Contraceptives oral. Medical search

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.

Contraceptive devices used by females.

Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.

Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.

The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.

Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.

Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.

Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).

Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.

A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.

Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

Contraceptive devices used by males.

Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.

Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

Sexual activities of humans.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

A medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream.

17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.

The sexual union of a male and a female, a term used for human only.

Individuals requesting induced abortions.

Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.

An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

A contraceptive method whereby coitus is purposely interrupted in order to prevent EJACULATION of SEMEN into the VAGINA.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Absence of menstruation.

The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.

Human males as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

In females, the period that is shortly after giving birth (PARTURITION).

An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The giving of advice and assistance to individuals with educational or personal problems.

Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.

A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, to guide and determine present and future decisions on population control by limiting the number of children or controlling fertility, notably through family planning and contraception within the nuclear family.

Progesterones which have undergone ring contraction or which are lacking carbon 18 or 19.

Surgical removal of the ductus deferens, or a portion of it. It is done in association with prostatectomy, or to induce infertility. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

A class of natural contraceptive methods in which SEXUAL ABSTINENCE is practiced a few days before and after the estimated day of ovulation, during the fertile phase. Methods for determining the fertile period or OVULATION DETECTION are based on various physiological indicators, such as circulating hormones, changes in cervical mucus (CERVIX MUCUS), and the basal body temperature.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of reproduction in man and other animals, and on the biological, medical, and veterinary problems of fertility and lactation. It includes ovulation induction, diagnosis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss, and assisted reproductive technologies such as embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, and intrafallopian transfer of zygotes. (From Infertility and Reproductive Medicine Clinics of North America, Foreword 1990; Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Notice to Contributors, Jan 1979)

The unmarried man or woman.

Married or single individuals who share sexual relations.

Painful menstruation.

The physical condition of human reproductive systems.

Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available.

The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.

The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.

The first MENSTRUAL CYCLE marked by the initiation of MENSTRUATION.

The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.

A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.

The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

An independent state in eastern Africa. Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and is bordered on the north and northeast by Eritrea, on the east by Djibouti and Somalia, on the south by Kenya, and on the west and southwest by Sudan. Its capital is Addis Ababa.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

The period before MENOPAUSE. In premenopausal women, the climacteric transition from full sexual maturity to cessation of ovarian cycle takes place between the age of late thirty and early fifty.

Personal care items used during MENSTRUATION.

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce, widowhood, singleness, etc.

Individual members of Central American ethnic groups with ancient historic ancestral origins in Asia. Mexican Indians are not included.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

Any observable response or action of an adolescent.

Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).

Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Agents, either mechanical or chemical, which destroy spermatozoa in the male genitalia and block spermatogenesis.

Human females as cultural, psychological, sociological, political, and economic entities.

The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.

Medicines that can be sold legally without a DRUG PRESCRIPTION.

Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.

Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.

Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.

An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

The seeking and acceptance by patients of health service.

A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.

The discharge of an OVUM from a rupturing follicle in the OVARY.

Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.

Human behavior or decision related to REPRODUCTION.

Medicated dosage forms for topical application in the vagina. A cream is a semisolid emulsion containing suspended or dissolved medication; a foam is a dispersion of a gas in a medicated liquid resulting in a light, frothy mass; a jelly is a colloidal semisolid mass of a water soluble medicated material, usually translucent.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, DYSPAREUNIA, and progressive development of OSTEOPOROSIS. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy.

Methods of contraception in which physical, chemical, or biological means are used to prevent the SPERM from reaching the fertilizable OVUM.

A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.

Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.

The neck portion of the UTERUS between the lower isthmus and the VAGINA forming the cervical canal.

Size and composition of the family.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.

Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals.

The major progestational steroid that is secreted primarily by the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA. Progesterone acts on the UTERUS, the MAMMARY GLANDS and the BRAIN. It is required in EMBRYO IMPLANTATION; PREGNANCY maintenance, and the development of mammary tissue for MILK production. Progesterone, converted from PREGNENOLONE, also serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.

A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.

The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.

A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.

A medical-surgical specialty concerned with the physiology and disorders primarily of the female genital tract, as well as female endocrinology and reproductive physiology.

An inactive metabolite of PROGESTERONE by reduction at C5, C3, and C20 position. Pregnanediol has two hydroxyl groups, at 3-alpha and 20-alpha. It is detectable in URINE after OVULATION and is found in great quantities in the pregnancy urine.

Red blood cell precursors, corresponding to ERYTHROBLASTS, that are larger than normal, usually resulting from a FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY or VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.

The ratio of the number of conceptions (CONCEPTION) including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; and fetal losses, to the mean number of females of reproductive age in a population during a set time period.

A republic in western Africa, south of NIGER between BENIN and CAMEROON. Its capital is Abuja.

Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.

The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

The period of the MENSTRUAL CYCLE representing follicular growth, increase in ovarian estrogen (ESTROGENS) production, and epithelial proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM. Follicular phase begins with the onset of MENSTRUATION and ends with OVULATION.

The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

Health services for college and university students usually provided by the educational institution.

Refraining from SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of UGANDA, east of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, west of TANZANIA. Its capital is Kigali. It was formerly part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda-Urund.

The 17-beta-isomer of estradiol, an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids.

An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be.

Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.

Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Interference with the FREEDOM or PERSONAL AUTONOMY of another person, with justifications referring to the promotion of the person's good or the prevention of harm to the person. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995); more generally, not allowing a person to make decisions on his or her own behalf.

A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.

Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.

The period in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE that follows OVULATION, characterized by the development of CORPUS LUTEUM, increase in PROGESTERONE production by the OVARY and secretion by the glandular epithelium of the ENDOMETRIUM. The luteal phase begins with ovulation and ends with the onset of MENSTRUATION.

A republic in southern Africa, south of DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO and TANZANIA, and north of ZIMBABWE. Its capital is Lusaka. It was formerly called Northern Rhodesia.

The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior.

One of the Indian Ocean Islands off the southeast coast of Africa. Its capital is Antananarivo. It was formerly called the Malagasy Republic. Discovered by the Portuguese in 1500, its history has been tied predominantly to the French, becoming a French protectorate in 1882, a French colony in 1896, and a territory within the French union in 1946. The Malagasy Republic was established in the French Community in 1958 but it achieved independence in 1960. Its name was changed to Madagascar in 1975. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p714)

The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.

The lengths of intervals between births to women in the population.

A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.

Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

Illegal termination of pregnancy.

A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen.

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/1279)

Serum and urinary levels of unconjugated testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and oestradiol were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in 10 healthy women in the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle and in nine healthy women taking oral contraceptives. The contraceptive group had testosterone levels 1-3 times higher and dihydrotestosterone levels two times higher than those in the controls. Serum oestradiol levels in the contraceptive group were much lower than those in the controls and similar to levels in postmenopausal women. The contraceptive group had about twice the urinary excretion of unconjugated (free) testosterone and dihydrotestosterone of the controls, but their excretion of unconjugated oestradiol was 2-7 times lower. The great increase in serum and urinary androgen concentrations, as well as the suppression of oestradiol, may be related to the antiovulatory effect of oral contraceptives. (+info)

Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records. (2/1279)

BACKGROUND: If women tend to forget and underreport their past oral contraceptive (OC) use, but the recall among cases is enhanced by the presence of disease, recall bias may explain some reported health effects of OC use. METHODS: Two different sources of information on lifetime OC use were compared for 427 (84%) of a community-based sample of 511 women aged 20-34: (i) structured interviews, using a life event calendar and picture display as memory aids, and (ii) a register of all prescriptions dispensed by pharmacies in the county since 1970. RESULTS: Interview data and pharmacy records showed high levels of agreement for any OC use, current use, time since first and last use, total duration of use, and for duration of use in different 'time windows'. But there was a tendency to under-report specific kinds of OC used in the past. CONCLUSION: Underreporting of OC use among non-cases would usually introduce little or no bias (as compared to pharmacy records) for this kind of interview and women. However, it may be preferable to use interviews for current OC use, and pharmacy records for specific kinds of OC used in the past. (+info)

T(3/1279)

he pill in Japan: will approval ever come? (+info)

Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. (4/1279)

Aging rhesus monkeys, both controls and those undergoing long-term administration of investigational oral contraceptive steroids, developed widespread hyperfluorescent dots at the posterior pole. The dots were considered to represent drusen. Histologic (including electron microscopic) study showed the "drusen" in some of the animals to be almost exclusively pigment epithelial windows produced by a lipoidal degeneration of the pigment epithelial cells. The experiment provided a fortuitous model for direct correlation of clinical and histologic observations of myriad uniform, tiny, depigmented, hyperfluorescent, nonleaking spots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. (+info)

Medicolegal file.(5/1279)

Tell everything you know about birth control pills. (+info)

Moderate physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns. (6/1279)

High-risk mammographic patterns may be used as a surrogate end point for breast cancer in etiologic research as well as in prevention studies. Physical activity may be one of the few modifiable risk factors for breast cancer. We examined the relationship between physical activity and mammographic patterns among 2720 Norwegian women, ages 40-56 years, who participated in both the Second and Third Tromso studies. Epidemiologic data were obtained through questionnaires. Two questions from the Second Tromso study and five questions from the Third elicited information on physical activity. The mammograms were categorized into five groups based on anatomical-mammographic correlations. For analysis, patterns I through III were combined into a low-risk group and patterns IV and V into a high-risk group. Odds ratios that were adjusted for age, education, menopausal status, body mass index, parity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, and alcohol intake, with 95% confidence intervals, were estimated using logistic regression. Women who reported moderate physical activity, i.e., more than 2 h/week, were 20% less likely (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.1) to have high-risk mammographic patterns compared with those who reported being inactive. This relationship remains consistent when stratified by menopausal status, parity, and tertiles of body mass index. However, all of the associations between various measures of physical activity and high-risk patterns found in this study are weak with confidence intervals that include 1.0. Thus, chance is a reasonable explanation for the weak associations found. The relationship between physical activity and high-risk patterns should be examined further as a means to explore the biologic mechanisms relating physical activity to breast cancer risk. (+info)

The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. (7/1279)

