Contraceptives oral. Medical search

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.

Contraceptive devices used by females.

Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.

Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.

The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.

Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.

Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.

Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).

Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.

A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.

Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

Contraceptive devices used by males.

Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.

Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

Sexual activities of humans.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

A medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream.

17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.

The sexual union of a male and a female, a term used for human only.

Individuals requesting induced abortions.

Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.

An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent EJACULATION of SEMEN into the VAGINA.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Absence of menstruation.

The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.

Human males as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).

An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.

Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.

A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, to guide and determine present and future decisions on population control by limiting the number of children or controlling fertility, notably through family planning and contraception within the nuclear family.

Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.

Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

A class of natural contraceptive methods in which SEXUAL ABSTINENCE is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation, during the fertile phase. Methods for determining the fertile period or OVULATION DETECTION are based on various physiological indicators, such as circulating hormones, changes in cervical mucus (CERVIX MUCUS), and the basal body temperature.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (From Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America, Foreword 1990; Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Notice to Contributors, Jan 1979)

The unmarried man or woman.

Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.

Painful menstruation.

The physical condition of human reproductive systems.

Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

The first MENSTRUAL CYCLE marked by the initiation of MENSTRUATION.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.

A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.

Personal care items used during MENSTRUATION.

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.

Individual members of Central American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. Mexican Indians are not included.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).

Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.

Human females as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.

A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.

Human behavior or decision related to REPRODUCTION.

Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

Methods of contraception in which physical, chemical, or biological means are used to prevent the SPERM from reaching the fertilizable OVUM.

A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Size and composition of the family.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.

An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Red blood cell precursors, corresponding to ERYTHROBLASTS, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY or VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

Health services for college and university students usually provided by the educational institution.

Refraining from SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Interference with the FREEDOM or PERSONAL AUTONOMY of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf.

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.

The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.

The lengths of intervals between births to women in the population.

A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

Illegal termination of pregnancy.

A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/1279)

Serum and urinary levels of unconjugated testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and oestradiol were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in 10 healthy women in the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle and in nine healthy women taking oral contraceptives. The contraceptive group had testosterone levels 1-3 times higher and dihydrotestosterone levels two times higher than those in the controls. Serum oestradiol levels in the contraceptive group were much lower than those in the controls and similar to levels in postmenopausal women. The contraceptive group had about twice the urinary excretion of unconjugated (free) testosterone and dihydrotestosterone of the controls, but their excretion of unconjugated oestradiol was 2-7 times lower. The great increase in serum and urinary androgen concentrations, as well as the suppression of oestradiol, may be related to the antiovulatory effect of oral contraceptives. (+info)

Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records. (2/1279)

BACKGROUND: If women tend to forget and underreport their past oral contraceptive (OC) use, but the recall among cases is enhanced by the presence of disease, recall bias may explain some reported health effects of OC use. METHODS: Two different sources of information on lifetime OC use were compared for 427 (84%) of a community-based sample of 511 women aged 20-34: (i) structured interviews, using a life event calendar and picture display as memory aids, and (ii) a register of all prescriptions dispensed by pharmacies in the county since 1970. RESULTS: Interview data and pharmacy records showed high levels of agreement for any OC use, current use, time since first and last use, total duration of use, and for duration of use in different 'time windows'. But there was a tendency to under-report specific kinds of OC used in the past. CONCLUSION: Underreporting of OC use among non-cases would usually introduce little or no bias (as compared to pharmacy records) for this kind of interview and women. However, it may be preferable to use interviews for current OC use, and pharmacy records for specific kinds of OC used in the past. (+info)

T(3/1279)

he pill in Japan: will approval ever come? (+info)

Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. (4/1279)

Aging rhesus monkeys, both controls and those undergoing long-term administration of investigational oral contraceptive steroids, developed widespread hyperfluorescent dots at the posterior pole. The dots were considered to represent drusen. Histologic (including electron microscopic) study showed the "drusen" in some of the animals to be almost exclusively pigment epithelial windows produced by a lipoidal degeneration of the pigment epithelial cells. The experiment provided a fortuitous model for direct correlation of clinical and histologic observations of myriad uniform, tiny, depigmented, hyperfluorescent, nonleaking spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. (+info)

Medicolegal file.(5/1279)

Tell everything you know about birth control pills. (+info)

Moderate physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns. (6/1279)

High-risk mammographic patterns may be used as a surrogate end point for breast cancer in etiologic research as well as in prevention studies. Physical activity may be one of the few modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. We examined the relationship between physical activity and mammographic patterns among 2720 Norwegian women, ages 40-56 years, who participated in both the Second and Third Tromso studies. Epidemiologic data were obtained through questionnaires. Two questions from the Second Tromso study and five questions from the Third elicited information on physical activity. The mammograms were categorized into five groups based on anatomical-mammographic correlations. For analysis, patterns I through III were combined into a low-risk group and patterns IV and V into a high-risk group. Odds ratios that were adjusted for age, education, menopausal status, body mass index, parity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, and alcohol intake, with 95% confidence intervals, were estimated using logistic regression. Women who reported moderate physical activity, i.e., more than 2 h/week, were 20% less likely (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.1) to have high-risk mammographic patterns compared with those who reported being inactive. This relationship remains consistent when stratified by menopausal status, parity, and tertiles of body mass index. However, all of the associations between various measures of physical activity and high-risk patterns found in this study are weak with confidence intervals that include 1.0. Thus, chance is a reasonable explanation for the weak associations found. The relationship between physical activity and high-risk patterns should be examined further as a means to explore the biologic mechanisms relating physical activity to breast cancer risk. (+info)

The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. (7/1279)

BACKGROUND: So far, no-one has attempted to evaluate the overall balance of serious, but not necessarily fatal, disease among a cohort of oral contraceptive users. AIM: To emprirically assess the balance of risk of serious illness among a cohort of oral contraceptive users followed up for up to 28 years. METHODS: Oral contraceptive-associated serious disease was defined as that which is often life-threatening and/or associated with long-term disability, and which has been found, or postulated, to be associated with use of combined oral contraceptives. Data from the Royal College of General Practitioners' (RCGP) Oral Contraception Study were examined to determine the rate of such conditions during 335,181 woman-years of observation in 'ever users' and 228,727 woman-years in 'never users'. The rates were standardized for age, parity, social class, and smoking. RESULTS: Compared with never users, ever users had a small increased risk of any serious disease (relative risk = 1.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.25). Ever users had an excess risk of cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism, and reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. The increased risk was seen only in younger women; by the age of 50, ever users had the same risk as never users. The risk appeared to be confined to women using older oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms or more of oestrogen. CONCLUSIONS: Past users of older, higher dose oral contraceptives can be reassured that the small increased risk of serious disease seen during current use does not persist after stopping, and that latent effects do not appear later in life. Currently available oral contraceptives, containing less than 50 micrograms of oestrogen accompanied by the progestogen, levonorgestrel, or norethisterone acetate, do not appear to be associated with an increased net risk of serious disease. (+info)

Interaction between the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. (8/1279)

Single-point mutations in the gene coding for prothrombin (factor II:A20210) or factor V (factor V:A1691) are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. The use of oral contraceptives is also a strong and independent risk factor for the disease, and the interaction between factor V:A1691 and oral contraceptives greatly increases the risk. No information is available about the interaction between oral contraceptives and mutant prothrombin. We investigated 148 women with a first, objectively confirmed episode of deep vein thrombosis and 277 healthy women as controls. Fourteen patients (9.4%) were carriers of factor II:A20210, 24 (16.2%) of factor V:A1691, and 4 (2.7%) of both defects. Among controls, the prevalence was 2.5% for either factor II:A20210 or factor V:A1691, and there was no carrier of both the mutations. The relative risk of thrombosis was 6-fold for factor II:A20210 and 9-fold for factor V:A1691. The most prevalent circumstantial risk factor in patients and the only one observed in controls was oral contraceptive use, which per se conferred a 6-fold increased risk of thrombosis. The risk increased to 16.3 and 20.0 when women with factor II:A20210 or factor V:A1691 who used oral contraceptives were compared with noncarriers and nonusers. These figures indicate a multiplicative interaction between the genetic risk factors and oral contraceptives. No difference in the type of oral contraceptives was observed between patients and controls, those of third generation being the most frequently used (73% and 80%). We conclude that carriers of the prothrombin mutation who use oral contraceptives have a markedly increased risk of deep vein thrombosis, much higher than the risk conferred by either factor alone. (+info)

22.1 Contraceptives *22.1.1 Oral hormonal contraceptives. *22.1.2 Injectable hormonal contraceptives ... Deferasirox oral form may be an alternative, depending on cost and availability. ... In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts ... cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Health_Organization_Essential_Medicines

Even after [...] Harry W. Rudel; Fred A. Kinel (September 1972). "Oral Contraceptives. Human Fertility Studies and Side Effects ... Goebelsmann U (1986). "Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids in Humans". In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive ... OHPA was found to possess two to three times the oral activity of 17α-methylprogesterone. Upjohn reported the oral activity of ... OHPA has been found to be effective as an oral progestogen-only pill at a dosage of 30 mg/day. OHPA has very low but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate

Harry W. Rudel; Fred A. Kinel (September 1972). "Oral Contraceptives. Human Fertility Studies and Side Effects". In M. Tausk ( ... Conversely, combined oral contraceptive pills containing ethinylestradiol have considerable effects on coagulation and ... Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D (1999). "The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive ... Goebelsmann U (1986). "Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids in Humans". In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_injectable_birth_control

"FDA's Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive, Enovid".. *^ Cafe, Rebecca (4 December 2011). "BBC News - How the contraceptive ... Oral ContraceptivesEdit. Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United ... "Why the Oral Contraceptive Is Just Known as "The Pill"". www.smithsonianmag.com.. ... The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company

Wu CQ, Grandi SM, Filion KB, Abenhaim HA, Joseph L, Eisenberg MJ (June 2013). "Drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive pills ... The oral bioavailability of drospirenone is between 66 and 85%. Peak levels occur 1 to 6 hours after an oral dose. Levels are ... Heinemann LA, Dinger J (2004). "Safety of a new oral contraceptive containing drospirenone". Drug Saf. 27 (13): 1001-18. doi: ... Keam SJ, Wagstaff AJ (2003). "Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone: a review of its use as an oral contraceptive". Treat Endocrinol. 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drospirenone

Edgren RA, Sturtevant FM (August 1976). "Potencies of oral contraceptives". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (8): 1029-38. doi: ... Gestovis is a new highly effective oral progesterone derivative (cyclopentylenol-ether of 17-alpha-acetoxyprogesterone) for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate

Research has shown no significant loss of effectiveness in oral contraceptives while using most tetracycline antibiotics ( ... 14 (6): 391-9. PMID 15564203.[permanent dead link] DeRossi SS, Hersh EV (October 2002). "Antibiotics and oral contraceptives". ... "Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: a myth debunked". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 46 (6 ... Oral doxycycline can cause pill esophagitis, particularly when it is swallowed without adequate fluid, or by persons with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycycline

In the 1960s, CMA was introduced as a component of oral contraceptives. However, around 1970, such formulations were withdrawn ... Edgren RA, Sturtevant FM (August 1976). "Potencies of oral contraceptives". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (8): 1029-38. doi: ... Bingel AS, Benoit PS (February 1973). "Oral contraceptives: therapeutics versus adverse reactions, with an outlook for the ... market by Eli Lilly in 1971 and all oral contraceptives of CMA were discontinued in the U.S. by 1972. However, subsequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate

