoided in women at risk for blood clots, by heavy smokers, and in women with breast or other cancers. (biomedsearch.com)
Antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptives in adolescent women with epilepsy. (biomedsearch.com)
http://www.londonfamilyplanningsummit.co.uk/ On 11 July 2012 the UK Government and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation with UNFPA and other partners hosted a groundbreaking summit that will mobilize global policy, financing, commodity, and service delivery commitments to support the rights of an additional 120 million women and girls in the world's poorest countries to use contraceptive information, services and supplies, without coercion or discrimination, by 2020. (bmj.com)
While also approved to prevent neural tube defects, no studies validate this claim and physician time is better spent counseling women, regardless of contraceptive choice, on the importance of folic acid supplementation during the child-bearing years. (elsevier.com)
Pregnant women will not be able to use oral prescription medications for acne. (mayoclinic.org)

Based on moderate quality evidence, contraceptive effectiveness of the vaginal ring or patch is similar to COC. (aafp.org)
Contraceptive effectiveness was similar for the patch or ring and the comparison COC. (aafp.org)
Effectiveness rates of contraceptive methods are all figured based on one full year of use, not for each single incident of sex or use of a method. (scarleteen.com)
The Family Planning Alliance Australia website also has a very useful overview of the effectiveness of all available contraceptive methods - it's available to view or download as a pdf . (childrenbychoice.org.au)
To achieve maximum contraceptive effectiveness, SEASONALE should be taken exactly as directed and at intervals not exceeding 24 hours. (rxlist.com)
Current evidence suggests that GSD is comparable to LNG in terms of contraceptive effectiveness and for most cycle control indices. (duhnnae.com)
More of a concern, but careful study has shown that the common oral antibiotics that we take do not reduce the effectiveness of oc's. (healthtap.com)
Certain medicines as well as certain herbs increase the speed that oral contraceptives are cleared from the body, decreasing effectiveness. (healthtap.com)
Can a laxative affect oral contraceptive effectiveness? (healthtap.com)

LARC methods available in Australia are the Implanon (implant), Depo Provera (injection), the hormonal or copper IUD (intrauterine device), and the NuvaRing (contraceptive vaginal ring). (childrenbychoice.org.au)
One recent hormonal contraceptive method is combined vaginal contraceptive (CVC), commercially marketed as NuvaRing (Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ). (hindawi.com)

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of specific types of hormonal contraceptives on the risk for first use of antidepressants and first diagnosis of depression as an inpatient or an outpatient at a psychiatric hospital," say the authors. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Combined hormonal contraceptives (CHC) including combined oral contraceptives (COC) inhibit ovulation through hypothalamic-pituitary inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. (managingcontraception.com)
When used as prescribed, hormonal contraceptives may act by halting ovulation, blocking the implantation of fertilized eggs, and/or increasing cervical mucus secretion. (medscape.com)

1 Use of highly effective long-acting reversible contraceptives, such as implants or intrauterine devices (IUDs), was much lower. (aappublications.org)
The long acting reversible contraceptives may fit best for you. (childrenbychoice.org.au)

Return to fertility after the completion of COC is generally similar to that observed with other common contraceptive methods, including non-hormonal contraceptive methods. (managingcontraception.com)
However, several changes have been made, including adaptations of selected WHO recommendations, addition of recommendations for new medical conditions, and removal of recommendations for contraceptive methods not currently available in the United States ( Appendix A ). (cdc.gov)
To assess the provision of various reversible contraceptive methods by U.S family planning providers, CDC mailed a survey on contraceptive provision to random samples of 2,000 office-based physicians and 2,000 federally funded Title X clinics. (cdc.gov)
The survey included questions on contraceptive method availability and determined whether specific reversible contraceptive methods were 1) directly available to clients on-site, 2) available by prescription (or recommendation, for condoms), 3) available by referral, or 4) not available. (cdc.gov)
2 In addition, plans must cover services such as contraceptive counseling, initiation of contraceptive use, and follow-up care, including management and evaluation, as well as changes to and removal or discontinuation of contraceptive methods. (kff.org)
This exception means that workers and dependents of exempt employers do not have coverage for either some or all FDA approved contraceptive methods, if their employer has an objection. (kff.org)
It can help to talk to your GP or a specialist sexual health doctor or nurse about your contraceptive options and what methods might suit you best. (childrenbychoice.org.au)
LARCs are also sometimes referred to as 'set and forget' contraceptive methods. (childrenbychoice.org.au)
The clear cause of elevation in CRP level due to the use of different hormonal contraceptive formulations and methods is not well understood. (hindawi.com)
Therefore, healthcare providers should pay particular attention to sexual function and contraceptive methods. (ac.ir)

