Contraceptive agents female. Medical search

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.

The 4-methanol form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990).

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

Contraceptive devices used by females.

Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.

Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.

Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.

Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.

Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.

A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.

Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.

Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.

Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.

Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).

Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.

Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)

Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..

Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.

The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).

The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.

The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.

Contraceptive devices used by males.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.

Sexual activities of humans.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.

Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.

(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

A medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.

Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.

A soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath, closed at one end, with flexible rings at both ends. The device is inserted into the vagina by compressing the inner ring and pushing it in. Properly positioned, the ring at the closed end covers the cervix, and the sheath lines the walls of the vagina. The outer ring remains outside the vagina, covering the labia. (Med Lett Drugs Ther 1993 Dec 24;35(12):123)

The sexual union of a male and a female, a term used for human only.

Sexual activities of animals.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

The concept covering the physical and mental conditions of women.

Individuals requesting induced abortions.

The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby individuals are joined together.

Health care services related to human REPRODUCTION and diseases of the reproductive system. Services are provided to both sexes and usually by physicians in the medical or the surgical specialties such as REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; ANDROLOGY; GYNECOLOGY; OBSTETRICS; and PERINATOLOGY.

Termination of pregnancy under conditions allowed under local laws. (POPLINE Thesaurus, 1991)

Absence of menstruation.

An important aggregate factor in epidemiological studies of women's health. The concept usually includes the number and timing of pregnancies and their outcomes, the incidence of breast feeding, and may include age of menarche and menopause, regularity of menstruation, fertility, gynecological or obstetric problems, or contraceptive usage.

Provider attitudes toward dispensing emergency contraception in Michigan's Title X programs.(1/444)

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The effects of levonorgestrel implants on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the endometrium. (2/444)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the microvascular density of the endometrium were studied in Norplant users and normal controls, using immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded endometrial sections. The VEGF staining index was quantified using computerized image analysis. The VEGF staining index between stages of the menstrual cycle and between normal and Norplant endometria were compared. Norplant VEGF staining index was analysed for correlation with microvascular density, duration of Norplant use, the number of bleeding/spotting days in the reference period up to 90 days prior to biopsy, and the length of time since the last bleeding/spotting episode. The results showed that immunoreactive VEGF was detected predominantly in endometrial glands but weakly expressed in the stroma throughout the menstrual cycle, and also in Norplant users. Large variation in the VEGF staining index between individuals was observed and no significant difference in the VEGF staining index was detected between stages of the menstrual cycle for the glands and stroma. The glandular and stromal VEGF staining indices were significantly higher in Norplant than in normal endometrium (P<1x10(-4)). No correlation was found between the Norplant VEGF staining index and endometrial microvascular density, duration of Norplant use, the number of bleeding/spotting days in the reference period, and the length of time since the last bleeding/spotting episode. The VEGF staining index was higher in glands than stroma for both normal and Norplant endometrium. The results suggest a differential control of endometrial glandular versus stromal VEGF expression, and possible positive effects of levonorgestrel on VEGF expression. (+info)

Levonorgestrel versus the "Yuzpe" regimen.(3/444)

New choices in emergency contraception. (+info)

Three countries' experience with Norplant introduction. (4/444)

Despite international efforts to plan for Norplant introduction, the method has drawn the attention of critics of family planning programmes, and has raised several issues for debate since it was introduced into family planning programmes. The experiences of three countries with the introduction of Norplant highlight some of the unique features of the method that have affected its introduction. Indonesia, Bangladesh and the United States represent diverse cultural settings and systems of family planning provision. Experience in each country has highlighted the need to focus on quality of care for clients, most notably the need for good counselling and attention to removal as well as insertion. The cost of Norplant also has influenced its introduction in each country. Another issue includes the need to work with women's health advocacy groups, which is illustrated particularly in Bangladesh. Finally, the role of litigation in the United States, and its potential role in influencing Norplant introduction in other countries, is discussed. These three countries' experience illustrate the importance of understanding the programmatic context of contraceptive introduction. (+info)

Dose linearity study of selegiline pharmacokinetics after oral administration: evidence for strong drug interaction with female sex steroids. (5/444)

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to characterize the dose relationship of selegline and desmethylselegiline pharmacokinetics within the selegiline dose range from 5 to 40 mg. METHODS: Eight female subjects, of whom four were using oral contraceptives, ingested a single dose of 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg or 40 mg of selegiline HCl in an open four-period randomized study. Concentrations of selegiline and desmethlylselegiline in serum were measured by gas chromatography for 5 h. As it became evident that the use of oral steroids had a drastic effect on selegiline concentrations, the pharmacokinetic analyses were performed separately for oral contraceptive users and those not receiving any concomitant medication. RESULTS: The total AUC and Cmax of selegiline were 10-to 20-fold higher in those subjects taking oral steroids compared with subjects with no concomitant medication; this finding was consistent and statistically significant at all the four dose levels. The dose linearity of selegiline pharmacokinetics failed to be demonstrated in both groups. The AUC and Cmax of desmethylselegiline were only moderately higher (about 1.5-fold; P=NS at each dose level) in the subjects taking oral steroids than in those not receiving concomitant medication. The AUC values of desmethylselegiline increased in a dose linear manner in subjects with no concomitant medication, but not in the oral steroid group. The metabolic ratio (AUC(desmethylselegiline)/AUC(selegiline)) was several-fold lower in the group receiving oral steroids compared with the no-concomitant-medication group (P<0.005 at all the four dose levels). CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant use of oral contraceptives caused a drastic (20-fold) increase in the oral bioavailability of selegiline. The highly significant difference in the metabolic ratio between the groups provides evidence that the mechanism of the interaction between selegiline and female sex steroids involves reduced T-demethylation of selegiline. The present results suggest that concomitant use of selegiline with exogenous female sex steroids should be avoided or the dosage of selegiline should be reduced in order to minimize the risks of selegiline related adverse drug reactions. (+info)

The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on human endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors after one year of use. (6/444)

Thirty-four women bearing a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, 20 micrograms/day (LNG-IUD-20), for 12-15 months were recruited. Endometrial biopsies were collected during the late proliferative phase of the cycle (on cycle days 10-12) before (control) and after the use of the IUD for 12 months, and assayed for oestrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). An immunohistochemical technique with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase detection system (PAP method) was employed. D75 and JZB39 were the primary antibodies for ER and PR respectively. The immunostaining semiquantitative analysis was performed with a computerized microscope image processor, and expressed as 'grey value'. Both endometrial ER and PR populations were significantly lower after insertion of the IUD (P < 0.01) than in control biopsies. The intensity of nuclear staining and the percentage of positively stained cells for ER and PR in women with LNG-IUD were each about 50% of those in control biopsies. The results suggested that LNG released locally from the IUD has a depressive action on the ER and PR, which may contribute to the contraceptive effectiveness of this type of IUD and also to the possible causes of LNG-IUD-induced irregular bleeding and amenorrhoea. (+info)

A multicentre efficacy and safety study of the single contraceptive implant Implanon. Implanon Study Group. (7/444)

An open, multicentre study was performed to assess efficacy, safety and acceptability of the single-rod contraceptive implant Implanon. The study involved 635 young healthy women, who were sexually active and of childbearing potential. The women were followed up every 3 months over the entire study period. Originally the study was designed for 2 years, but was extended to 3 years in a group of 147 women from two centres. Altogether, 21 centres in nine different countries participated. The average age of the women was 29 years (range 18-42 years), of whom 83.5% had been pregnant in the past. No pregnancy occurred during treatment with Implanon, resulting in a Pearl Index of 0 (95% confidence interval: 0.0-0.2). In the first 2 years, 31% had discontinued the treatment. Of the 147 women in the study extension, nine discontinued (6%) treatment. Bleeding irregularities was the main reason for discontinuation during the first 2 years of use (17.2%) and adverse experiences in the third year (3.4%). Implant insertion and removal were fast and uncomplicated in the vast majority (97%) of cases. Return of fertility was prompt. In conclusion, Implanon has excellent contraceptive action during its lifetime of 3 years. The safety profile is acceptable and not essentially different from progestogens in general. (+info)

Changes in vascular basement membrane in the endometrium of Norplant users. (8/444)

Progestogen-only contraception is almost invariably associated with changes in menstrual bleeding patterns. Changes in the endometrial vasculature, and in particular an increase in vascular fragility, may contribute to this bleeding. In this study, endometrial vascular density and endothelial cell basement membrane components were examined using immunohistochemistry before and after insertion of Norplant. Endometrial vascular density was increased from a mean (+/- SEM) of 189.6 +/- 7.0 vessels/mm2 during the control cycle to 253.9 +/- 80.7 vessels/mm2 at 2-13 weeks of Norplant exposure, and to 212.7 +/- 12.9 vessels/mm2 at 14-42 weeks. During the control cycle, a mean of 161.4 +/- 4.5 vessels/mm2 stained for collagen IV (85% of all vessels), while at 2-13 weeks, 144.5 +/- 13.0 vessels/mm2 stained for collagen IV (57% of all vessels) (t ratio = 2.08, P = 0.0057). By 14-42 weeks, 71% of vessels (151.0 +/- 9.8) vessels/mm2 were surrounded by collagen IV. This was not significantly different from control values (t ratio = 2.03). Endometrial vascular laminin was also reduced following Norplant insertion, from a mean of 176.0 +/- 4.2 vessels/mm2 in the control cycle (93% of vessels), to 156.3 +/- 6.7 vessels/mm2 at 2-13 weeks of exposure (57% of vessels) (t ratio = 2.08, P = 0.01). By 14-42 weeks of exposure to Norplant, 162.5 +/- 9 vessels/mm2 (76%) stained for laminin. This was not significantly different from control values (t ratio = 2.04). Endometrial vascular heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) was reduced from 58.6 +/- 3.0 vessels/mm2 during the control cycle (31% of vessels) to 43.6 +/- 5.6 vessels/mm2 (only 17% of vessels) at 2-13 weeks (t ratio = 2.08, P = 0.025). At 14-42 weeks, only 19% of vessels stained for HSPG (41.3 +/- 5.8 vessels/mm2; t ratio = 2.04, P = 0.009). (+info)