Edgren RA, Sturtevant FM (August 1976). "Potencies of oral contraceptives". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (8): 1029-38. doi: ... She had been taking an oral contraceptive combining ethinylestradiol and quingestrone since 1980. Denis Frank Hawkins (1974). ... Oral Advisory Group (1965). Handbook on oral contraception. Little, Brown. p. 18. OCLC 2717593. Larrey D, Geneve J, Pessayre D ... and oral or intraperitoneal doses of quingestrone 20 to 40 times those of oral or intraperitoneal progesterone were unable to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quingestrone

... was used as an oral, once-a-month, or postcoital hormonal contraceptive. Quingestanol acetate is a ... 73-. ISBN 978-0-300-16791-7. Population Reports: Oral contraceptives. Department of Medical and Public Affairs, George ... "Further experience with quingestanol acetate as a postcoital oral contraceptive". Contraception. 9 (3): 221-5. doi:10.1016/0010 ... Donde UM, Virkar KD (June 1975). "Biochemical studies with once-a-month contraceptive pill containing quinestrol-quingestanol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate

Archer JS, Archer DF (June 2002). "Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: a myth debunked". Journal of the ... Recent research has shown no significant loss of effectiveness in oral contraceptives while using most tetracyclines. Despite ... DeRossi SS, Hersh EV (October 2002). "Antibiotics and oral contraceptives". Dental Clinics of North America. 46 (4): 653-64. ... For example, it was used to check uptake of oral rabies vaccine baits by raccoons in the USA. However, this is an invasive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics

... these and all other combined oral contraceptives are mixtures of 1 to 2% EE or mestranol and an oral progestin. It has been ... to be used in an oral contraceptive. In 1964, additional contraceptive preparations containing norethisterone in combination ... This is the progestogen component of the first oral contraceptive to be offered for sale (i.e., Enovid). Treatment of the ... However, with typical dosages of norethisterone used in oral contraceptives (0.5 to 1 mg), the levels of EE produced are low, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone

"Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.). Contraceptive ... Combined hormonal contraceptives inhibit follicular development and prevent ovulation as a primary mechanism of action. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation

The most common method in the developed world is condoms and oral contraceptives, while in Africa it is oral contraceptives and ... There are two types of oral birth control pills, the combined oral contraceptive pills (which contain both estrogen and a ... oral contraceptives for a longer duration may had a slightly lower rate of pregnancy than did women using oral contraceptives ... Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and do not change the risk of breast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control

Task Force on Oral Contraceptives; Koetsawang, Suporn; Mandlekar, A.V.; Krishna, Usha R.; Purandare, V.N.; Deshpande, C.K.; ... double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives containing the same progestogen, but different estrogens". Contraception ... Treatment options include oral, parenteral, subcutaneous implant, and transdermal (patches, gels). Dosing is patient-specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy

"Oral contraceptives and liver cancer. Results of the Multicentre International Liver Tumor Study (MILTS)". Contraception. 56 (5 ... 8.2% for 3 mg/day oral diethylstilbestrol (n = 269); and 4.5% for 300 mg/day oral CPA vs. 0% for 750 mg/day flutamide (n = 264 ... 4.2% for 100 mg/month intramuscular estradiol undecylate (n = 191); 2.4% for 250 mg/day oral CPA vs. 6.1% for 200 mg/day oral ... "Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate

Beginning in the 1960s, oral contraceptives were used by the public in the U.S. and U.K. As soon as 1966, however, there were ... Doctors Frank Speizer and Martin Vessey hoped to better understand the effects of long-term use of oral contraceptives on the ... The focus of the study was women's health, especially the long term adverse effects of oral contraceptives. The sample ... No statistically significant effects of oral contraceptives were observed in regard to risk of breast cancer. Present or past ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurses'_Health_Study

Oral contraceptives have been known to increase the levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the body. In turn, high ... One medication that many do not realize can lower sexual desire in women is the oral contraceptive. Not every woman experiences ... Samuels, N. (2010). "The Irony of Oral Contraceptives". The Womens Health Activist. 35 (4): 8-9. Geoffrey Miller; Joshua M. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_desire

These would be losing weight, increasing exercise and the cessation of oral contraceptives. Moving during periods of travel is ... The risk of developing blood clots can be modified by life style modifications, the discontinuation of oral contraceptives, and ... "Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD010813. doi:10.1002/ ... Medications that inhibit blood clot formation include: The discontinuation of contraceptives also prevents blood clots. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis_prevention

Vinyl chloride, combined oral contraceptive pill, anabolic steroid, arsenic, thorotrast. Diagnosis[edit]. ... a) Bland: Oral contraceptive pills, anabolic steroid, androgens. (b) Inflammatory: Allopurinol, co-amoxiclav, carbamazepine. (c ... Hepatic vein thrombosis: Oral contraceptives. Neoplasm[edit]. Neoplasms have been described with prolonged exposure to some ... Oral use of ketoconazole has been associated with hepatic toxicity, including some fatalities;[8] however, such effects appear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatotoxicity

The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by FDA in 1960. Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation and so prevent ... As early as 1960, oral contraceptives were available in several different strengths by every manufacturer. In the 1980s and ... a new delivery system for the oral contraceptive via a transdermal patch. In 1982, a new version of the Pill was introduced, ... There are many variations in the routes of administration, including intravenous (into the blood through a vein) and oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicines

887-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Wassef SA, Sami G, Hamid EA (1970). "Effect of switching with oral contraceptives". Egypt Popul ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgesterone

Oral contraceptives significantly decrease the elimination of desmethyldiazepam, a major metabolite of diazepam. Rifampin, ... Back DJ, Orme ML (June 1990). "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 18 (6): ... The oral LD50 (lethal dose in 50% of the population) of diazepam is 720 mg/kg in mice and 1240 mg/kg in rats. D. J. Greenblatt ... The oral forms should be stored in air-tight containers and protected from light. Diazepam can absorb into plastics, so liquid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam

Although oral contraceptives can causes menses to return, oral contraceptives should not be the initial treatment as they can ... New contraceptive pills, like continuous oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) which do not have the normal 7 days of placebo pills ... Hormonal contraceptives that contain only progestogen like the oral contraceptive Micronor, and especially higher-dose ... Patients who use and then cease using contraceptives like the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) may experience secondary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenorrhea

... in combination with an estrogen for contraceptive purposes. MGA is available as 5 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg oral tablets and in oral ... It was used at doses of 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, and 5 mg in combined oral contraceptives. MGA is formulated at a dose of 25 mg in ... ISBN 978-0-300-16791-7. MEARS E (1963). "A new type of oral contraceptive". Br Med J. 1 (5341): 1318-20. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5341 ... MGA was formerly used in combined oral contraceptives in combination with ethinylestradiol or mestranol, and has been used in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megestrol_acetate

Caryn Thomas; Rhiannon Braund; Helen Paterson (31 July 2020). "Management of short supply oral contraceptives". The New Zealand ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhiannon_Braund

Grimes, DA; Jones, LB; Lopez, LM; Schulz, KF (29 April 2014). "Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts". The Cochrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cyst

Oral contraceptive pills reduce the clearance of nitrazepam, which may lead to increased plasma levels of nitrazepam and ... Back DJ, Orme ML (June 1990). "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives". Clin Pharmacokinet. 18 (6): 472-84 ... The time for nitrazepam to reach peak plasma concentrations following oral administration is about 2 hours (0.5 to 5 hours). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrazepam

Oral contraceptives may become less effective. Allopurinol (gout treatment). Amoxicillin (α-amino-p-hydroxybenzyl penicillin) ... It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better-absorbed, following oral administration, than other β- ... When there is an adequate response to ampicillin, the course of antibiotic therapy may often be completed with oral amoxicillin ... Amoxicillin is effective for treatment of early cutaneous Lyme borreliosis; the effectiveness and safety of oral amoxicillin is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxicillin

Oral contraceptives lower androgen levels in users, and lowered androgen levels generally lead to a decrease in sexual desire. ... However, usage of oral contraceptives has shown to typically not have a connection with lowered libido in women. Multiple ... Davis, Anne R.; Castaño, Paula M. (2004). "Oral contraceptives and libido in women". Annual Review of Sex Research. 15: 297-320 ... Emerging research is showing that hormonal contraception methods like oral contraceptive pills (which rely on estrogen and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libido

Powell A (April 2017). "Choosing the Right Oral Contraceptive Pill for Teens". Pediatric Clinics of North America (Review). 64 ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Arowojolu AO, Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA (July 2012). Arowojolu AO (ed.). "Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment ... Wiegratz I, Kuhl H (2002). "Managing cutaneous manifestations of hyperandrogenic disorders: the role of oral contraceptives". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_vulgaris

Inconsistent use was reported by 49% of those using condoms and 76% of those using the combined oral contraceptive pill; 42% of ... Jones, Rachel K., Darroch, Jacqueline E., Henshaw, Stanley K. (2002). Contraceptive Use Among U.S. Women Having Abortions in ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion

Combined oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol have been found to increase circulating SHBG levels by 2- to 4-fold in ... Oral, topical. 1977. 3,650,000. Medroxyprogesterone acetate. Steroidal. Progestin. Provera, Depo-Provera. Oral, IM, SC. 1958. ... oral contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol are effective in treating these conditions, and may be combined with AR ... a few other progestins used in oral contraceptives and/or in menopausal HRT including dienogest, drospirenone, medrogestone, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiandrogen

Oral and maxillofacial surgery. *Orthopedic surgery. *Hand surgery. *Otolaryngology (ENT). *Pediatric surgery ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitoridectomy

A short course of oral prednisolone may be required. Some dermatologists favour a few weeks of pre-treatment with oral ... and adding a warning to the label advising women to start taking contraceptives a month before starting the drug. However use ... "Isotretinoin (Oral Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic".. *^ Merritt B, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS (June 2009). "Use ... Oral Isotretinoin is best absorbed when taken with a high-fat meal, because it has a high level of lipophilicity.[74] The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin

Oral Herstorians Collection at Sinister Wisdom. *Dyke, A Quarterly, published 1975-1979 (online annotated archive, live website ... contraceptives, breast feeding, and miscarriages.[199] ... Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ... oral breast and genital stimulation, and object-vaginal penetration. (Kinsey, pp. 466-467.) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbians

... such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_science

... and playwright best known for his contribution to the development of oral contraceptive pills. He also developed Pyribenzamine ... UCLA Oral History of Human Genetics. October 27, 2005. But that tells you about my religious affiliation, which is not very ... "Smithsonian National Museum of American History - Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977 - Interview with Herbert R ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_atheists_

According to a study performed by Guttmacher Institute, long-acting contraceptive methods had a significant impact in reducing ... and a marginally higher proportion of those in the oral misoprostol group, than of those in the intra-amniotic prostaglandin ... and consequently birth control methods that prevented implantation became classified as contraceptives, not abortifacients. ... A campaign was launched against the movement and the use and availability of contraceptives. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States

Today, progesterone can be used to make cortisone and oral contraceptives. Honors[edit]. *Mexican Chemical Society at the VI ... This eventually led to the development at Syntex of the combined oral contraceptive pill and synthetic cortisone - and to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Earl_Marker

Women starting an estrogen-containing oral contraceptive may need to increase the dosage of lamotrigine to maintain its level ... Estimate of the mean apparent volume of distribution of lamotrigine following oral administration ranges from 0.9 to 1.3 L/kg. ... Ethinylestradiol, the ingredient of such contraceptives, has been shown to decrease serum levels of lamotrigine.[46] ... Lamotrigine is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. Its absolute bioavailability is 98% and its plasma C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamotrigine

... such as oral contraceptive pills or male condoms.[6] ... "Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide" (PDF). Department of ... "Contraceptive Use in the United States". Guttmacher Institute. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2019.. ... "U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2013". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 9 July 2019.. ... EngenderHealth (Firm) (2002). Contraceptive sterilization : global issues and trends. Ross, John A., 1934-. New York, NY: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal_ligation

... written and oral exams), and then certify in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (written and oral exams). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical

With oral administration, domperidone is extensively metabolized in the liver (almost exclusively by CYP3A4/5, though minor ... Domperidone has been studied as a potential hormonal contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women.[80] ... domperidone 1 mg/ml oral suspension (200 ml) Russia. Janssen Pharmaceutica. Motilium. domperidone 10 mg film-coated tablets & ... domperidone does not appear to be strongly associated with QT prolongation at oral doses of 20 mg QID in healthy volunteers. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

oral contraceptive use. 'sticky platelet syndrome" dan sejenisnya. *Meningitis. *Cortical vein thrombosis-dehydration. ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke

Subclinical deficiency has also been observed in women taking oral contraceptives, in the elderly, in people with eating ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin

Medication that interferes with platelet count should be avoided, and oral contraceptive therapy may be considered for women ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen_syndrome

Weisberg E (May 1999). "Interactions between oral contraceptives and antifungals/antibacterials. Is contraceptive failure the ... "Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 106 (6): e16-9. PMID 19000604. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.08.009. ... Hassan T (March 1987). "Pharmacologic considerations for patients taking oral contraceptives". Conn Dent Stud J 7: 7-8. PMID ... "Factors affecting the enterohepatic circulation of oral contraceptive steroids". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 163 (6 Pt 2): 2146-52 ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotici

The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is a contraceptive for women. It is often called birth control pill or simply "The ... the combined oral contraceptive pill was created.[1] The combined oral contraceptive pill has two female hormones: estrogen and ... "Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk: Questions and Answers". National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet. National Cancer Institute ( ... DeRossi S, Hersh E (2002). "Antibiotics and oral contraceptives". Dent Clin North Am. 46 (4): 653-64. doi:10.1016/S0011-8532(02 ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

Grimes, DA; Jones, LB; Lopez, LM; Schulz, KF (29 April 2014). "Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts.". The Cochrane ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/சூல்பை_நீர்க்கட்டி

... and with the use of oral contraceptives, reflecting an increase in transferrin protein expression. When plasma transferrin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferrin

Hormonal modulators (oral contraceptives or antiandrogens such as spironolactone and flutamide) can be used for female-pattern ... Oral pills for extensive hair loss may be used for alopecia areata. Results may take up to a month to be seen. ... Joly P (October 2006). "The use of methotrexate alone or in combination with low doses of oral corticosteroids in the treatment ... these include the contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy, steroids and acne medications.[15] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia

... use of combined oral contraceptive pills is significantly associated with lower serum uric acid.[27] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperuricemia

... and oral contraceptive use in healthy nulligravid women aged 19-25 years". Am. J. Epidemiol. 145 (7): 571-80. doi:10.1093/ ... as well as with high IGF-1 levels during oral contraceptive use and with lessening of the normal age-associated decline in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_development

Oral contraceptives (reduced prevalence in users). *Perchlorates. *Thiocyanates. *Age (for different types of iodine deficiency ... oral mucosa and the stomach. In the thyroid gland, I-concentration is more progressive, also in the reservoir (from 1% after 30 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_deficiency

... women using oral contraceptives blink 32% more often than other women on average for unknown reasons.[14] Generally, between ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinking

"Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer.". Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo Clinic 83 (1): 86-90; quiz 90-1. Ionawr 2008 ... "Oral contraceptive use and breast or ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1/2 carriers: a meta-analysis.". European journal of cancer ( ... "Oral contraceptive use as a risk factor for premenopausal breast cancer: a meta-analysis.". Mayo Clinic proceedings. Mayo ... "Oral contraceptives and family history of breast cancer.". Contraception 80 (4): 372-80. Hydref 2009. doi:10.1016/j. ...

https://cy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancr_y_fron

Prior to the introduction of the combined oral contraceptive pill, condoms were the most popular birth "control" method in the ... and as the only contraceptive that also protected from disease. One group of British contraceptive advocates distributed condom ... Contraceptives fell out of use in Europe after the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century; the use of ... Contraceptives were illegal in 19th century Italy and Germany, but condoms were allowed for disease prevention. Despite legal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_condoms

... such as those found in oral contraceptives with high estrogenic activity), certain antidepressants (such as venlafaxine), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_hypertension

Accurate histories of oral contraceptive use were facilitated by a book containing photographs of all oral contraceptives ever ... There was no evidence that long-term oral contraceptive use of more than 10 years or oral contraceptive use that began 16 or ... longer a woman had used oral contraceptives, the lower her risk of developing ovarian cancer. The protective effect of oral ... longer a woman had used oral contraceptives, the lower her risk of developing ovarian cancer. The protective effect of oral ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001216.htm

... contraceptives.html?id=T5dsAAAAMAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareOral contraceptives. ... norethindrone acetate norethisterone norethynodrel normal Number observed Obstet obtained occur Oracon oral contraceptives ... pregnanediol pregnanediol excretion Proc produce progestational progesterone progestins rabbit receiving oral contraceptives ... 1 Reviewhttps://books.google.com/books/about/Oral_contraceptives.html?id=T5dsAAAAMAAJ ...

https://books.google.com/books?id=T5dsAAAAMAAJ&q=serum&dq=related:LCCN78903747&source=gbs_word_cloud_r&hl=en

Oral contraceptives and thromboembolism.. Br Med J 1969; 3 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.3.5671.654-a (Published 13 ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/3/5671/654.2/article-info

EDITOR,-The Committee on Safety of Medicines recent advice that oral contraceptives containing gestodene or desogestrel should ... 2 These conclusions were highlighted in the Dutch media and caused a drop in the use of oral contraceptives from 34% to 27%, … ... Third generation oral contraceptives. BMJ 1996; 312 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7030.576 (Published 02 March 1996) ... of General Practitioners concluded that women aged over 35 and heavy smokers aged over 30 should not use oral contraceptives ...

http://www.bmj.com/content/312/7030/576.1

However, oral contraceptives can be highly effective when used properly.. Oral contraceptives do not protect against AIDS or ... Oral contraceptives come in a wide range of estrogen-progestin combinations.The pills in use today contain much lower doses of ... Oral contraceptives are medicines taken by mouth to help prevent pregnancy. Also known as birth control pills, they contain ... Oral contraceptives have several effects that help prevent pregnancy. For pregnancy to occur, an egg must ripen inside a ...

http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/31/Oral-contraceptives.html

Since oral contraceptives first became available, there have been concerns that antibiotics might interfere with their efficacy ... For instance, if clinicians suspect that antibiotics may cause oral contraceptive failure, they may be more likely to submit a ... The key cause of unintended pregnancy among women using short-acting hormonal contraception, including oral contraceptives, is ... authors concludes that common non-enzyme-inducing antibiotics do not impair the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/937074

... and reviews emerging strategies to promote and expand womens access to oral contraceptives. ... This factsheet provides an overview of oral contraception, discusses private insurance and Medicaid coverage, ... Oral contraceptives are the most widely used form of contraception. ... For over 50 years, American women have relied on oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy. Oral contraceptives are now the ...

https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/oral-contraceptive-pills/?utm_campaign=KFF-2019-The-Latest&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=73028638&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8HTRYu2XqfWtvcwleEjT-EMhiyKLpQ-2nXSw8Gwi8wN2uYyr05_sPEviQQ7u80CEvPqO8QG9KDcVnruNhbcH09Cvav5A&_hsmi=73028638

Oral Contraceptives: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come as tablets to take by mouth. They are taken once a day, every day at ... Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come in packs of 28 tablets. Begin the next pack the day after the last pack ... Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a602008.html

Oral Contraceptives: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Oral contraceptives will work only as long as they are taken regularly. Continue to take oral contraceptives every day even if ... Progestin-only (drospirenone) oral contraceptives come as tablets to take by mouth once a day. Take oral contraceptives at ... Take your oral contraceptive exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a621011.html

... ) and What are disadvantages of progestin-only oral contraceptives ... Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing ... Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jun 27. 346 (26):2025-32. [Medline]. ... Poindexter A. The emerging use of the 20-microg oral contraceptive. Fertil Steril. 2001 Mar. 75(3):457-65. [Medline]. ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/258507-109044/what-are-disadvantages-of-progestin-only-oral-contraceptives

Oral contraceptives increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but this risk is very small among women who do not have other stroke ... Oral contraceptives increase the risk of ischemic stroke, but this risk is very small among women who do not have other stroke ... However, in women with other stroke risk factors, the risk seems higher and, in most cases, oral contraceptive use should be ... For healthy young women without any stroke risk factors, the stroke risk associated with oral contraceptives is very small. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180305/Oral-contraceptives-increase-ischemic-stroke-risk.aspx

Oral contraceptives may create certain nutrient deficiencies and excesses as well as increase the nutritional needs of the user ... Though taking oral contraceptives regularly is 99 percent effective in birth control, there are many possible side effects. ... Many women have difficulty with oral contraceptives, though many others seem to tolerate them well. The use of birth control ... He and other authors also suggest that the increased blood levels of copper generated by oral contraceptive use may contribute ...

http://www.healthy.net/scr/Article.aspx?Id=1260

Most oral contraceptives contain both oestrogen and a progestogen. These are called combined oral contraceptives - see table. ... How often do blood clots occur with oral contraceptives?. Blood clots only happen very occasionally in women using oral ... you decide your risk on a combined oral contraceptive is too high, there are a number of different types of contraceptives ... Taking a combined oral contraceptive increases this very small risk of developing a clot by 3-4 times if you are on a second ...

https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/consumers/leaflets/oralcontraceptives.asp

Tag: oral contraceptives. Obstetrics & gynecologyPharmaceuticals. Birth Control. From a message posted on Facebook: Is the pill ...

https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/tag/oral-contraceptives/

WebMD provides information about interactions between Norethindrone-Ethinyl Estradiol Oral and hormonal-contraceptives- ... Drug interactions with oral contraceptives: compilation and analysis of an adverse experience report database. Fertil Steril ... Inhibition of oral contraceptive effectiveness by concurrent antibiotic administration. A review. J Periodontol 1985 Jan;56(1): ... A study of interaction of a low-dose combination oral contraceptive with anti-tubercular drugs. Contraception 1980 Jun; 21(6): ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-2755/norethindrone-ethinyl-estradiol-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-115/dmtitle-hormonal-contraceptives-rifamycins/intrtype-drug

WebMD provides information about interactions between Norethindrone-Ethinyl Estradiol Oral and hormonal-contraceptives- ... even if you take your normal dose that day.If you are using a non-oral hormonal contraceptive (e.g. injection, patch, ring), ... and nutraceuticals.If you are taking an oral hormonal contraceptive product, on the day you receive sugammadex you should ... Sugammadex/Hormonal Contraceptives Interactions. This information is generalized and not intended as specific medical advice. ...

https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-2755/norethindrone-ethinyl-estradiol-oral/details/list-interaction-details/dmid-1826/dmtitle-hormonal-contraceptives-sugammadex/intrtype-drug

Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. [CMAJ. 2002]. *Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer. [N Engl J ... Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer.. Marchbanks PA1, McDonald JA, Wilson HG, Folger SG, Mandel MG, Daling JR, ... Use of oral contraceptives by women with a family history of breast cancer was not associated with an increased risk of breast ... It is uncertain whether the use of an oral contraceptive increases the risk of breast cancer later in life, when the incidence ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12087137?dopt=Abstract

New research from the November issue of Chest shows that women with asthma who are on oral contraceptives may have better ... New research shows that during natural menstrual cycles, women with asthma who were not taking oral contraceptives (OC) had ... Results showed that individuals not using oral contraceptives (OC) had higher mean eNO levels than women using OC. Furthermore ... Oral contraceptives may benefit women with asthma. American College of Chest Physicians ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-11/acoc-ocm110409.php

