Contraceptives oral. Medical search

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.

Contraceptive devices used by females.

Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.

Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.

The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.

Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.

Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.

Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).

Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.

A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.

Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

Contraceptive devices used by males.

Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.

Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

Sexual activities of humans.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

A medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream.

17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.

The sexual union of a male and a female, a term used for human only.

Individuals requesting induced abortions.

Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.

An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent EJACULATION of SEMEN into the VAGINA.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Absence of menstruation.

The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.

Human males as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).

An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.

Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.

A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, to guide and determine present and future decisions on population control by limiting the number of children or controlling fertility, notably through family planning and contraception within the nuclear family.

Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.

Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

A class of natural contraceptive methods in which SEXUAL ABSTINENCE is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation, during the fertile phase. Methods for determining the fertile period or OVULATION DETECTION are based on various physiological indicators, such as circulating hormones, changes in cervical mucus (CERVIX MUCUS), and the basal body temperature.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (From Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America, Foreword 1990; Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Notice to Contributors, Jan 1979)

The unmarried man or woman.

Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.

Painful menstruation.

The physical condition of human reproductive systems.

Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

The first MENSTRUAL CYCLE marked by the initiation of MENSTRUATION.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.

A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.

Personal care items used during MENSTRUATION.

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.

Individual members of Central American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. Mexican Indians are not included.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).

Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.

Human females as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.

A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.

Human behavior or decision related to REPRODUCTION.

Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

Methods of contraception in which physical, chemical, or biological means are used to prevent the SPERM from reaching the fertilizable OVUM.

A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Size and composition of the family.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.

An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Red blood cell precursors, corresponding to ERYTHROBLASTS, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY or VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

Health services for college and university students usually provided by the educational institution.

Refraining from SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Interference with the FREEDOM or PERSONAL AUTONOMY of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf.

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.

The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.

The lengths of intervals between births to women in the population.

A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

Illegal termination of pregnancy.

A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/1279)

Serum and urinary levels of unconjugated testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and oestradiol were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in 10 healthy women in the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle and in nine healthy women taking oral contraceptives. The contraceptive group had testosterone levels 1-3 times higher and dihydrotestosterone levels two times higher than those in the controls. Serum oestradiol levels in the contraceptive group were much lower than those in the controls and similar to levels in postmenopausal women. The contraceptive group had about twice the urinary excretion of unconjugated (free) testosterone and dihydrotestosterone of the controls, but their excretion of unconjugated oestradiol was 2-7 times lower. The great increase in serum and urinary androgen concentrations, as well as the suppression of oestradiol, may be related to the antiovulatory effect of oral contraceptives. (+info)

Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records. (2/1279)

BACKGROUND: If women tend to forget and underreport their past oral contraceptive (OC) use, but the recall among cases is enhanced by the presence of disease, recall bias may explain some reported health effects of OC use. METHODS: Two different sources of information on lifetime OC use were compared for 427 (84%) of a community-based sample of 511 women aged 20-34: (i) structured interviews, using a life event calendar and picture display as memory aids, and (ii) a register of all prescriptions dispensed by pharmacies in the county since 1970. RESULTS: Interview data and pharmacy records showed high levels of agreement for any OC use, current use, time since first and last use, total duration of use, and for duration of use in different 'time windows'. But there was a tendency to under-report specific kinds of OC used in the past. CONCLUSION: Underreporting of OC use among non-cases would usually introduce little or no bias (as compared to pharmacy records) for this kind of interview and women. However, it may be preferable to use interviews for current OC use, and pharmacy records for specific kinds of OC used in the past. (+info)

T(3/1279)

he pill in Japan: will approval ever come? (+info)

Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. (4/1279)

Aging rhesus monkeys, both controls and those undergoing long-term administration of investigational oral contraceptive steroids, developed widespread hyperfluorescent dots at the posterior pole. The dots were considered to represent drusen. Histologic (including electron microscopic) study showed the "drusen" in some of the animals to be almost exclusively pigment epithelial windows produced by a lipoidal degeneration of the pigment epithelial cells. The experiment provided a fortuitous model for direct correlation of clinical and histologic observations of myriad uniform, tiny, depigmented, hyperfluorescent, nonleaking spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. (+info)

Medicolegal file.(5/1279)

Tell everything you know about birth control pills. (+info)

Moderate physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns. (6/1279)

High-risk mammographic patterns may be used as a surrogate end point for breast cancer in etiologic research as well as in prevention studies. Physical activity may be one of the few modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. We examined the relationship between physical activity and mammographic patterns among 2720 Norwegian women, ages 40-56 years, who participated in both the Second and Third Tromso studies. Epidemiologic data were obtained through questionnaires. Two questions from the Second Tromso study and five questions from the Third elicited information on physical activity. The mammograms were categorized into five groups based on anatomical-mammographic correlations. For analysis, patterns I through III were combined into a low-risk group and patterns IV and V into a high-risk group. Odds ratios that were adjusted for age, education, menopausal status, body mass index, parity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, and alcohol intake, with 95% confidence intervals, were estimated using logistic regression. Women who reported moderate physical activity, i.e., more than 2 h/week, were 20% less likely (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.1) to have high-risk mammographic patterns compared with those who reported being inactive. This relationship remains consistent when stratified by menopausal status, parity, and tertiles of body mass index. However, all of the associations between various measures of physical activity and high-risk patterns found in this study are weak with confidence intervals that include 1.0. Thus, chance is a reasonable explanation for the weak associations found. The relationship between physical activity and high-risk patterns should be examined further as a means to explore the biologic mechanisms relating physical activity to breast cancer risk. (+info)

The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. (7/1279)

BACKGROUND: So far, no-one has attempted to evaluate the overall balance of serious, but not necessarily fatal, disease among a cohort of oral contraceptive users. AIM: To emprirically assess the balance of risk of serious illness among a cohort of oral contraceptive users followed up for up to 28 years. METHODS: Oral contraceptive-associated serious disease was defined as that which is often life-threatening and/or associated with long-term disability, and which has been found, or postulated, to be associated with use of combined oral contraceptives. Data from the Royal College of General Practitioners' (RCGP) Oral Contraception Study were examined to determine the rate of such conditions during 335,181 woman-years of observation in 'ever users' and 228,727 woman-years in 'never users'. The rates were standardized for age, parity, social class, and smoking. RESULTS: Compared with never users, ever users had a small increased risk of any serious disease (relative risk = 1.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.25). Ever users had an excess risk of cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism, and reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. The increased risk was seen only in younger women; by the age of 50, ever users had the same risk as never users. The risk appeared to be confined to women using older oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms or more of oestrogen. CONCLUSIONS: Past users of older, higher dose oral contraceptives can be reassured that the small increased risk of serious disease seen during current use does not persist after stopping, and that latent effects do not appear later in life. Currently available oral contraceptives, containing less than 50 micrograms of oestrogen accompanied by the progestogen, levonorgestrel, or norethisterone acetate, do not appear to be associated with an increased net risk of serious disease. (+info)

Interaction between the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. (8/1279)

Single-point mutations in the gene coding for prothrombin (factor II:A20210) or factor V (factor V:A1691) are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. The use of oral contraceptives is also a strong and independent risk factor for the disease, and the interaction between factor V:A1691 and oral contraceptives greatly increases the risk. No information is available about the interaction between oral contraceptives and mutant prothrombin. We investigated 148 women with a first, objectively confirmed episode of deep vein thrombosis and 277 healthy women as controls. Fourteen patients (9.4%) were carriers of factor II:A20210, 24 (16.2%) of factor V:A1691, and 4 (2.7%) of both defects. Among controls, the prevalence was 2.5% for either factor II:A20210 or factor V:A1691, and there was no carrier of both the mutations. The relative risk of thrombosis was 6-fold for factor II:A20210 and 9-fold for factor V:A1691. The most prevalent circumstantial risk factor in patients and the only one observed in controls was oral contraceptive use, which per se conferred a 6-fold increased risk of thrombosis. The risk increased to 16.3 and 20.0 when women with factor II:A20210 or factor V:A1691 who used oral contraceptives were compared with noncarriers and nonusers. These figures indicate a multiplicative interaction between the genetic risk factors and oral contraceptives. No difference in the type of oral contraceptives was observed between patients and controls, those of third generation being the most frequently used (73% and 80%). We conclude that carriers of the prothrombin mutation who use oral contraceptives have a markedly increased risk of deep vein thrombosis, much higher than the risk conferred by either factor alone. (+info)

22.1 Contraceptives *22.1.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives. *22.1.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives ... Deferasirox oral form may be an alternative, depending on cost and availability. ... In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts ... cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Health_Organization_Essential_Medicines

... levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills (based on labels for regular oral contraceptive pills) say they may cause ... Daily use of regular oral contraceptive pills can alter the endometrium (although this has not been proven to interfere with ... Women with irregular cycles for any reason (including recent hormone use such as oral contraceptives and breastfeeding) must be ... As of 2014, there are 26 brands of regular combined oral contraceptive pills containing levonorgestrel or norgestrel available ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_contraception