BACKGROUND: So far, no-one has attempted to evaluate the overall balance of serious, but not necessarily fatal, disease among a cohort of oral contraceptive users. AIM: To emprirically assess the balance of risk of serious illness among a cohort of oral contraceptive users followed up for up to 28 years. METHODS: Oral contraceptive-associated serious disease was defined as that which is often life-threatening and/or associated with long-term disability, and which has been found, or postulated, to be associated with use of combined oral contraceptives. Data from the Royal College of General Practitioners' (RCGP) Oral Contraception Study were examined to determine the rate of such conditions during 335,181 woman-years of observation in 'ever users' and 228,727 woman-years in 'never users'. The rates were standardized for age, parity, social class, and smoking. RESULTS: Compared with never users, ever users had a small increased risk of any serious disease (relative risk = 1.17; 95% confidence interval = 1.09-1.25). Ever users had an excess risk of cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism, and reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer. The increased risk was seen only in younger women; by the age of 50, ever users had the same risk as never users. The risk appeared to be confined to women using older oral contraceptives containing 50 micrograms or more of oestrogen. CONCLUSIONS: Past users of older, higher dose oral contraceptives can be reassured that the small increased risk of serious disease seen during current use does not persist after stopping, and that latent effects do not appear later in life. Currently available oral contraceptives, containing less than 50 micrograms of oestrogen accompanied by the progestogen, levonorgestrel, or norethisterone acetate, do not appear to be associated with an increased net risk of serious disease. (+info)

Interaction between the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. (8/1279)

Single-point mutations in the gene coding for prothrombin (factor II:A20210) or factor V (factor V:A1691) are associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. The use of oral contraceptives is also a strong and independent risk factor for the disease, and the interaction between factor V:A1691 and oral contraceptives greatly increases the risk. No information is available about the interaction between oral contraceptives and mutant prothrombin. We investigated 148 women with a first, objectively confirmed episode of deep vein thrombosis and 277 healthy women as controls. Fourteen patients (9.4%) were carriers of factor II:A20210, 24 (16.2%) of factor V:A1691, and 4 (2.7%) of both defects. Among controls, the prevalence was 2.5% for either factor II:A20210 or factor V:A1691, and there was no carrier of both the mutations. The relative risk of thrombosis was 6-fold for factor II:A20210 and 9-fold for factor V:A1691. The most prevalent circumstantial risk factor in patients and the only one observed in controls was oral contraceptive use, which per se conferred a 6-fold increased risk of thrombosis. The risk increased to 16.3 and 20.0 when women with factor II:A20210 or factor V:A1691 who used oral contraceptives were compared with noncarriers and nonusers. These figures indicate a multiplicative interaction between the genetic risk factors and oral contraceptives. No difference in the type of oral contraceptives was observed between patients and controls, those of third generation being the most frequently used (73% and 80%). We conclude that carriers of the prothrombin mutation who use oral contraceptives have a markedly increased risk of deep vein thrombosis, much higher than the risk conferred by either factor alone. (+info)

Two types of female oral contraceptive pill, taken once per day, are widely available: The combined oral contraceptive pill ... Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of ... Male oral contraceptives are currently not available commercially, although several possibilities are in various stages of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill

Oral contraceptives should not be used as an initial treatment for female athlete triad. While combined oral contraceptives are ... to test and monitor oral contraceptives which began animal testing of oral contraceptives and in 1960 and 1961 began three ... "Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Relation to Oral Contraceptives (RATIO) study: oral contraceptives and the risk of ischemic ... including before and after discontinuation of the oral contraceptive pill. Women continuing use of oral contraceptives had SHBG ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill

The drug was approved as a female oral contraceptive, the first in the U.S., in May 1960. G.D. Searle and company profited ... It was not approved as an oral contraceptive, although it was developed as such. The research team decided that Puerto Rico ... Fully one-third of the wage gains women have made since the 1960s are the result of access to oral contraceptives." ... "Enovid Oral Contraceptive , National Museum of American History". Americanhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 2012-12-06. Junod, Suzanne ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_trials_in_Puerto_Rico

Use of oral contraceptive can impair muscle gains in young women. The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives are significant ... Extended or continuous cycle combined oral contraceptive pills are a packaging of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) ... Oral Contraceptive Pills are also effective in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. There is also limited evidence for benefit of Combined ... "FDA Approves Seasonale Oral Contraceptive". United States Food and Drug Administration. September 5, 2003. Archived from the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive

The combined oral contraceptive pill is a common method of contraception in New Zealand alongside the progestogen-only pill ( ... "Combined Oral Contraceptives - Pharmaceutical Schedule Online". Pharmaceutical Management Agency. Retrieved 29 January 2017. " ... As of February 2017, the government subsidised three formulations of the combined oral contraceptive pill (ethinyloestradiol ... The emergency contraceptive pill is available in New Zealand. It is able to be purchased over the counter at pharmacies without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_rights_in_New_Zealand

Even after [...] Harry W. Rudel; Fred A. Kinel (September 1972). "Oral Contraceptives. Human Fertility Studies and Side Effects ... Goebelsmann U (1986). "Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids in Humans". In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive ... OHPA was found to possess two to three times the oral activity of 17α-methylprogesterone. Upjohn reported the oral activity of ... OHPA has been found to be effective as an oral progestogen-only pill at a dosage of 30 mg/day. OHPA has very low but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate

"Our Mission - Human Life International". Abbasi, Kamran (2001-07-21). "Oral contraceptives". The BMJ. 323 (7305): 172. doi: ... The group also advocates against contraceptives. It has supported the criminalization of homosexuality in Uganda. In the mid- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Life_International

Wu CQ, Grandi SM, Filion KB, Abenhaim HA, Joseph L, Eisenberg MJ (June 2013). "Drospirenone-containing oral contraceptive pills ... The oral bioavailability of drospirenone is between 66 and 85%. Peak levels occur 1 to 6 hours after an oral dose. Levels are ... Heinemann LA, Dinger J (2004). "Safety of a new oral contraceptive containing drospirenone". Drug Saf. 27 (13): 1001-18. doi: ... Keam SJ, Wagstaff AJ (2003). "Ethinylestradiol/drospirenone: a review of its use as an oral contraceptive". Treat Endocrinol. 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drospirenone

All the oral preparations were used in doses 5 to 12 fold that used in the female oral contraceptive. The only exception was ... Composition of Oral and Injectable Estrogen-Progestogen Contraceptives". Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and ... including combined estrogen and progestogen forms like combined oral contraceptive pills, combined contraceptive patches, ... the oral potency of medroxyprogesterone acetate is at least 30-fold that of oral micronized progesterone, while the oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)

Edgren RA, Sturtevant FM (August 1976). "Potencies of oral contraceptives". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (8): 1029-38. doi: ... Gestovis is a new highly effective oral progesterone derivative (cyclopentylenol-ether of 17-alpha-acetoxyprogesterone) for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagestrone_acetate

Research has shown no significant loss of effectiveness in oral contraceptives while using most tetracycline antibiotics ( ... 14 (6): 391-9. PMID 15564203.[permanent dead link] DeRossi SS, Hersh EV (October 2002). "Antibiotics and oral contraceptives". ... "Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: a myth debunked". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 46 (6 ... Oral doxycycline can cause pill esophagitis, particularly when it is swallowed without adequate fluid, or by persons with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycycline

In the 1960s, CMA was introduced as a component of oral contraceptives. However, around 1970, such formulations were withdrawn ... Edgren RA, Sturtevant FM (August 1976). "Potencies of oral contraceptives". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (8): 1029-38. doi: ... Bingel AS, Benoit PS (February 1973). "Oral contraceptives: therapeutics versus adverse reactions, with an outlook for the ... market by Eli Lilly in 1971 and all oral contraceptives of CMA were discontinued in the U.S. by 1972. However, subsequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate

Edgren RA, Sturtevant FM (August 1976). "Potencies of oral contraceptives". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125 (8): 1029-38. doi: ... She had been taking an oral contraceptive combining ethinylestradiol and quingestrone since 1980. Denis Frank Hawkins (1974). ... Oral Advisory Group (1965). Handbook on oral contraception. Little, Brown. p. 18. OCLC 2717593. Larrey D, Geneve J, Pessayre D ... and oral or intraperitoneal doses of quingestrone 20 to 40 times those of oral or intraperitoneal progesterone were unable to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quingestrone

... was used as an oral, once-a-month, or postcoital hormonal contraceptive. Quingestanol acetate is a ... 73-. ISBN 978-0-300-16791-7. Population Reports: Oral contraceptives. Department of Medical and Public Affairs, George ... "Further experience with quingestanol acetate as a postcoital oral contraceptive". Contraception. 9 (3): 221-5. doi:10.1016/0010 ... Donde UM, Virkar KD (June 1975). "Biochemical studies with once-a-month contraceptive pill containing quinestrol-quingestanol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate

Archer JS, Archer DF (June 2002). "Oral contraceptive efficacy and antibiotic interaction: a myth debunked". Journal of the ... Recent research has shown no significant loss of effectiveness in oral contraceptives while using most tetracyclines. Despite ... DeRossi SS, Hersh EV (October 2002). "Antibiotics and oral contraceptives". Dental Clinics of North America. 46 (4): 653-64. ... For example, it was used to check uptake of oral rabies vaccine baits by raccoons in the USA. However, this is an invasive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics

It was the second progestin, after noretynodrel in 1960, to be used in an oral contraceptive. In 1964, additional contraceptive ... these and all other combined oral contraceptives are mixtures of 1 to 2% EE or mestranol and an oral progestin. It has been ... This is the progestogen component of the first oral contraceptive to be offered for sale (i.e., Enovid). Treatment of the ... However, with typical dosages of norethisterone used in oral contraceptives (0.5 to 1 mg), the levels of EE produced are low, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone

"Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.). Contraceptive ... Combined hormonal contraceptives inhibit follicular development and prevent ovulation as a primary mechanism of action. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation

The most common method in the developed world is condoms and oral contraceptives, while in Africa it is oral contraceptives and ... Women who use oral contraceptives for a longer duration may have a slightly lower rate of pregnancy than do women using oral ... There are two types of oral birth control pills, the combined oral contraceptive pills (which contain both estrogen and a ... Combined oral contraceptives reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer and do not change the risk of breast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control

When compared to other forms of contraception (combined oral contraceptives, contraceptive patch), the contraceptive vaginal ... Meyer S (August 2009). "Contraceptive patch and vaginal ring vs. combined oral contraceptives". American Family Physician. 80 ( ... Oral contraceptive users experienced more adverse events of nausea and vomiting. However on the other hand, vaginal ring users ... A contraceptive vaginal ring is a type of hormonal insert that is placed in the vagina for the purpose of birth control. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring

Task Force on Oral Contraceptives; Koetsawang, Suporn; Mandlekar, A.V.; Krishna, Usha R.; Purandare, V.N.; Deshpande, C.K.; ... double-blind study of two combined oral contraceptives containing the same progestogen, but different estrogens". Contraception ... Treatment options include oral, parenteral, subcutaneous implant, and transdermal (patches, gels). Dosing is patient-specific ... Estrogens are administered in various modalities including injection, transdermal patch, and oral tablets. The desired effects ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy

Committee on the Relationship Between Oral Contraceptives and BreastCancer (1 January 1991). Oral Contraceptives and Breast ... However, the long term side effects common with oral contraceptives such as arterial disease are lower with levonorgestrel than ... Brat T (1974). "Clinical trial with a new low oestrogen combined oral contraceptive". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2 ( ... Rubio B, Berman E, Larranaga A, Guiloff E (1970). "A new postcoital oral contraceptive". Contraception. 1 (5): 303-314. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel

"Oral contraceptives and liver cancer. Results of the Multicentre International Liver Tumor Study (MILTS)". Contraception. 56 (5 ... 8.2% for 3 mg/day oral diethylstilbestrol (n = 114) (EORTC Trial 30761); and 4.5% for 300 mg/day oral CPA (n = 130) vs. 0% for ... "Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total ... "Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate

Oral Contraceptives: correlated to a lower likelihood of ovarian cancer. No statistically significant effects of oral ... Beginning in the 1960s, oral contraceptives were used by the public in the U.S. and U.K. As soon as 1966, however, there were ... Doctors Frank Speizer and Martin Vessey hoped to better understand the effects of long-term use of oral contraceptives on the ... The focus of the study was women's health, especially the long term adverse effects of oral contraceptives. The sample ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurses'_Health_Study

Oral contraceptives can also lower sexual desire in as many as one in four women who use them. They are known to increase ... Samuels, N. (2010). "The Irony of Oral Contraceptives". The Womens Health Activist. 35 (4): 8-9. "Clinical Fact Sheet: Sex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_desire

The risk of developing blood clots can be lowered by life style modifications, the discontinuation of oral contraceptives, and ... These would be losing weight, increasing exercise and the cessation of oral contraceptives. Moving during periods of travel is ... "Combined oral contraceptives: venous thrombosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD010813. doi:10.1002/ ... The discontinuation of contraceptives also prevents blood clots. The therapeutic effects of warfarin may be decreased by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis_prevention

"Nomegestrol acetate/estradiol hormonal oral contraceptive and breast cancer risk". Anti-Cancer Drugs. 25 (7): 745-750. doi: ... Oral NOMAC was under development for the treatment of breast cancer and for use as a progestogen-only pill for birth control ... A continuous oral formulation of estradiol and NOMAC was under development for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and the ... NOMAC is well-absorbed, with an oral bioavailability of 63%. It is 97.5 to 98% protein-bound, to albumin, and does not bind to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate

887-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Wassef SA, Sami G, Hamid EA (1970). "Effect of switching with oral contraceptives". Egypt Popul ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgesterone

Oral contraceptives significantly decrease the elimination of desmethyldiazepam, a major metabolite of diazepam. Rifampin, ... Back DJ, Orme ML (June 1990). "Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with oral contraceptives". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 18 (6): ... The oral LD50 (lethal dose in 50% of the population) of diazepam is 720 mg/kg in mice and 1240 mg/kg in rats. D. J. Greenblatt ... The oral forms should be stored in air-tight containers and protected from light. Diazepam can absorb into plastics, so liquid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam

... in combination with an estrogen for contraceptive purposes. MGA is available as 5 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg oral tablets and in oral ... It was used at doses of 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, and 5 mg in combined oral contraceptives. MGA is formulated at a dose of 25 mg in ... ISBN 978-0-300-16791-7. MEARS E (1963). "A new type of oral contraceptive". Br Med J. 1 (5341): 1318-20. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5341 ... MGA was formerly used in combined oral contraceptives in combination with ethinylestradiol or mestranol, and has been used in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megestrol_acetate

Caryn Thomas; Rhiannon Braund; Helen Paterson (31 July 2020). "Management of short supply oral contraceptives". The New Zealand ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhiannon_Braund

The Midrash of Genesis speaks of the origins of oral contraceptives: "In the early time of creation, in the time of Lemech, a ... An innovative use of the combined oral contraceptive pill in Judaism is employed by some young brides. The laws of family ... Contraceptive measures that lead to male sterility, are not ever permitted for their interfering with a man's obligation, only ... When Orthodox Jewish couples contemplate the use of contraceptives, they generally consult a rabbi competent on this topic who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_views_on_contraception

Long-term use of oral contraceptives is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer in women who have had HPV. Women who ... oral contraceptive use, and hormone replacement therapy use and cervical carcinogenesis: a review of the literature". ... have used oral contraceptives for 5 to 9 years have about three times the incidence of invasive cancer, and those who used them ... January 2016). "Multisite HPV16/18 Vaccine Efficacy Against Cervical, Anal, and Oral HPV Infection". Journal of the National ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer

The combined oral contraceptive pill, popularly known as "the Pill", was approved for sale as a medicine in US markets in 1957 ... "Contraceptive Use in the United States". Fact Sheet. Guttmacher Institute. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. ... therefore supplying young black women with a reason to use contraceptives. Dara Abubakari, a black separatist, wrote that " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_genocide

"Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8 (8): CD003930. doi: ... This is also an optimal time for uptake of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), such as the contraceptive implant or ... Tranmer JE, Hodnett ED, Hannah ME, Stevens BJ (2005). "The effect of unrestricted oral carbohydrate intake on labor progress". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

The combined oral contraceptive pill was first approved in 1960 for contraceptive use in the United States. "The Pill" helped ... The State's crime against nature by solicitation law is used when a person is accused of engaging in oral or anal sex in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_States

Elevated levels of total cortisol can also be due to estrogen found in oral contraceptive pills that contain a mixture of ... oral tablets a 11-beta-hydroxylase enzyme inhibitor was approved by FDA for treating those patients who cannot undergo ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_syndrome

Stopping oral contraceptive pills may be recommended. Some authors advise against the use of triptan medications for migraine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADASIL

... and contraceptive patches), or throwing away (or simply lying about the consumption of) oral contraceptive pills. Other methods ... contraceptive implants, or contraceptive injections), and assessing their patient's safety prior to notifying partners about ... Birth control Contraceptive security Domestic violence and pregnancy Forced marriage Forced pregnancy Forced abortion Paternity ... not informing a partner after ceasing the use of female-controlled contraception or removing contraceptive devices, and not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_coercion

... use of medications that can stop menstrual periods such as oral contraceptive pills, progesterone and gonadotropin releasing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine_fistula

Pippig was on oral contraceptive pills and had active bowel disease." Civai, Franco & Gasparovic, Juraj (2009-02-28). Eurocross ... Barbieri, "The T:E ratio is not valid for women on oral contraceptives with active bowel disease." According to Dr. Barbieri, " ... Lübbert, independently concluded that the use of oral contraceptives and active bowel disease both raise the T:E ratio.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uta_Pippig

Oral Candidiasis (Oral Thrush) Nystatin is commonly used in treatment of lesions of the mouth caused by oral candidiasis. The ... Additional contraceptive measures may be needed during the treatment duration. Mechanism of action Allylamines are a new type ... Oral irritation or sensitisation may occur in some patients after applying the drug to the oral mucous membrane. Fungal skin ... Common examples of fungal infections include Pityriasis capitis (Dandruff). Oral candidiasis (oral thrush), onychomycosis (nail ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topical_antifungal_drugs

... the sale of contraceptives such as the combined oral contraceptive pill, which was legalized in 1967. The second, passed on 17 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Veil

... that has been marketed in Italy as an oral contraceptive. Quingestrone is a variant of progesterone with improved ... Oral Advisory Group (1965). Handbook on oral contraception. Little, Brown. p. 18. Burton, Eunice R.; Wachtel, Erica G. (1967 ... Enol Luteovis (3 cyclo-pentyl enol ether of progesterone) is the only oral progestin producing pregnanediol as a metabolite. It ... Esterification is particularly salient in the case of progesterone because progesterone itself shows very poor oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_ester

... is available in the form of 5 mg oral tablets. It is typically used at a dosage of 5 to 40 mg/day. In Japan, a 25 ... The effective ovulation-inhibiting or contraceptive dosage of allylestrenol in women has been studied, albeit limitedly. At 20 ... Following oral administration, peak levels of allylestrenol occur after 2 to 4 hours. The medication shows considerable plasma ... Madjerek, Z.; de Visser, J.; van der Vies, J.; Overbeek, G. A. (1960). "Allylestrenol, a Pregnancy Maintaining Oral Gestagen". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylestrenol

... though pledgers may partake in vaginal or oral sex. Virginity pledges may also reduce the likelihood of contraceptive use once ... They deduced that there was substitution of oral and anal sex for vaginal sex among the pledgers, although the data for anal ... such as oral sex and anal sex; other research, however, has suggested no such substitution among pledgers, ... and at least as high proportions of anal and oral sex as those who have not made a virginity pledge. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinence_pledge

... a study of women on combined oral contraceptives". Thromb Res. 130 (4): 636-9. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.11.006. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_protein_C–protein_C_inhibitor

Additionally more young men reported having oral-penis contact over oral-vulva contact with a different gender. Young men also ... Godeau E, Nic Gabhainn S, Vignes C, Ross J, Boyce W, Todd J (January 2008). "Contraceptive use by 15-year-old students at their ... "Oral sex and condom use among young people in the United Kingdom". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 7. 2010. doi:10.1111/jsm. ... "Oral sex: Varied behaviors and perceptions in a college population. Journal of Sex Research". The Journal of Sex Research. 44 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality

In 1992, the government of Japan justified its continued refusal to allow oral contraceptives to be distributed in Japan on the ... Prostitution is the sale of sexual services, such as oral sex or sexual intercourse. Prostitution has been described as the " ... oral sex, anal sex, non-penetrative and non-heterosexual sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality

Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives Men with recent heart surgery, malnutrition, magnesium deficiency, or severe anemia ... "Biological effects of eleven combined oral contraceptives on serum triglycerides, γ-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase

... does not reduce the bioavailability of the combined oral contraceptive, ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel". Journal of Clinical ... "FDA approves first oral GLP-1 treatment for type 2 diabetes" (Press release). FDA. 20 September 2019. Archived from the ... "Rybelsus- oral semaglutide tablet". DailyMed. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. "Wegovy- ... Davies M, Pieber TR, Hartoft-Nielsen ML, Hansen OK, Jabbour S, Rosenstock J (October 2017). "Effect of Oral Semaglutide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaglutide

... including oral contraception. It legalized the free prescription of the contraceptive pill. In 1973, the Movement for the ... The contraceptive implant is a small stick put in place under the skin. The implant contains the same hormones as contraceptive ... "The first contraceptive implant in France". 2001. "The contraceptive patch" (in French). "Male condom" (in French). " ... There are many types of contraceptive methods available in France. All contraceptives are obtained by medical prescription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_in_France

Other contributing factors of IGM were investigated such as oral contraceptives usage. Many cases were reported after use of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatous_mastitis

The oral ingestion of ethyl oleate has been carefully studied and due to rapid degradation in the digestive tract it appears ... "The effect of a biodegradable contraceptive capsule (Capronor) containing levonorgestrel on gonadotropin, estrogen, and ... safe for oral ingestion. Oleate Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_oleate

"Why the Oral Contraceptive Is Just Known as "The Pill"". Smithsonian Magazine. smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original ... The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts of ... "FDA's Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive, Enovid". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 23 July ... the first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was developed by E.D. Searle and Co. and approved by the FDA in 1960. The original ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

Pastor Z, Holla K, Chmel R (February 2013). "The influence of combined oral contraceptives on female sexual desire: a ... Burrows LJ, Basha M, Goldstein AT (September 2012). "The effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexuality: a review". J ... Oestrogens may cause breast hypertrophy, testicular atrophy, osteoporosis (oral ethinyl oestradiol 0.01-0.05 mg/day causes ... "Combined Oral Contraception and Bicalutamide in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Severe Hirsutism: A Double-Blind Randomized ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation

... and an oral vaccine") may be more acceptable to parents than "we're going to vaccinate against seven diseases". Cultural ... or contraceptive counseling regardless of whether they received the HPV vaccine. Thousands of Americans die each year from ... advised their followers not to have their children vaccinated with the oral polio vaccine. The boycott was endorsed by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

Min Chueh Chang was the co-inventor of the combined oral contraceptive pill and is known for his pioneering work and ... Since the start of the program in 2001, aspects of Chinese culture have been listed by UNESCO as Masterpieces of the Oral and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese

The use of the birth control pill is common in western countries, and two forms of combined oral contraceptives are on the ... When taken correctly, the combined oral contraceptive pill is over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy. However, it does not ... Types of Contraceptives The copper IUD has been provided less frequently than other contraceptive methods but there have been ... Contraceptive Accessibility The updated contraceptive guidelines in South Africa attempt to improve accessibility by providing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health

Oral Contraceptives): learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Oral contraceptives will work only as long as they are taken regularly. Continue to take oral contraceptives every day even if ... Some brands of oral contraceptives are also used to treat acne in certain patients. Oral contraceptives treat acne by ... To avoid nausea, take oral contraceptives with food or milk. Take your oral contraceptive at the same time every day. Follow ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601050.html

... An initial analysis of an ongoing, multicenter case-control study indicates that women who ... have used oral contraceptives are approximately half as likely to develop ovarian and endometrial cancer as women who have ... never used them and that, despite previous concerns, contraceptive use does not appear to increase a womans risk of breast ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001137.htm

Should women on combination oral contraceptives receive alternative forms of contraception when receiving antibiotics? ... Do antibiotics reduce the efficacy of combination oral contraceptives?. Response from Ben M. Lomaestro, BS, PharmD Senior ... Oral contraceptives (OCs) available in the United States include estrogen-progestin monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic ... Neuropsychiatric Side Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives: More Common Than You Think! * FDA Staff Raises Concerns Over OTC Use ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/707926

Is the efficacy of oral contraceptives altered by coadministration with HIV antiretrovirals? ... Cite this: Do HIV Antiretrovirals and Oral Contraceptives Interact? - Medscape - Nov 03, 2014. ... Are there drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antiretroviral medications for HIV? ... Oral hormonal contraception is widely used and well-studied in combination with ART; however, these studies have consistently ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/834124

Oral Contraceptives: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come as tablets to take by mouth. They are taken once a day, every day at ... Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come in packs of 28 tablets. Begin the next pack the day after the last pack ... Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a602008.html

Contraceptives, Oral. Class Summary. These agents are used to prevent unwanted pregnancies after sexual assault. In addition to ... It can be removed after a womans next menstrual period or left in place for up to 10 years as an ongoing contraceptive if ... Because of cefiximes lower susceptibility, new guidelines were issued that no longer recommend oral cephalosporins for first- ... the contraceptive listed below, the intrauterine device (IUD) copper IUD may be used. Copper IUD is the most effective method ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/806120-medication

Oral contraceptives : technical and safety aspects World Health Organization (‎World Health OrganizationWorld Health ... Eighteenth Regional Committee for Europe: Varna, 24-28 September 1968: thromboembolic deaths and oral contraceptives ... Blood tests and oral contraception [‎letter]‎ Dujardin, Bruno; Buekens, Pierre; Vekemans, Marcel; Wollast, Elisabeth (‎1990)‎ ... Clinical aspects of oral gestogens : report of a WHO Scientific Group [‎meeting held in Geneva from 30 November to 6 December ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Contraceptives%2C+Oral&type=mesh

A new study found that using oral contraceptives substantially reduces womens risk of getting ovarian cancer: the longer they ... An accompanying editorial that discusses the overall risk-benefits of oral contraceptives, calls for contraceptive pills to be ... "Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women ... "Oral contraceptives have already prevented some 200,000 ovarian cancers and 100,000 deaths from the disease, and that over the ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/95070

... may be at higher risk of blood clots than those who take oral forms birth control, according to a new Danish study published in ... Women who use non-oral hormonal contraceptives, like patches and vaginal rings, ... While non-oral hormonal contraceptives did indeed show a higher risk of blood clots, Hillard said individuals must consider ... Blood Clot Risk Higher in Non-Oral Contraceptives. A new study found blood clot risk is higher for vaginal rings and patches. ...

https://abcnews.go.com/Health/higher-risk-blood-clots-oral-contraceptives/story?id=16321863

Feeding chickens with oral contraceptive steroids at the dose used by some poultry growers in Egypt has led to the formation of ... Sadek, Ismail A. (‎1995)‎. Some aspects of the use of oral contraceptives as growth-promoting agents in poultry. EMHJ - Eastern ... It is concluded that the use of oral contraceptive steroids in chickens as anabolic agent is a specific risk to chickens and ... Some aspects of the use of oral contraceptives as growth-promoting agents in poultry. ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/118695

Results from a new study suggest that oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy may yield additional benefit of ... Oral contraceptives, HRT may protect women against formation, rupture of brain aneurysms: Study. *Download PDF Copy ... The rate of oral contraceptive usage in the case group was 60 percent compared to 77.6 percent for the control group. ... Also, when comparing the median duration of oral contraceptive use, results showed that the average duration was 2.6 years for ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20100731/Oral-contraceptives-HRT-may-protect-women-against-formation-rupture-of-brain-aneurysms-Study.aspx

NBCA provides the information and materials on this site for general information purposes only. You should not rely on the information provided as a substitute for actual professional medical advice, care, or treatment. This site is not designed to and does not provide medical advice, professional diagnosis, opinion, treatment, or services to you or any individual. If you believe you have a medical emergency, call 911 immediately. ...

https://www.stoptheclot.org/tag/oral-contraceptives/

2022 Guttmacher Institute. The Guttmacher Institute is registered as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization under the tax identification number 13-2890727. Contributions are tax deductible to the fullest extent allowable ...

https://www.guttmacher.org/report/beyond-birth-control-overlooked-benefits-oral-contraceptive-pills

Canadian researchers report a significant association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the incidence of prostate cancer ... Canadian researchers report a significant association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the incidence of prostate cancer ... Canadian researchers report a significant association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the incidence of prostate cancer ... No such association was seen for other contraceptive methods. The effect of OCs "may be mediated through environmental ...

https://www.contemporaryobgyn.net/view/oral-contraceptives-associated-prostate-cancer-incidence

... extra effort should be made to include long-term users of oral contraceptive … ... Long-term use of oral contraceptives could be a cofactor that increases risk of cervical carcinoma by up to four-fold in women ... Effect of oral contraceptives on risk of cervical cancer in women with human papillomavirus infection: the IARC multicentric ... We aimed to assess how use of oral contraceptives affected risk of cervical cancer in women who tested positive for HPV DNA. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11943255/

... norgestimate-containing oral contraceptives, desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives and the contraceptive patch. ... We restricted the study to women currently taking a study oral contraceptive because the effect of oral contraceptives on the ... Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives ... users of the study oral contraceptive. We did this to ensure that the more recent availability of the oral contraceptives ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/342/bmj.d2151

... and biphasic oral contraceptives on colpitis of diverse etiology]. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... AdolescentAdultAge FactorsCandidiasis, VulvovaginalContraceptives, OralFemaleGermany, WestHumansMestranolMiddle Aged ... The Influence of a Mono- and Biphasic Oral Contraceptives On Colpitis of Diverse Etiology]." Zeitschrift Fur Geburtshilfe Und ... Mettler L, Luh W, Anger H. [The influence of a mono- and biphasic oral contraceptives on colpitis of diverse etiology]. Z ...

https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/5486919/%5BThe_influence_of_a_mono__and_biphasic_oral_contraceptives_on_colpitis_of_diverse_etiology%5D_

... treatment with metformin and oral contraceptive pills can be beneficial, although evidence is limited ... The researchers found that oral contraceptive pill treatment correlated with a modest improvement in the frequency of menstrual ... HealthDay News) - For adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), treatment with metformin and oral contraceptive ... In terms of the impact on hirsutism, metformin and oral contraceptive pills were similar. ...

https://www.empr.com/home/news/metformin-oral-contraceptives-beneficial-for-teens-with-pcos/

Combination oral contraceptives. Class Summary. OCPs containing estrogen and progestin used to treat acute hemorrhagic uterine ... Derivatives of 19-nortestosterone: Potent progestins used in oral contraceptives. Have partial androgenic properties and lower ... of heavy menstrual bleeding not caused by any diagnosed conditions of the uterus in women who choose an oral contraceptive for ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/255540-medication

oral contraceptive pills oral contraceptive pills was last modified: September 17th, 2011 by admin3 ... Home Is There a PMS Treatment and How Do We Use It? oral contraceptive pills ...

https://www.womenhealthzone.com/womens-reproductive-health/pms/pms-treatment/attachment/oral-contraceptive-pills/

Oral Contraceptives Reduce Risk for Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers ... Oral Contraceptives Do Not Reduce Risk of Ovarian Cancer. Oral Contraceptives Do Not Reduce Risk of Ovarian Cancer for Women ... Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Oral Contraceptives and the Risk of Breast and Ovarian Cancer ... Oral Contraceptive Use Reduces Risk of Ovarian Cancer Oral Contraceptive Use Reduces Risk of Ovarian Cancer. ...