And so it goes with oral contraceptives and weight gain. Studies have consistently shown that oral contraceptives dont cause ... www.healthcentral.com/article/myth-oral-contraceptives-cause-weight-gain. Pregnancy. Myth: Oral Contraceptives Cause Weight ... But since that time, the hormone levels in oral contraceptives has been greatly reduced and are no longer the cause of weight ... Even the hint that oral contraceptives will cause weight gain stops many women from using it or stopping prematurely. But ...

https://www.healthcentral.com/article/myth-oral-contraceptives-cause-weight-gain

Compliance difficulties are more common among oral contraceptive (OC) users than generally appreciated by clinicians, in part ... Compliance and oral contraceptives: a review Contraception. 1995 Sep;52(3):137-41. doi: 10.1016/0010-7824(95)00161-3. ... The efficacy of oral contraceptives (OC), however, relies on compliance even though poor compliance has no immediate or uniform ... Compliance difficulties are more common among oral contraceptive (OC) users than generally appreciated by clinicians, in part ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7587184/?dopt=Abstract

Progesterone is the naturally occurring female sex hormone acting as natures contraceptive by preventing women from conceiving ... Since it is not orally active, progesterone cannot practically be used as an oral contraceptive. It required the efforts of ... History of Oral Contraceptives. Carl Djerassi, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA ... The lead compound, norethindrone, was synthesised in 1951 and all but one of the subsequent steroid oral contraceptives are ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsArticle/refId-a0003628.html

Use of oral contraceptives is associated with incident systemic lupus erythematosus, a case-control study showed. ... Oral Contraceptives Linked to Higher Lupus Risk. LITTLE FALLS, N.J. -- Use of oral contraceptives is associated with incident ... Current users of first- or second-generation oral contraceptives, RR 1.65 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.26) *Current users of pills ... They noted that even though oral contraceptives have been associated with an increased risk of lupus, "some have argued that ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/rheumatology/lupus/13621

Copyright 2021, CMA Joule Inc. or its licensors. All rights reserved. ISSN 1488-2329 (e) 0820-3946 (p). All editorial matter in CMAJ represents the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the Canadian Medical Association or its subsidiaries.. To receive any of these resources in an accessible format, please contact us at CMA Joule Inc., 500-1410 Blair Towers Place, Ottawa ON, K1J 9B9; p: 1-888-855-2555; e: [email protected] ...

https://www.cmaj.ca/content/145/3/200b

Long-term effects of oral contraceptives on ovarian cancer risk.. Bosetti C1, Negri E, Trichopoulos D, Franceschi S, Beral V, ... Several epidemiologic studies have reported a protective effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on ovarian cancer. However, there ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12397647?dopt=Abstract

For oral dosage form (tablets): * When you miss 1 days dose of oral tablets or are 3 hours or more late in taking your dose, ... When switching from estrogen and progestin oral contraceptives, you should take the first dose of the progestin-only ... contraceptive the next day after the last active pill of the estrogen and progestin oral contraceptive has been taken. This ... of a 28-day cycle of the estrogen and progestin oral contraceptive pack. You will begin a new pack of progestin-only birth ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/progestin-contraceptives-oral-route-parenteral-route/proper-use/drg-20070184

Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals has agreed to submit television ads for its oral contraceptive drospirenone ethinyl estradiol ... 12 -- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals has agreed to submit television ads for its oral contraceptive drospirenone ethinyl ... The ads also imply the contraceptive treats all types of acne, but it is only indicated for the treatment of moderate acne ... Last October, the FDA issued a warning letter about two of Bayers direct-to-consumer ads for the contraceptive: "Were Not ...

https://www.medpagetoday.com/productalert/prescriptions/12879

The effect of an oral contraceptive on serum magnesium was assessed in a group of 32 women, mean age 24.2 years, attending a ... The effect of an oral contraceptive on serum magnesium was assessed in a group of 32 women, mean age 24.2 years, attending a ... Oral contraceptive lowers serum magnesium] Harefuah. 1991 Nov 15;121(10):363-4. ... As in pregnancy and during estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, the contraceptive pill lowered serum magnesium (from a ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1752550/

Two types of female oral contraceptive pill, taken once per day, are widely available: The combined oral contraceptive pill ... Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of ... The combination is administered by a physician, and is only used as a last resort Male oral contraceptives are currently not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill

Oral contraceptives may make these conditions worse or, rarely, cause them to occur again. Oral contraceptives may still be a ... Oral contraceptives may worsen some cancers, especially when breast, cervical, or uterine cancers already exist. Use of oral ... Oral contraceptives pass into the breast milk and can change the content or lower the amount of breast milk. Also, they may ... When oral contraceptives were accidently taken early in pregnancy, problems in the fetus did not occur. Women who are not ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/estrogen-and-progestin-oral-contraceptives-oral-route/before-using/drg-20069422

"A comparative study on the effects of a contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing and an oral contraceptive on carbohydrate ... Effect of Oral and Vaginal Hormonal Contraceptives on Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers. Afshin A. Divani,1 Xianghua Luo,2 Yvonne H ... S. Cauci, M. Di Santolo, J. F. Culhane, G. Stel, F. Gonano, and S. Guaschino, "Effects of third-generation oral contraceptives ... S. Buchbinder, J. Kratzsch, G. M. Fiedler et al., "Body weight and oral contraceptives are the most important modulators of ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/2015/379501/ref/

The protective effect of oral contraceptive use persisted more than 10 years after pill use was discontinued. (cdc.gov)
The pill was the first FDA-approved contraceptive to be used in the U.S. and is still the most commonly used form of contraception. (kff.org)
Randomized trial of the effect of tailored versus standard use of the combined oral contraceptive pill on continuation rates at 1 year. (medscape.com)
Gilliam ML, Neustadt A, Kozloski M, Mistretta S, Tilmon S, Godfrey E. Adherence and acceptability of the contraceptive ring compared with the pill among students: a randomized controlled trial. (medscape.com)
When prescribing hormonal contraceptives, physicians should consider the type and dose of estrogen or progestin and route of administration (such as pill or patch). (news-medical.net)
Your doctor will also need to check whether you have any risk factors that would prevent you from using an oral contraceptive ('the pill') or increase your risk of having a blood clot or other side effect. (medsafe.govt.nz)
Depending on the type of progestogen in the pill, they are known as either second or third generation contraceptive pills. (medsafe.govt.nz)
Taking a combined oral contraceptive increases this very small risk of developing a clot by 3-4 times if you are on a second generation pill, 6-8 times if you are taking a third generation pill, and possibly over 8 times for those on pills containing cyproterone. (medsafe.govt.nz)
Studies have consistently shown that oral contraceptives don't cause weight gain, but yet, every day women go off the pill because they attributed a few extra pounds to their birth control method or look for other methods because they don't want to gain weight. (healthcentral.com)
Earlier forms of the pill, specifically "second-generation" oral contraceptives, contain different hormones (levonorgestrel and low-dose estrogen) in different amounts. (chiroweb.com)
The distinction between second and third-generation oral contraceptives is important because previous research (three studies in 1995) links the latter form of the pill to increased risk for blood clots. (chiroweb.com)
When switching from estrogen and progestin oral contraceptives, you should take the first dose of the progestin-only contraceptive the next day after the last active pill of the estrogen and progestin oral contraceptive has been taken. (mayoclinic.org)
Birth control pills are an oral pill that a woman can take every day to prevent pregnancy. (drugs.com)
Two types of female oral contraceptive pill, taken once per day, are widely available: The combined oral contraceptive pill contains estrogen and a progestin. (wikipedia.org)
As in pregnancy and during estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, the contraceptive pill lowered serum magnesium (from a mean of 0.82 mmol/l, to 0.61 mmol/l in 6 months). (nih.gov)
One group was given pills with no effect (placebos) and the other group was given contraceptive pills containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, the most common form of combined contraceptive pill in Sweden and many other countries. (medindia.net)
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women. (wikipedia.org)
For instance, someone using oral forms of hormonal birth control might be given incorrect information by a health care provider as to the frequency of intake, forget to take the pill one day, or simply not go to the pharmacy on time to renew the prescription. (wikipedia.org)
The effectiveness of the combined oral contraceptive pill appears to be similar whether the active pills are taken continuously for prolonged periods of time or if they are taken for 21 active days and 7 days as placebo. (wikipedia.org)
Factors that may contribute to a decrease in effectiveness: missing more than one active pill in a packet, delay in starting the next packet of active pills (i.e., extending the pill-free, inactive or placebo pill period beyond 7 days), intestinal malabsorption of active pills due to vomiting or diarrhea, drug interactions with active pills that decrease contraceptive estrogen or progestogen levels. (wikipedia.org)
The National Museum of American History's Division of Medicine and Science's collection of oral contraceptives illustrates some of the changes that the packaging and marketing of the Pill underwent from its inception in 1960 to the present. (si.edu)
The logo of the "blue lady" taking her pill adorned all U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) oral contraceptive packages that were distributed to worldwide family planning programs. (si.edu)
[8] As of 2012, 16% of U.S. women aged 15-44 reported being on the birth control pill, making it the most widely used contraceptive method among women of that age range. (wikipedia.org)
Subjects will be randomized to receive either the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) Zovia or Necon for 2 months. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Daily administration of oral contraceptive pill for up to 3 months (2 months of daily administration required for the study). (clinicaltrials.gov)
According to a recent study, women who take the oral contraceptive pill for seven or more consecutive years are at a lower risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. (hindustantimes.com)
Women who take the oral contraceptive pill for seven or more consecutive years are at a lower risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis, a study claims. (hindustantimes.com)
But for women with lupus, doctors have often been hesitant to prescribe one of the most effective forms of contraception oral contraceptives, or the pill for fear that it might increase disease activity. (rxpgnews.com)
A new low-dose oral contraceptive pill reduces symptoms of Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) , including a severe form called Premenstrual dysphoric disorder , US researchers report. (health.am)
A new Canadian study on how the birth control pill affects a woman's ability to think is the latest to address a decades-old knowledge gap researchers say needs to be fixed: How oral contraceptives impact the brain. (theglobeandmail.com)
Since the introduction of the pill in the 1960s, hormonal contraceptives - which contain estrogen, progestin, or a combination of both - have become a preferred option for many women. (theglobeandmail.com)
There is increasing concern that contraceptive pill usage may increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. (nature.com)
Clinical trial of a new oral contraceptive pill containing the natural oestrogen 17 beta-oestradiol. (springer.com)
The oral contraceptive pill (OCP) reduces cycle-length variability and provides a consistent 28-day cycle by controlling concentrations of endogenous sex hormones. (springer.com)
Bennett K, White S, Crossley K. The oral contraceptive pill: a revolution for sportswomen? (springer.com)
However, our findings do raise the issue of whether oral contraceptives are optimal therapy for certain groups of women who are at baseline risk or who are taking the pill for a longer time, such as women with PCOS. (medindia.net)
The Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill ( COCP ), often referred to as " the Pill ", is a combination of an estrogen ( oestrogen ) and a progestin (progestogen), taken by mouth to inhibit normal fertility. (bionity.com)
Another option could be your wife taking the contraceptive pill once the doctor clears her for the same. (ndtv.com)
The combined oral contraceptive pill ( COCP ) is a contraceptive for women. (wikipedia.org)
After this discovery, the combined oral contraceptive pill was created. (wikipedia.org)
The combined oral contraceptive pill is thought to be safe and usually works well. (wikipedia.org)
In the United States, the combined oral contraceptive pill was first given to women in 1960. (wikipedia.org)
Second, it was the first contraceptive to completely separate the act of contraception (in this case the taking of a pill) from sexual intercourse itself. (wikipedia.org)
Rheumatoid arthritis, the contraceptive pill, and androgens. (bmj.com)
The combined contraceptive pill is an extremely efficient method of contraception, and one of the most popular types of contraceptives in the UK - which is why roughly 3.5 million women in Britain are using it as their preferred method of pregnancy prevention. (euroclinix.net)
Also referred to simply as 'the pill', the combined contraceptive pill is an oral tablet that contains both oestrogen and progestogen and is proven to be 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. (euroclinix.net)
While most studies have shown that oral contraceptives are not effective for the treatment of premenstrual symptoms, there is preliminary evidence that a new oral contraceptive pill, Yaz, which contains low-dose estrogen and a novel progestin called drospirenone, may alleviate the symptoms of PMDD. (womensmentalhealth.org)
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) is commonly used to treat pain associated with endometriosis but how well it works is unclear. (cochrane.org)
What is the Loestrin contraceptive pill? (euroclinix.net)
Loestrin (Lo Loestrin Fe) is a combined contraceptive pill that women can buy online to effectively prevent pregnancy. (euroclinix.net)
Loestrin 20 and Loestrin 30 contraceptive pills contain the active ingredients ethinylestradiol and norethisterone and are taken orally once a day in the form of a 1mg / 20mcg or 1.5mg / 30mcg pill. (euroclinix.net)
These contraceptive pills are monophasic, which means that you take the pills for 21 days and then have a seven-day pill-free period, during which you will still be protected against pregnancy. (euroclinix.net)
To compare the efficacy of a new low-dose oral contraceptive pill (OCP) formulation with placebo in reducing symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. (lww.com)
Since the introduction of the combined hormonal contraceptive pill, dosages of ethinyl estradiol (EE) have steadily decreased from more than 150mcg to 20mcg in an attempt to improve the ri. (bioportfolio.com)
Shorter pill-free interval in combined oral contraceptives decreases follicular development. (mdedge.com)
Continuous use of an oral contraceptive for endometriosis-associated recurrent dysmenorrhea that does not response to a cyclic pill regimen. (mdedge.com)
A US review of past research has confirmed that the oral contraceptive pill is associated with a slight increased risk of breast cancer among some women. (cancerresearchuk.org)