Types of Nutrition Disorders:

1. Malnutrition: This occurs when the body does not receive enough nutrients to maintain proper bodily functions. Malnutrition can be caused by a lack of access to healthy food, digestive problems, or other underlying health issues.
2. Obesity: This is a condition where excess body fat accumulates to the point that it negatively affects health. Obesity can increase the risk of various diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.
3. Anorexia Nervosa: This is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of gaining weight or becoming obese. People with anorexia nervosa may restrict their food intake to an extreme degree, leading to malnutrition and other health problems.
4. Bulimia Nervosa: This is another eating disorder where individuals engage in binge eating followed by purging or other compensatory behaviors to rid the body of calories consumed. Bulimia nervosa can also lead to malnutrition and other health issues.
5. Diabetes Mellitus: This is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes, in particular, has been linked to poor dietary habits and a lack of physical activity.
6. Cardiovascular Disease: Poor dietary habits and a lack of physical activity can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, which includes heart disease and stroke.
7. Osteoporosis: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D can contribute to the development of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures.
8. Gout: This is a type of arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. A diet rich in purine-containing foods such as red meat, seafood, and certain grains can increase the risk of developing gout.
9. Dental Problems: Poor dietary habits, particularly a diet high in sugar, can contribute to dental problems such as cavities and gum disease.
10. Mental Health Disorders: Malnutrition and other health problems caused by poor dietary habits can also contribute to mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.

In conclusion, poor dietary habits can have significant negative effects on an individual's overall health and well-being. It is essential to adopt healthy dietary habits such as consuming a balanced diet, limiting processed foods and sugars, and increasing physical activity to maintain good health and prevent chronic diseases.

Also known as: Menstrual Disorders, Menstrual Abnormalities, Dysmenorrhea, Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrhea, Polymenorrhea.

Symptoms of a uterine hemorrhage may include:

* Vaginal bleeding that may be heavy or light in flow
* Pain in the lower abdomen
* Pain during sexual activity
* Spotting or bleeding between menstrual periods
* Unusual discharge from the vagina

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Uterine hemorrhages can be diagnosed through a physical examination and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the bleeding, but may include medications to control bleeding, surgery to remove fibroids or polyps, or hysterectomy in severe cases.

It is important to note that while uterine hemorrhages can be managed with appropriate medical care, they can also be life-threatening if left untreated. Seeking prompt medical attention and following the advice of your healthcare provider are crucial to preventing complications and ensuring a successful outcome.

Metrorrhagia can be diagnosed through a pelvic exam, ultrasound or hysteroscopy. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the condition, and may include medications to regulate hormones or shrink fibroids, or surgery to remove polyps or fibroids. It is important for women who experience metrorrhagia to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment to rule out any serious underlying conditions such as endometrial cancer.

Word origin: Greek "metro" meaning month + "rhagia" meaning flow.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, including genital itching, burning during urination, unusual discharge, and painful sex. Some STDs can also lead to long-term health problems, such as infertility, chronic pain, and an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

STDs are usually diagnosed through a physical exam, blood tests, or other diagnostic tests. Treatment for STDs varies depending on the specific infection and can include antibiotics, antiviral medication, or other therapies. It's important to practice safe sex, such as using condoms, to reduce the risk of getting an STD.

Some of the most common STDs include:

* Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and unusual discharge.
* Gonorrhea: A bacterial infection that can cause similar symptoms to chlamydia.
* Syphilis: A bacterial infection that can cause a painless sore on the genitals, followed by a rash and other symptoms.
* Herpes: A viral infection that can cause genital itching, burning during urination, and painful sex.
* HPV: A viral infection that can cause genital warts and increase the risk of cervical cancer.
* HIV/AIDS: A viral infection that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, and weight loss, and can lead to AIDS if left untreated.

It's important to note that some STDs can be spread through non-sexual contact, such as sharing needles or mother-to-child transmission during childbirth. It's also important to know that many STDs can be asymptomatic, meaning you may not have any symptoms even if you are infected.

If you think you may have been exposed to an STD, it's important to get tested as soon as possible. Many STDs can be easily treated with antibiotics or other medications, but if left untreated, they can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems.

It's also important to practice safe sex to reduce the risk of getting an STD. This includes using condoms, as well as getting vaccinated against HPV and Hepatitis B, which are both common causes of STDs.

In addition to getting tested and practicing safe sex, it's important to be aware of your sexual health and the risks associated with sex. This includes being aware of any symptoms you may experience, as well as being aware of your partner's sexual history and any STDs they may have. By being informed and proactive about your sexual health, you can help reduce the risk of getting an STD and maintain good sexual health.

Causes:

There are several possible causes of amenorrhea, including:

1. Hormonal Imbalance: Imbalance of hormones can prevent the uterus from preparing for menstruation.
2. Pregnancy: Pregnancy is one of the most common causes of amenorrhea.
3. Menopause: Women going through menopause may experience amenorrhea due to the decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone.
4. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is a hormonal disorder that can cause irregular periods or amenorrhea.
5. Thyroid Disorders: Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can cause amenorrhea.
6. Obesity: Women who are significantly overweight may experience amenorrhea due to the hormonal imbalance caused by excess body fat.
7. Stress: Chronic stress can disrupt hormone levels and cause amenorrhea.
8. Surgery or Trauma: Certain surgeries, such as hysterectomy or removal of the ovaries, can cause amenorrhea. Trauma, such as a severe injury or infection, can also cause amenorrhea.
9. Medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and chemotherapy drugs, can cause amenorrhea as a side effect.
10. Endocrine Disorders: Disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, and hypothyroidism can cause amenorrhea.

Symptoms:

Amenorrhea can cause a range of symptoms, including:

1. No menstrual period
2. Difficulty getting pregnant (infertility)
3. Abnormal vaginal bleeding or spotting
4. Painful intercourse
5. Weight gain or loss
6. Mood changes, such as anxiety or depression
7. Fatigue
8. Headaches
9. Insomnia
10. Hot flashes

Diagnosis:

Amenorrhea is typically diagnosed based on a patient's medical history and physical examination. Additional tests may be ordered to determine the underlying cause of amenorrhea, such as:

1. Blood tests to measure hormone levels, including estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound or MRI, to evaluate the ovaries and uterus
3. Laparoscopy, a minimally invasive procedure that allows the doctor to visually examine the ovaries and fallopian tubes
4. Hysteroscopy, a procedure that allows the doctor to examine the inside of the uterus

Treatment:

The treatment of amenorrhea depends on the underlying cause. Some common treatments include:

1. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to restore hormone balance and promote menstruation
2. Medications to stimulate ovulation, such as clomiphene citrate or letrozole
3. Surgery to remove fibroids, cysts, or other structural abnormalities that may be contributing to amenorrhea
4. Infertility treatments, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), if the patient is experiencing difficulty getting pregnant
5. Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss or exercise, to improve overall health and promote menstruation

Prevention:

There is no specific way to prevent amenorrhea, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle and managing any underlying medical conditions can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. Some tips for prevention include:

1. Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein sources
2. Exercising regularly to maintain a healthy weight and improve overall health
3. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation
4. Getting enough sleep each night
5. Avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and smoking
6. Maintaining a healthy body mass index (BMI) to reduce the risk of developing hormonal imbalances
7. Managing any underlying medical conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or adrenal gland disorders
8. Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins that can disrupt hormone balance.