Hormonal contraceptive therapy is known to increase risk of venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Com-bined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use has been associated with venous thrombosis (VT) (i.e., deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism). (who.int)
Use of combined oral contraceptives increased the risk of venous thrombosis compared with non-use (relative risk 3.5, 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 4.3). (who.int)
All combined oral contraceptives investigated in this analysis were associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Combined oral contraceptives (COC) are associated with a twofold to sixfold increased risk of venous thrombosis (VT). (bmj.com)

Because the combined oral contraceptive (COC) use has also been associated with impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance and increased risk of thromboembolism disease, it is rationale to think that the combination of oral contraceptive and PCOS could make it worse or increase the risks. (biomedcentral.com)

Possible indications for prescribing hormonal contraceptives, such as menstrual disorders, acne or hirsutism will be included in the analyses as confounding factors. (biomedsearch.com)

The delivery of combination contraceptive steroids from a skin patch or vaginal ring offers potential advantages over the traditional oral route. (aafp.org)
The authors searched Medline, POPLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and LILACS for trials of the contraceptive patch or the vaginal ring, and contacted manufacturers and researchers to identify other trials. (aafp.org)
What is the contraceptive patch - Evra? (2womenshealth.com)
001), and patch users preferred the oral contraceptive to the patch. (2womenshealth.com)
Multicenter Comparison of the Contraceptive Ring and Patch: A Randomized Controlled Trial. (2womenshealth.com)
These questions also apply for the combined patch and the combined vaginal ring . (fphandbook.org)
Help her choose another method but not the combined patch or combined vaginal ring. (fphandbook.org)
similar reasoning is applicable to any other hormone-based contraceptives, i.e. patch or implants, but empirical data concerning their influence on mate preferences are lacking). (scribd.com)

Finally, combined hormonal contraceptive vaginal rings include the etonogestrel/EE ring (e.g. (medscape.com)

You should educate these patients about long-term contraceptive options such as Depo Provera, Implanon, and intrauterine devices. (psychcentral.com)
The contraceptive injection is sold as Depo-Provera and Depo-Ralovera in Australia and is a three monthly injection of hormone by a nurse or doctor. (childrenbychoice.org.au)

The effects are reversible and there are many non-contraceptive health benefits, some of which last for years [3]. (who.int)

Although estrogen doses in combined oral contraceptive formulations have decreased over the past half-century to diminish the risk of thrombotic events, ensuring patient safety remains essential. (aafp.org)

To examine the current data regarding potential additional risks and benefits of contraceptive use, highlights the major gap in knowledge for designing future studies and, when possible, suggests an adequate COC formulation for a determined PCOS phenotype. (biomedcentral.com)

Rosenberg MJ, Waugh MS. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: a prospective evaluation of frequency and reasons. (springer.com)

Subjects were tested once before the introduction of the contraceptive method and again after 6 months of its use. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Continuation rates are reliable indicators of the overall use of a contraceptive method. (who.int)
To order this medication, you will be required to complete an online medical consultation.Our doctors will use the answers that you provide to determine whether you are suitable for this contraceptive method. (121doc.com)
If you start the treatment between day two and day five of your period, you should still be protected although you should consult with your doctor about whether you may need to use an alternative contraceptive method for a short period of time. (121doc.com)
At that point, your doctor can determine whether Cilest is still the right option for you or whether you should move to a different contraceptive method. (121doc.com)
Ideally, the contraceptive method chosen should not interfere with lactation. (who.int)

The contraceptive injection (e.g. (medscape.com)

This Cochrane review included 24 observational studies in a meta-analysis comparing the risk of fatal or nonfatal MI or ischemic stroke between users and nonusers, 18 to 50 years of age, of combined oral contraceptives of varying generations, types, and doses. (aafp.org)

They were first approved for contraceptive use in the United States in 1960, and are a very popular form of birth control . (wikipedia.org)
In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of Enovid for use as the first oral contraceptive. (kff.org)

Exposure to different hormonal contraceptives will be defined as at least one prescription for that contraceptive in the year before the index date. (biomedsearch.com)

The FDA has issued a new Draft Guidance for Industry "Clinical Drug Interaction Studies With Combined Oral Contraceptives" which can be found on the FDA website at: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/clinical-drug-interaction-studies-combined-oral-contraceptives-guidance-industry. (frestedt.com)
An overview of oral contraceptives: mechanism of action and clinical use. (biomedsearch.com)