For example, a woman's menstrual periods are regular and usually lighter when she is taking oral contraceptives, and the pills may reduce the risk of ovarian cysts, breast lumps, pelvic inflammatory disease, and other medical problems. (faqs.org)
Oral contraceptives come in a wide range of estrogen-progestin combinations.The pills in use today contain much lower doses of estrogen than those available in the past, and this change has made serious side effects less likely. (faqs.org)
In my practice I will continue to follow guidance from the CDC which states that antibiotics other than rifampin do not attenuate the efficacy of contraceptive pills, patches, or rings. (medscape.com)
For over 50 years, American women have relied on oral contraceptive pills to prevent pregnancy. (kff.org)
In the U.S., daily oral contraceptive pills have traditionally only been available with a prescription, but current legislative and advocacy efforts in some states have focused on broadening access to oral contraceptives by eliminating the requirement that women first have an in-person clinical visit. (kff.org)
1 Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) consist of the hormones progestin and estrogen, or only progestin, and must be taken orally once per day in order to prevent pregnancy. (kff.org)
Emergency contraceptive pills are also a type of OCP, consisting of the progestin levonorgestrel, but are not intended for daily use. (kff.org)
Dinger J, Minh TD, Buttmann N, Bardenheuer K. Effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills in a large U.S. cohort comparing progestogen and regimen. (medscape.com)
This means you will not take the last 7 days (placebo or nonactive pills) of a 28-day cycle of the estrogen and progestin oral contraceptive pack. (mayoclinic.org)
Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of birth control. (wikipedia.org)
Behind these impressive statistics are noteworthy trends: both the patterns of oral contraceptive use and the chemical formulation of the pills have been changing. (nap.edu)
Oral contraceptive pills have been an effective form of birth control since the 1960s in the US. (lifehack.org)
In order to prevent pregnancy, most oral contraceptive pills contain synthetic versions of the female hormones estrogen, progesterone, and, progestin. (lifehack.org)
The association between these hormones and cancer can be confusing and intimidating, especially if you are taking or planning to take oral contraceptive pills. (lifehack.org)
Going after birth control access is deeply unpopular, which is why conservatives pushing for it routinely fall back on a set of talking points touting alternate ways for people to obtain contraceptive care, namely: to make birth control pills available without a prescription and to help people pay for them through tax-advantaged savings vehicles like Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). (guttmacher.org)
Even if people had a range of OTC birth control pills to choose from, this would not in any way be a substitute for the ACA's birth control benefit, which covers the full range of contraceptive methods without out-of-pocket costs. (guttmacher.org)
Replacing that coverage with OTC status for some birth control pills would mean an increase in out-of-pocket costs-and possibly an insurmountable one-for anyone using one of the other covered contraceptive methods, including the ring, patch, injectable, IUD, implant or sterilization. (guttmacher.org)
Briefly, women between 19 and 30 years of age were recruited in three groups: (1) nonuser subjects: women who had not been on any hormonal contraceptive for a minimum of six months, (2) COC users: women who have been using pills for a minimum of six months, and (3) CVC users: women who have been using vaginal rings (NuvaRing) for a minimum of six months. (hindawi.com)
Very little is known about the effects of oral contraceptive pills, despite their increased consumption worldwide. (medindia.net)
New findings state that a commonly used combination of contraceptive pills containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel negatively impacts women's quality of life. (medindia.net)
A common combination of oral contraceptive pills has been shown to negatively impact women's quality of life. (medindia.net)
The combination that included etinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, is recommended in many countries as the first choice due to its least risk of thrombosis among the other combinations of contraceptive pills. (medindia.net)
Despite the fact that an estimated 100 million women around the world use contraceptive pills we know surprisingly little today about the pill's effect on women's health. (medindia.net)
The results showed that women on contraceptive pills estimated their quality of life to be significantly lower compared to the placebo group. (medindia.net)
Contraceptive pills did not increase depressive symptoms. (medindia.net)
This might in some cases be a contributing cause of low compliance and irregular use of contraceptive pills. (medindia.net)
This possible degradation of quality of life should be paid attention to and taken into account in conjunction with prescribing of contraceptive pills and when choosing a method of contraception," says Niklas Zethraeus. (medindia.net)
The findings from this combination cannot be generalized to other kinds of combinations of contraceptive pills because they may have a different risk profile and side-effects. (medindia.net)
Oral contraceptive or birth control pills contain hormones that prevent pregnancy. (medindia.net)
Combined oral contraceptive pills are a type of oral medication that is designed to be taken every day, at the same time of day, in order to prevent pregnancy. (wikipedia.org)
Cites a study showing that contraceptive pills can damage women's gums. (ebscohost.com)
Compared to other oral contraceptives of the time, these USAID pills are packaged very simply, lacking any kind of discreet container or memory aid. (si.edu)
Depression or a negative change in mood, apparently resulting from the use of OCs, is thought to be one of the main reasons women miss pills or stop taking their oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) altogether. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Parker Waichman Alonso LLP, a national law firm dedicated to protecting the rights of injured victims, commends and fully supports the U.S. Food & Drug Administration's (FDA) decision to conduct a safety review of Yaz, Yasmin and other drospirenone contraceptives in light of recent studies indicating they pose a greater risk of life-threatening blood clots compared to other birth control pills. (prweb.com)
The FDA's announcement followed the publication of two studies in The British Medical Journal that reported a two- to three-fold greater risk of venous thromboembolic events in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared to those taking pills made with an alternative form of progestin. (prweb.com)
Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, contain artificially made forms of two hormones produced naturally in the body. (thefreedictionary.com)
Oral contraceptives (OCs), or birth control pills, are some of the most effective contraceptive drugs. (doctors-hospital.net)
More recent data from the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada show oral contraceptive pills have plummeted in popularity among teens, ages 15 to 19, from 69 per cent in 2006 to 32 per cent in 2016. (theglobeandmail.com)
If your pet ingests contraceptive pills, contact your veterinarian. (lortsmith.com)
Such drugs can be divided into combined OCs 3 and progestin-only contraceptives, available as injections, implants, oral preparations (pills), and hormone-releasing intrauterine devices. (aacrjournals.org)
Oral contraceptives are ingestible pills containing a fixed ratio of estrogen and progesterone. (wlu.edu)
While it is important that women take folic acid daily, I have a number of concerns about fortifying oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) with folic acid. (nursingcenter.com)
Some oral contraceptive pills have only progesterone. (wikipedia.org)
There are two major kinds of oral contraceptive pills. (wikipedia.org)
Use of low-dose oral contraceptive pills in women over 35 years of age provides protection against unwanted pregnancy, maintains a stable hormonal environment and decreases abnormal menstrual bleeding. (aafp.org)
Data from several studies suggest that perimenopausal administration of low-dose oral contraceptive pills can help prevent the acceleration of bone turnover and substantially reverse the decreasing bone density and resultant osteoporosis that occur during the menopausal years. (aafp.org)
RESULTS: Eighty-six percent recognized that oral contraceptives ("birth control pills") were also used as a treatment for acne and 60% were willing to use this form of treatment. (biomedsearch.com)
In light of that, Brown University-led researchers sought to determine the potentially protective effects of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) on ACL tears. (uspharmacist.com)
Hormonal contraception is available in oral contraceptive pills and in newer formulations, including the transdermal patch, the vaginal ring, subcutaneous implants, and IM injections. (biomedsearch.com)
Oral contraceptives, or birth control pills , contain hormones (either estrogen and progestin or just progestin). (everydayhealth.com)
If you're concerned about the cost of oral contraceptives to treat your hair loss, discuss the different types of birth control pills with your doctor to determine which one will be effective and won't drain your bank account. (everydayhealth.com)
What are the benefits of using Loestrin contraceptive pills? (euroclinix.net)
How to take Loestrin contraceptive pills? (euroclinix.net)
This interaction occurs primarily with oral contraceptive pills, but can also occur with the NuvaRing, a vaginal contraceptive ring, because the hormones contained in these preparations are metabolized by the liver. (womensmentalhealth.org)
Oral contraceptive pills can increase your risk of developing blood clots in the veins in your legs. (grandstrandmed.com)

Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D. Safety and efficacy of an extended-regimen oral contraceptive utilizing continuous low-dose ethinyl estradiol. (medscape.com)
Jick SS, Kaye JA, Russmann S, Jick H. Risk of nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using a contraceptive transdermal patch and oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and 35 microg of ethinyl estradiol. (medscape.com)
A comparative study of two contraceptive vaginal rings releasing norethindrone acetate and differing doses of ethinyl estradiol. (medscape.com)
They also found that use of oral contraceptives containing the highest dose of ethinyl estradiol -- 50 mcg -- was associated with the greatest risk (rate ratio 2.92, 95% CI 1.45 to 5.89). (medpagetoday.com)
First- and second-generation contraceptives combined ethinyl estradiol with norethisterone, levonorgestrel, and norgestrel. (medpagetoday.com)
TALLAHASSEE, Fla., Feb. 12 -- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals has agreed to submit television ads for its oral contraceptive drospirenone ethinyl estradiol (Yaz) to the FDA for approval before airing in the U.S., according to Florida attorney general Bill McCollum. (medpagetoday.com)
The purpose of this study is to administer a combined oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate with the HIV treatment of efavirenz to healthy females in order to assess if the concentrations of the oral contraceptives change. (clinicaltrials.gov)
We included women who were using an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol combined with a progestin during 1997-2009. (cmaj.ca)
WOODCLIFF LAKE, N.J., August 18, 2005 -- Barr Pharmaceuticals, Inc. today confirmed that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Approvable letter for Duramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'s New Drug Application (NDA) for Seasonique (levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol tablets 0.15 mg/0.03 mg and ethinyl estradiol tablets 0.01 mg) extended-cycle oral contraceptive. (drugs.com)
In addition to Seasonique, the Company's pipeline of extended-cycle oral contraceptive products also includes a NDA currently pending at the FDA for Seasonale Lo (levonorgestrel 0.1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 0.02 mg tablets) extended-cycle oral contraceptive. (drugs.com)
Lupin's Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets are a combined oral contraceptive indicated for the prevention of pregnancy in women who elect to use oral contraceptives as a method of contraception. (biospace.com)
Efficacy, safety and cycle control of five oral contraceptive regimens containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol. (springer.com)
In a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, participants (n=450) were randomized to receive treatment with Yaz, an oral contraceptive formulation containing drospirenone 3 mg and ethinyl estradiol (EE) 20 mcg, or placebo for three cycles after a washout period of two treatment-free cycles. (womensmentalhealth.org)
Desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol are hormonal contraceptives available as a combination product. (waters.com)
Bleeding profile of a new 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg compared with a 21-day regimen. (mdedge.com)
Efficacy and safety of a 24-day oral contraceptive regimen of norethindrone acetate 1 mg/ethinyl estradiol 20 mcg. (mdedge.com)