LNG-B has been under investigation as a long-lasting injectable contraceptive for women. A single intramuscular injection of an ... "Long-acting contraceptive agents: design of the WHO Chemical Synthesis Programme". Steroids. 41 (3): 243-53. doi:10.1016/0039- ... Goebelsmann U (1986). "Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids in Humans". In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive ... The drug has a well-established safety record owing to the use of levonorgestrel as an oral contraceptive since the 1960s. List ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate

van Vloten WA, Sigurdsson V (2004). "Selecting an oral contraceptive agent for the treatment of acne in women". American ... Edelman AB, Cherala G, Stanczyk FZ (October 2010). "Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of contraceptive steroids in obese women: a ... It was the second progestin, after noretynodrel in 1960, to be used in an oral contraceptive. In 1964, additional contraceptive ... Shoupe, Donna (1993). "Injectable Contraceptives and Contraceptive Vaginal Rings". Clinical Perspectives in Obstetrics and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone

"Effect of low zinc intake and oral contraceptive agents on nitrogen utilization and clinical findings in young women". The ... This effect can be even more pronounced in women taking oral contraceptive medication. Sevelamer, a drug indicated for ... The female of the species releases uric acid into the water during mating, to induce males to release sperm. Although foods ... Both uric acid and ascorbic acid are strong reducing agents (electron donors) and potent antioxidants. In humans, over half the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uric_acid

"The police monitored the Clinic from its opening and sent in a female undercover agent to purchase contraceptive supplies. On ... As historian Jill Lepore reports in The Secret History of Wonder Woman, Ethel Byrne was the first female political prisoner in ... confiscated an assortment of contraceptives from pessaries to condoms, along with 20 'books on young women', and arrested ... American women activists, American nurses, American women nurses, 1955 deaths, 1883 births, American feminists). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Byrne

"The police monitored the Clinic from its opening and sent in a female undercover agent to purchase contraceptive supplies. On ... confiscated an assortment of contraceptives from pessaries to condoms, along with 20 'books on young women', and arrested ... Together, the three women opened the first birth control clinic in the United States in Brooklyn known as the "Brownsville ... All were released the next morning on $500.00 bail." All three women were found guilty, but eventually the verdicts were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fania_Mindell

In men, they are being investigated in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and also as potential contraceptive agents ... In men, the reduction in LH subsequently leads to rapid suppression of testosterone production in the testes; in women it leads ... Subcutaneously administered agents are also associated with injection-site reactions and abarelix (neither of these being GnRH ... This protocol is likely beneficial in women expected to be hyper-responders, and probably also those expected to be poor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_antagonist

A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as postcoital contraceptive agent ... Evaluation of Female Sterilization Procedures AA Yuzpe, WJ Lancee (1977). Ethinylestradiol and dl-norgestrel as a postcoital ... A multicenter clinical investigation employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as postcoital contraceptive agent ... "For his distinguished career in academic reproductive endocrinology and infertility and his dedication to women's health in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Albert_Yuzpe

... or female contraceptives through the use of intravaginal contraceptive devices. Moreover, as serine proteases are important in ... acrosin could thus serve as a novel target for contraceptive agents. Acrosin may represent as a uniquely druggable target due ... This suggests the further role of acrosin inhibitors as potentially viable agents in the prevention of HIV transmission. Adham ... Burck P.J., Zimmerman R.E. An intravaginal contraceptive device for the delivery of an acrosin and hyaluronidase inhibitor" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrosin

There have been experiments using a SARMs C-6 and S-23 on male mice as a contraceptive agent. Treatment of osteoporosis has ... Additionally, studies done on female rats have shown that SARMs can be designed to have effects on female libido and ... intended for osteoporosis and may be suitable for use in women. S-23 - Under development as a male hormonal contraceptive ... A small percentage of women studied had elevated ALT values and some men had elevated creatine kinase levels and muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator

... contraceptive agents, propranolol, and antifungals. Vaginal rings can also be used to deliver medication, including birth ... Human female reproductive system, Mammal female reproductive system, Women and sexuality, Women's health, Anatomy, Gynaecology) ... Female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision or female genital cutting, is genital modification with no health ... is still under dispute because reports of its location can vary from woman to woman, it appears to be nonexistent in some women ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagina

Therapies associated with depression include interferons, beta-blockers, isotretinoin, contraceptives, cardiac agents, ... for women, although suicide attempts are more frequent in women. Depressed people have a higher rate of dying from other causes ... sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth or while a woman is pregnant. DSM-IV-TR ... The most common time of onset is in a person's 20s, with females affected about twice as often as males. The course of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

... may interfere with various contraceptives, and hence it is advised that women of reproductive age use at least two ... It is a very active anti-angiogenic agent and also acts as an immunomodulator. Pomalidomide was approved in February 2013 by ... Thousands of pregnant women took the drug to relieve their symptoms. At the time of the drug's development, scientists did not ... Thalidomide should not be used by men or women who are trying to father or conceive a child, or who cannot or will not follow ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide

Multicenter Clinical Investigation Employing ethinyl estradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as a Postcoital Contraceptive agent ... and 1.3 million women have rape-induced PTSD. A study found that women who were raped were more depressed than women who were ... Female jurors can look at the woman in the witness stand and decide she has done something 'wrong' such as flirting or having a ... Research on women in shelters has shown that women who experience both sexual and physical abuse from intimate partners are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape

Advanced maternal age Female infertility Folliculogenesis Oogenesis Ovarian aging Ovarian follicle Ovarian reserve Premature ... Guidelines suggest possible oral contraceptives in combination with metformin (anti-diabetic medication), and/or anti-androgen ... agents. As PCOS is a highly individualized condition, each individual's management and goals will look different. ... Banerjee S, Banerjee S, Saraswat G, Bandyopadhyay SA, Kabir SN (2014). "Female reproductive aging is master-planned at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_atresia

However, as many of these therapies have contraceptive effects, they are not ideal for women seeking fertility. Instead, they ... Oral contraceptive pills Androgenic agents (eg danazol) Progestogens (eg medroxyprogesterone acetate) Gonadotropin releasing ... Most women experience this phenomena during normal cycles, rendering many susceptible to endometriosis. Up to 4.1% of women ... A study that included nineteen women received Etanercept before an IVF cycle showed a higher pregnancy rate compared to women ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis_and_infertility

... women with vaginal yeast infection were no more likely to describe their discharge as cottage-cheese like than women without. ... Oral contraceptive use is also associated with increased risk of vaginal thrush. In pregnancy, higher levels of estrogen make a ... Example products are herbal preparations, probiotics and vaginal acidifying agents. Other alternative treatment approaches ... Around 75% of women have at least one vaginal yeast infection at some point in their lives, while nearly half have at least two ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_yeast_infection

2016). "Risk of venous thromboembolism in women taking the combined oral contraceptive: A systematic review and meta-analysis ... Oral Contraceptives, and Ovulatory Agents". AMA drug evaluations. Publishing Sciences Group. pp. 540-572. ISBN 978-0-88416-175- ... Women who are not on a birth control pill or hormone therapy have a risk of VTE of about 1 to 5 out of 10,000 women per year. ... It is also used in hormonal birth control for women, in hormone therapy for transgender women, and in the treatment of hormone- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)

Oral Contraceptives, and Ovulatory Agents". AMA drug evaluations. Publishing Sciences Group. pp. 540-572. ISBN 978-0-88416-175- ... For female hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure, 0.1 to 1.0 mg is given weekly in single or divided doses. ... Speroff, Leon (2015). Women's Hormonal Health Issues. pp. 341-354. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13832-9_28. ISBN 978-3-319-13831-2. ... The range of single doses of estrone by intramuscular injection that are typically used clinically in women is 0.1 to 5 mg. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrone_(medication)

Oral Contraceptives, and Ovulatory Agents". AMA drug evaluations. Publishing Sciences Group. p. 540-572. ISBN 978-0-88416-175-2 ... It has also been used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women and in the treatment of prostate cancer in men. ... As a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, estradiol dipropionate has been used at dosages of 2 to 10 ... It is also used in feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women. Aside from hormone therapy, estradiol dipropionate is used ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_dipropionate

... antipsychotics Many antiepileptics Theophylline and other methylxanthine drugs Several anesthetic agents Oral contraceptive ... Biliary tract disease Renal dysfunction Pregnant women Obese patients Anticoagulants: Gemfibrozil potentiates the action of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemfibrozil

14% women on oral contraceptives are found to have polycystic ovaries. Ovarian cysts are also a common side effect of ... Although these agents have shown significant efficacy in clinical trials (for oral contraceptives, in 60-100% of individuals), ... Although 80% of PCOS presents in women with obesity, 20% of women diagnosed with the disease are non-obese or "lean" women. ... in women with PCOS and 1.57 nmol/L (45 ng/dL) in women without PCOS. In a 1995 study of 1,741 women with PCOS, mean ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome

Chinnatamby, S. (November 01, 1971). A Comparison of the Long-Acting Contraceptive Agents Norethisterone Oenanthate and ... At the end of her life, she bequeathed her home in Colombo to the University of Colombo, for use as residence for women ... Chinnatamby, Siva (1971). "A Comparison of the Long-Acting Contraceptive Agents Norethisterone Oenanthate and ... Siva Chinnatamby (c.1921/3 - 2000) was a Sri Lankan obstetrician who pioneered the use of modern contraceptives in the country ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_Chinnatamby

... estradiol prodrug for use in menopausal hormone therapy in women and as a hormonal contraceptive to prevent pregnancy in women ... List of androgen esters § Testosterone esters List of investigational sex-hormonal agents § Androgenics "Research Pipeline". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC586

... as well as other less well-known agents. These agents are generally used if oral contraceptives and NSAIDs are ineffective. ... Endometriomas can increase the risk of ovarian cancer in reproductive women, decrease normal ovarian function, and cause pain ... Therapy with these agents has a large number of sometimes permanent side effects, such as hot flushes, loss of bone mass, ... This can also be accomplished with progestational agents (i.e., medroxyprogesterone acetate), danazol, gestrinone, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrioma

... therefore concomitant use with these agents is not recommended. It might also interact with hormonal contraceptives and ... It has not been studied in women under the age of 18. It is also not recommended for women with severe asthma receiving ... Of the 29 women studied who became pregnant despite taking ulipristal acetate, 16 had induced abortions, six had spontaneous ... In addition, use of the medicine for more than one treatment course has been restricted to women who are not eligible for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate

... of the general female population and 2 to 11% of asymptomatic women are affected. In addition, 11% of women in a general ... These agents, although efficacious, were associated with intolerable side effects. The current armamentarium of hormonal agents ... Limited evidence indicates that the use of combined oral contraceptives is associated with a reduced risk of endometriosis, as ... of women with cystic ovarian lesions, and 5% of women with deep endometriosis do not have pain. A major symptom of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis

Oral Contraceptives, and Ovulatory Agents". AMA drug evaluations. Publishing Sciences Group. pp. 540-572. ISBN 978-0-88416-175- ... In transgender women, estradiol valerate given by intramuscular injection is usually used at a dosage of 5 to 20 mg, but up to ... Estradiol valerate has been used at very high doses of 40 to 100 mg once per week in women and men, without overt signs of ... Low-dose oral estradiol valerate (2-6 mg/day) has been used in the treatment of breast cancer in women who were previously ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_valerate

... of megestrol acetate in women receiving IM injection of estradiol-megestrol long-acting injectable contraceptive". The Chinese ... In the group of new parenteral progestational agents, three substances developed by Karl Junkmann1,2 are the most outstanding ... Goebelsmann U (1986). "Pharmacokinetics of Contraceptive Steroids in Humans". In Gregoire AT, Blye RP (eds.). Contraceptive ... In terms of producing full progestogenic changes on the endometrium in women, 75 to 100 mg/day oral OHPA is equivalent to 20 mg ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_acetate

Combined injectable contraceptives (CICs) are a form of hormonal birth control for women. They consist of monthly injections of ... Progestational Drugs and Antifertility Agents. Vol. II. Pergamon Press. pp. 13-24. ISBN 978-0080168128. OCLC 278011135. Henzl ... Garza-Flores J, Hall PE, Perez-Palacios G (1991). "Long-acting hormonal contraceptives for women". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. ... Rivera R, Yacobson I, Grimes D (1999). "The mechanism of action of hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine contraceptive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_injectable_birth_control

They would arrive in San Francisco on August 8. Women were allowed to be part of jury trial in the United Kingdom for the first ... Born: Martin Knowlton, American travel agent and hostel administrator, who established Elderhostel; in Dallas (d. 2009) France ... prohibited the sale or prescription of contraceptives, as well as forbidding the distribution of "antinatalist propaganda", as ... Japan's House of Representatives rejected a resolution to grant women the right to vote, with only 155 in favor and 283 against ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1920

Good news women: 150 years of ecumenical mission, Atlanta, GA: Office of Women, General Assembly Mission Board, 1987. Retrieved ... "The Missionary as Change Agent," Presbyterian Historical Society, The National Archives of the PC(USA), February 9, 2018. ... Poethig often personally took public, socially progressive positions on abortion and contraceptive rights, LGBTQ inclusion and ... "More Women Assume Roles as Church Pastors," The Buffalo News, April 30, 1989. Poethig, Eunice Blanchard. "'Women's Ordination: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_Blanchard_Poethig

Long-term use of oral contraceptives is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer in women who have had HPV. Women who ... When cisplatin is present, it is thought to be the most active single agent in periodic diseases. Such addition of platinum- ... In Australia, Aboriginal women are more than five times more likely to die from cervical cancer than non-Aboriginal women, ... Five year survival in the United States for White women is 69% and for Black women is 57%.[needs update] Regular screening has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_cancer

... therefore supplying young black women with a reason to use contraceptives. Dara Abubakari, a black separatist, wrote that " ... If an institution is deliberately maintained and expanded by discernible agents, though all are aware of the hecatombs of ... Physicians preferred to prescribe the Pill to white middle-class women and the IUD to poor women, especially poor women of ... of Caucasian and Hispanic women, and 92% of Asian American women. This situation results in black women having the highest rate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_genocide

In the United States, 5% of women gave birth in hospitals in 1900. By 1930, 50% of all women and 75% of urban-dwelling women ... The WHO does not recommend the use of antispasmodic agents for prevention of delay in labour. For years an episiotomy was ... This is also an optimal time for uptake of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), such as the contraceptive implant or ... and female midwives were seen as a resource for women who could not afford better care. That completely removed women from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childbirth

It is not very potent and probably carries very little risk of producing virilizing effects on a female foetus. Thus it is more ... The new progestational agent was [6α-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate] or [medroxyprogesterone acetate], which Upjohn has ... that has been marketed in Italy as an oral contraceptive. Quingestrone is a variant of progesterone with improved ... ISBN 978-0-443-04706-0. Lobo, Roger; Crosignani, P.G.; Paoletti, Rodolfo (31 October 2002). Women's Health and Menopause: New ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_ester

The effective ovulation-inhibiting or contraceptive dosage of allylestrenol in women has been studied, albeit limitedly. At 20 ... Kanimoto Y, Okada K (November 1991). "[Antiandrogen therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia--review of the agents evaluation of ... In one study, it was found to be inadequate for endometrial transformation in women in combination with estradiol valerate. On ... These findings may help to explain the absence of teratogenic effects of allylestrenol on the external genitalia of female and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allylestrenol

887-. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. Wassef SA, Sami G, Hamid EA (1970). "Effect of switching with oral contraceptives". Egypt Popul ... is a progestin medication which was formerly used in birth control pills for women but is now no longer marketed. It was used ... progestational drugs and antifertility agents. Pergamon Press. ISBN 9780080157450. Cynthia A. Challener (1 December 2001). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgesterone

It is found in approximately equal amounts in the plasma and urine of both males and females. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a ... ISBN 978-0-80-365868-4. Generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates ... Exogenous androgen supplements can be used as a male contraceptive. Elevated androgen levels caused by use of androgen ... Also, androgens are the precursors to estrogens in both men and women. In addition to their role as natural hormones, androgens ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

It is not vague or overbroad, and it does not impose an undue burden on a woman's right to choose to have an abortion. Burwell ... Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) Individuals may sue federal government officials who have violated ... and advertisement of contraceptives to both adults and minors are unconstitutional. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 ( ... Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982) The single-sex admissions policy of the Mississippi University ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_landmark_court_decisions_in_the_United_States

but levels are significantly higher in children and pregnant women. Blood tests should always be interpreted using the ... 1999). Dictionary of pharmacological agents (1st ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-46630-4. Tan X, Machmuller MB, ... Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives Men with recent heart surgery, malnutrition, magnesium deficiency, or severe anemia ... a genetic disorder Women receiving estrogen therapy for menopausal symptoms[citation needed] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase

Catholic women had used contraceptives at some point in their lives and that 72% of Catholics believed that one could be a good ... becoming vehicles for the transmission of the infectious agent. In particular, they must avoid any risk to the health of those ... Men and women may serve as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion, as readers (lectors), or as altar servers. Historically, ... Religious institutes for women have played a particularly prominent role in the provision of health and education services, as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church

The preferred puberty-suppressing agent for both individuals assigned male at birth and individuals assigned female at birth is ... Task Force on Oral Contraceptives; Koetsawang, Suporn; Mandlekar, A.V.; Krishna, Usha R.; Purandare, V.N.; Deshpande, C.K.; ... Bornstein, Kate (2013). My Gender Workbook, Updated : How to Become a Real Man, a Real Woman, the Real You, or Something Else ... Feminizing hormone therapy is typically used by transgender women, who desire the development of feminine secondary sex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy

... reducing the reliance of women on men for contraceptive practice, encouraging the delay of marriage, and increasing pre-marital ... Agents. 31 (3): 189-92. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.010. PMID 18248798. Abraham EP (1987). "Cephalosporins 1945-1986". ... "Why the Oral Contraceptive Is Just Known as "The Pill"". Smithsonian Magazine. smithsonianmag.com. Archived from the original ... The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

... a chemical agent for killing scabies. Spermicide - a contraceptive agent to render sperm inert and prevent fertilization. ... the systematic killing of women. Feticide - the act of killing a fetus. Fragging - the act of killing a fellow soldier. ... Algaecide - a chemical agent that kills algae Acaricide - a chemical agent that kills mites Avicide - a chemical agent that ... Pediculicide - an agent that kills head lice. Pesticide - a general term to describe an agent used to destroy or repel a pest. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_killing

An immunocompromised woman in Washington State was infected and later died of pneumonia due to measles. By July 2016, a three- ... The concentration of thiomersal used in vaccines as an antimicrobial agent ranges from 0.001% (1 part in 100,000) to 0.01% (1 ... or contraceptive counseling regardless of whether they received the HPV vaccine. Thousands of Americans die each year from ... woman; first in US in a dozen years". Washington Department of Health. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

Other hazardous agents can affect the overall health of the woman and reduce the delivery of nutrients to the fetus. Radiation ... One type of contraceptive includes barrier methods. One barrier method includes condoms for males and females. Both types stop ... The female spouse often lacks the status and the knowledge to negotiate for safe sex and contraceptive practices, increasing ... "The Rights to Contraceptive Information and Services for Women and Adolescents". www.unfpa.org. "Incidence, Prevalence, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health

... for female employees who are pregnant and banning employment discrimination in hiring or termination against female employees ... when the Trump administration issued new regulations allowing insurers and employers to opt out of contraceptive mandates, ... the suspension of a state district court judge who allegedly assisted an illegal immigrant from being detained by an ICE agent ... On June 22, 2018, Baker's son Andrew "AJ" Baker was accused of sexually assaulting a woman on a JetBlue flight. The next week, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Baker

... to aid women in giving birth: the woman is strapped onto a circular table, and the table is then rotated at high speed. ... Shafik, Ahmed (May 1992). "Contraceptive efficacy of polyester-induced azoospermia in normal men". Contraception. 45 (5): 439- ... for measuring the degree to which human saliva is a good cleaning agent for dirty surfaces. Medical Education: Akira Horiuchi, ... "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Male and Female Genitals During Coitus and Female Sexual Arousal." Peace - Presented to The Royal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners

Anjie was a woman, on the brink of retirement, on whose behalf a raffle was being held in order to buy her a kidney machine. An ... As a final note, Zaphod explains that his great-grandfather is "the Fourth" due to an accident with a contraceptive and a time ... In the Illustrated Guide to the Galaxy, the pair are played by Douglas Adams and Ed Victor (his literary agent). The characters ... Played by Miriam Margolyes in Fit the Twenty-Fourth of the radio series, the smelly Old Woman in the Cave in the village of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Hitchhiker's_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_characters

... it remains a contraceptive option for women at low risk. Efforts are underway to develop safe and effective topical ... they are less desirable than other agents. Additionally, clinical trials have not demonstrated these agents to be effective at ... During the study, 38 of the women who used the tenofovir gel acquired HIV and 60 women who used a placebo gel became HIV- ... The study found a 39% lower HIV infection rate in women using 1% tenofovir gel compared with women using a placebo gel. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbicides_for_sexually_transmitted_diseases

He also voted for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act in 2012. Brown voted against the DREAM Act. He also opposed ... This amendment would have allowed individual healthcare workers and hospitals to refuse to provide emergency contraceptive care ... to continue his studies at Boston College and continued to work as a model represented by Boston agent, Maggie Trichon of ... Brown has said he personally believes marriage is between a man and a woman, but would still oppose a constitutional amendment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Brown_(politician)

"Prevalence of hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in normal women and women with bacterial vaginosis". Journal of ... the inhibitory agent produced by salivary streptococci". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 88 (1): 81-5. doi:10.1093/infdis/ ... douching and contraceptive practices. These differences in the structure and composition of microbial communities may underlie ... Lactobacillus species differ in premenopausal women, i.e. L. crispatus, L. jensenii, L. iners, L. gasseri (and possibly L. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_flora

1 female preponderance and median ages of diagnosis of 68.5 years for females and 54.5 years for males. At diagnosis, 50% of ... Lastly, some agents (rimpaficin and 17β-estradiol) were shown to hinder proper localization of hepatocyte transporters by ... 17 Bland cholestasis is almost always caused by anabolic steroids or estrogen contraceptive use, while many drugs may cause ... It affects 0.5-1.5% of pregnancies in Europe and the US and up to 28% in women of Mapuche ethnicity in Chile. ICP is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis

"Benefits and risks of oral diabetes agents compared with insulin in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review". ... Luque-Ramírez M, Nattero-Chávez L, Ortiz Flores AE, Escobar-Morreale HF (March 2018). "Combined oral contraceptives and/or ... Babies born to women treated with metformin have less visceral fat, and this may make them less prone to insulin resistance in ... Compared with insulin, women with gestational diabetes treated with metformin gain less weight and are less likely to develop ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metformin

... is used in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or mestranol in combined oral contraceptives for women. ... the formation of the desired isomer is engendered by use of a bulky reducing agent, lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride. ... 1516-. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. Benno Clemens Runnebaum; Thomas Rabe; Ludwig Kiesel (6 December 2012). Female Contraception: ... Combined Estrogen-progestogen Contraceptives and Combined Estrogen-progestogen Menopausal Therapy. World Health Organization. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate

This risk reduction continues for at least fifteen years after contraceptive use has been stopped. Obese women may need higher ... Also, endometrial stromal sarcomas can be treated with hormonal agents, including tamoxifen, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, ... Instead, women, particularly menopausal women, should be aware of the symptoms and risk factors of endometrial cancer. A ... In the United States, white women have a higher survival rate than black women, who tend to develop more aggressive forms of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial_cancer

These agents work to lower LDL-C levels and are also associated with a decrease in CVD mortality, CVD morbidity, and total ... UpToDate suggests screening males at age 35 and females at age 45 in those without any risk of cardiovascular disease. All ... Some medications that may contribute to dyslipidemia are thiazide diuretics, beta blockers, oral contraceptives, atypical ... This agent consists of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an omega-3 fatty acid from fish oil and works to lower the hepatic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslipidemia

Women who intend to become pregnant should switch to a different medication if possible or decrease their dose of valproate. ... Oral contraceptives: may reduce plasma concentrations of valproate. Primidone: may accelerate metabolism of valproate, leading ... February 1983). "[Anti-epileptic agents during pregnancy. A prospective study on the course of pregnancy, malformations and ... Women who become pregnant while taking valproate should be warned that it causes birth defects and cognitive impairment in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valproate

For example, Wimal Weerawansa, a Sri Lankan government minister, has asked that BBS challenge "the Norway agent in its ... and ban some contraceptives. In February 2013 former BBS leader Kirama Wimalajothi called for a ban on burqas in the country. ... called for a ban on Sri Lankan women going to work in the Middle East; end of mosque building financed by the Middle East; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodu_Bala_Sena

Women on contraceptive agents. Anticonvulsants that induce hepatic enzymes, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, ... Women of childbearing age and pregnant women. In 2009, the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society ... Woman of childbearing age should take folic acid, at least 0.4 mg per day, to decrease the rate of neural-tube malformations in ... Discontinuing Anticonvulsant Agents. After a person has been seizure free for typically 2-5 years, the physician may consider ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1184846-treatment

Results of search for su:{Contraceptive agents, Female.} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available ... by Mintzes, Barbara , Hardon, Anita , Hanhart, Jannemieke , Women and Pharmaceuticals Project , Womens Health Action ... Norplant : contraceptive subdermal implants, manual for clinicians. by Population Council.. Material type: Text; Format: print ... Text; Format: print Publication details: S.l : Womens Health Action Foundation, 1993Availability: Items available for loan: ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BContraceptive%20agents%2C%20Female.%7D

Zinc and copper nutritive of women taking oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 34:1479-83. ... Smith JC, Allen PV, Von Burg R. Hair methylmercury levels in U.S. women. Arch Environ Health. 1997 Nov-Dec; 52(6):476-80. ... Assessment of copper and zinc status in hair and urine of young women descendants of NIDDM parents. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1998; ... Aharoni A, Tesler B, Paltieli Y, Tal JH, Dori Z, Sharf M. Hair chromium content of women with gestational diabetes compared ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/hair_analysis/appendix_d.html

Do women using oral contraceptive agents require extra zinc? J Nutr 1987;117:217-9. View abstract. ... Zinc and copper nutriture of women taking oral contraceptive agents. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:1479-83. View abstract. ... Effects of oral contraceptive agents on trace element metabolism - a review. In: Prasad AS (ed). Trace Elements in Human Health ... Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients: I. Minerals. Am J Clin Nutr 1975;28:377-84. View abstract. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/982.html

Women who have had TSS, particularly if it was associated with the use of a contraceptive sponge or tampon, should also consult ... All were hospitalized and treated with intravenous fluids and antimicrobial agents, and all recovered. Vaginal cultures in ... Women who use contraceptive sponges should read the package insert carefully and follow the manufacturers directions. Users ... Editorial Note: This report of four TSS cases among women using the contraceptive sponge is presented to inform physicians that ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000273.htm

Hirsutism is defined as the excessive growth of thick dark hair in locations where hair growth in women usually is minimal or ... It is effective in treating hirsutism in women with PCOS. Women with PCOS also often receive oral contraceptives and/or ... Antidiabetic agents. Class Summary. Insulin-sensitizing agents appear to improve symptoms of hirsutism. ... Hirsutism in women. Effective therapy that is safe for long-term use. Postgrad Med. 2000 Jun. 107(7):93-4, 99-104. [QxMD ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1072031-medication

... in addition to women hormone representatives (like those made use of in the contraceptive pill as well as hormonal agent ...

https://www.lunguk.org/british-lung-foundation-steroid-treatment-for-lungs-2/

... the protective effect of oral contraceptives against ovarian cancer, and hence they should be more widely available, says an ... "Women on oral contraceptives need to be monitored, and also it is not a simple matter of just contraception, there is also a ... This would remove "a huge and unnecessary barrier to a potential powerful cancer-preventing agent," it says. The editorial also ... Overall, 31% of women with ovarian cancer and 37% of controls had used oral contraceptives, and the respective mean durations ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/569311

It is concluded that the use of oral contraceptive steroids in chickens as anabolic agent is a specific risk to chickens and ... Feeding chickens with oral contraceptive steroids at the dose used by some poultry growers in Egypt has led to the formation of ... Il existe aujourdhui plusieurs hormones et agents de type hormonal qui peuvent amÃ©liorer le taux de croissance des animaux ... There are now several hormone and hormone-like agents that can improve the rate of growth and efficiency of feed use of farm ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-1-1995/volume-1-issue-2/article12.html

Data from the contraceptive CHOICE project, a prospective cohort study of over 9,000 women who were offered the contraceptive ... The percentage of cases of malaria caused by unspecified agents (63.8%; n=37) in 2018 was the highest during any given year of ... In general, among service women who began using LARC (an IUD or a contraceptive implant), incidence rates of STIs did not ... Most of the women who received an IUD were aged 20-24 years (32.8%) or 25-29 years (26.2%). Half of the women who received an ...

https://health.mil/News/Articles/2020/03/01/Incidence-of-Sexually-Transmitted-Infections-MSMR-2020?page=21