... women taking oral contraceptives preferred odors of MHC-similar men. This would suggest that the pill may interfere with the ... "MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives". Proc. Biol. Sci. 275 (1652): 2715-22. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex_and_sexual_selection

Vinyl chloride, combined oral contraceptive pill, anabolic steroid, arsenic, thorotrast. Diagnosis[edit]. ... a) Bland: Oral contraceptive pills, anabolic steroid, androgens. (b) Inflammatory: Allopurinol, co-amoxiclav, carbamazepine. (c ... Hepatic vein thrombosis: Oral contraceptives. Neoplasm[edit]. Neoplasms have been described with prolonged exposure to some ... Oral use of ketoconazole has been associated with hepatic toxicity, including some fatalities;[8] however, such effects appear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity

The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by FDA in 1960. Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation and so prevent ... As early as 1960, oral contraceptives were available in several different strengths by every manufacturer. In the 1980s and ... a new delivery system for the oral contraceptive via a transdermal patch. In 1982, a new version of the Pill was introduced, ... There are many variations in the routes of administration, including intravenous (into the blood through a vein) and oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines

The overall absolute risk of venous thrombosis per 100,000 woman years in current use of combined oral contraceptives is ... Compared with combined oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel (LNG), and with the same dose of estrogen and duration of ... the rate ratio of deep venous thrombosis for combined oral contraceptives with norethisterone is 0.98, with norgestimate 1.19, ... Cancers, most particularly pancreatic, but not cancers of the lip, oral cavity, and pharynx[7] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_thromboembolism

... cigarette smoking and oral contraceptives intake". Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies. 38 (2): 71-7. doi:10.1080/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminophenazone

The overall absolute risk of venous thrombosis per 100,000 woman years in current use of combined oral contraceptives is ... Compared with combined oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel (LNG), and with the same dose of estrogen and duration of ... the rate ratio of deep vein thrombosis for combined oral contraceptives with norethisterone is 0.98, with norgestimate 1.19, ... Oral. Estradiol alone. ≤1 mg/day. ,1 mg/day. 1.27 (1.16-1.39)*. 1.22 (1.09-1.37)*. 1.35 (1.18-1.55)* ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_thrombosis

Estrogen-based oral contraceptive. discontinuation reduces risk. [8][11][14] Hormone replacement therapy. discontinuation ... Heneghan C, Ward A, Perera R (2012). "Self-monitoring of oral anti-coagulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of ... "Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants in patients with cancer-associated acute venous ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis

Effects of an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive on appetite and eating behavior in bulimic women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, ... Mook, D. (1963). Oral and postingestional determinants of the intake of various solutions in rats with oesophageal fistulas. J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorders_and_memory

"FDA's Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive, Enovid".. *^ Cafe, Rebecca (4 December 2011). "BBC News - How the contraceptive ... Oral ContraceptivesEdit. Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United ... "Why the Oral Contraceptive Is Just Known as "The Pill"". www.smithsonianmag.com.. ... The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company

These would be losing weight, increasing exercise and the cessation of oral contraceptives. Moving during periods of travel is ... The risk of developing blood clots can be modified by life style modifications, the discontinuation of oral contraceptives, and ... "Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis". doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010813.pub2. Swystun, L. L.; Liaw, P. C. (27 June 2016 ... The discontinuation of contraceptives also prevents blood clots. The therapeutic effects of warfarin may be decreased by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis_prevention

Half-used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive. The white pills are placebos, mainly for the purpose of reminding the ... Several combined hormonal contraceptives-the pill, NuvaRing, and the contraceptive patch-are usually used in a way that causes ... for their contraceptive effectiveness.[107] Intermediate dose progestogen-only contraceptives-the progestogen-only pill ... Contraceptive Technology (19th rev. ed.). New York: Ardent Media. ISBN 0-9664902-0-7.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual

Oral contraceptive pills, reduce the clearance of nitrazepam which may lead to increased plasma levels of nitrazepam and ... Back DJ, Orme ML (June 1990). "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives". Clin Pharmacokinet. 18 (6): 472-84 ... The time for nitrazepam to reach peak plasma concentrations following oral administration is about 2 hours (0.5 to 5 hours). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrazepam

In practice, these and all other combined oral contraceptives are mixtures of 1 to 2% EE or mestranol and an oral progestin. It ... to be used in an oral contraceptive.[12] In 1964, additional contraceptive preparations containing norethisterone in ... Progestogen-only oral contraceptive NET or NETA only. High (e.g., 5 mg, 10 mg). Aygestin, Lupaneta Pack (combination pack with ... Combined oral contraceptive NET with mestranol. Low (e.g., 1 mg, 2 mg). Norethin, Noriday, Norinyl, Norquen, Ortho-Novum, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethindrone

... though pledgers may partake in vaginal or oral sex. Virginity pledges may also reduce the likelihood of contraceptive use once ... They deduced that there was substitution of oral and anal sex for vaginal sex among the pledgers, although the data for anal ... such as oral sex and anal sex; other research, however, has suggested no such substitution among pledgers, ... and at least as high proportions of anal and oral sex as those who have not made a virginity pledge. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinence_pledge

Gaffield ME, Culwell KR, Ravi A (October 2009). "Oral contraceptives and family history of breast cancer". Contraception. 80 (4 ... Kahlenborn C, Modugno F, Potter DM, Severs WB (Oct 2006). "Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast ... Veljković M, Veljković S (Sep 2010). "[The risk of breast cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer in oral contraceptive users ... "Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 83 (1): 86-90; quiz 90-1. doi:10.4065/83.1.86. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_Cancer

Oral contraceptives may also increase or decrease vaginal lubrication. Older women produce less vaginal lubrication and reduced ... Irritation from contraceptive creams and foams can also cause dryness, as can fear and anxiety about sexual intimacy. Vaginal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication

The role of oral contraceptive use". JAMA. 242 (7): 644-8. doi:10.1001/jama.242.7.644. PMID 221698.. .mw-parser-output cite. ... The majority of hepatic adenomas arise in women aged 20-40, most of whom use oral contraceptives. Other medications which also ... Patients with adenomas should avoid oral contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapy. Pregnancy could cause the adenoma to ... classically in women taking estrogen-containing oral contraceptive medication.[1] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocellular_adenoma

oral contraceptive use. 'sticky platelet syndrome" dan sejenisnya. *Meningitis. *Cortical vein thrombosis-dehydration. ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke

... and safety of two novel oral formulations of dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU): a potential oral, male contraceptive". ... Combined oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol have been found to increase circulating SHBG levels by 2- to 4-fold in ... Aside from cyproterone acetate and chlormadinone acetate, a few other progestins used in oral contraceptives and/or in ... In addition to AR antagonists, oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol are effective in treating these conditions, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism: an update". Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 32 (12): ... Melasma and thrombosis associated with use of estrogen-containing hormonal contraception, such as the combined oral ... protease inhibitors for HIV and hormonal contraceptives. ... contraceptive pill[33][34]. *Priapism associated with the use ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_effect_

See also: Combined oral contraceptive pill § Mechanism of action. Birth control methods usually prevent fertilization. This ... and a study of the combined oral contraceptive pill has been proposed.[27] ... eds.). Contraceptive Technology (19th rev. ed.). New York: Ardent Media. p. 120. ISBN 0-9664902-0-7. .. ... "Ethical Issues Regarding Hormonal Contraceptives". The Truth About Birth Control. Retrieved 14 March 2011.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy

The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by FDA in 1960. Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation and so prevent ... As early as 1960, oral contraceptives were available in several different strengths by every manufacturer. In the 1980s and ... a new delivery system for the oral contraceptive via a transdermal patch. In 1982, a new version of the Pill was introduced, ... Oral administration, the most common form of enteral administration, can be performed in various dosage forms including pills, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medications

a) Bland: Oral contraceptive pills, anabolic steroid, androgens. (b) Inflammatory: Allopurinol, co-amoxiclav, carbamazepine. (c ... Hepatic vein thrombosis: Oral contraceptives. Neoplasm. Neoplasms have been described with prolonged exposure to some ... Oral use of ketoconazole has been associated with hepatic toxicity, including some fatalities;[8] however, such effects appear ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxins

Djerassi and Oral Contraceptives. Chemistry in Israel, Bulletin of the Israel Chemical Society. August 2005. Gregory Goodwin ... was an American biologist and researcher who co-invented the combined oral contraceptive pill. Gregory Goodwin Pincus was born ... Sanger indirectly influenced him to create a successful contraceptive to prevent unwanted pregnancies. In order to prove the ... and procured a small grant from PPFA for Pincus to begin hormonal contraceptive research. Pincus, along with Min Chueh Chang, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Goodwin_Pincus

Today, progesterone can be used to make cortisone and oral contraceptives. Honors[edit]. *Mexican Chemical Society at the VI ... This eventually led to the development at Syntex of the combined oral contraceptive pill and synthetic cortisone - and to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Earl_Marker

... oral contraceptives can contain 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel.[39] The hormonal IUD releases the levonorgestrel directly ... A full list of contraindications can be found in the WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use and the CDCUnited ... Progestogen-only contraceptives such as an IUD are not believed to affect milk supply or infant growth.[28] However, a study in ... The contraceptive action of all IUDs is mainly in the intrauterine cavity. Ovulation is not affected, and the IUD is not an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_IUDs