https://news.cancerconnect.com/ovarian-cancer/oral-contraceptives-reduce-risk-for-ovarian-and-endometrial-cancers

... Journal Article Overview ... in women exposed to modern formulations of oral contraceptives (OCs). DESIGN: Population-based, prospective cohort study begun ...

https://www.healthpartners.com/knowledgeexchange/display/document-rn18834

Petition argues 3rd generation oral contraceptives should be banned due to increased clotting risk. ... What is a 3rd Generation Oral Contraceptive? Second and third generation oral contraceptives are birth control pills that ... Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of third generation oral contraceptives compared with users of oral contraceptives ... 1998). Oral Contraceptive use before and after the latest pill scare in the Netherlands. Contraception, 57: 247-249.. ...

http://clotcare.com/oralcontraceptivebloodclots.aspx

... between the ages of 18 and 44 have used oral contraceptives at some time in their lives. Because the contraceptives contain ... "Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Carcinoma In Situ", which appeared in a recent issue of Cancer Causes and Control, ... The study also found risk of in situ breast cancer did not increase with longer periods of oral contraceptive use and risk was ... Jasmeet K. Gill, Michael F. Press, Alpa V. Patel, Leslie Bernstein, "Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk Of Breast Carcinoma In ...

https://news.usc.edu/20293/USC-study-finds-no-link-between-breast-cancer-oral-contraceptives/

Most up-to-date information on oral contraceptives (OCs) and breast cancer risk comes from a collaborative re-analysis of ... Oral contraceptives and cancer: an update Drug Saf. 2001;24(10):741-54. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200124100-00003. ... Most up-to-date information on oral contraceptives (OCs) and breast cancer risk comes from a collaborative re-analysis of ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11676302/

"The research tells us that there is no increased risk of cancer from using oral contraceptives. In fact, taking the pill is ... The Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (COC pill) is a type of female contraception. ... The Oral Contraception Study has revealed that women who use, or have ever used the pill, have a significantly lower rate of ... Progestogen-Only Contraceptive Pill. The progestogen-only pill (POP) is a form of female contraception. ...

https://familyplanning.org.nz/news/2017/oral-contraceptive-pill-linked-to-lower-levels-of-cancers

Oral contraceptives pills (OCP) are one of the most effective reversible methods of preventing unwanted pregnancies. In the ... Knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacists and health-care workers regarding oral contraceptives correct usage, side- ... Knowledge about non-contraceptive benefits of OCP. Pharmacists and HCWs knowledge regarding the non-contraceptive benefits of ... What women believe about oral contraceptives and the effect of counseling. Contraception, 2004, 69:31-36. ...

http://www.emro.who.int/fr/emhj-vol-19-2013/volume-19-numero-6/knowledge-attitude-and-practice-of-pharmacists-and-health-care-workers-regarding-oral-contraceptives-correct-usage-side-effects-and-contraindications.html

Oral contraceptives (OC), distributed free by the government programme, are the most popular contraceptive method in the ... Users of withdrawal method in the Islamic Republic of Iran: are they intending to use oral contraceptives? Applying the theory ... Oral contraceptive non-compliance in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, 2004, 36:647-661. ... Why Iranian married women use withdrawal instead of oral contraceptives? A qualitative study from Iran. BMC Public Health, 2010 ...

http://www.emro.who.int/fr/emhj-vol-19-2013/volume-19-numero-9/users-of-withdrawal-method-in-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-are-they-intending-to-use-oral-contraceptives-applying-the-theory-of-planned-behaviour.html

Archives for high estrogen oral contraceptive. Oral Contraception Pill Linked to Breast Cancer. August 1, 2014. Posted by Staff ... Filed Under: Health Tagged With: breast cancer, Cancer risk, high estrogen oral contraceptive, oral contraception, the pill ...

https://www.utahpeoplespost.com/tag/high-estrogen-oral-contraceptive/

Percentage of Women Who Missed Taking Oral Contraceptive Pills Among Women Aged 15-44 Years Who Used Oral Contraceptive Pills ... Percentage of Women Who Missed Taking Oral Contraceptive Pills Among Women Aged 15-44 Years Who Used Oral Contraceptive Pills ... Among women aged 15-44 years who used oral contraceptive pills in the last 4 weeks and had sexual intercourse in the past 12 ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/2017/09/18/3957/

Women who use non-oral hormonal contraceptives, like patches and vaginal rings, may be at higher risk of blood clots than those who take oral forms of birth control, according to a new Danish study published in the journal BMJ. (go.com)
They found that women who took birth control pills were at three times the risk of blood clots than those who did not use any type of hormonal birth control, but those who used other types of non-oral hormonal contraceptives were at higher risk. (go.com)
The combined hormonal contraceptives, even those that the authors found to have an increased risk of venous thrombosis compared to other specific combination oral contraceptives, are associated with a higher risk than an individual would experience if she were pregnant,' said Hillard. (go.com)
While non-oral hormonal contraceptives did indeed show a higher risk of blood clots, Hillard said individuals must consider which option is best and most effective. (go.com)
Besides birth control, hormonal contraceptives can help control acne, heavy periods and endometriosis - as well as reducing the risk of ovarian, uterine and colon cancers. (frontiersin.org)
Further, over half of female Elite athletes in Denmark use hormonal contraceptives. (boxrox.com)
Hormonal contraceptives are usually well tolerated, reversible, and available via prescription from a physician or other licensed healthcare professional with prescribing rights. (fullscript.com)
in the current issue found a 20% higher risk of breast cancer among women, under the age of 50, in Denmark who were currently using or had recently used hormonal contraceptives than among those who had never used them. (ox.ac.uk)
Coadministration of belzutifan with hormonal contraceptives may lead to contraceptive failure or increased breakthrough bleeding. (medscape.com)
Coadministration of hormonal contraceptives with brigatinib can result in decreased concentrations and loss of efficacy. (medscape.com)

Oral contraceptives (birth-control pills) are used to prevent pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
An accompanying editorial that discusses the overall risk-benefits of oral contraceptives, calls for contraceptive pills to be available to women over the counter because the case is now so convincing. (medicalnewstoday.com)
HealthDay News) - For adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), treatment with metformin and oral contraceptive pills can be beneficial, although evidence is limited, according to a review published online April 28 in Pediatrics . (empr.com)
Reem A. Al Khalifah, M.D., from McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada, and colleagues conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the use of metformin versus oral contraceptive pills for treatment of PCOS in adolescents. (empr.com)
In terms of the impact on hirsutism, metformin and oral contraceptive pills were similar. (empr.com)
Second and third generation oral contraceptives are birth control pills that contain two types of hormones: (1) estrogen and (2) progestin. (clotcare.com)
The study also found risk of in situ breast cancer did not increase with longer periods of oral contraceptive use and risk was not modified by age, race or the estrogen dose of pills. (usc.edu)
The national health regulator had been considering two separate proposals that would have down-scheduled some ingredients found in oral contraceptive pills, paving the way for them to be sold without the need for a fresh prescription, in some circumstances. (racgp.org.au)
Among women aged 15-44 years who used oral contraceptive pills in the last 4 weeks and had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, 69% of women reported missing no pills, 15% missed one pill, and 16% missed two or more pills. (cdc.gov)
Free the Pill, a campaign to educate and engage the public in support of over-the-counter birth control pills in the United States, is one of many other organizations that are trying to minimize the barriers women of color are facing in contraceptive care. (amsterdamnews.com)
प्रश्न : स्त्रीने पोटात घ्यायच्या गर्भनिरोधक गोळ्यांबद्दल (Oral Contraceptive Pills) माझ्या मनात खूप शंका आहेत. (loksatta.com)
In my practice I will continue to follow guidance from the CDC which states that antibiotics other than rifampin do not attenuate the efficacy of contraceptive pills, patches, or rings. (medscape.com)
Percentages are based on women who used oral contraceptive pills in the past 4 weeks and had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months, who were asked the question "Still thinking about the past 4 weeks, how many pills that you were supposed to take did you miss? (cdc.gov)
Missing oral contraceptive pills can result in breakthrough bleeding , which is not harmful. (healthtap.com)
Employment based insured health plans that routinely cover the leading five methods of contraception: diaphragm, implant, injectable, intrauterine device (IUD) and oral contraceptive pills. (cdc.gov)

INDIANAPOLIS, Indiana - Women taking oral contraceptives are at significantly increased risk of developing altitude sickness and are less likely to respond to treatment compared with those not on the pill, according to preliminary research. (medscape.com)
Scientists have known for a long time that using the oral contraceptive pill is linked to reduced incidence of ovarian cancer , but the eventual public health effects depend on how long the protection lasts after women stop taking the pill. (medicalnewstoday.com)
5,000 woman-years of oral contraceptive use is for example 5,000 women using the pill for a year, or 500 women for 10 years. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The Oral Contraception Study has revealed that women who use, or have ever used the pill, have a significantly lower rate of death from cancer as well as an overall lower risk of death than women who have not been taking the pill. (familyplanning.org.nz)
Established in 1968, the Oral Contraception Study is the world's longest-running study into the effects of the pill, and will likely be particularly reassuring for women who used the first generation of the pill in the 1960s. (familyplanning.org.nz)
There are risks associated with the contraceptive pill that require regular review by a doctor. (racgp.org.au)
Had they both passed, it would have meant that a woman would only need to have shown that she had been prescribed the same pill within the past two years to access the contraceptive. (racgp.org.au)
Additionally, the applications would also have allowed the pharmacist to consult with the patient regarding whether the pill was still the right contraceptive choice, and only refer back to the prescribing doctor if they deemed it necessary. (racgp.org.au)
Free the Pill originated out of the Oral Contraceptives Over-the-Counter Working Group, which was established in 2004. (amsterdamnews.com)
By challenging women to identify complex emotional expressions like pride or contempt, rather than basic ones like happiness or fear, scientists have revealed subtle changes in emotion recognition associated with oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use. (frontiersin.org)
A great number of athletes take the oral contraceptive pill for health or preventive reasons, but what are its effects on performance? (boxrox.com)
According to research by the Guardian , the contraceptive pill was by far the most popular prescribed contraceptive in England in 2019, with nine in 10 women being prescribed this form of contraception. (boxrox.com)
Yet despite its popularity, the effects of the oral contraceptive pill on exercise performance are still poorly understood . (boxrox.com)
8 ) The birth control pill, also known as oral contraceptives or simply "the pill", is a hormonal pharmaceutical medication taken daily as a method to prevent pregnancy and provide menstrual regularity. (fullscript.com)
Data from a 2017 survey of family growth showed that 64.9% of women within childbearing years (ages 15-49) were using birth control, ( 8 ) with the oral contraceptive pill being the most commonly prescribed form of birth control in the US. (fullscript.com)
The contraceptive Pill gives women substantial and long-lasting protection against ovarian cancer, according to a new report by Cancer Research UK scientists in The Lancet today (Friday Jan 25th). (cancerresearchuk.org)
Women taking the combined oral contraceptive pill are at an increased risk of cervical cancer but this risk starts falling soon after the pill is stopped - according to research published in the Lancet today. (cancerresearchuk.org)
Women who take the contraceptive pill may increase their risk of cervical cancer, according to a major new study published in the Lancet1. (cancerresearchuk.org)
The combined oral contraceptive pill may reduce the risk of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) developing type 2 diabetes, a UK study shows. (nursinginpractice.com)
After adjusting for confounding factors, they found a 27% reduction in the relative risk of developing dysglycaemia among women with PCOS who had used a combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), with the highest reduction seen in patients receiving the highest numbers of COCP prescriptions. (nursinginpractice.com)
Plan B oral contraceptive (levonorgestrel 1.5mg), commonly known as the "morning after" pill, has been available for women over 17 for several years without a prescription. (eyeonfda.com)
Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) will also now deliver contraceptives at the homes of the beneficiaries and can charge Re 1 for a pack of three condoms, Re 1.00 for an oral contraceptive pill cycle and Rs 2 for an emergency contraceptive pill from them. (governancenow.com)
The most recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirms that the oral contraceptive pill and female sterilization are the most widely used methods of birth control in the United States. (realhealthmag.com)