Contraceptive Agents, Female Entry term(s). Agents, Female Contraceptive Contraceptives, Female Female Contraceptive Agents ... Agents, Female Contraceptive. Contraceptives, Female. Female Contraceptive Agents. Female Contraceptives. Tree number(s):. ... Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for ... Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=3290&filter=ths_termall&q=anticonceptivos+femeninos

If women are on oral contraceptive agents (the pill) their periods often shorten and lighten. ... isnt the same for every woman. Menstrual flow might occur every 21 to 35 days and last two to seven days. For the first few ...

https://soflanights.com/frequently-asked-questions/what-is-considered-day-1-of-period

Contraceptive Agents, Female (1) * Disease Prevention (1) * Abortion (1) * Health Surveillance Services (1) ... Use of long-acting contraceptive methods in adolescent women in hospitals in Honduras Bustillo Urbina, Maura Carolina; González ... Use of long-acting contraceptive methods in adolescent women in hospitals in Honduras Bustillo Urbina, Maura Carolina; González ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/?lang=en&q=au:Bustillo+Urbina,+Maura+Carolina

... this effect varying with different progestational agents.17,66 However, in the nondiabetic woman, oral contraceptives appear to ... Of course, older women, as all women, who take oral contraceptives, should take an oral contraceptive which contains the least ... Older women, as all women, who take oral contraceptives, should take an oral contraceptive which contains the least amount of ... For the majority of women, oral contraceptives can be taken safely. But there are some women who are at high risk of developing ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c1fc22e5-e02d-4dda-a9ac-c592e922c467

injectable contraceptive agent; levonorgestrel; oral contraceptive agent; adult; amenorrhea; Article; body mass; breast feeding ... cohort analysis; comparative study; controlled study; data analysis software; female; human; long-acting reversible ... The long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) method is an effective contraceptive choice for reducing MMR. The contraceptive ...

https://research.fk.ui.ac.id/drossi/index.php/april2021/scopus-per-30-april-2021/details/123/271

Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Family Practice , Attitude , Knowledge , Family Planning Services ... Humans , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Territorialization in Primary Health Care , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , ... Contraceptive Agents, Female/therapeutic use , Family Planning Services/organization & administration , Health Facilities , ... Determinants of emergency contraceptive utilization among female tertiary students in the middle belt of Ghana, West Africa ...

https://search.bvsalud.org/aimafro/?lang=en&q=mh:Contraceptive+Agents,+Female

... use of non-oral hormonal contraceptive agents or fertility treatment, the study authors noted. ... Previous research has suggested that women may have specific risk factors for heart disease and stroke, but there were ... For the study, the researchers analyzed 32 reviews that assessed women of childbearing age and their subsequent risk of heart ... The women in those papers were followed for an average of seven to 10 years. ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/reproductive_healths_link_to_heart_disease/news.htm?ecd=mnl_day_101220

Most of us never knew it had contraceptive actions.. Traditionally, Stevia was used as a contraceptive agent by females. It was ... One study on the contraceptive properties of Stevia in 1968 (theres not much, folks) performed on adult female rats whose ... That should not come as a surprise because, well, if Stevia is an effective contraceptive, then pharmaceutical companies will ... My primary concern is not that Stevia is an under-studied herbal contraceptive alternative for those seeking birth-control ...

https://wellnesssolutions4me.com/index.php/2019/09/

The main concern to the patient is its cosmetic effect, especially in young women. ... 1) in women, pregnancy or use of oral contraceptive agents (2) drug-associated (phenytoin or methylphenytoin) ... 3) It is more often in women than men. In women it is more common during child-bearing years. ... The main concern to the patient is its cosmetic effect, especially in young women. ...

https://www.medicalalgorithms.com/melasma

Contraceptive Agents, Female. Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female ... SyntheticContraceptive Agents, FemaleEthinyl EstradiolContraceptives, Oral, SyntheticContraceptive Agents, MaleDesogestrel ... HormonalContraceptives, OralContraceptives, Oral, CombinedContraceptive AgentsMenstruation-Inducing AgentsContraceptives, Oral ... Contraceptive Agents, Male. Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive ...

https://lookformedical.com/en/search/contraceptives-postcoital-synthetic

Both men and women may have thrombophilia. In fact, women who have thrombophilia may have an increased tendency to express ... symptoms due to the contributing effects of pregnancy or use of hormonal agents (including oral contraceptives). ... People with thrombosis may receive these agents in larger doses either administered directly at the site of thrombosis or ... There are also some medications (thrombolytic agents) that are given under specific circumstances to dissolve clots. People ...

https://www.ihtc.org/clotting-faqs

Contraceptive Agents, Female Explore _. Co-Authors (25) People in Profiles who have published with this person. ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/76792/network/coauthors/list

If women are on oral contraceptive agents (the pill) their periods often shorten and lighten. ... When it comes to periods, every woman is different. Most women have periods that last around three to five days each month. But ... For most women this happens every 28 days or so, but its common for periods to be more or less frequent than this, ranging ... While some women experience only mild symptoms, some may be afflicted with severe symptoms such as nausea and headaches, loose ...

https://justcookingclass.com/to-bake/is-it-okay-to-eat-fried-chicken-on-your-period-2.html

If women are on oral contraceptive agents (the pill) their periods often shorten and lighten. ... It can also be a sign of endometrial cancer, which affects 2 to 3% of women and is most common among postmenopausal women. ... Menopause that occurs before a woman is in her mid-40s is known as early or premature menopause. If a woman is 55 or older and ... Women are born with all of the eggs they will ever have. Takedown request , View complete answer on webmd.com. ...

https://lacocinadegisele.com/knowledgebase/what-age-do-periods-stop

Personalized contraceptive assistance and uptake of long-acting, reversible contraceptives by postpartum women: A randomized, ... Contraceptive Agents Medicine & Life Sciences 77% * Pregnancy Outcome Medicine & Life Sciences 73% ...

https://ohsu.elsevierpure.com/en/persons/keenan-mitchum

Cloning / Artificial Conception / ESCR / Womens Health Concerns *Artificial Conception. *Legal. *Cloning - Archive ... the following text comes from Estrogens and Progestins, Contraceptive Agents and Agents Used to Treat Infertility, AMA ... Contraceptive Agents: Estrogens / Progestins. by APFLI , Mar 9, 2004 , Contraception - Chemical Methods / Hormonal ...

https://www.physiciansforlife.org/tag/contraceptive-agents/

Women of childbearing potential must agree to use a medically approved contraceptive method during the treatment period and for ... If condoms are used as a barrier method, a spermicidal agent should be added as a double barrier protection. ... Pre-menopausal women must have a negative pregnancy test on the day treatment starts and must avoid becoming pregnant while on ... Patients (male and female) with histologically confirmed rectal adenocarcinoma, AJCC Stage IIA-IIIC or AJCC Stage IV ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02688712

Anti-fibrinolytic agents, and for women, hormonal contraceptive therapies (Federici et al., 2002). The use of these treatment ... Oral contraceptives are recommended for women not wishing to fall pregnant but wanting to maintain fertility (Rodeghiero, 2013 ... Management Strategies for Women. Management strategies for women with VWD are more complex than for men due to the challenges ... Anti-fibrinolytic agents:. These agents inhibit the interaction of plasminogen with fibrin, preventing the degradation of ...

http://au.freedissertation.com/dissertation-examples/von-willebrand-disease-overview-causes-effects-and-management-strategies/

In women that are 4 months pregnant, starting to take riboflavin by mouth does reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
If a woman becomes HIV positive during pregnancy, her infant is at risk of becoming infected with HIV. (nih.gov)
Research supported by NICHD's Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch (PPB) has included studies of BV in pregnant women. (nih.gov)
The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal risk for GDM was influenced by type of contraceptive method used before pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
Nevertheless, no studies have investigated the effects of hormonal contraceptive use before pregnancy and the risk for GDM. (cdc.gov)
The Missouri Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) is an ongoing, population-based survey designed to identify and monitor select maternal experiences, attitudes, and behaviors that occur before, during, and shortly after pregnancy among women delivering a live infant. (cdc.gov)
Data from PRAMS can be used to determine whether a relationship exists between a woman's contraceptive use before pregnancy and the development of GDM. (cdc.gov)
Seizure frequency may change during pregnancy, seizures may cause pregnancy complications, and the treatment of a woman with epilepsy must consider all these issues. (who.int)
Women who use insemination to attempt pregnancy should be cautioned about the possibility of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases from donated body fluids. (aafp.org)
Vulnerability to ovarian cancer may be increased because of low pregnancy rates and reduced exposure to oral contraceptive agents. (aafp.org)
Women also can opt for a surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy. (nih.gov)
3. Negative beta-HCG pregnancy test for females presumed to be of reproductive potential. (nih.gov)
Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION). (lookformedical.com)
Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures. (lookformedical.com)
In fact, women who have thrombophilia may have an increased tendency to express symptoms due to the contributing effects of pregnancy or use of hormonal agents (including oral contraceptives). (ihtc.org)
Emergency contraception is a method of preventing unwanted pregnancy resulting from unintended sexual activity, contraceptive failure or sexual assault, 1 as well as from a lack of knowledge about or access to contraception. (scielo.org.za)

It has been suggested that this tumour might develop in women after long-term exposure to oral contraceptive steroids, although this association has not yet been reported. (nih.gov)

This review of the action of estrogens and progestagens, the steroids in oral contraceptives, on cells in the endometrium, breast, ovary, cervix and other tissues, regarding possible causative role in cancer development focuses on the level of steroid receptors and observed actions of these hormones on the cellular level. (nih.gov)
8. Relationship of estrogens and oral contraceptives to endometrial cancer in animals and women. (nih.gov)
18. Estrogens in oral contraceptives: historical perspectives. (nih.gov)