Permapanel reduced the effectiveness of levonorgestrel oral contraceptives by about 40%. Women who may get pregnant should not ... Permapanel reduced the effectiveness of levonorgestrel oral contraceptives by about 40%. Other antieptilectic drugs that induce ... FDA Fycompa Label Tablets and Oral Suspension Label updated April 2016, accessed August 2016 Besag, FM; Patsalos, PN (2016). " ... the oral suspension contains sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, poloxamer, simethicone, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perampanel

Powell A (April 2017). "Choosing the Right Oral Contraceptive Pill for Teens". Pediatric Clinics of North America (Review). 64 ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Wiegratz I, Kuhl H (2002). "Managing cutaneous manifestations of hyperandrogenic disorders: the role of oral contraceptives". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Inconsistent use was reported by 49% of those using condoms and 76% of those using the combined oral contraceptive pill; 42% of ... Jones, Rachel K., Darroch, Jacqueline E., Henshaw, Stanley K. (2002). Contraceptive Use Among U.S. Women Having Abortions in ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion

Combined oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol have been found to increase circulating SHBG levels by 2- to 4-fold in ... Oral, topical. 1977. 3,650,000. Medroxyprogesterone acetate. Steroidal. Progestin. Provera, Depo-Provera. Oral, IM, SC. 1958. ... oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol are effective in treating these conditions, and may be combined with AR ... a few other progestins used in oral contraceptives and/or in menopausal HRT including dienogest, drospirenone, medrogestone, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

Oral and maxillofacial surgery. *Orthopedic surgery. *Hand surgery. *Otolaryngology (ENT). *Pediatric surgery ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy

A short course of oral prednisolone may be required. Some dermatologists favour a few weeks of pre-treatment with oral ... and adding a warning to the label advising women to start taking contraceptives a month before starting the drug. However use ... "Isotretinoin (Oral Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic".. *^ Merritt B, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS (June 2009). "Use ... Oral Isotretinoin is best absorbed when taken with a high-fat meal, because it has a high level of lipophilicity.[74] The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin

Oral Herstorians Collection at Sinister Wisdom. *Dyke, A Quarterly, published 1975-1979 (online annotated archive, live website ... contraceptives, breast feeding, and miscarriages.[199] ... Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ... oral breast and genital stimulation, and object-vaginal penetration. (Kinsey, pp. 466-467.) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbians

... such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_science

... and playwright best known for his contribution to the development of oral contraceptive pills. He also developed Pyribenzamine ... UCLA Oral History of Human Genetics. October 27, 2005. But that tells you about my religious affiliation, which is not very ... "Smithsonian National Museum of American History - Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977 - Interview with Herbert R ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_atheists_

According to a study performed by Guttmacher Institute, long-acting contraceptive methods had a significant impact in reducing ... and a marginally higher proportion of those in the oral misoprostol group, than of those in the intra-amniotic prostaglandin ... and consequently birth control methods that prevented implantation became classified as contraceptives, not abortifacients. ... A campaign was launched against the movement and the use and availability of contraceptives. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States

Women starting an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive may need to increase the dosage of lamotrigine to maintain its level ... Estimate of the mean apparent volume of distribution of lamotrigine following oral administration ranges from 0.9 to 1.3 L/kg. ... Ethinylestradiol, the ingredient of such contraceptives, has been shown to decrease serum levels of lamotrigine.[46] ... Lamotrigine is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. Its absolute bioavailability is 98% and its plasma C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

... such as oral contraceptive pills or male condoms.[6] ... "Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide" (PDF). Department of ... "Contraceptive Use in the United States". Guttmacher Institute. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2019.. ... "U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2013". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 9 July 2019.. ... EngenderHealth (Firm) (2002). Contraceptive sterilization : global issues and trends. Ross, John A., 1934-. New York, NY: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal_ligation

... written and oral exams), and then certify in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (written and oral exams). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

With oral administration, domperidone is extensively metabolized in the liver (almost exclusively by CYP3A4/5, though minor ... Domperidone has been studied as a potential hormonal contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women.[80] ... domperidone 1 mg/ml oral suspension (200 ml) Russia. Janssen Pharmaceutica. Motilium. domperidone 10 mg film-coated tablets & ... domperidone does not appear to be strongly associated with QT prolongation at oral doses of 20 mg QID in healthy volunteers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

Subclinical deficiency has also been observed in women taking oral contraceptives, in the elderly, in people with eating ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin

Medication that interferes with platelet count should be avoided, and oral contraceptive therapy may be considered for women ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen_syndrome

Weisberg E (May 1999). "Interactions between oral contraceptives and antifungals/antibacterials. Is contraceptive failure the ... "Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 106 (6): e16-9. PMID 19000604. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.08.009. ... Hassan T (March 1987). "Pharmacologic considerations for patients taking oral contraceptives". Conn Dent Stud J 7: 7-8. PMID ... "Factors affecting the enterohepatic circulation of oral contraceptive steroids". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163 (6 Pt 2): 2146-52 ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotici

The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is a contraceptive for women. It is often called birth control pill or simply "The ... the combined oral contraceptive pill was created.[1] The combined oral contraceptive pill has two female hormones: estrogen and ... "Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk: Questions and Answers". National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet. National Cancer Institute ( ... DeRossi S, Hersh E (2002). "Antibiotics and oral contraceptives". Dent Clin North Am. 46 (4): 653-64. doi:10.1016/S0011-8532(02 ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

Grimes, DA; Jones, LB; Lopez, LM; Schulz, KF (29 April 2014). "Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts.". The Cochrane ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/சூல்பை_நீர்க்கட்டி

... and with the use of oral contraceptives, reflecting an increase in transferrin protein expression. When plasma transferrin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin

Hormonal modulators (oral contraceptives or antiandrogens such as spironolactone and flutamide) can be used for female-pattern ... Oral pills for extensive hair loss may be used for alopecia areata. Results may take up to a month to be seen. ... Joly P (October 2006). "The use of methotrexate alone or in combination with low doses of oral corticosteroids in the treatment ... these include the contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy, steroids and acne medications.[15] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia

... use of combined oral contraceptive pills is significantly associated with lower serum uric acid.[27] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperuricemia

... and oral contraceptive use in healthy nulligravid women aged 19-25 years". Am. J. Epidemiol. 145 (7): 571-80. doi:10.1093/ ... as well as with high IGF-1 levels during oral contraceptive use and with lessening of the normal age-associated decline in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

Oral contraceptives (reduced prevalence in users). *Perchlorates. *Thiocyanates. *Age (for different types of iodine deficiency ... oral mucosa and the stomach. In the thyroid gland, I-concentration is more progressive, also in the reservoir (from 1% after 30 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_deficiency

... women using oral contraceptives blink 32% more often than other women on average for unknown reasons.[14] Generally, between ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinking

Prior to the introduction of the combined oral contraceptive pill, condoms were the most popular birth "control" method in the ... and as the only contraceptive that also protected from disease. One group of British contraceptive advocates distributed condom ... Contraceptives fell out of use in Europe after the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century; the use of ... Contraceptives were illegal in 19th century Italy and Germany, but condoms were allowed for disease prevention. Despite legal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_condoms

... such as those found in oral contraceptives with high estrogenic activity), certain antidepressants (such as venlafaxine), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_hypertension

However, oral contraceptives can be highly effective when used properly.. Oral contraceptives do not protect against AIDS or ... Oral contraceptives come in a wide range of estrogen-progestin combinations.The pills in use today contain much lower doses of ... Oral contraceptives are medicines taken by mouth to help prevent pregnancy. Also known as birth control pills, they contain ... Oral contraceptives have several effects that help prevent pregnancy. For pregnancy to occur, an egg must ripen inside a ...

http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/31/Oral-contraceptives.html

Oral contraceptives may create certain nutrient deficiencies and excesses as well as increase the nutritional needs of the user ... Though taking oral contraceptives regularly is 99 percent effective in birth control, there are many possible side effects. ... Many women have difficulty with oral contraceptives, though many others seem to tolerate them well. The use of birth control ... He and other authors also suggest that the increased blood levels of copper generated by oral contraceptive use may contribute ...

http://www.healthy.net/scr/Article.aspx?Id=1260

Oral contraceptives may make these conditions worse or, rarely, cause them to occur again. Oral contraceptives may still be a ... Oral contraceptives may worsen some cancers, especially when breast, cervical, or uterine cancers already exist. Use of oral ... Oral contraceptives pass into the breast milk and can change the content or lower the amount of breast milk. Also, they may ... When oral contraceptives were accidently taken early in pregnancy, problems in the fetus did not occur. Women who are not ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/estrogen-and-progestin-oral-contraceptives-oral-route/before-using/drg-20069422

Contraceptive Agents. Contraceptives, Oral. Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. Neurotransmitter Agents. Reproductive Control ... Other: oral contraceptive pill (OCP; OCPs) Daily administration of oral contraceptive pill for up to 3 months (2 months of ... Other: oral contraceptive pill (OCP; OCPs) Daily administration of oral contraceptive pill for up to 3 months (2 months of ... Impact of Oral Contraceptives on GABA and Neurosteroids. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00656318