The key cause of unintended pregnancy among women using short-acting hormonal contraception, including oral contraceptives, is inconsistent use, an observation which underscores the advantages of intrauterine, implantable, and injectable contraception. (medscape.com)
Oral contraceptives are now the most widely used form of contraception and are also commonly used to manage other health conditions. (kff.org)
This factsheet provides an overview of oral contraception, discusses private insurance and Medicaid coverage, and reviews emerging strategies to promote and expand women's access to oral contraceptives. (kff.org)
A study published in the journal Human Reproduction in February 2011 looked at the impact of oral contraception and weight gain in rhesus monkeys, whose reproductive system is almost identical to humans. (healthcentral.com)
The risk was mostly limited to current users, those who had just started using contraception, and those using older first- and second-generation oral contraceptives instead of third-generation ones, Samy Suissa, Ph.D., of McGill University in Montreal, and colleagues reported in the April issue of Arthritis Care & Research . (medpagetoday.com)
Any use of oral contraception tended to be associated with a 1.19-fold increased risk of incident lupus, although it fell just short of statistical significance. (medpagetoday.com)
A potential mechanism for the link between oral contraception and lupus stems from the ability of estrogen to modulate the immune response, the researchers said. (medpagetoday.com)
They called for further studies to identify women who are most susceptible to developing lupus after taking oral contraception. (medpagetoday.com)
Talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of oral contraception and other forms of birth control. (chiroweb.com)
Larger studies may determine whether routine dietary magnesium supplementation is necessary in oral contraception. (nih.gov)
Oral contraceptives, which have been in use now for 30 years in the United States, are a highly effective and popular means of contraception. (nap.edu)
While prescribing contraceptives and choosing a method of contraception, the possible degradation of quality of life should be taken into account. (medindia.net)
From 2015 to 2017, 12.6% of women aged 15-49 in the US reported using oral contraception, making it the second most common method of contraception in this age range with female sterilization being the most common method. (wikipedia.org)
Typical monophasic Oral Contraceptive used in seasonal Contraception (e.g. (fpnotebook.com)
oral hormone medication for contraception. (thefreedictionary.com)
World Health Organization Task Force on Oral Contraception. (springer.com)
Non-oral hormonal contraception (in. (clinicaltrials.gov)
There are other formulations of the combined hormonal contraception such as the transdermal patch, vaginal ring or combined injectable contraceptives which this review did not cover but should be considered in future updates. (cochrane.org)

Take oral contraceptives at around the same time every day. (medlineplus.gov)
Continue to take oral contraceptives every day even if you are spotting or bleeding, have an upset stomach, or do not think that you are likely to become pregnant. (medlineplus.gov)
Women who are not breast-feeding may begin to take oral contraceptives two weeks after having a baby. (mayoclinic.org)
It is estimated that more than 16 million women currently take oral contraceptives in the United States. (drugs.com)
Therefore, in this preliminary study we assessed learning in women who take oral contraceptives and those who do not during the three phases of the menstrual cycle: early, middle, and later cycle. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Can I take oral contraceptives safely with hypertension? (ndtv.com)
Home » Frequently asked Questions on Health » Can I take oral contraceptives safely with hypertension? (ndtv.com)

We conducted a population-based, case-control study to determine the risk of breast cancer among former and current users of oral contraceptives. (nih.gov)
Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third-generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel before and after 1995: cohort and case-control analysis. (chiroweb.com)
We wish to emphasize that malignant, as well as benign, liver tumors can occur in users of oral contraceptives. (ebscohost.com)
Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone or levonorgestrel: nested case-control study based on UK General Practice Research Database. (prweb.com)
CONCLUSIONS In this large prospective study, we found no appreciable increase in the 4-year risk of NIDDM among current users of oral contraceptives. (diabetesjournals.org)
Results Among 232 452 women with over 5 030 196 person-years of follow-up, 315 cases of CD and 392 cases of UC were recorded through 2007 in NHS II and 2008 in NHS I. Compared with never users of oral contraceptives, the multivariate-adjusted HRs for CD were 2.82 (95% CI 1.65 to 4.82) among current users and 1.39 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.85) among past users. (bmj.com)

Similarly, there was no evidence of an increased risk of breast cancer for women who used oral contraceptives before their first pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Oral contraceptives are medicines taken by mouth to help prevent pregnancy. (faqs.org)
When taken in the proper amounts, following a specific schedule, oral contraceptives are very effective in preventing pregnancy. (faqs.org)
Oral contraceptives have several effects that help prevent pregnancy. (faqs.org)
The main way that oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy is by keeping an egg from ripening fully. (faqs.org)
For instance, if clinicians suspect that antibiotics may cause oral contraceptive failure, they may be more likely to submit a report when a pregnancy occurs in an antibiotic user compared with a woman using one of the control medications. (medscape.com)
6 While most (86%) women who use OCP take them to prevent pregnancy, 14% use them solely for non-contraceptive reasons. (kff.org)
Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives are used to prevent pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
Preventing pregnancy in this way is done by taking an oral dose of a combination of the hormones estrogen and progestin (synthetic progesterone) in amounts higher than the body?s natural levels. (healthy.net)
Contact your doctor if you experience breakthrough bleeding, spotting, or pregnancy.Emergency contraceptives may be less effective also. (webmd.com)
Rifampin, oral contraceptives, and pregnancy. (webmd.com)
Induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and pregnancy while taking oral contraceptives. (webmd.com)
The blood levels of your contraceptive may decrease, causing breakthrough bleeding, spotting, or pregnancy. (webmd.com)
Compliance difficulties are more common among oral contraceptive (OC) users than generally appreciated by clinicians, in part because unintended pregnancy is a relatively infrequent consequence and in part because more common manifestations such as spotting and bleeding may not be recognized as resulting from poor compliance. (nih.gov)
Progesterone is the naturally occurring female sex hormone acting as nature's contraceptive by preventing women from conceiving during pregnancy. (els.net)
Also, when switching, full protection from pregnancy begins after 48 hours if the first dose of the progestin-only contraceptive is taken on the first day of the menstrual period. (mayoclinic.org)
Oral contraceptives are not recommended for use during pregnancy and should be discontinued if you become pregnant or think you are pregnant. (mayoclinic.org)
When oral contraceptives were accidently taken early in pregnancy, problems in the fetus did not occur. (mayoclinic.org)
oral contraceptive a compound, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. (thefreedictionary.com)
The pregnancy rate when oral contraceptives are used correctly is less than 0.2% a year. (thefreedictionary.com)
Oral contraceptives are second after sterilization in effectiveness in avoiding pregnancy. (thefreedictionary.com)
Effect of oral contraceptives on blood folate levels in pregnancy. (doctors-hospital.net)
We are pleased that the Agency has determined that our Seasonique extended-cycle oral contraceptive product is approvable for the prevention of pregnancy, which was the clinical endpoint of our original study," said Bruce L. Downey, Barr's Chairman and CEO. (drugs.com)
The use of condoms as a contraceptive is in no way going to interfere with the future pregnancy. (ndtv.com)
Moreover, withholding oral contraceptives may lead to an increase in unintended pregnancies and thus the number of pregnancy-related thrombosis cases. (eurekalert.org)
Pregnancy and oral contraceptive use do not significantly influence outcome in long term rheumatoid arthritis. (bmj.com)
Young athletes use oral contraceptives for a variety of reasons including regulating their menstrual cycle and/or preventing pregnancy. (uspharmacist.com)
Hormonal contraceptives are equally effective in preventing pregnancy. (aafp.org)
the primary objective of the study is to assess the efficacy of a low dose oral contraceptive in the prevention of pregnancy. (bioportfolio.com)
Triphasil is a combination oral contraceptive (contains both estrogen and progestin) commonly prescribed to prevent pregnancy. (doctorsolve.com)

Most oral contraceptives contain both oestrogen and a progestogen. (medsafe.govt.nz)
All had prescriptions for combined estrogen and progestogen oral contraceptives. (medpagetoday.com)
A randomized, double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives containing the same progestogen, but different estrogens. (springer.com)
Background information in the articles points out that oral contraceptives contain synthetic forms of estrogen and/or progestogen, while suppressing the endogenous production of estrogen, progestogen, and testosterone "and may, therefore, alter a woman's vulnerability to depression. (uspharmacist.com)

Progestin-only (drospirenone) oral contraceptives come in packs of 28 tablets that have 2 different colors. (medlineplus.gov)
Background Recent concerns have been raised about the risk of gallbladder disease associated with the use of drospirenone, a fourth-generation progestin used in oral contraceptives. (cmaj.ca)
Interpretation In a large cohort of women using oral contraceptives, we found a small, statistically significant increase in the risk of gallbladder disease associated with desogestrel, drospirenone and norethindrone compared with levonorgestrel. (cmaj.ca)
On May 31, 2011, the FDA issued a Drug Safety Communication ( http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm257164.htm ) announcing that it would be reviewing the safety of Yaz, Yasmin and similar drospirenone contraceptives. (prweb.com)
Risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with women using oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel: case-control study using United States claims data. (prweb.com)
For that reason, Parker Waichman Alonso LLP continues to call on Bayer Corporation, as well as the makers of other drospirenone contraceptives, to remove these products from the market immediately. (prweb.com)
Parker Waichman Alonso LLP continues to offer free legal evaluations to victims of drospirenone contraceptives, including Yaz and Yasmin. (prweb.com)
The relative risk of venous thrombosis for combined oral contraceptives with 30-35 μg ethinylestradiol and gestodene, desogestrel, cyproterone acetate, or drospirenone were similar and about 50-80% higher than for combined oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel. (who.int)
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) hazard ratio for oral contraceptives containing both drospirenone (DRSP) and ethinylestradiol (EE) in a 24-day regimen or any oral contraceptive without DRSP. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Drospirenone is distinct from the progestins used in other oral contraceptives and is chemically related to spironolactone, a diuretic that is sometimes used to treat fluid retention in women with premenstrual symptoms. (womensmentalhealth.org)
Efficacy of a new low-dose oral contraceptive with drospirenone in premenstrual dysphoric disorder. (womensmentalhealth.org)
showing a beneficial effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) for premenstrual symptoms have studied OCs containing the novel progestin drospirenone (YaZ and Yasmin). (womensmentalhealth.org)
appearing a recommended impact of oral contraceptives (OCs) for premenstrual signs have studied OCs containing the novel progestin drospirenone (YaZ and Yasmin). (womensmentalhealth.org)
3. Bachmann G, Sulak PJ, Sampson-Landers C, Benda N, Marr J. Efficacy and safety of a low-dose 24-day combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol and 3 mg drospirenone. (mdedge.com)