Objective To compare the risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women receiving oral contraceptives containing drospirenone with that in women receiving oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel. (bmj.com)
Participants The study encompassed all women aged 15 to 44 years who received an oral contraceptive containing either drospirenone or levonorgestrel after 1 January 2002. (bmj.com)
In the case-control analysis, the conditional odds ratio for venous thromboembolism comparing use of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone with use of those containing levonorgestrel was 2.3 (95% confidence interval 1.6 to 3.2). (bmj.com)
The incidence rates for venous thromboembolism in the study population were 30.8 (95% confidence interval 25.6 to 36.8) per 100 000 woman years among users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone and 12.5 (9.61 to 15.9) per 100 000 woman years among users of oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel. (bmj.com)
The age adjusted incidence rate ratio for venous thromboembolism for current use of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone compared with those containing levonorgestrel was 2.8 (2.1 to 3.8). (bmj.com)
Conclusions The risk of non-fatal venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives containing drospirenone seems to be around twice that of users of oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel, after the effects of potential confounders and prescribing biases have been taken into account. (bmj.com)
The type of progestogen became the focus of discussion in the mid-1990s, when concern was raised that women taking third generation oral contraceptives (which contained desogestrel or gestodene) were at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism compared with those taking second generation oral contraceptives (which contained levonorgestrel). (bmj.com)
1 Levonorgestrel is the most widely prescribed contraceptive progestin globally. (npwomenshealthcare.com)
The results did not suggest that any particular preparation is free of risk and the associations between the levonorgestrel-only oral formulation and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (IUD) and breast cancer risk were unequivocally positive. (ox.ac.uk)
Básicamente se utiliza una combinación en dosis variadas de hormonas: estrógenos (etinilestradiol, mestranol) y progesterona (desogestrel, levonorgestrel, noretisterona). (anejo.eu)
CDC updated recommendations in the "U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use" to state that progestin-only injectable contraception (including depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) and intrauterine devices (including levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-bearing) are safe for use without restriction among women at high risk for HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
abametapir will increase the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
levonorgestrel oral, antithrombin alfa. (medscape.com)
apalutamide will decrease the level or effect of levonorgestrel oral by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
levonorgestrel oral, argatroban. (medscape.com)
levonorgestrel oral, bemiparin. (medscape.com)
levonorgestrel oral, bivalirudin. (medscape.com)
calaspargase pegol, levonorgestrel oral. (medscape.com)

Baseline measurements from the women showed that, as would be expected, those in the oral contraception group had significantly lower progesterone levels at sea level compared with nonusers (0.7 ng/mL ± 0.5 vs 3.2 ng/mL ± 4.6) and at the higher altitude (0.7 ng/mL ± 0.7 vs 3.1 ng/mL ± 4.6). (medscape.com)
In addition to the differences in acute mountain sickness and acetazolamide response, the women in the oral contraception group also had different blood pressure responses to the altitude exposure, with higher mean arterial pressures at the high altitude compared with the nonusers. (medscape.com)
High-altitude-medicine expert Andrew Luks, MD, said the findings raise some intriguing questions, but that women would probably be ill-advised to stop taking oral contraception to avoid mountain sickness. (medscape.com)
Indicated for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding not caused by any diagnosed conditions of the uterus in women who choose an oral contraceptive for contraception. (medscape.com)
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to use the theory of planned behaviour to explore factors that influence withdrawal users' intent to switch to oral contraception (OC). (who.int)
RÉSUMÉ De nombreux couples en République islamique d'Iran comptent sur le retrait coïtal pour leur contraception. (who.int)
Oral contraception is used by 25 - 30% of couples in the UK. (gpnotebook.com)
The key cause of unintended pregnancy among women using short-acting hormonal contraception , including oral contraceptives, is inconsistent use, an observation which underscores the advantages of intrauterine, implantable, and injectable contraception. (medscape.com)
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) remain a widely used contraceptive method.1,2 General practitioners commonly see women for contraception-related consultations,1 and therefore must provide. (racgp.org.au)
Nearly five years ago, the nation's leading group of obstetricians and gynecologists issued a policy statement saying the time had come for oral contraception to be available without a prescription. (wuwf.org)
In fact, she says, some of the potential negative side effects of oral contraception are less likely in younger people. (wuwf.org)
The review also found no evidence that increased access to birth control would lead teenagers to have more sex or engage in riskier sex, a concern voiced by some critics of oral contraception access. (wuwf.org)
So what would happen if oral contraception no longer required a prescription? (wuwf.org)
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has issued multiple statements in the past year stressing that, while the group still supports making oral contraception available without a prescription to teens as well as adults, such a change is not enough on its own for making birth control available to everyone who needs it. (wuwf.org)
Over-the-counter contraception is not an acceptable substitute for the ACA contraceptive coverage mandate," the group wrote in a statement issued in February . (wuwf.org)

In the absence of worldwide information about HPV status, extra effort should be made to include long-term users of oral contraceptives in cervical screening programmes. (nih.gov)
The study concluded decisively that "current users of oral contraceptives had poorer periodontal health. (huffpost.com)
A small increase in the risk of breast cancer has been noted in users of oral contraceptives. (who.int)

Results from a new study suggest that oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may yield additional benefit of protecting against the formation and rupture of brain aneurysms in women. (news-medical.net)
However, coincidental findings suggest that oral contraceptives impair the ability to recognize emotional expressions of others, which could affect the way users initiate and maintain intimate relationships. (frontiersin.org)
These findings suggest that oral contraceptives have already prevented some 200,000 ovarian cancers and 100,000 deaths from the disease, and that over the next few decades the number of cancers prevented will rise to at least 30,000 per year. (ox.ac.uk)

tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to norethindrone, other progestins, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives. (medlineplus.gov)
Derivatives of 19-nortestosterone: Potent progestins used in oral contraceptives. (medscape.com)
Mørch and colleagues analysed the risks associated with different formulations of oral contraceptives, particularly various progestins. (ox.ac.uk)

Oral contraceptives (OCs) available in the United States include estrogen-progestin monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic combination products and progestin-only products. (medscape.com)
Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives are used to prevent pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come as tablets to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
Take progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives exactly as directed. (medlineplus.gov)
Progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives come in packs of 28 tablets. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will tell you when you should start taking your progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptive. (medlineplus.gov)
If you vomit soon after taking a progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives, you may have to use a backup method of birth control for the next 48 hours. (medlineplus.gov)
Before taking progestin-only oral contraceptives, ask your pharmacist or doctor for a copy of the manufacturer's information for the patient and read it carefully. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will probably tell you not to take progestin-only (norethindrone) oral contraceptives. (medlineplus.gov)
If you become pregnant while taking progestin-only (norethindrone) contraceptives, call your doctor. (medlineplus.gov)

Do Antibiotics Interact With Combination Oral Contraceptives? (medscape.com)
Do antibiotics reduce the efficacy of combination oral contraceptives? (medscape.com)
Combination oral contraceptives (COCs) continue to be the most popular reversible contraceptive method in the United States. (npwomenshealthcare.com)

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious side effects from oral contraceptives, including heart attacks, blood clots, and strokes. (medlineplus.gov)
The study suggests that some women talk with their doctor about switching from non-oral hormone contraceptives if they are already at high risk for blood clots. (go.com)

Earlier studies have demonstrated an association of previous oral contraceptive use with reduced risk for these cancers in postmenopausal women. (cancerconnect.com)
Patients completed a risk factor questionnaire about previous oral contraceptive use, and clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record. (biomedcentral.com)
This study suggests that previous oral contraceptive use is associated with improved progression-free survival in patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
On the questionnaires, 827 women reported previous oral contraceptive use and 571 women reported no OC use. (targetedonc.com)
Younger women were more likely to report previous oral contraceptive use. (targetedonc.com)
http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/previous-oral-contraceptive-use-associated-with-better-outcomes-in-patients-with-ovarian-cancer-mayo-study-finds. (targetedonc.com)

Some oral contraceptives (Beyaz, Yaz) are also used to relieve the symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (physical and emotional symptoms that occur before the menstrual period each month) in women who have chosen to use an oral contraceptive to prevent pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
Thus when discussing contraceptive options with women who might consider switching, the option of an IUD offers not only a method that is as effective as sterilization at preventing unintended pregnancy, and which lasts five or 10 years, but that also has a lower risk of venous thrombosis,' said Hillard. (go.com)
A potential way to improve contraceptive access and use, and possibly decrease the unintended pregnancy rate, is to allow over-the-counter access to OCs," ACOG said in their committee opinion from 2012. (amsterdamnews.com)
For instance, if clinicians suspect that antibiotics may cause oral contraceptive failure, they may be more likely to submit a report when a pregnancy occurs in an antibiotic user compared with a woman using one of the control medications. (medscape.com)
Oral contraceptive use, pregnancy intendedness and folic acid intake. (medicalletter.org)
So it's no surprise that oral contraceptives, which increase estrogen and/or progesterone levels in the body to prevent pregnancy, impact dental health, too. (huffpost.com)
Teen pregnancy rates are way down in the U.S., and teenagers are using contraceptives more often. (wuwf.org)
First things first - contraceptives prevent pregnancy, but don't necessarily protect against disease. (ubyssey.ca)