The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) reduces cycle-length variability ... It is now estimated that the prevalence of oral contraceptive use in athletic women matches that of women in the general ... Oral contraceptive use and exerciseinduced muscle damage and recovery. Contraception 2002; 66: 67-71PubMedCrossRefGoogle ... Effects of oral contraceptives on peak exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol 2002; 93: 1698-702PubMedGoogle Scholar ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.2165%2F00007256-200737070-00001

... compared with women of normal weight who did not use oral contraceptives, according to an article published online by JAMA ... Obese women who used oral contraceptives appeared to have increased risk for a rare type of stroke known as a cerebral venous ... risk of CVT among obese women taking oral contraceptives compared with women of normal weight not taking oral contraceptives. ... associated with oral contraceptives in the presence of obesity might make physicians reluctant to prescribe oral contraceptives ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-03/tjnj-oir031016.php

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

... women with asthma who were not taking oral contraceptives (OC) had lower exhaled nitric oxide levels (eNO), a marker of airway ... Oral contraceptives may benefit women with asthma. November 5, 2009 New research shows that during natural menstrual cycles, ... Results showed that individuals not using oral contraceptives (OC) had higher mean eNO levels than women using OC. ... Furthermore, among women not using oral contraceptives, an increase in estrogen levels was associated with a decrease in eNO, ...

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2009-11-oral-contraceptives-benefit-women-asthma.html

Oral Contraceptive Pills and Endometrial Cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1979;91:793. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-91-5-793_2 ... "no association exists between the use of oral contraceptive pills and the subsequent development of endometrial cancer." They ... Their data may also be limited by the relatively short time from the introduction of contraceptive pills to the present. A ... that a limitation of their data is that only a small number of patients and control subjects had previously used contraceptive ...

http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/693524/oral-contraceptive-pills-endometrial-cancer

... isoenzyme cause decreased sex hormone levels in women taking oral contraceptives, raising the potential for decreased ... effectiveness of oral contraceptives and increased risk of unplanned pregnancy. (Strength of Recommendation [SOR]: C, based on ... drugs that do not induce this hepatic isoenzyme are not thought to compromise the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (SOR: C ...

https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/3783

Accurate histories of oral contraceptive use were facilitated by a book containing photographs of all oral contraceptives ever ... There was no evidence that long-term oral contraceptive use of more than 10 years or oral contraceptive use that began 16 or ... longer a woman had used oral contraceptives, the lower her risk of developing ovarian cancer. The protective effect of oral ... longer a woman had used oral contraceptives, the lower her risk of developing ovarian cancer. The protective effect of oral ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001216.htm

... contraceptives.html?id=T5dsAAAAMAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareOral contraceptives. ... norethindrone acetate norethisterone norethynodrel normal Number observed Obstet obtained occur Oracon oral contraceptives ... pregnanediol pregnanediol excretion Proc produce progestational progesterone progestins rabbit receiving oral contraceptives ... 1 Reviewhttps://books.google.com/books/about/Oral_contraceptives.html?id=T5dsAAAAMAAJ ...

https://books.google.com/books?id=T5dsAAAAMAAJ&q=serum&dq=related:LCCN78903747&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en

Oral contraceptives and thromboembolism.. Br Med J 1969; 3 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.3.5671.654-a (Published 13 ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/3/5671/654.2/article-info

EDITOR,-The Committee on Safety of Medicines recent advice that oral contraceptives containing gestodene or desogestrel should ... 2 These conclusions were highlighted in the Dutch media and caused a drop in the use of oral contraceptives from 34% to 27%, … ... Third generation oral contraceptives. BMJ 1996; 312 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7030.576 (Published 02 March 1996) ... of General Practitioners concluded that women aged over 35 and heavy smokers aged over 30 should not use oral contraceptives ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/312/7030/576.1

Progestin-Only Oral Contraceptives: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Progestin-only oral contraceptives come as tablets to take by mouth. They are taken once a day, every day at the same time. ... Take progestin-only oral contraceptives exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than ... Progestin-only oral contraceptives may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a602008.html

Since oral contraceptives first became available, there have been concerns that antibiotics might interfere with their efficacy ... For instance, if clinicians suspect that antibiotics may cause oral contraceptive failure, they may be more likely to submit a ... The key cause of unintended pregnancy among women using short-acting hormonal contraception, including oral contraceptives, is ... authors concludes that common non-enzyme-inducing antibiotics do not impair the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/937074

... ) and What are disadvantages of progestin-only oral contraceptives ... Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing ... Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 27. 346 (26):2025-32. [Medline]. ... Poindexter A. The emerging use of the 20-microg oral contraceptive. Fertil Steril. 2001 Mar. 75(3):457-65. [Medline]. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/258507-109044/what-are-disadvantages-of-progestin-only-oral-contraceptives

Oral Contraceptives): learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Oral contraceptives will work only as long as they are taken regularly. Continue to take oral contraceptives every day even if ... Some brands of oral contraceptives are also used to treat acne in certain patients. Oral contraceptives treat acne by ... To avoid nausea, take oral contraceptives with food or milk. Take your oral contraceptive at the same time every day. Follow ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601050.html

Oral contraceptives increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but this risk is very small among women who do not have other stroke ... Oral contraceptives increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but this risk is very small among women who do not have other stroke ... However, in women with other stroke risk factors, the risk seems higher and, in most cases, oral contraceptive use should be ... For healthy young women without any stroke risk factors, the stroke risk associated with oral contraceptives is very small. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180305/Oral-contraceptives-increase-ischemic-stroke-risk.aspx

Most oral contraceptives contain both oestrogen and a progestogen. These are called combined oral contraceptives - see table. ... How often do blood clots occur with oral contraceptives?. Blood clots only happen very occasionally in women using oral ... you decide your risk on a combined oral contraceptive is too high, there are a number of different types of contraceptives ... Taking a combined oral contraceptive increases this very small risk of developing a clot by 3-4 times if you are on a second ...

https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/consumers/leaflets/oralcontraceptives.asp

Tag: oral contraceptives. Obstetrics & gynecologyPharmaceuticals. Birth Control. From a message posted on Facebook: Is the pill ...

https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/tag/oral-contraceptives/

WebMD provides information about interactions between Norethindrone-Ethinyl Estradiol Oral and hormonal-contraceptives- ... Drug interactions with oral contraceptives: compilation and analysis of an adverse experience report database. Fertil Steril ... Inhibition of oral contraceptive effectiveness by concurrent antibiotic administration. A review. J Periodontol 1985 Jan;56(1): ... A study of interaction of a low-dose combination oral contraceptive with anti-tubercular drugs. Contraception 1980 Jun; 21(6): ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-2755/norethindrone-ethinyl-estradiol-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-115/dmtitle-hormonal-contraceptives-rifamycins/intrtype-drug

WebMD provides information about interactions between Norethindrone-Ethinyl Estradiol Oral and hormonal-contraceptives- ... even if you take your normal dose that day.If you are using a non-oral hormonal contraceptive (e.g. injection, patch, ring), ... and nutraceuticals.If you are taking an oral hormonal contraceptive product, on the day you receive sugammadex you should ... Sugammadex/Hormonal Contraceptives Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical advice. ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-2755/norethindrone-ethinyl-estradiol-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-1826/dmtitle-hormonal-contraceptives-sugammadex/intrtype-drug

Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. [CMAJ. 2002]. *Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. [N Engl J ... Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer.. Marchbanks PA1, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, Folger SG, Mandel MG, Daling JR, ... Use of oral contraceptives by women with a family history of breast cancer was not associated with an increased risk of breast ... It is uncertain whether the use of an oral contraceptive increases the risk of breast cancer later in life, when the incidence ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12087137?dopt=Abstract

New research from the November issue of Chest shows that women with asthma who are on oral contraceptives may have better ... New research shows that during natural menstrual cycles, women with asthma who were not taking oral contraceptives (OC) had ... Results showed that individuals not using oral contraceptives (OC) had higher mean eNO levels than women using OC. Furthermore ... Oral contraceptives may benefit women with asthma. American College of Chest Physicians ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-11/acoc-ocm110409.php

And so it goes with oral contraceptives and weight gain. Studies have consistently shown that oral contraceptives dont cause ... www.healthcentral.com/article/myth-oral-contraceptives-cause-weight-gain. Pregnancy. Myth: Oral Contraceptives Cause Weight ... But since that time, the hormone levels in oral contraceptives has been greatly reduced and are no longer the cause of weight ... Even the hint that oral contraceptives will cause weight gain stops many women from using it or stopping prematurely. But ...

https://www.healthcentral.com/article/myth-oral-contraceptives-cause-weight-gain

Compliance difficulties are more common among oral contraceptive (OC) users than generally appreciated by clinicians, in part ... Compliance and oral contraceptives: a review Contraception. 1995 Sep;52(3):137-41. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(95)00161-3. ... The efficacy of oral contraceptives (OC), however, relies on compliance even though poor compliance has no immediate or uniform ... Compliance difficulties are more common among oral contraceptive (OC) users than generally appreciated by clinicians, in part ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7587184/?dopt=Abstract