Clinical, pharmacological and epidemiological studies on a levonorgestrel implant contraceptive / by Biran Affandi. (who.int)

We present here the clinical and pathological findings in a 42-year-old woman who died of hepatic angiosarcoma after taking oral contraceptive steroids for 10 years. (nih.gov)
This case reports a possible association between HAS and oral contraceptive steroids. (nih.gov)
12. Problems in evaluating chronic toxicity of contraceptive steroids in dogs. (nih.gov)
Feeding chickens with oral contraceptive steroids at the dose used by some poultry growers in Egypt has led to the formation of high estrogen residues in the muscles and the liver compared with controls. (who.int)
It is concluded that the use of oral contraceptive steroids in chickens as anabolic agent is a specific risk to chickens and probably to the consumer. (who.int)
Oral contraceptive steroids have been used at excessively high doses as growth-promoting agents by some poultry growers in Egypt. (who.int)
The purpose of this study is to assess the formation of residues in the muscle and liver of chickens of contraceptive steroids applied orally at the same dose used by poultry growers and the resultant level of estrogen in chickens. (who.int)
These are actually absolutely nothing to perform along with anabolic steroids (made use of unlawfully through some physical body home builders as well as additionally expert sportsmens) in addition to women hormone representatives (like those made use of in the contraceptive pill as well as hormonal agent substitute treatment). (lunguk.org)

Norplant : contraceptive subdermal implants, manual for clinicians. (who.int)
Norplant : contraceptive subdermal implants : guide to effective counseling. (who.int)
Norplant contraceptive subdermal implants : managerial and technical guidelines. (who.int)
contraceptive pills, Norplant, or Depo-Provera (and is not on any medications that would interfere with the effectiveness of these contraceptive agents). (nih.gov)

RH096 trade name] is an oral combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) agent for women. (who.int)
Of the 2,741 women who completed the 2007-2008 PRAMS survey, 8.3% were diagnosed with gestational diabetes, and 17.9% of the respondents had used hormonal contraceptive methods. (cdc.gov)
However, little is known about hormonal contraceptive use and its role in the development of gestational diabetes (GDM). (cdc.gov)
Likewise, Diab and Zaki found that fasting blood glucose was higher among users of oral contraceptives and Depo-Provera (depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, DMPA), a progestogen-only reversible hormonal contraceptive injected every 3 months (9). (cdc.gov)
There was no association between heart disease risk and current use of progesterone -only contraceptives, use of non-oral hormonal contraceptive agents or fertility treatment, the study authors noted. (medicinenet.com)

9. The development of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in young women receiving long-term sequential oral contraception. (nih.gov)

Between 1 Jan. 2015 and 31 Dec. 2018, 18,691 service women in the study population received an intrauterine device (IUD) and 17,723 received an implant. (health.mil)

Use of skeletally active agents such as bisphosphonates, teriparatide, SERMS, hormone replacement therapy and progesterone-only contraceptive agents (combination oral contraceptive use in premenopausal women is not an exclusion criterion). (nih.gov)
A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. (lookformedical.com)

The following is testimony presented on behalf of the National Women's Health Network, at the March 8, 1978, Hearings on Contraceptive Research before the Select Committee on Population of the U.S. House of Representatives. (scienceforthepeople.org)

10. Oral contraceptives and neoplasia. (nih.gov)

Long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use, including subdermal hormonal implants and intrauterine devices (IUDs), has been increasing for almost 2 decades, from 1.5-2.5% of U.S. women of childbearing age in the early 2000s 1,2 to 10.3-14.3% between 2009 and 2015. (health.mil)

1. Incidence of endometrial cancer in relation to the use of oral contraceptives. (nih.gov)
2. Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer. (nih.gov)
11. Decreased risk of endometrial cancer among oral-contraceptive users. (nih.gov)
It can also be a sign of endometrial cancer, which affects 2 to 3% of women and is most common among postmenopausal women. (lacocinadegisele.com)

Little is known about transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection during lesbian sexual activity, but woman-to-woman transmission has been documented, and the virus has been isolated from menstrual fluid, cervical biopsies and vaginal secretions. (aafp.org)
Examples of such safer methods include the cervical cap, diaphragm, contraceptive sponge, ovulation method and thermal sperm control. (scienceforthepeople.org)

Tri-Sprintec ® (norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol tablets USP) is a combination oral contraceptive containing the progestational compound norgestimate, USP and the estrogenic compound ethinyl estradiol, USP. (nih.gov)
A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents. (lookformedical.com)

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes. (lookformedical.com)
It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES. (lookformedical.com)

6. Endometrial abnormalities occurring in young women on long-term sequential oral contraception. (nih.gov)

A major focus of the Network's research has been on the ability of antibiotics, including clindamycin and metronidazole, to prevent preterm birth in pregnant women who test positive for BV but have no symptoms. (nih.gov)

Oral contraceptives are often the initial treatment for hirsutism caused by ovarian hyperandrogenism and idiopathic hirsutism. (medscape.com)
This article is intended for primary care clinicians, obstetrician-gynecologists, oncologists, and other specialists who care for women at risk for ovarian cancer. (medscape.com)
Describe the effects of oral contraceptives on the risk for ovarian cancer. (medscape.com)
The female vaccinee has no reproductive potential because of menopause (1 year without menses) or because of a hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, medically-documented ovarian failure, or tubal ligation. (nih.gov)

Choice and challenge : global teamwork in developing a contraceptive implant. (who.int)
Among active component service women who received an IUD or implant and maintained the same marital status during the study period, there was no notable increase in incidence of STIs in the 12 months after LARC insertion when compared to the 12 months before insertion. (health.mil)
In general, among service women who began using LARC (an IUD or a contraceptive implant), incidence rates of STIs did not increase from the year before to the year after insertion. (health.mil)

Women and Epilepsy: Sudanese experience - Safa et a l required for a normal menstrual cycle and Teaching Hospital and El-shiekh Mohamed Kheir fertility. (who.int)

However, for women there are unique concerns related to hormone effects on seizures and the effects of seizures and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on reproductive health. (who.int)
There are now several hormone and hormone-like agents that can improve the rate of growth and efficiency of feed use of farm animals. (who.int)
The use of compounds exhibiting sex hormone-like activities as anabolic agents was introduced into agricultural practice about 35 years ago. (who.int)
While the combination of ethinyl estradiol and norgestimate increases sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and decreases free testosterone, the relationship between these changes and a decrease in the severity of facial acne in otherwise healthy women with this skin condition has not been established. (nih.gov)
First, as you may know, contraceptive research at present focuses heavily on hormones, drugs and invasive devices, such as hormone-releasing IUDs, prostaglandins, injectable progestogens, silastic hormonal skin implants and antipregnancy vaccines. (scienceforthepeople.org)

Also, the intensive education model used with teenage women in some family-planning clinics demonstrates that existing barrier methods, like the diaphragm, are much more effective than previously thought. (scienceforthepeople.org)

Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis. (lookformedical.com)
Particularly good examples are the contraceptive sponge, which requires no fitting, and the ovulation method, which requires no mechanical intervention. (scienceforthepeople.org)
For example, the self-help model used in many women-run health centers improves use-effectiveness of barrier methods as well as the ovulation method. (scienceforthepeople.org)

Some AEDs reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptive agents, increasing the probability of unplanned pregnancies. (who.int)

16. The effects of different formulations of oral contraceptive agents on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (nih.gov)

The menstrual cycle, which is counted from the first day of one period to the first day of the next, isn't the same for every woman. (soflanights.com)
Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. (lookformedical.com)
For most women this happens every 28 days or so, but it's common for periods to be more or less frequent than this, ranging from day 21 to day 40 of their menstrual cycle. (justcookingclass.com)

Use of glucocorticoids for more than 14 days in the past 12 months with the exception of inhaled agents. (nih.gov)

Most-such as birth control pills, vaginal rings, female condoms, and intrauterine devices-rely on the woman. (nih.gov)

Aharoni A, Tesler B, Paltieli Y, Tal JH, Dori Z, Sharf M. Hair chromium content of women with gestational diabetes compared with nondiabetic pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
however, whether a relationship exists between hormonal contraceptives and gestational diabetes (GDM) is undetermined. (cdc.gov)

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations. (lookformedical.com)

For androgen-excess syndromes, such as PCOS, the following medications are used, often in combination with oral contraceptives. (medscape.com)
Cigarette smoking increases the risk of serious cardiovascular events from combination oral contraceptive use. (nih.gov)
For this reason, combination oral contraceptives, including Tri-Sprintec ® , should not be used by women who are over 35 years of age and smoke. (nih.gov)
Combination oral contraceptives act by suppression of gonadotropins. (nih.gov)
It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES. (lookformedical.com)

as one illustration, NHS3 bisexuals were more than twice as likely to use LARCs (aRR [95% CI]: 2.01 [1.67, 2.42]).While certain sexual minority subgroups (e.g., bisexuals) were more likely than heterosexuals to use contraceptive methods such as LARCs, lesbians were less likely to use any method.Many sexual minority patients need contraceptive counseling and providers should ensure to offer this counseling to patients in need, regardless of sexual orientation. (nih.gov)
However, LARCs may have an additional appeal to female service members because of the ability of some LARCs to suppress menstruation, 7,8,11 which may be advantageous in military operational environments. (health.mil)