Oral Contraceptives Do Not Reduce Risk of Ovarian Cancer for Women Who Carry BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations. (cancerconnect.com)

We aimed to assess how use of oral contraceptives affected risk of cervical cancer in women who tested positive for HPV DNA. (nih.gov)
In addition to studying the health effects of smoking, Doll also studied cervical cancer and contraceptives. (asu.edu)

Also, when comparing the median duration of oral contraceptive use, results showed that the average duration was 2.6 years for the case group and 5.2 years for the control group. (news-medical.net)
BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers who developed ovarian cancer had a median duration of oral contraceptive use of seven years compared with nine and eight years, respectively, in unaffected carriers. (docwirenews.com)
The median duration of oral contraceptive use was 60 months (1-444). (targetedonc.com)

In multivariate analyses, contraceptive use continued to yield a favorable, statistically significant association with progression-free survival, but such was not the case with overall survival. (biomedcentral.com)
Our main aim was to determine whether oral contraceptive use prior to a diagnosis of ovarian cancer is associated with better overall and progression-free survival within the context of in depth multivariate analyses undertaken within a consecutively-recruited and monitored cohort of ovarian cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)

One type of ovarian cancer, mucinous tumours (12 per cent of total incidence), appeared not to be affected by use of oral contraceptives, but otherwise there was little variation in risk reduction among cancer types. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Canadian researchers report a significant association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the incidence of prostate cancer in a study published online November 14 in BMJ Open. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
incidence rates and rate ratios of non-fatal venous thromboembolism for users of each of the study contraceptives. (bmj.com)
The incidence of mucinous tumours (12% of the total) seemed little affected by oral contraceptives, but otherwise the proportional risk reduction did not vary much between different histological types. (ox.ac.uk)
We found no relation between melanoma incidence and duration of oral contraceptive use, age began, year of use, years since first use or last use, or specifically current oral contraceptive use. (typepad.com)
Does oral contraceptive use affect the incidence of complications after extraction of a mandibular third molar? (bvsalud.org)

2 3 4 5 6 In the end, the consensus was that an increased risk of venous thromboembolism existed in users of third generation oral contraceptives. (bmj.com)
An organization known as Public Citizen has submitted a petition to the FDA requesting an immediate ban of third generation oral contraceptives containing desogestrel "due to the approximately doubled risk of venous thrombosis. (clotcare.com)
The group cites 14 studies indicating that third generation oral contraceptives carry a risk of venous thrombosis 1.5 to 2.4 times greater than that of first and second generation oral contraceptives. (clotcare.com)
According to this petition, the desogestrel is responsible for the increased clotting risk associated with third generation oral contraceptives. (clotcare.com)
Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study. (clotcare.com)

and lack of evidence of clinical benefit as compared to the second generation oral contraceptives. (clotcare.com)

Although most women are not thinking of cancer prevention when they start using oral contraceptives, their use may clearly be beneficial for prevention in postmenopausal women with a range of differing risks for cancer. (cancerconnect.com)

7,308 (31 per cent) of the women with ovarian cancer, and 32,717 (37 per cent) of the women without ovarian cancer, had a history of oral contraceptive use. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ovarian cancer outcomes appear to be improved in women with a history of oral contraceptive use, according to a retrospective study recently published in BMC Cancer. (targetedonc.com)

We found that oral contraceptive use places individuals at an increased risk for developing acute mountain sickness," said lead investigator Michael Harrison, MD, who conducted the research at the Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota. (medscape.com)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk for incident myocardial infarction (MI) in women exposed to modern formulations of oral contraceptives (OCs). (healthpartners.com)
As most of the contraceptive formulations in the study have been widely used in Denmark since 1995, the results confirm that a risk that was initially reported with the use of older, often higher-dose formulations, also applies to current formulations of oral contraceptives. (ox.ac.uk)

A new study from Keck School of Medicine researchers adds more evidence to a growing body of findings suggesting there is no association between oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. (usc.edu)
We found a clear inverse association between oral contraceptive use and ovarian cancer risk," the authors write. (docwirenews.com)

Combined oral contraceptives, also known as COCs. (relationship4you.com)

An initial analysis of an ongoing, multicenter case-control study indicates that women who have used oral contraceptives are approximately half as likely to develop ovarian and endometrial cancer as women who have never used them and that, despite previous concerns, contraceptive use does not appear to increase a woman's risk of breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
This risk reduction is particularly salient among women who have used oral contraceptives for 10 years or longer at any point in their lives, and it also occurs in high-risk women, such as those with BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Long-term oral contraceptive use is consistently associated with reduced ovarian cancer risk across lifestyle factors and this study confirms that observation. (cancerconnect.com)

Oral contraceptives are a very effective method of birth control, but they do not prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS]) and other sexually transmitted diseases. (medlineplus.gov)
Your doctor will also tell you whether you need to use another method of birth control during the first 7 to 9 days that you take your oral contraceptive and will help you choose a method. (medlineplus.gov)
You may need to use a backup method of birth control if you vomit or have diarrhea while you are taking an oral contraceptive. (medlineplus.gov)
Talk to your doctor about this before you begin to take your oral contraceptive so that you can prepare a backup method of birth control in case it is needed. (medlineplus.gov)
Some of the variables included menstrual onset, the woman's age at the time of birth of her first child, use and duration of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy, and age of the start of menopause. (news-medical.net)
In another study , the mean amount of gum destruction was significantly higher in women on oral contraceptives compared with those using other forms of birth control. (huffpost.com)
In yet another study , women using oral contraceptives had 16-fold higher levels of certain mouth bacteria and two-to-three times more tooth bone inflammation than women on other forms of birth control. (huffpost.com)
This double standard is as real as the difficulties - due to factors like the number of sperm produced , side effects and the lack of oral testosterone - developing a viable form of male birth control. (ubyssey.ca)

Thus, to further examine the effects of previous oral contraceptives on outcomes in ovarian cancer patients, we studied patients at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite such limitations, our study coupled with several that preceded it-points to a need to investigate mechanisms that explain how and why prior oral contraceptive use appears to improve clinical outcomes in ovarian cancer patients," Jatori et al wrote in their article. (targetedonc.com)

The so called oral contraceptives (OCs) came into use in the 50s, when the action certain hormones had on the menstrual cycle was discovered. (anejo.eu)

If you take oral contraceptives, you should not smoke. (medlineplus.gov)
To avoid nausea, take oral contraceptives with food or milk. (medlineplus.gov)
So far, strong data exist showing that women who take oral contraceptives have a lower risk of fibroids. (lynchspharmacy.com)

Is It Safe to Skip Periods With Continuous Contraceptives? (verywellhealth.com)

Oral contraceptives treat acne by decreasing the amounts of certain natural substances that can cause acne. (medlineplus.gov)
I remain of the firm view that medical practitioner involvement is required and the current scheduling of oral contraceptive substances under Schedule 4 remains appropriate. (racgp.org.au)
Oral contraceptive use as a determinant of plasma concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances among women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort (MoBa) study. (cdc.gov)
Objective: Because oral contraceptives (OC) tends to lessen menstrual fluid loss - a route of excretion for perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) - we hypothesized that such use would be positively associated with PFAS concentrations. (cdc.gov)

Cases were women with current use of a study oral contraceptive and a diagnosis of venous thromboembolism in the absence of identifiable clinical risk factors (idiopathic venous thromboembolism). (bmj.com)
The risk of venous thromboembolism was later also found to be increased for use of oral contraceptives containing cyproterone. (bmj.com)
7 Thus, post-marketing surveillance to monitor newer contraceptives as they are introduced to the market is important, particularly for an established risk such as venous thromboembolism. (bmj.com)
Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and nonfatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components. (clotcare.com)
Population-based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives. (clotcare.com)

The first oral contraceptives were introduced in the early 1960s and contained high doses of both oestrogen and progestogen. (bmj.com)
1 Over the subsequent years, oral contraceptives containing smaller doses of oestrogen and progestogen were introduced to the market in an attempt to reduce cardiovascular risk. (bmj.com)
It presents data reported and results of carcinogenicity evaluation for humans and experimental animals of oral contraceptives, progestogens, and oestrogen. (bvsalud.org)

The longer that women used oral contraceptives, the bigger the reduction in risk of ovarian cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Decades of data show that oral contraceptive use reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Oral contraceptives can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, but the eventual public-health effects of this reduction will depend on how long the protection lasts after use ceases. (ox.ac.uk)
The relative risk of ovarian cancer in relation to oral contraceptive use was estimated, stratifying by study, age, parity, and hysterectomy. (ox.ac.uk)
Numerous previous studies have shown oral contraceptive use to be associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer, but few have explored the connection between oral contraceptives and outcomes in patients who ultimately develop ovarian cancer, noted Aminah Jatoi, MD, an oncologist with the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, and co-lead author of the study, in a Mayo Clinic press release. (targetedonc.com)

In addition to the contraceptive listed below, the intrauterine device (IUD) copper IUD may be used. (medscape.com)

Some contraceptives, like condoms, do both. (ubyssey.ca)

[ 1 ] Reports and concerns exist regarding the hypothesis that oral antibiotics can reduce the efficacy of combination OCs. (medscape.com)
Antibiotics and Oral Contraceptives: Should We Worry? (medscape.com)
Since oral contraceptives first became available, there have been concerns that antibiotics might interfere with their efficacy. (medscape.com)
However, a review of studies examining pharmacokinetic outcomes and suppression of ovulation by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) authors concludes that common non-enzyme-inducing antibiotics do not impair the effectiveness of oral contraceptives. (medscape.com)
This can lead to recurrent breakouts and may need to be treated with an antibiotic gel or lotion, or oral antibiotics like doxycycline, to decrease the amount of bacteria on the skin. (khealth.com)
Other treatments would include oral antibiotics (secondary bacterial infection), adalimumab (resistance severe disease), and systemic corticosteroids (reducing inflammation). (hellodoctor.com.ph)

Women with melanoma (MM) are often advised to refrain from using oral contraceptives (OCPs). (typepad.com)

Emergency contraceptives were conceived and serve only as emergency medicines. (relationship4you.com)

For these women, refer to the recommendations in the 'U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use' for women with other factors related to STDs, and the 'U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use' on STD screening before IUD insertion" ( 1 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use. (who.int)