Progesterone is the naturally occurring female sex hormone acting as natures contraceptive by preventing women from conceiving ... Since it is not orally active, progesterone cannot practically be used as an oral contraceptive. It required the efforts of ... History of Oral Contraceptives. Carl Djerassi, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA ... The lead compound, norethindrone, was synthesised in 1951 and all but one of the subsequent steroid oral contraceptives are ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0003628.html

Use of oral contraceptives is associated with incident systemic lupus erythematosus, a case-control study showed. ... Oral Contraceptives Linked to Higher Lupus Risk. LITTLE FALLS, N.J. -- Use of oral contraceptives is associated with incident ... Current users of first- or second-generation oral contraceptives, RR 1.65 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.26) *Current users of pills ... They noted that even though oral contraceptives have been associated with an increased risk of lupus, "some have argued that ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/rheumatology/lupus/13621

Long-term effects of oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk.. Bosetti C1, Negri E, Trichopoulos D, Franceschi S, Beral V, ... Several epidemiologic studies have reported a protective effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on ovarian cancer. However, there ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12397647?dopt=Abstract

For oral dosage form (tablets): * When you miss 1 days dose of oral tablets or are 3 hours or more late in taking your dose, ... When switching from estrogen and progestin oral contraceptives, you should take the first dose of the progestin-only ... contraceptive the next day after the last active pill of the estrogen and progestin oral contraceptive has been taken. This ... of a 28-day cycle of the estrogen and progestin oral contraceptive pack. You will begin a new pack of progestin-only birth ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/progestin-contraceptives-oral-route-parenteral-route/proper-use/drg-20070184

Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals has agreed to submit television ads for its oral contraceptive drospirenone ethinyl estradiol ... 12 -- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals has agreed to submit television ads for its oral contraceptive drospirenone ethinyl ... The ads also imply the contraceptive treats all types of acne, but it is only indicated for the treatment of moderate acne ... Last October, the FDA issued a warning letter about two of Bayers direct-to-consumer ads for the contraceptive: "Were Not ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/productalert/prescriptions/12879

"A comparative study on the effects of a contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing and an oral contraceptive on carbohydrate ... Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers. Afshin A. Divani,1 Xianghua Luo,2 Yvonne H ... S. Cauci, M. Di Santolo, J. F. Culhane, G. Stel, F. Gonano, and S. Guaschino, "Effects of third-generation oral contraceptives ... S. Buchbinder, J. Kratzsch, G. M. Fiedler et al., "Body weight and oral contraceptives are the most important modulators of ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/379501/ref/

At least 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives (OCs). The potential connection with breast cancer has caused... ... oral contraceptive use, and (2) oral contraceptive use followed by hormone replacement therapy. As oral contraceptive ... oral contraceptives. There are 17 different oral contraceptive formulations now available in the United States, which are ... DEVELOPING A BROADER ARRAY OF CONTRACEPTIVES. The success and popularity of oral contraceptives as a means of avoiding ...

https://www.nap.edu/read/1814/chapter/2

Both oral and vaginal contraceptive users had higher levels of CRP (. ), compared to nonusers. Only oral contraceptive users ... who were combined oral contraceptives users (. ), combined vaginal contraceptive users (. ), and nonusers (. ) with CRP values ... we demonstrated that users of both oral and vaginal contraceptives had elevated levels of CRP, but only users of oral ... "A comparative study on the effects of a contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing and an oral contraceptive on carbohydrate ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/379501/

Oral contraceptives affected both the general quality of life and specific aspects like mood, well-being, self-control and ... No Link Between Oral Contraceptive Pills and Major Birth Defects. Oral contraceptives taken just before or during pregnancy do ... Oral Contraceptives Affect General Well-Being in Healthy Women. by Dr. Meenakshy Varier on April 19, 2017 at 2:13 PM Health ... Oral contraceptive or birth control pills contain hormones that prevent pregnancy. It is one of the most reliable methods of ...

http://www.medindia.net/news/healthwatch/oral-contraceptives-affect-general-well-being-in-healthy-women-169402-1.htm

Bayer Healthcare has launched its new low-dose oral contraceptive, Yaz, which offers important clinical benefits for women in ... Bayer launches oral contraceptive in Jordan. Amman, January 12, 2013. Bayer Healthcare has launched its new low-dose oral ... As one of the most advanced contraceptives on the market, Yaz uses a dosing regimen of 24 days of active hormone tablets ... He also underscored the importance of consulting with a physician for proper diagnosis before taking the contraceptive.. Bayer ...

http://tradearabia.com/news/HEAL_228797.html

Depression or a negative change in mood, apparently resulting from the use of OCs, is thought to be one of the main reasons women miss pills or stop taking their oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) altogether. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Some oral contraceptive pills have only progesterone. (wikipedia.org)
There are two major kinds of oral contraceptive pills. (wikipedia.org)
Evra is just as effective as the combined oral contraceptive pills. (2womenshealth.com)

Subjects will be randomized to receive either the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) Zovia or Necon for 2 months. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Daily administration of oral contraceptive pill for up to 3 months (2 months of daily administration required for the study). (clinicaltrials.gov)
The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) reduces cycle-length variability and provides a consistent 28-day cycle by controlling concentrations of endogenous sex hormones. (springer.com)
Bennett K, White S, Crossley K. The oral contraceptive pill: a revolution for sportswomen? (springer.com)
The combined oral contraceptive pill ( COCP ) is a contraceptive for women. (wikipedia.org)
After this discovery, the combined oral contraceptive pill was created. (wikipedia.org)
The combined oral contraceptive pill is thought to be safe and usually works well. (wikipedia.org)
In the United States, the combined oral contraceptive pill was first given to women in 1960. (wikipedia.org)
Second, it was the first contraceptive to completely separate the act of contraception (in this case the taking of a pill) from sexual intercourse itself. (wikipedia.org)

Oral contraceptives are not recommended for use during pregnancy and should be discontinued if you become pregnant or think you are pregnant. (mayoclinic.org)
When oral contraceptives were accidently taken early in pregnancy, problems in the fetus did not occur. (mayoclinic.org)
Moreover, withholding oral contraceptives may lead to an increase in unintended pregnancies and thus the number of pregnancy-related thrombosis cases. (eurekalert.org)
Antiepileptic drugs known to induce the hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzyme cause decreased sex hormone levels in women taking oral contraceptives, raising the potential for decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives and increased risk of unplanned pregnancy. (umsystem.edu)
a 2006 Mayo Clinic meta-analysis that concluded that breast cancer risk rises 50 percent for women taking oral contraceptives four or more years before a full-term pregnancy. (change.org)

Women who are not breast-feeding may begin to take oral contraceptives two weeks after having a baby. (mayoclinic.org)
A March 2018 study added a new complication: Women who take oral contraceptives run the risk of ischemic strokes. (naturalnews.com)

Double-blind, randonuzed study comparing the effects of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing etlunylestradiol (20μg or 30μg) and levonorgestrel (100μg or 150μg) of lipoprotein metabolism. (springer.com)

The effect of oral contraceptives on urinary and plasma vitamin B₆ as well as erythrocyte transaminase activities was investigated in women. (oregonstate.edu)

Antiepileptic drugs that do not induce this hepatic isoenzyme are not thought to compromise the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (umsystem.edu)
They will conduct another animal study that will test its effectiveness as a contraceptive. (naturalnews.com)

Lebrun CM. Effects of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on sports performance. (springer.com)
Measuring performance during the menstrual cycle: a model using oral contraceptives. (springer.com)
The aim is to evaluate the influence of oral contraceptive intake and menstrual cycle on the electrical activity and pressure pain threshold from anterior temporal and masseter muscles. (unesp.br)

Rosenberg MJ, Meyers A, Roy V. Efficacy, cycle control, and side effects of low- and lower-dose oral contraceptives: a randomized trial of 20pg and 35pg oestrogen preparations. (springer.com)

Determining factors that contribute to the emergence of depression with OC use is the first step in developing newer oral contraceptives that do not have this health outcome and will ultimately improve compliance with OCP use. (clinicaltrials.gov)

A British study sounds an alarm for some women who use the injectable contraceptive Depo-Provera. (digitalnaturopath.com)