Because the amount of hormones is so small in low-dose contraceptives, your doctor may allow you to begin using an oral contraceptive after you have been breast-feeding for a while. (mayoclinic.org)
Therefore, it is biologically plausible that exogenous hormones, such as the synthetic estrogens and progestins found in oral contraceptives, have analogous effects. (nap.edu)
Oral contraceptives can vary in the types, amount, and ratios of hormones they contain. (nap.edu)
Reluctance to prescribe oral contraceptives and other hormones for women with lupus arose in part from the fact that lupus is far more common in women (women with the disease outnumber men 10 to 1), and that it typically begins during the childbearing years (after the onset and before the cessation of menstruation) when female hormone levels are at their peak. (rxpgnews.com)

Primary study objective Evaluation, in a sample of female outpatient subjects, of the effect of oral contraceptives (OCs) on sexual function and distress, evaluated with the FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) and FSDS (Female Sexual Distress Scale Revised) questionnaires and through clitoris artery hemodynamic parameters. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Although the results of the study do not speak directly to the causative effect of oral contraceptives on the development of glaucoma, it indicates that long-term use of oral contraceptives might be a potential risk factor for glaucoma, and may be considered as part of the risk profile for a patient together with other existing risk factors. (news-medical.net)
This study should be an impetus for future research to prove the cause and effect of oral contraceptives and glaucoma,' said Shan Lin, M.D., lead researcher and professor of clinical ophthalmology at the University of California San Francisco. (news-medical.net)

Brevinor should not be taken if you are allergic to ethinylestradiol, norethisterone, or any of the other constituents of this contraceptive. (theonlineclinic.co.uk)
In the 15-center study of 183 women with inactive or stable lupus, those taking oral contraceptives (triphasic 35 g.ethinylestradiol/0.5-1 mg norethindrone for twelve 28-day cycles) had no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of flares than those taking a placebo. (rxpgnews.com)
Ethinylestradiol + etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring: new drug. (biomedsearch.com)
18. van den Heuvel MW, van Bragt AJ, Alnabawy AK, Kaptein M. Comparison of ethinylestradiol pharmacokinetics in three hormonal contraceptive formulations: the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch and an oral contraceptive. (mdedge.com)

Since oral contraceptives first became available, there have been concerns that antibiotics might interfere with their efficacy. (medscape.com)
The efficacy of oral contraceptives (OC), however, relies on compliance even though poor compliance has no immediate or uniform consequences. (nih.gov)
Contraceptive efficacy may be impaired by numerous means. (wikipedia.org)
Rosenberg MJ, Meyers A, Roy V. Efficacy, cycle control, and side effects of low- and lower-dose oral contraceptives: a randomized trial of 20pg and 35pg oestrogen preparations. (springer.com)
Does Lamictal decrease the contraceptive efficacy of the NuvaRing? (womensmentalhealth.org)
Efficacy of a New Low-Dose Oral Contraceptive With Drospiren. (lww.com)
An open-label, multicenter, noncomparative safety and efficacy study of Mircette™, a low-dose estrogen-progestin oral contraceptive. (mdedge.com)

Double-blind, randonuzed study comparing the effects of two monophasic oral contraceptives containing etlunylestradiol (20μg or 30μg) and levonorgestrel (100μg or 150μg) of lipoprotein metabolism. (springer.com)

Decreased maximal aerobic capacity with use of a triphasic oral contraceptive in highly active women: a randomised controlled trial. (springer.com)

No statistically significant increase in risk was associated with the other formulations of oral contraceptive (ethynodiol diacetate, norgestrel and norgestimate). (cmaj.ca)

A study of interaction of a low-dose combination oral contraceptive with anti-tubercular drugs. (webmd.com)
13.Barditch-Crovo P, Trapnell CB, Ette E, Zacur HA, Coresh J, Rocco LE, Hendrix CW, Flexner C. The effects of rifampin and rifabutin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination oral contraceptive. (webmd.com)
The methods existing in literature for the analysis of combination oral contraceptive products do not address advances in the new chemistries and instrumentation. (waters.com)

Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the spread of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come as tablets to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
Take progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come in packs of 28 tablets. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will tell you when you should start taking your progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptive. (medlineplus.gov)
If you vomit soon after taking a progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives, you may have to use a backup method of birth control for the next 48 hours. (medlineplus.gov)
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to norethindrone, other progestins, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will probably tell you not to take progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives. (medlineplus.gov)
If you become pregnant while taking progestin-only (norethindrone) contraceptives, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)
The lead compound, norethindrone, was synthesised in 1951 and all but one of the subsequent steroid oral contraceptives are based on that chemical template. (els.net)

This fact sheet is about blood clots, a rare complication of taking oral contraceptives. (medsafe.govt.nz)
The blood clots associated with using oral contraceptives occur in the veins of the legs. (medsafe.govt.nz)
How often do blood clots occur with oral contraceptives? (medsafe.govt.nz)
Blood clots only happen very occasionally in women using oral contraceptives, and deaths from blood clots are even more rare. (medsafe.govt.nz)
Women can have blood clots when they are not using oral contraceptives. (medsafe.govt.nz)
As combined oral contraceptives are used by many women in New Zealand, two deaths a year from blood clots would be expected in this country. (medsafe.govt.nz)
Stroke (or history of)-If these conditions are already present, oral contraceptives may have a greater chance of causing blood clots or circulation problems, especially in women who smoke tobacco. (mayoclinic.org)
However, they note that oral contraceptives still are not advised for women who have a history of, or are at high risk for, blood clots, because estrogens have been associated with dangerous blood clots. (rxpgnews.com)
Hormonal contraceptive use should be avoided in women at risk for blood clots, by heavy smokers, and in women with breast or other cancers. (biomedsearch.com)

The use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) elevates the level of circulating CRP [ 16 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
The hormonal components of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have various metabolic and haemostatic effects. (springer.com)
The review compared different generations of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) and their associated risk of VTE. (who.int)
A 30-year-old patient conceived a child while taking combined oral contraceptives (COCs) inconsistently. (aafp.org)
Is the use of contraceptive patches or vaginal rings more effective or safer than COCs? (aafp.org)
To compare the contraceptive effectiveness, cycle control, compliance, and safety of the skin patch or the vaginal ring versus combination oral contraceptives (COCs). (aafp.org)

In addition, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events associated with OCs may conflict with maintaining a constant rate of unwanted pregnancies, since OCs are the most effective contraceptive method . (ajmc.com)
It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED). (bioportfolio.com)

Oral, transdermal and vaginal combined contraceptives induce an increase in markers of chronic inflammation and impair insulin sensitivity in young healthy normal-weight women: a randomized study," Human Reproduction , vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 3046-3056, 2012. (hindawi.com)

Hormonal contraceptive therapy is known to increase risk of venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Com-bined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use has been associated with venous thrombosis (VT) (i.e., deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism). (who.int)
To provide a comprehensive overview of the risk of venous thrombosis in women using different combined oral contraceptives. (who.int)
Use of combined oral contraceptives increased the risk of venous thrombosis compared with non-use (relative risk 3.5, 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 4.3). (who.int)
All combined oral contraceptives investigated in this analysis were associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. (who.int)
Obese women who used oral contraceptives appeared to have increased risk for a rare type of stroke known as a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) compared with women of normal weight who did not use oral contraceptives, according to an article published online by JAMA Neurology . (eurekalert.org)
Risk factors for CVT overlap some with those for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and include cancer and oral contraceptives but there also are risk factors specific to CVT including local infections and head trauma. (eurekalert.org)

The Company is committed to the extended-cycle oral contraceptive category it created with the launch of the Seasonale extended-cycle oral contraceptive in 2003. (drugs.com)
2. Anderson FD, Hait H. A multicenter, randomized study of an extended cycle oral contraceptive. (mdedge.com)
16. Anderson FD, Gibbons W, Portman D. Long-term safety of an extended-cycle oral contraceptive (Seasonale): a 2-year multicenter open-label extension trial. (mdedge.com)

Brooks M. FDA Okays New Extended-Regimen Oral Contraceptive. (medscape.com)
As one of the most advanced contraceptives on the market, Yaz uses a dosing regimen of 24 days of active hormone tablets followed by only four days of hormone-free tablets, said a statement from Bayer. (tradearabia.com)
The 24/4 dosing regimen reduces hormone fluctuations which often occur during monthly menstruation, thus enhancing its effectiveness as a contraceptive. (tradearabia.com)
Oral contraceptives and premenstrual symptoms: comparison of a 21/7 and extended regimen. (mdedge.com)
13. Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ, Coffee A, Willis S. Prospective analysis of occurrence and management of breakthrough bleeding during an extended oral contraceptive regimen. (mdedge.com)

Attitudes of female patients regarding oral contraceptives for treatment of acne. (biomedsearch.com)

New research shows that during natural menstrual cycles, women with asthma who were not taking oral contraceptives (OC) had lower exhaled nitric oxide levels (eNO), a marker of airway inflammation associated with asthma, than women who were taking OC. (eurekalert.org)
Oral contraceptives (OCs) ameliorate hyperandrogenism and regulate menstrual cycles. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Lebrun CM. Effects of the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on sports performance. (springer.com)
Measuring performance during the menstrual cycle: a model using oral contraceptives. (springer.com)
My friends say that in their experience if contraceptives are used after marriage (before first child) it will create a disorder in the female menstrual cycle. (ndtv.com)

EDITOR,-The Committee on Safety of Medicines' recent advice that oral contraceptives containing gestodene or desogestrel should not be prescribed 1 has caused confusion and concern among family planning specialists and has major public health implications. (bmj.com)
The pharmacodynamic effects of an oral contraceptive containing 3mg micronized 17 beta-estradiol and 0.150mg desogestrel for 21 days, followed by 0.030 mg desogestrel only for 7 days. (springer.com)

The relative risk was 1.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.3) for women who were currently using oral contraceptives and 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.8 to 1.0) for those who had previously used them. (nih.gov)

However, a review of studies examining pharmacokinetic outcomes and suppression of ovulation by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) authors concludes that common non-enzyme-inducing antibiotics do not impair the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (medscape.com)
Reliable case reports, as well as controlled clinical trials, indicate that St. John's wort interferes with the effectiveness of oral contraceptives and may have led to unwanted pregnancies. (doctors-hospital.net)
21-24 The net result could be decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (doctors-hospital.net)

Examines the association between oral contraceptives and liver tumor. (ebscohost.com)
The association between oral contraceptives and UC differed according to smoking history (p heterogeneity =0.04). (bmj.com)

An initial analysis of an ongoing, multicenter case-control study indicates that women who have used oral contraceptives are approximately half as likely to develop ovarian and endometrial cancer as women who have never used them and that, despite previous concerns, contraceptive use does not appear to increase a woman's risk of breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
Recent studies have indicated that the risk of developing ovarian cancer is reduced in women who have used oral contraceptives compared with women who have never used them. (aafp.org)
The study - conducted by researchers at University of California, San Francisco, Duke University School of Medicine and Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China - is the first to establish an increased risk of glaucoma in women who have used oral contraceptives for three or more years. (news-medical.net)

It is uncertain whether the use of an oral contraceptive increases the risk of breast cancer later in life, when the incidence of breast cancer is increased. (nih.gov)
The introduction and dissemination of oral contraceptives in the United States have been superimposed on steadily rising breast cancer incidence rates. (nap.edu)
Human studies of the effects of oral contraceptive use on breast cancer incidence have been complicated by the relatively short history of such use and a lack of stability of oral contraceptive formulations and usage patterns. (nap.edu)
OBJECTIVE To examine prospectively the association between modern oral contraceptives with low doses of estrogen and progestin and subsequent incidence of NIDDM. (diabetesjournals.org)
Prolonged exposure to low-dose oral contraceptives in a population at higher risk may significantly increase the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes and prompt consideration of alternative therapeutic or contraceptive interventions," he wrote. (medindia.net)
A few weeks ago, I wrote the first part of a post on the cardiovascular side effects of oral contraceptives (OC), where I discussed the incidence of these events among OC users, as well as the subgroups at elevated risk of experiencing them. (ajmc.com)