U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use" (U.S. MEC) 2016 provides evidence-based guidance for the safe use of contraceptive methods among U.S. women with certain characteristics or medical conditions ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

Hannaford, PC 2002, ' Oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction ', The New England Journal of Medicine , vol. 346, no. 23, pp. 1826-1826. (elsevier.com)
Darroch, J. U.S. Insurance Coverage of Contraceptives and the Impact of Contraceptive Coverage Mandates, 2002. (cdc.gov)

A new study found that using oral contraceptives substantially reduces women's risk of getting ovarian cancer: the longer they use them, the less likely they are to develop the disease, concluded the researchers. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The average length of time for which women in the ovarian cancer group had used oral contraceptives was 4.4 years, compared with 5.0 years in the control group. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In high income countries, using oral contraceptives for 10 years was linked to reduced rate of ovarian cancer before the age of 75 from 12 to 8 per 1,000 women. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Every 5,000 woman-years of oral contraceptive use appears to prevent 2 cases of ovarian cancer and one death before the age of 75. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Use of oral contraceptives confers long-term protection against ovarian cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
As for the link between oral contraceptives and ovarian cancer, today's collaborative analysis brings unequivocal good news. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls. (medicalnewstoday.com)
They correlated global data on age-standardized rates of prostate cancer and related deaths in 2007 from the International Agency for Research on Cancer with information on the percentage of women using Ochs and other contraceptive methods from the United Nations World Contraceptive Use 2007 report, analyzing the data by country and continent. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
When compared with women who hadn't used oral contraceptives, those who had used them for 10 years or more had a 34 percent reduced risk for endometrial and a 40 percent risk reduction for ovarian cancer. (cancerconnect.com)
Importantly, contraceptive use did not seem to affect the risk for developing other cancers including postmenopausal colorectal or breast cancer. (cancerconnect.com)
Most up-to-date information on oral contraceptives (OCs) and breast cancer risk comes from a collaborative re-analysis of individual data on 53297 cases and 100239 controls. (nih.gov)
Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk of Breast Carcinoma In Situ", which appeared in a recent issue of Cancer Causes and Control, compared 567 women newly diagnosed with in situ breast cancer in Los Angeles County with 614 unaffected women who served as control subjects. (usc.edu)
They found oral contraceptive use was not associated with increased risk of breast cancer. (usc.edu)
Although many studies have examined the impact of oral contraceptives on risk of invasive breast cancer, very few have assessed whether they are associated with risk of in situ breast cancer," said Leslie Bernstein, professor of preventive medicine and co-author of the study. (usc.edu)
Because the contraceptives contain estrogen, which can affect breast cell growth and development, "researchers are very interested in a possible link between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer risk," said Bernstein. (usc.edu)
Jasmeet K. Gill, Michael F. Press, Alpa V. Patel, Leslie Bernstein, "Oral Contraceptive Use and Risk Of Breast Carcinoma In Situ (United States)", Cancer Causes and Control 2006, Volume 17, pages 1155-1162. (usc.edu)
The research tells us that there is no increased risk of cancer from using oral contraceptives. (familyplanning.org.nz)
Oral contraceptive use is associated with a reduced risk for ovarian cancer for BRCA mutation carriers, according to a study published in the July issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology . (docwirenews.com)
Lieske H. Schrijver, from the Netherlands Cancer Institute in Amsterdam, and colleagues examined the correlation of various characteristics of oral contraceptive use and the risk for ovarian cancer among 3,989 BRCA1 and 2,445 BRCA2 mutation carriers. (docwirenews.com)
The researchers found that mutation carriers who were diagnosed with ovarian cancer had less frequent use of oral contraceptives (ever use: 58.6 percent for BRCA1 and 53.5 percent for BRCA2 ) compared with unaffected carriers (88.9 and 80.7 percent, respectively). (docwirenews.com)
In univariate analyses, a longer duration of oral contraceptive use and more recent use were both associated with a reduction in the risk for ovarian cancer for BRCA1 carriers. (docwirenews.com)
Prior studies have described a reduced risk of developing ovarian cancer with the use of oral contraceptives. (biomedcentral.com)
In this context, we decided to examine if oral contraceptive use prior to a diagnosis of ovarian cancer is associated with better overall and progression-free survival. (biomedcentral.com)
Continuous ovulation is thought to predispose to ovarian epithelial cell DNA damage, which in turn gives rise to carcinogenesis, thus providing mechanistic plausibility to how cessation of ovulation from oral contraceptives might lead to lower cancer risk [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The many decades of follow up required to capture a small number of cancer cases, the enormous funding necessary to conduct prevention trials of sizable complexity, and the fact that oral contraceptives can also confer negative effects, such as an increased risk of thrombophlebitis and breast cancer, all lessen enthusiasm for the conduct of such prevention trials. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast to these data on ovarian cancer prevention, few studies have specifically sought to assess whether oral contraceptives prior to an ovarian cancer diagnosis is associated with better outcomes after contracting this malignancy. (biomedcentral.com)
This possibility builds on previous data on the purported role of oral contraceptives in preventing ovarian cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
2. Prior oral contraceptive use associated with better outcome for ovarian cancer patients [press release]. (targetedonc.com)
In his editorial in the current New England Journal of Medicine David Hunter , Richard Doll Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine, reviews the evidence on the association between the use of oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer. (ox.ac.uk)
He concludes that these data suggest that the search for an oral contraceptive that does not elevate the risk of breast cancer needs to continue and that the current study exemplifies the opportunities to use population-wide "big data" approaches to evaluate important issues at a relatively low cost. (ox.ac.uk)
A pooled analysis of 10 case-control studies of melanoma and oral contraceptive use This is available free full text from the British Journal of Cancer. (typepad.com)
This risk, however, drops following the cessation of contraceptive use so that, at ten years post-use, there is no significant increase in the risk of developing breast cancer. (who.int)
Use of oral contraceptives at an older age has also been linked to an increase in the number of breast cancer cases diagnosed. (who.int)

The investigators used multivariate and univariate analyses to assess the effect of oral contraceptives on PFS and overall survival (OS). (targetedonc.com)

This forces women to compromise between what they can afford and the contraceptive effectiveness that they need. (ubyssey.ca)

During the first 7 days, the researchers found the majority of the women, 85% on oral contraceptives experienced acute mountain sickness compared with 51% of the remaining workers ( P = .04). (medscape.com)

Oral contraceptives come in packets of 21, 28, or 91 tablets to take by mouth once a day, every day or almost every day of a regular cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
You will probably experience withdrawal bleeding similar to a menstrual period while you are taking the inactive tablets or the low dose estrogen tablets or during the week that you do not take your oral contraceptive. (medlineplus.gov)
BEXTRA Tablets for oral administration contain either 10 mg or 20 mg of valdecoxib. (rxlist.com)

With that being said, fluconazole would be the best oral medication in treating this type of acne. (hellodoctor.com.ph)

Further studies are needed to investigate whether oral contraceptive-induced impairments in emotion recognition depend on the type, duration or timing of use. (frontiersin.org)

The American Academy of Periodontology concedes, "Some drugs, such as oral contraceptives, antidepressants, and certain heart medicines, can affect your oral health. (huffpost.com)
According to the firms, "very few" treatments are specifically indicated for the treatment of endometriosis, and associated pain is often managed with medicines such as oral contraceptives, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids and hormonal therapies, as well as surgery in the most extreme cases. (pharmatimes.com)

Pour savoir si les agents de soins de santé à Tabriz fournissaient des informations et des conseils adaptés sur l'utilisation des pilules contraceptives, la présente étude a été planifiée pour examiner le niveau de connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des personnes qui dispensent des pilules contraceptives. (who.int)
Un échantillon de 150 agents de soins de santé dans des maisons de santé et de 150 pharmaciens en milieu hospitalier ou communautaire ont répondu au questionnaire évaluant leurs connaissances sur l'utilisation correcte des pilules contraceptives, les effets secondaires, les contre-indications, les signes de danger/symptômes et les avantages non-contraceptifs, mais aussi sur l'offre ou non de conseils aux patientes en la matière. (who.int)

Data regarding the effects of oral contraceptive use on women's risk of melanoma have been difficult to resolve. (typepad.com)

Anatomy6

Organisms1

Diseases29

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment57

Psychiatry and Psychology26

Phenomena and Processes28

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena15

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Humanities1

Information Science7

Named Groups8

Health Care51

Geographicals18

Changed levels of endogenous sex steroids in women on oral contraceptives. (1/1279)

Oral contraceptive use: interview data versus pharmacy records. (2/1279)

T(3/1279)

Pigment epithelial windows and drusen: an animal model. (4/1279)

Medicolegal file.(5/1279)

Moderate physical activity in relation to mammographic patterns. (6/1279)

The risk of serious illness among oral contraceptive users: evidence from the RCGP's oral contraceptive study. (7/1279)

Interaction between the G20210A mutation of the prothrombin gene and oral contraceptive use in deep vein thrombosis. (8/1279)

Contraceptives, Oral

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Contraceptive Agents

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

Contraceptive Agents, Female

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

Contraceptive Devices

Contraception

Contraceptive Devices, Female

Contraception Behavior

Contraceptive Agents, Male

Intrauterine Devices

Family Planning Services

Ethinyl Estradiol

Desogestrel

Norgestrel

Levonorgestrel

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Mestranol

Norethindrone

Vaccines, Contraceptive

Pregnancy, Unplanned

Sterilization, Reproductive

Pregnancy, Unwanted

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Spermatocidal Agents

Contraception, Postcoital

Intrauterine Devices, Copper

Menstruation

Norethynodrel

Ethynodiol Diacetate

Pregnancy

Abortion, Induced

Contraception, Immunologic

Norpregnenes

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

Progestins

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

Sterilization, Tubal

Androstenes

Menstrual Cycle

Progesterone Congeners

Parity

Intrauterine Devices, Medicated

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Contraceptive Devices, Male

Pregnancy in Adolescence

Menstruation Disturbances

Megestrol

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

Drug Implants

Sex Education

Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents

Ovulation Inhibition

Medroxyprogesterone

Fertility

Condoms

Sexual Behavior

Norpregnadienes

Transdermal Patch

Ethisterone

Uterine Hemorrhage

Estradiol Congeners

Metrorrhagia

Risk Factors

Estrogens

Nonoxynol

Coitus

Abortion Applicants

Xanthurenates

Abortion, Legal

Reproductive Health Services

Age Factors

Marriage

Case-Control Studies

Women's Health

Reproductive History

Questionnaires

Sexually Transmitted Diseases