Androgenic progestins in oral contraceptives and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. (springer.com)
Obese women who used oral contraceptives appeared to have increased risk for a rare type of stroke known as a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) compared with women of normal weight who did not use oral contraceptives, according to an article published online by JAMA Neurology . (eurekalert.org)
Risk factors for CVT overlap some with those for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and include cancer and oral contraceptives but there also are risk factors specific to CVT including local infections and head trauma. (eurekalert.org)
The authors report obesity (a body mass index 30 or more) was associated with increased risk of CVT and that the association appeared due to the increased risk among women taking oral contraceptives. (eurekalert.org)
There was a nearly 30-fold increased risk of CVT among obese women taking oral contraceptives compared with women of normal weight not taking oral contraceptives. (eurekalert.org)
There also was an increased risk of CVT in overweight women who used oral contraceptives. (eurekalert.org)
The increased risk of VTE and CVT associated with oral contraceptives in the presence of obesity might make physicians reluctant to prescribe oral contraceptives to obese women. (eurekalert.org)
Nevertheless, obese women should be informed about the increased risk of thrombosis if they use oral contraceptives, especially if other risk factors are present. (eurekalert.org)
The authors correctly point out that despite the manifold increased relative risk, the absolute risk of CVT in obese women taking OCs [oral contraceptives] still remains low and should not preclude OC use among them. (eurekalert.org)
While oral contraceptives may be a magic bullet in some instances, the list of potential side-effects is long, and includes an increased risk of breast cancer, cervical cancer, stroke, acne, yeast infections, and weight gain. (drfisel.com)
Among] women with other stroke risk factors, the risk seems higher and, in most cases, oral contraceptive use should be discouraged," warned the Loyola University Chicago (Loyola) study that came across this finding. (naturalnews.com)
His study contradicts the conventional wisdom that Depo-Provera is safer than other contraceptives for women at increased risk of heart disease. (digitalnaturopath.com)

Ott, Susan M. / Oral contraceptive use and bone density change in adolescent and young adult women : A prospective study of age, hormone dose, and discontinuation . (elsevier.com)

Because the amount of hormones is so small in low-dose contraceptives, your doctor may allow you to begin using an oral contraceptive after you have been breast-feeding for a while. (mayoclinic.org)

Efficacy, safety and cycle control of five oral contraceptive regimens containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol. (springer.com)

Oral contraceptives pass into the breast milk and can change the content or lower the amount of breast milk. (mayoclinic.org)
However, it may be necessary for you to use another method of birth control or to stop breast-feeding while taking oral contraceptives. (mayoclinic.org)
Cancer, including breast cancer (or history of or family history of)-Oral contraceptives may worsen some cancers, especially when breast, cervical, or uterine cancers already exist. (mayoclinic.org)
Combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives cause cancer of the breast, in-situ and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix, and cancer of the liver. (change.org)

Furthermore, the Loyola study clarifies that female contraceptives do not affect the chances of hemorrhagic strokes. (naturalnews.com)

Uniqueness of oral contraceptive progestins. (springer.com)

There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives. (change.org)

The mean dietary intake of vitamin B₆ was 1.57 mg per day for the untreated women and 1.52 for the oral contraceptive users. (oregonstate.edu)
On both days the mean levels of free and total vitamin B₆ in urine were less in the oral contraceptive users than that in the untreated controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. (oregonstate.edu)
The methionine loading dose did not affect the excretion of vitamin B₆ The mean plasma level of vitamin B₆ was lower for the oral contraceptive users than for the untreated controls although the difference is not statistically significant. (oregonstate.edu)
001), and patch users preferred the oral contraceptive to the patch. (2womenshealth.com)

It provides an option for those who have had problems with a variety of oral preparations. (2womenshealth.com)

Premenopausal women using oral contraceptives may have a decreased need for supplemental iron , as the use of OCs can increase iron stores. (digitalnaturopath.com)

Fibroid tumors of the uterus-Oral contraceptives usually improve these female conditions but sometimes they can make them worse or make the diagnosis of these problems more difficult. (mayoclinic.org)

We conducted a population-based, case-control study to determine the risk of breast cancer among former and current users of oral contraceptives. (nih.gov)
Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third-generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel before and after 1995: cohort and case-control analysis. (chiroweb.com)
We wish to emphasize that malignant, as well as benign, liver tumors can occur in users of oral contraceptives. (ebscohost.com)
Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database. (prweb.com)
CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study, we found no appreciable increase in the 4-year risk of NIDDM among current users of oral contraceptives. (diabetesjournals.org)
Results Among 232 452 women with over 5 030 196 person-years of follow-up, 315 cases of CD and 392 cases of UC were recorded through 2007 in NHS II and 2008 in NHS I. Compared with never users of oral contraceptives, the multivariate-adjusted HRs for CD were 2.82 (95% CI 1.65 to 4.82) among current users and 1.39 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.85) among past users. (bmj.com)

Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D. Safety and efficacy of an extended-regimen oral contraceptive utilizing continuous low-dose ethinyl estradiol. (medscape.com)
Jick SS, Kaye JA, Russmann S, Jick H. Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. (medscape.com)
A comparative study of two contraceptive vaginal rings releasing norethindrone acetate and differing doses of ethinyl estradiol. (medscape.com)
They also found that use of oral contraceptives containing the highest dose of ethinyl estradiol -- 50 mcg -- was associated with the greatest risk (rate ratio 2.92, 95% CI 1.45 to 5.89). (medpagetoday.com)
First- and second-generation contraceptives combined ethinyl estradiol with norethisterone, levonorgestrel, and norgestrel. (medpagetoday.com)
TALLAHASSEE, Fla., Feb. 12 -- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals has agreed to submit television ads for its oral contraceptive drospirenone ethinyl estradiol (Yaz) to the FDA for approval before airing in the U.S., according to Florida attorney general Bill McCollum. (medpagetoday.com)
The purpose of this study is to administer a combined oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate with the HIV treatment of efavirenz to healthy females in order to assess if the concentrations of the oral contraceptives change. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We included women who were using an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol combined with a progestin during 1997-2009. (cmaj.ca)
WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J., August 18, 2005 -- Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today confirmed that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Approvable letter for Duramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'s New Drug Application (NDA) for Seasonique (levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol tablets 0.15 mg/0.03 mg and ethinyl estradiol tablets 0.01 mg) extended-cycle oral contraceptive. (drugs.com)
In addition to Seasonique, the Company's pipeline of extended-cycle oral contraceptive products also includes a NDA currently pending at the FDA for Seasonale Lo (levonorgestrel 0.1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 0.02 mg tablets) extended-cycle oral contraceptive. (drugs.com)
Efficacy, safety and cycle control of five oral contraceptive regimens containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol. (springer.com)
Desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol are hormonal contraceptives available as a combination product. (waters.com)
Bleeding profile of a new 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg compared with a 21-day regimen. (mdedge.com)
Efficacy and safety of a 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg. (mdedge.com)
They were then randomly assigned to placebo (n = 3) or oral contraceptive (1 mg norethindrone and 35 micrograms ethinyl oestradiol) (n = 7) for 21 days. (bmj.com)

Conventional oral contraceptives also stop periods if they are taken continuously, and a clinician may suggest this approach to enable a woman to skip her period at an inconvenient time, such as during her honeymoon. (harvard.edu)

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious side effects from oral contraceptives, including heart attacks, blood clots, and strokes. (medlineplus.gov)
This fact sheet is about blood clots, a rare complication of taking oral contraceptives. (medsafe.govt.nz)
The blood clots associated with using oral contraceptives occur in the veins of the legs. (medsafe.govt.nz)
How often do blood clots occur with oral contraceptives? (medsafe.govt.nz)
Blood clots only happen very occasionally in women using oral contraceptives, and deaths from blood clots are even more rare. (medsafe.govt.nz)
Women can have blood clots when they are not using oral contraceptives. (medsafe.govt.nz)
As combined oral contraceptives are used by many women in New Zealand, two deaths a year from blood clots would be expected in this country. (medsafe.govt.nz)
Stroke (or history of)-If these conditions are already present, oral contraceptives may have a greater chance of causing blood clots or circulation problems, especially in women who smoke tobacco. (mayoclinic.org)
However, they note that oral contraceptives still are not advised for women who have a history of, or are at high risk for, blood clots, because estrogens have been associated with dangerous blood clots. (rxpgnews.com)
Hormonal contraceptive use should be avoided in women at risk for blood clots, by heavy smokers, and in women with breast or other cancers. (biomedsearch.com)

Brevinor should not be taken if you are allergic to ethinylestradiol, norethisterone, or any of the other constituents of this contraceptive. (theonlineclinic.co.uk)
In the 15-center study of 183 women with inactive or stable lupus, those taking oral contraceptives (triphasic 35 g.ethinylestradiol/0.5-1 mg norethindrone for twelve 28-day cycles) had no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of flares than those taking a placebo. (rxpgnews.com)
The relative risk of venous thrombosis for combined oral contraceptives with 30-35 μg ethinylestradiol and gestodene, desogestrel, cyproterone acetate, or drospirenone were similar and about 50-80% higher than for combined oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel. (who.int)
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) hazard ratio for oral contraceptives containing both drospirenone (DRSP) and ethinylestradiol (EE) in a 24-day regimen or any oral contraceptive without DRSP. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Ethinylestradiol + etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring: new drug. (biomedsearch.com)
3. Bachmann G, Sulak PJ, Sampson-Landers C, Benda N, Marr J. Efficacy and safety of a low-dose 24-day combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. (mdedge.com)
18. van den Heuvel MW, van Bragt AJ, Alnabawy AK, Kaptein M. Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive. (mdedge.com)