Oral contraceptives are commonly used for premenstrual conditions, usually milder syndromes, but the empirical evidence supporting their use has been lacking," said Dr. Kimberley A. Yonkers of Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. (health.am)
This is the first study to show that an oral contraceptive is better than placebo for any premenstrual syndrome, including Premenstrual dysphoric disorder . (health.am)
To investigate its effects, Yonkers and colleagues randomly assigned 450 women with symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder to receive the oral contraceptive or placebo. (health.am)

There are 17 different oral contraceptive formulations now available in the United States, which are marketed under 29 brand names. (nap.edu)
Both groups of women have had varied patterns of starting and stopping oral contraceptive use, and a majority have used two or more different formulations. (nap.edu)
The clear cause of elevation in CRP level due to the use of different hormonal contraceptive formulations and methods is not well understood. (hindawi.com)
We conducted a study to determine the magnitude of this risk compared with other formulations of oral contraceptives. (cmaj.ca)

Blood samples were taken from all the participants to check for antibodies (ACPA) to rheumatoid arthritis, and the women were quizzed in depth about their contraceptive and reproductive histories, their lifestyle, whether they had breastfed their kids and their educational attainment. (hindustantimes.com)
Researchers found that women who had used an oral contraceptive at any time had a lower risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis than those who had never done so. (hindustantimes.com)

A first choice combined oral contraceptive influences general well-being in healthy women - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. (medindia.net)
Severe flares occurred in about 7 percent of the women, regardless of whether they received oral contraceptives or placebo. (rxpgnews.com)
The recently published study on oral contraceptives is one of two separate randomized, placebo-controlled studies that comprise the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus, National Assessment (SELENA) Trial. (rxpgnews.com)
14 Sulak PH, Willis S, Kuehl T, Coffee A, Clark J. Headaches and oral contraceptives: impact of eliminating the standard 7-day placebo interval. (mdedge.com)

The study noted approximately double the risk in women taking third-generation contraceptives vs. women taking second-generation contraceptives. (chiroweb.com)

It's likely that oral contraceptives help maintain lower and more consistent levels of estrogen and progesterone, which may lead to periodic increase in laxity and subsequent risk of tear (instead of periodic ACL weakness)," explained lead author Steven DeFroda, MD. (uspharmacist.com)

Women with a rare genetic form of high cholesterol or severely high cholesterol that does not respond to medication may need to use another contraceptive method than OCs. (nih.gov)
However, the use of OC among women with conditions that place high-risk for OC use, and hence, for whom another contraceptive method is preferred, is certainly concerning, as I previously discussed in part 1 of this post. (ajmc.com)

Use of third-generation contraceptives was not associated with increased risk of incident lupus, possibly because they contain lower doses of estrogen. (medpagetoday.com)

Talk to your doctor about this before you begin to take your oral contraceptive so that you can prepare a backup method of birth control in case it is needed. (medlineplus.gov)
Though taking oral contraceptives regularly is 99 percent effective in birth control, there are many possible side effects. (healthy.net)
However, it may be necessary for you to use another method of birth control or to stop breast-feeding while taking oral contraceptives. (mayoclinic.org)
They were first approved for contraceptive use in the United States in 1960, and are a very popular form of birth control. (wikipedia.org)
Oral contraceptive: see birth control. (ebscohost.com)
A woman who wants to use oral contraceptives should ask her physician for the latest information on the risks and benefits of all types of birth control and should consider her age, health, and medical history when deciding what to use. (thefreedictionary.com)
In early 1951, reproductive physiologist Gregory Pincus , a leader in hormone research and co-founder of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology (WFEB) in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, first met American birth control movement founder Margaret Sanger at a Manhattan dinner hosted by Abraham Stone, medical director and vice president of Planned Parenthood (PPFA), who helped Pincus obtain a small grant from PPFA to begin hormonal contraceptive research. (bionity.com)
Oral contraceptives are the most popular form of reversible birth control for females. (wlu.edu)
I have been married for 2 months now and opted for oral contraceptives for birth control. (ndtv.com)

In 2018, the Canadian Paediatric Society recommended long-acting reversible contraceptives, including hormone-releasing intrauterine devices, as a first-line option for young Canadians. (theglobeandmail.com)

Bayer Healthcare has launched its new low-dose oral contraceptive, Yaz, which offers important clinical benefits for women in Jordan. (tradearabia.com)
In the study, researchers reported that the overall estimated risk of cardiovascular events - both heart attack and stroke -- among current low-dose oral contraceptive users was doubled compared to non-users. (medindia.net)
Another benefit of low-dose oral contraceptive use during the perimenopausal years is a reduction in the risk of endometrial cancer. (aafp.org)

When comparing the groups with CRP ≤ 1 and CRP ≥ 3, levels of IL-6 and sTNF-RI were positively correlated with CRP among oral contraceptive users. (hindawi.com)

8 The largest investigation to date, the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study (CASH), showed a decrease averaging 40 percent in the development of ovarian cancer in women who had taken oral contraceptives. (aafp.org)
Research presented today, at the 117th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology in New Orleans, has found that women who have taken oral contraceptives for three or more years are twice as likely to suffer from glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness which affects nearly 60 million worldwide. (news-medical.net)
At this point, women who have taken oral contraceptives for three or more years should be screened for glaucoma and followed closely by an ophthalmologist, especially if they have any other existing risk factors. (news-medical.net)

The increased risk of VTE and CVT associated with oral contraceptives in the presence of obesity might make physicians reluctant to prescribe oral contraceptives to obese women. (eurekalert.org)

Explain to interested patients that the increased risk of lupus was associated with current use of oral contraceptives containing higher doses of estrogen. (medpagetoday.com)
Contraceptives containing lower doses were not associated with significantly increased risks. (medpagetoday.com)
An oral contraceptive (OC) is effective because it delivers high doses of estrogen to prevent ovulation. (womensmentalhealth.org)

We did not observe the same elevation for other inflammatory biomarkers for the CRP ≥ 3 group among vaginal contraceptive users. (hindawi.com)
One recent hormonal contraceptive method is combined vaginal contraceptive (CVC), commercially marketed as NuvaRing (Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ). (hindawi.com)

Women with high cholesterol, who are successfully controlling it by diet, exercise, medication, or a combination of these treatments, may be able to safely use oral contraceptives (OCs). (nih.gov)
The Online Clinic can prescribe Brevinor if you have previously had a combined oral contraceptive medication. (theonlineclinic.co.uk)
taken through or applied in the mouth, as an oral medication. (thefreedictionary.com)
But the most commonly prescribed hair loss treatment for androgenetic alopecia in women is actually oral contraceptives (in combination with another medication). (everydayhealth.com)

The research results on oral contraceptive use and cancerous liver tumors is unclear. (lifehack.org)
Systemic Contraceptives and Liver Tumors. (ebscohost.com)

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions. (medicinenet.com)
10.Baciewicz AM. Oral contraceptive drug interactions. (webmd.com)
Drug interactions with oral contraceptives: compilation and analysis of an adverse experience report database. (webmd.com)

One previous study found that, among women with one or more stroke risk factors, only 15 percent recalled being advised not to start oral contraceptives and only 36 percent remembered being told to stop. (news-medical.net)
One contraceptive, however, has been linked with weight gain, with a study showing an average weight gain of 11 pounds over 3 years. (healthcentral.com)
LITTLE FALLS, N.J. -- Use of oral contraceptives is associated with incident systemic lupus erythematosus, a case-control study showed. (medpagetoday.com)
Women of childbearing potential with intact ovarian function who have been on a stable method of oral contraceptives for at least 2 months prior to the start of the study. (clinicaltrials.gov)
The article focuses on a clinical study which suggests that sperm levels shoot back to normal around three months after men stop taking experimental hormonal contraceptives, raising the prospect of a male contraceptive implant or patch in the near future. (ebscohost.com)
The relationship between oral contraceptives (OC) and breast-cancer risk was analysed using data from a case-control study conducted between June 1991 and February 1994 in 6 Italian centres on 1,991 patients below age 65 with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer and 1,899 controls admitted to hospital for a wide range of acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. (unboundmedicine.com)
But for most women with moderate lupus that is inactive or stable, taking estrogen whether as part of an oral contraceptive or hormone replacement therapy appears to have no detrimental effect on disease activity, say co-authors Jill Buyon, M.D., of New York s Hospital for Joint Diseases, and Michelle Petri, M.D., M.P.H., of the Johns Hopkins University, who jointly led the study. (rxpgnews.com)
The study aims to test the working memory of around 60 young women who use oral contraceptives, says researcher Laura Gravelsins, a PhD student with the Einstein Lab on cognitive neuroscience, gender and health at the University of Toronto. (theglobeandmail.com)
In 1991/1992, a prospective cohort study specifically designed to examine the role of hormonal contraceptives in relation to breast cancer was conducted in Norway and Sweden. (aacrjournals.org)
The study was specifically designed to examine the role of hormonal contraceptives in breast cancer risk. (aacrjournals.org)
Women taking low-dose oral contraceptives maybe at increased risk of heart attack or stroke as per a recent study. (medindia.net)
The CASH study reported that after 12 to 23 months of oral contraceptive use, the age-adjusted risk of developing endometrial cancer was 40 percent less than the risk in women who have never used oral contraceptives. (aafp.org)
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes and concerns of female patients regarding the use of hormonal agents and oral contraceptives in treatment of acne. (biomedsearch.com)
The researchers tout their study as the first to look at oral-contraceptive use during adolescence and its possible relationship with women's long-term vulnerability to depression. (uspharmacist.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment57

Psychiatry and Psychology26

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena15

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups8

Health Care51

Geographicals18

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/1279)

Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records. (2/1279)

T(3/1279)

Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. (4/1279)

Medicolegal file.(5/1279)

Moderate physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns. (6/1279)

The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. (7/1279)

Interaction between the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. (8/1279)

Contraceptives, Oral

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Contraceptive Agents

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

Contraceptive Agents, Female

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

Contraceptive Devices

Contraception

Contraceptive Devices, Female

Contraception Behavior

Contraceptive Agents, Male

Intrauterine Devices

Family Planning Services

Ethinyl Estradiol

Desogestrel

Norgestrel

Levonorgestrel

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Mestranol

Norethindrone

Vaccines, Contraceptive

Pregnancy, Unplanned

Sterilization, Reproductive

Pregnancy, Unwanted

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Spermatocidal Agents

Contraception, Postcoital

Intrauterine Devices, Copper

Menstruation

Norethynodrel

Ethynodiol Diacetate

Pregnancy

Abortion, Induced

Contraception, Immunologic

Norpregnenes

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

Progestins

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

Sterilization, Tubal

Androstenes

Menstrual Cycle

Progesterone Congeners

Parity

Intrauterine Devices, Medicated

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Contraceptive Devices, Male

Pregnancy in Adolescence

Menstruation Disturbances

Megestrol

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

Drug Implants

Sex Education

Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents

Ovulation Inhibition

Medroxyprogesterone

Fertility

Condoms

Sexual Behavior

Norpregnadienes

Transdermal Patch

Ethisterone

Uterine Hemorrhage

Estradiol Congeners

Metrorrhagia

Risk Factors

Estrogens

Nonoxynol

Coitus

Abortion Applicants

Xanthurenates

Abortion, Legal

Reproductive Health Services

Age Factors

Marriage

Case-Control Studies

Women's Health

Reproductive History

Questionnaires

Sexually Transmitted Diseases