Over the six decades during which their use has progressively expanded, the risk-benefit profile of combined oral contraceptives (COC) has substantially changed, with new combinations, dosages and mode of administration appearing on the market. (medworm.com)
These results provide no evidence that short-term use of oral contraceptives enhances risk of liver cancer in countries where the determinants of this disease are similar to those observed in the countries where this study was conducted. (nih.gov)
Physicians should be cautious when prescribing combined oral contraceptives because of the increased risk of MI and ischemic stroke. (aafp.org)
The use of combined oral contraceptives has been associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Exposure to combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism: a protocol for nested case-control studies using the QResearch and the CPRD databases. (biomedsearch.com)
INTRODUCTION: Many studies have found an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with the use of combined hormonal contraceptives, but various methodologies have been used in the study design relating to definition of VTE event and the selection of appropriate cases for analysis. (biomedsearch.com)
Combined oral contraceptive use before the first birth and epithelial ovarian cancer risk. (bcgsc.ca)
BACKGROUND: Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use reduces epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk. (bcgsc.ca)
CONCLUSIONS: Combined oral contraceptive use before the FFTP may provide a risk reduction that remains for many years, informing possible prevention strategies. (bcgsc.ca)
A plausible mechanism to explain thrombotic risk differences associated with the use of second- and third-generation oral contraceptives (OCs), particularly in carriers of factor V Leiden , is still lacking. (bloodjournal.org)
Epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrated an association between the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and an increased risk of venous 1 - 3 and arterial thrombosis. (bloodjournal.org)
Cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious cardiovascular events from combination oral contraceptive use. (drugs.com)
Combining PSA with other risk factors for prostate cancer (CaP) may result in individualized risk prediction. (news-medical.net)
Binovum also has a reduced risk of some of the potential side effects that can occur from other combined contraceptives. (121doc.com)
The risk of depression and first-time antidepressant use was higher for subjects who used hormonal contraceptives, researchers found. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, they say few studies have investigated whether the use of hormonal contraceptives influences depression risk. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Overall, compared with nonusers of hormonal contraceptives, participants who were current or recent users of hormonal contraceptives were found to be at greater risk for depression and antidepressant use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Essentials We performed a meta-analysis on thrombosis risk in thrombophilic oral contraceptive (COC)-users. (cdc.gov)
Studies have found that using topical benzoyl peroxide along with oral antibiotics may reduce the risk of developing antibiotic resistance. (mayoclinic.org)

Combined hormone therapy is also called postmenopausal hormone therapy or hormone replacement therapy (HRT). (cancer.net)

We assessed the effect of hormonal contraceptive use on inflammatory cytokines including CRP, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble CD40 ligand. (hindawi.com)
No obvious adverse effect of hormonal contraceptives on infant growth has been documented. (who.int)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment57

Psychiatry and Psychology26

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena15

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups8

Health Care51

Geographicals18

Department of health changes advice on third generation pills.(1/254)

Altered reflex control of cutaneous circulation by female sex steroids is independent of prostaglandins. (2/254)

Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: A re-analysis of the MediPlus database. (3/254)

Oral contraceptives and myocardial infarction: results of the MICA case-control study. (4/254)

Combined oral contraceptives, smoking, and cardiovascular risk. (5/254)

Oral contraceptives and oral antibiotics: interactions and advice in an accident and emergency setting. (6/254)

Antibiotics, the pill, and pregnancy. (7/254)

Effects of progestins on cardiovascular diseases: the haemostatic system. (8/254)

Contraceptives, Oral

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Contraceptive Agents

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

Contraceptive Agents, Female

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

Contraceptive Devices

Contraception

Contraceptive Devices, Female

Contraception Behavior

Contraceptive Agents, Male

Intrauterine Devices

Family Planning Services

Ethinyl Estradiol

Desogestrel

Norgestrel

Levonorgestrel

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Mestranol

Norethindrone

Vaccines, Contraceptive

Pregnancy, Unplanned

Sterilization, Reproductive

Pregnancy, Unwanted

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Spermatocidal Agents

Contraception, Postcoital

Intrauterine Devices, Copper

Menstruation

Norethynodrel

Ethynodiol Diacetate

Pregnancy

Abortion, Induced

Contraception, Immunologic

Norpregnenes

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

Progestins

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

Sterilization, Tubal

Androstenes

Menstrual Cycle

Progesterone Congeners

Parity

Intrauterine Devices, Medicated

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Contraceptive Devices, Male

Pregnancy in Adolescence

Menstruation Disturbances

Megestrol

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

Drug Implants

Sex Education

Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents

Ovulation Inhibition

Medroxyprogesterone

Fertility

Condoms

Sexual Behavior

Norpregnadienes

Transdermal Patch

Ethisterone

Uterine Hemorrhage

Estradiol Congeners

Metrorrhagia

Risk Factors

Estrogens

Nonoxynol

Coitus

Abortion Applicants

Xanthurenates

Abortion, Legal

Reproductive Health Services

Age Factors

Marriage

Case-Control Studies

Women's Health

Reproductive History

Questionnaires

Sexually Transmitted Diseases