Background Recent concerns have been raised about the risk of gallbladder disease associated with the use of drospirenone, a fourth-generation progestin used in oral contraceptives. (cmaj.ca)
Interpretation In a large cohort of women using oral contraceptives, we found a small, statistically significant increase in the risk of gallbladder disease associated with desogestrel, drospirenone and norethindrone compared with levonorgestrel. (cmaj.ca)
On May 31, 2011, the FDA issued a Drug Safety Communication ( http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm257164.htm ) announcing that it would be reviewing the safety of Yaz, Yasmin and similar drospirenone contraceptives. (prweb.com)
Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel: case-control study using United States claims data. (prweb.com)
For that reason, Parker Waichman Alonso LLP continues to call on Bayer Corporation, as well as the makers of other drospirenone contraceptives, to remove these products from the market immediately. (prweb.com)
Parker Waichman Alonso LLP continues to offer free legal evaluations to victims of drospirenone contraceptives, including Yaz and Yasmin. (prweb.com)
The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists have produced new guidelines for premenstrual syndrome, advising that combined oral contraceptives containing drospirenone should be considered as a first-line treatment. (pulsetoday.co.uk)

Decreased maximal aerobic capacity with use of a triphasic oral contraceptive in highly active women: a randomised controlled trial. (springer.com)

No statistically significant increase in risk was associated with the other formulations of oral contraceptive (ethynodiol diacetate, norgestrel and norgestimate). (cmaj.ca)

In addition, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events associated with OCs may conflict with maintaining a constant rate of unwanted pregnancies, since OCs are the most effective contraceptive method . (ajmc.com)
It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED). (bioportfolio.com)

The lead compound, norethindrone, was synthesised in 1951 and all but one of the subsequent steroid oral contraceptives are based on that chemical template. (els.net)
CONCLUSIONS--Neither cycle phase nor a low dose oral contraceptive containing 1 mg norethindrone adversely affects performance during a maximal treadmill test or endurance run. (bmj.com)

Oral, transdermal and vaginal combined contraceptives induce an increase in markers of chronic inflammation and impair insulin sensitivity in young healthy normal-weight women: a randomized study," Human Reproduction , vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 3046-3056, 2012. (hindawi.com)

Hormonal contraceptive therapy is known to increase risk of venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Com-bined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use has been associated with venous thrombosis (VT) (i.e., deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism). (who.int)
To provide a comprehensive overview of the risk of venous thrombosis in women using different combined oral contraceptives. (who.int)
Use of combined oral contraceptives increased the risk of venous thrombosis compared with non-use (relative risk 3.5, 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 4.3). (who.int)
All combined oral contraceptives investigated in this analysis were associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Obese women who used oral contraceptives appeared to have increased risk for a rare type of stroke known as a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) compared with women of normal weight who did not use oral contraceptives, according to an article published online by JAMA Neurology . (eurekalert.org)
Risk factors for CVT overlap some with those for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and include cancer and oral contraceptives but there also are risk factors specific to CVT including local infections and head trauma. (eurekalert.org)

The Company is committed to the extended-cycle oral contraceptive category it created with the launch of the Seasonale extended-cycle oral contraceptive in 2003. (drugs.com)
2. Anderson FD, Hait H. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. (mdedge.com)
16. Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D. Long-term safety of an extended-cycle oral contraceptive (Seasonale): a 2-year multicenter open-label extension trial. (mdedge.com)

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it, and go back to taking progestin-only contraceptives at your regular time. (medlineplus.gov)
You will probably experience withdrawal bleeding similar to a menstrual period while you are taking the inactive tablets or the low dose estrogen tablets or during the week that you do not take your oral contraceptive. (medlineplus.gov)
A study of interaction of a low-dose combination oral contraceptive with anti-tubercular drugs. (webmd.com)
Bayer Healthcare has launched its new low-dose oral contraceptive, Yaz, which offers important clinical benefits for women in Jordan. (tradearabia.com)
Women taking low-dose oral contraceptives maybe at increased risk of heart attack or stroke as per a recent study. (medindia.net)
The findings could have further significance for those women taking low-dose oral contraceptives who already are at increased risk for such events because of polycystic ovary syndrome, or metabolic disorder, according to John Nestler, M.D., professor and chair of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism in the VCU School of Medicine. (medindia.net)
In the study, researchers reported that the overall estimated risk of cardiovascular events - both heart attack and stroke -- among current low-dose oral contraceptive users was doubled compared to non-users. (medindia.net)
Prolonged exposure to low-dose oral contraceptives in a population at higher risk may significantly increase the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes and prompt consideration of alternative therapeutic or contraceptive interventions," he wrote. (medindia.net)
A number of women with metabolic syndrome or polycystic ovary syndrome already are at increased risk for heart attack, and a majority of women with PCOS are treated with low-dose oral contraceptives for a prolonged period of time," he said. (medindia.net)
Few guidelines exist for the use of estrogen, particularly low-dose oral contraceptives, during the perimenopausal years. (aafp.org)
In addition to adequate calcium supplementation and weight-bearing exercise, the use of low-dose oral contraceptives appears to be associated with a significant increase in bone density. (aafp.org)
Another benefit of low-dose oral contraceptive use during the perimenopausal years is a reduction in the risk of endometrial cancer. (aafp.org)
Thus, if you have a woman who has been stable on a given dose of Lamictal who is starting the NuvaRing or an oral contraceptive, she may need to increase her dosage of Lamictal to maintain the same blood level. (womensmentalhealth.org)
The problem is that these hormonal contraceptives tend to increase blood pressure and hence the dose of anti-hypertensive agents may need to be increased. (ndtv.com)
Effect of low dose oral contraceptives on exercise performance. (bmj.com)
OBJECTIVE--to examine the effect of cycle phase or a low dose oral contraceptive on exercise performance in young women. (bmj.com)

Progestin-only oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the spread of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Progestin-only oral contraceptives come as tablets to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
Take progestin-only oral contraceptives exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
It is best to start taking progestin-only oral contraceptives on the first day of your menstrual period. (medlineplus.gov)
If you start taking progestin-only oral contraceptives on another day, use a backup method of birth control (such as a condom and/or a spermicide) for the next 48 hours. (medlineplus.gov)
If you have had a miscarriage or an abortion, you can start taking progestin-only oral contraceptives the next day. (medlineplus.gov)
Progestin-only oral contraceptives are safe for use by breast-feeding mothers. (medlineplus.gov)
Before taking progestin-only oral contraceptives, ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's information for the patient and read it carefully. (medlineplus.gov)
Progestin-only oral contraceptives may cause side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
It is not known whether progestin-only oral contraceptives also increase the risks of these conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
What are disadvantages of progestin-only oral contraceptives? (medscape.com)
Progestin-only oral contraceptives generally do not block ovulation. (thefreedictionary.com)

Attitudes of female patients regarding oral contraceptives for treatment of acne. (biomedsearch.com)

No effect of oral contraceptive agents was seen on hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythrocyte count. (wellnessresources.com)
No effect of oral contraceptive agents on plasma calcium, magnesium and erythrocyte magnesium was observed. (wellnessresources.com)
Although no effect of oral contraceptive agents on plasma total protein was found, serum albumin was decreased. (wellnessresources.com)

The relative risk was 1.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.3) for women who were currently using oral contraceptives and 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.0) for those who had previously used them. (nih.gov)

However, a review of studies examining pharmacokinetic outcomes and suppression of ovulation by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) authors concludes that common non-enzyme-inducing antibiotics do not impair the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (medscape.com)
Reliable case reports, as well as controlled clinical trials, indicate that St. John's wort interferes with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives and may have led to unwanted pregnancies. (doctors-hospital.net)
21-24 The net result could be decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (doctors-hospital.net)

Examines the association between oral contraceptives and liver tumor. (ebscohost.com)
The association between oral contraceptives and UC differed according to smoking history (p heterogeneity =0.04). (bmj.com)

Women with high cholesterol, who are successfully controlling it by diet, exercise, medication, or a combination of these treatments, may be able to safely use oral contraceptives (OCs). (nih.gov)
Women with a rare genetic form of high cholesterol or severely high cholesterol that does not respond to medication may need to use another contraceptive method than OCs. (nih.gov)
The Online Clinic can prescribe Brevinor if you have previously had a combined oral contraceptive medication. (theonlineclinic.co.uk)
taken through or applied in the mouth, as an oral medication. (thefreedictionary.com)
But the most commonly prescribed hair loss treatment for androgenetic alopecia in women is actually oral contraceptives (in combination with another medication). (everydayhealth.com)

Recent studies have indicated that the risk of developing ovarian cancer is reduced in women who have used oral contraceptives compared with women who have never used them. (aafp.org)
The study - conducted by researchers at University of California, San Francisco, Duke University School of Medicine and Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China - is the first to establish an increased risk of glaucoma in women who have used oral contraceptives for three or more years. (news-medical.net)

Blood samples were taken from all the participants to check for antibodies (ACPA) to rheumatoid arthritis, and the women were quizzed in depth about their contraceptive and reproductive histories, their lifestyle, whether they had breastfed their kids and their educational attainment. (hindustantimes.com)
In early 1951, reproductive physiologist Gregory Pincus , a leader in hormone research and co-founder of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology (WFEB) in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, first met American birth control movement founder Margaret Sanger at a Manhattan dinner hosted by Abraham Stone, medical director and vice president of Planned Parenthood (PPFA), who helped Pincus obtain a small grant from PPFA to begin hormonal contraceptive research. (bionity.com)
Each group included approximately 400 to 520 women, who provided information on their height, weight, reproductive history, pattern of menstruation and menstrual pain, and contraceptive use. (healthcanal.com)

There are 17 different oral contraceptive formulations now available in the United States, which are marketed under 29 brand names. (nap.edu)
Both groups of women have had varied patterns of starting and stopping oral contraceptive use, and a majority have used two or more different formulations. (nap.edu)
The clear cause of elevation in CRP level due to the use of different hormonal contraceptive formulations and methods is not well understood. (hindawi.com)
We conducted a study to determine the magnitude of this risk compared with other formulations of oral contraceptives. (cmaj.ca)

Researchers found that women who had used an oral contraceptive at any time had a lower risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis than those who had never done so. (hindustantimes.com)

The study noted approximately double the risk in women taking third-generation contraceptives vs. women taking second-generation contraceptives. (chiroweb.com)

It's likely that oral contraceptives help maintain lower and more consistent levels of estrogen and progesterone, which may lead to periodic increase in laxity and subsequent risk of tear (instead of periodic ACL weakness)," explained lead author Steven DeFroda, MD. (uspharmacist.com)

However, the use of OC among women with conditions that place high-risk for OC use, and hence, for whom another contraceptive method is preferred, is certainly concerning, as I previously discussed in part 1 of this post. (ajmc.com)

Use of third-generation contraceptives was not associated with increased risk of incident lupus, possibly because they contain lower doses of estrogen. (medpagetoday.com)

Explain to interested patients that the increased risk of lupus was associated with current use of oral contraceptives containing higher doses of estrogen. (medpagetoday.com)
An oral contraceptive (OC) is effective because it delivers high doses of estrogen to prevent ovulation. (womensmentalhealth.org)

Oral contraceptives increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but this risk is very small among women who do not have other stroke risk factors, according to a comprehensive review in the journal MedLink Neurology by Loyola Medicine stroke specialists. (news-medical.net)
For healthy young women without any stroke risk factors, the stroke risk associated with oral contraceptives is very small. (news-medical.net)
However, in women with other stroke risk factors, the risk seems higher and, in most cases, oral contraceptive use should be discouraged,' Drs. Morales and Biller wrote. (news-medical.net)
One previous study found that, among women with one or more stroke risk factors, only 15 percent recalled being advised not to start oral contraceptives and only 36 percent remembered being told to stop. (news-medical.net)
Nevertheless, obese women should be informed about the increased risk of thrombosis if they use oral contraceptives, especially if other risk factors are present. (eurekalert.org)
The researchers caution gynecologists and ophthalmologists to be aware of the fact that oral contraceptives might play a role in glaucomatous diseases, and inform patients to have their eyes screened for glaucoma if they also have other risk factors. (news-medical.net)
Although the results of the study do not speak directly to the causative effect of oral contraceptives on the development of glaucoma, it indicates that long-term use of oral contraceptives might be a potential risk factor for glaucoma, and may be considered as part of the risk profile for a patient together with other existing risk factors. (news-medical.net)
At this point, women who have taken oral contraceptives for three or more years should be screened for glaucoma and followed closely by an ophthalmologist, especially if they have any other existing risk factors. (news-medical.net)
These women had provided information every 2 years, on age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, parity, menopause status and other risk factors. (bmj.com)

In 2018, the Canadian Paediatric Society recommended long-acting reversible contraceptives, including hormone-releasing intrauterine devices, as a first-line option for young Canadians. (theglobeandmail.com)

When comparing the groups with CRP ≤ 1 and CRP ≥ 3, levels of IL-6 and sTNF-RI were positively correlated with CRP among oral contraceptive users. (hindawi.com)

8 The largest investigation to date, the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study (CASH), showed a decrease averaging 40 percent in the development of ovarian cancer in women who had taken oral contraceptives. (aafp.org)
Research presented today, at the 117th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology in New Orleans, has found that women who have taken oral contraceptives for three or more years are twice as likely to suffer from glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness which affects nearly 60 million worldwide. (news-medical.net)

The increased risk of VTE and CVT associated with oral contraceptives in the presence of obesity might make physicians reluctant to prescribe oral contraceptives to obese women. (eurekalert.org)

13.Barditch-Crovo P, Trapnell CB, Ette E, Zacur HA, Coresh J, Rocco LE, Hendrix CW, Flexner C. The effects of rifampin and rifabutin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive. (webmd.com)
The methods existing in literature for the analysis of combination oral contraceptive products do not address advances in the new chemistries and instrumentation. (waters.com)

We did not observe the same elevation for other inflammatory biomarkers for the CRP ≥ 3 group among vaginal contraceptive users. (hindawi.com)
One recent hormonal contraceptive method is combined vaginal contraceptive (CVC), commercially marketed as NuvaRing (Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ). (hindawi.com)

The relative risk of endometrial cancer for women who had used combined oral contraceptives containing both an estrogen and a progestin was 0.5 (95% confidence limits 0.4-0.8). (cdc.gov)
By contrast, women who had used sequential oral contraceptives (estrogen and progestin components taken at different times of the month) appeared to have an increased risk of endometrial cancer. (cdc.gov)
The protective effects of combined oral contraceptives against endometrial cancer appeared to be restricted to women who had used them for 1 year or longer and was concentrated in nulliparous women. (cdc.gov)
Combined estrogen and progestin oral contraceptives may increase the risk of getting breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and liver tumors. (medlineplus.gov)
Other noncontraceptive health benefits of oral contraceptives include a reduction in bone loss and protection against iron deficiency anemia, dysmenorrhea, benign breast disease, endometrial cancer and epithelial ovarian cancer. (aafp.org)
Several studies indicate that oral contraceptives protect against endometrial cancer in a duration-dependent manner. (aafp.org)
The CASH study reported that after 12 to 23 months of oral contraceptive use, the age-adjusted risk of developing endometrial cancer was 40 percent less than the risk in women who have never used oral contraceptives. (aafp.org)

Furthermore, among women not using oral contraceptives, an increase in estrogen levels was associated with a decrease in eNO, while an increase in progesterone was significantly associated with an increase in eNO. (eurekalert.org)
This is the injectable, progesterone only birth contraceptive - depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. (healthcentral.com)
Since it is not orally active, progesterone cannot practically be used as an oral contraceptive. (els.net)
The natural female sex hormone progesterone - nature's contraceptive - is not orally active. (els.net)

The relative risk of ovarian cancer for women who had used oral contraceptives for at least 1 month, as compared with women who had never used them, was 0.6 (95% confidence limits 0.4-0.9). (cdc.gov)
The longer a woman had used oral contraceptives, the lower her risk of developing ovarian cancer. (cdc.gov)
Women of childbearing potential with intact ovarian function who have been on a stable method of oral contraceptives for at least 2 months prior to the start of the study. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Androgenic progestins in oral contraceptives and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. (springer.com)
For example, use of oral contraceptives for seven years or longer confers about a 60 to 80 percent reduction in the risk of developing ovarian cancer. (aafp.org)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment57

Psychiatry and Psychology26

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena15

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups8

Health Care51

Geographicals18

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/1279)

Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records. (2/1279)

T(3/1279)

Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. (4/1279)

Medicolegal file.(5/1279)

Moderate physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns. (6/1279)

The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. (7/1279)

Interaction between the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. (8/1279)

Contraceptives, Oral

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Contraceptive Agents

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

Contraceptive Agents, Female

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

Contraceptive Devices

Contraception

Contraceptive Devices, Female

Contraception Behavior

Contraceptive Agents, Male

Intrauterine Devices

Family Planning Services

Ethinyl Estradiol

Desogestrel

Norgestrel

Levonorgestrel

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Mestranol

Norethindrone

Vaccines, Contraceptive

Pregnancy, Unplanned

Sterilization, Reproductive

Pregnancy, Unwanted

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Spermatocidal Agents

Contraception, Postcoital

Intrauterine Devices, Copper

Menstruation

Norethynodrel

Ethynodiol Diacetate

Pregnancy

Abortion, Induced

Contraception, Immunologic

Norpregnenes

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

Progestins

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

Sterilization, Tubal

Androstenes

Menstrual Cycle

Progesterone Congeners

Parity

Intrauterine Devices, Medicated

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Contraceptive Devices, Male

Pregnancy in Adolescence

Menstruation Disturbances

Megestrol

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

Drug Implants

Sex Education

Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents

Ovulation Inhibition

Medroxyprogesterone

Fertility

Condoms

Sexual Behavior

Norpregnadienes

Transdermal Patch

Ethisterone

Uterine Hemorrhage

Estradiol Congeners

Metrorrhagia

Risk Factors

Estrogens

Nonoxynol

Coitus

Abortion Applicants

Xanthurenates

Abortion, Legal

Reproductive Health Services

Age Factors

Marriage

Case-Control Studies

Women's Health

Reproductive History

Questionnaires

Sexually Transmitted Diseases