Studies have examined the effects of contraception on the metabolisms of women who were previously diagnosed with GDM and found that women using hormonal methods of contraception had a higher risk for type 2 diabetes than did women using nonhormonal contraceptive methods (4). (cdc.gov)

Recent data suggest that BV may increase the risk of transmission of HIV from a woman to her fetus. (nih.gov)

Menopause that occurs before a woman is in her mid-40s is known as early or premature menopause. (lacocinadegisele.com)
In cases where insufficient research has resulted in premature approval of contraceptive methods, much larger female populations have been exposed unnecessarily to dangers. (scienceforthepeople.org)

in women it leads to suppression of oestrogen release from the ovaries . (susans.org)

Oral contraceptives typically have progestin dosages at the plateau of the dose-response curve, but lower estrogen doses may possible improve the cancer risk. (nih.gov)

As a result, symptomatic fibroids lower the quality of life for many Black women by causing pain, compromising the ability to get pregnant, and increasing the likelihood of serious medical complications like anemia. (verywellhealth.com)

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. (nih.gov)
C. Drugs, chemical agents, and toxins g. (nih.gov)
Family medical history, genetics, weight, high blood pressure and cholesterol levels , and chemical imbalances from use of hormonal contraceptives are among the possible explanations for these associations, according to study author Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar, a senior clinical lecturer at the University of Birmingham in the United Kingdom, and colleagues. (medicinenet.com)

Over the years, concerns have been raised about the possible association between hormonal contraceptives and various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and metabolic dysfunction. (cdc.gov)

however, much of the research is still unable to reach consensus on the long-term effects of contraceptives and an increased risk for GDM. (cdc.gov)
After reviewing these studies, we hypothesized that an increased risk for GDM would be observed among women who had used hormonal methods of contraception. (cdc.gov)
However, findings did show that rates of STIs increased from the LARC pre-insertion period to the post-insertion period among women in the youngest age category, suggesting that risk-reduction counseling and educational efforts should be focused on the youngest service members who receive LARC. (health.mil)
Sutura b-linch modificada como profilaxis en pacientes con riesgo para hemorragia posparto: serie de casoss / Modified B-Lynch suture as prophylaxis in patients with risk for postpartum haemorrhage. (bvsalud.org)
This risk increases with age, particularly in women over 35 years of age, and with the number of cigarettes smoked. (nih.gov)
For the study, the researchers analyzed 32 reviews that assessed women of childbearing age and their subsequent risk of heart disease . (medicinenet.com)
Previous research has suggested that women may have specific risk factors for heart disease and stroke , but there were questions about the quality of evidence, the study authors said in a journal news release. (medicinenet.com)

95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10 [0.04, 0.26]) and results were similar for other contraceptive methods and in the NHS3 cohort. (nih.gov)

We used log-binomial models to estimate contraceptive methods ever used across sexual orientation groups and cohorts, adjusting for age and race.Lesbians were the least likely of all sexual orientation groups to use any contraceptive method. (nih.gov)
Because STIs can negatively affect service members readiness and cause serious medical sequelae, the results of the study suggest that providers should emphasize to younger service women that LARC methods do not protect against STIs. (health.mil)
At the same time, there is relatively little research on safer and cheaper mechanical and barrier methods, on contraceptives which act locally rather than systemically, or on methods which require no mechanical intervention whatsoever. (scienceforthepeople.org)
The safer contraceptive methods also tend not to require physician intervention, thus providing low cost, easily accessible birth control for more people. (scienceforthepeople.org)
Too much emphasis has been, and continues to be, placed on the presumed passivity of women and on the desirability of methods requiring little or no active participation. (scienceforthepeople.org)

Too often such research has exposed human subjects, mostly women, to serious adverse consequences. (scienceforthepeople.org)

In the female reproductive tract, sperm use their tails to swim toward the egg. (nih.gov)
In past work, the scientists studied the sites on EPPIN that are bound by agents that inhibit human sperm motility. (nih.gov)
Inhibition of sperm motility in male macaques with EP055, a potential non-hormonal male contraceptive. (nih.gov)

In addition, monotherapy may be less expensive than polytherapy, as many of the older anticonvulsant agents have hepatic enzyme-inducing properties that decrease the serum level of the concomitant drug, thereby increasing the required dose of the concomitant drug. (medscape.com)

To study the clinical presentation of epilepsy among adult Sudanese females and to verify aspects of epilepsy specific to women. (who.int)

Abnormalities of sex steroid hormones charity clinic, and to verify aspects of epilepsy may adversely affect cortical excitability in specific to women e.g. persons who have epilepsy. (who.int)
Il existe aujourd'hui plusieurs hormones et agents de type hormonal qui peuvent améliorer le taux de croissance des animaux d'élevage ainsi que l'efficacité de l'apport alimentaire pour ces animaux. (who.int)

NICHD's Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network has played a leading role in studying BV in pregnant women, especially those who are asymptomatic. (nih.gov)
MFMU researchers also conducted a study of maternal markers that could predict the likelihood of preterm delivery in pregnant women with BV. (nih.gov)
For this reason, it is important to understand and take steps to control BV in pregnant women to help protect their unborn fetuses not only from the effects of BV but also from acquiring HIV/AIDS. (nih.gov)
Other research supported by NICHD has included studies to identify maternal markers for predicting the likelihood of preterm delivery in pregnant women with BV. (nih.gov)
No, women in menopause cannot get pregnant. (lacocinadegisele.com)

Oral contraceptives also help enhance antihirsutism effects and prevent adverse effects of menstrual irregularity caused by spironolactone and other antiandrogen therapy. (medscape.com)
In addition, adverse consequences of contraceptive drugs and devices account for a surprisingly large number of hospital admissions, which are both expensive and traumatic for the women involved. (scienceforthepeople.org)

The experimental birds in Group C received contraceptive pills and DMBA at the same dose levels for the same period. (who.int)

A major focus of its studies has been the actual effects of antibiotics, especially clindamycin and metronidazole, in preventing preterm births in women with BV. (nih.gov)

A similar low proportion of women required surgical intervention in both groups. (nih.gov)

Because BV can potentially cause infertility, ongoing research on infertility supported by the NICHD's Contraception Research Branch provides valuable information on the health of women affected by BV. (nih.gov)
20. [The present state of research on the relationship of oral contraceptives to breast cancer]. (nih.gov)
Research conducted by Visser et al compared hormonal and nonhormonal contraceptive use by diabetic women and found that high-dose oral contraceptives impaired glucose homeostasis (8). (cdc.gov)
Broad objectives are to: o Enhance domestic population research programs through training and international collaborative studies related to population, including the study of reproductive processes, contraceptive development, contraceptive and reproductive evaluation, reproductive epidemiology, and social and behavioral factors that influence population dynamics. (nih.gov)
It is alarming to note that in 1976 out of $70 million spent worldwide on contraceptive research outside of the drug industry, only $50,000 was spent on barrier method research. (scienceforthepeople.org)
We believe that this problem of noncompliance exists in the narrower area of contraceptive drug research. (scienceforthepeople.org)

Researchers have been trying to develop another contraceptive option for men. (nih.gov)
Phase 0 trials are small trials that help researchers decide if a new agent should be tested in a phase 1 trial. (mayo.edu)

condoms, male or female, with a spermicide. (nih.gov)

Anatomy1

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs42

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes14

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science1

Named Groups1

Health Care14

Provider attitudes toward dispensing emergency contraception in Michigan's Title X programs.(1/444)

The effects of levonorgestrel implants on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the endometrium. (2/444)

Levonorgestrel versus the "Yuzpe" regimen.(3/444)

Three countries' experience with Norplant introduction. (4/444)

Dose linearity study of selegiline pharmacokinetics after oral administration: evidence for strong drug interaction with female sex steroids. (5/444)

The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on human endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors after one year of use. (6/444)

A multicentre efficacy and safety study of the single contraceptive implant Implanon. Implanon Study Group. (7/444)

Changes in vascular basement membrane in the endometrium of Norplant users. (8/444)

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

Mestranol

Contraceptives, Oral

Norgestrel

Contraceptive Agents

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Norethindrone

Ethynodiol Diacetate

Spermatogenesis-Blocking Agents

Ethinyl Estradiol

Lynestrenol

Contraceptive Agents, Female

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

Xanthurenates

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

Spermatocidal Agents

Contraceptive Agents, Male

Contraceptive Devices

Contraception

Pyridoxine

Menstruation

Contraceptive Devices, Female

Contraception Behavior

Riboflavin

Nutrition Disorders

Intrauterine Devices

Family Planning Services

Copper

Desogestrel

Levonorgestrel

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Zinc

Vaccines, Contraceptive

Pregnancy, Unplanned

Sterilization, Reproductive

Pregnancy, Unwanted

Pregnancy

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Contraception, Postcoital

Intrauterine Devices, Copper

Norethynodrel

Abortion, Induced

Contraception, Immunologic

Progestins

Norpregnenes

Contraceptives, Oral, Sequential

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

Sterilization, Tubal

Fertility

Menstrual Cycle

Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

Parity

Genitalia, Female

Androstenes

Progesterone Congeners

Intrauterine Devices, Medicated

Contraceptive Devices, Male

Menstruation Disturbances

Drug Implants

Pregnancy in Adolescence

Sexual Behavior

Megestrol

Sex Education

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

Risk Factors

Condoms

Estrogens

Sex Factors

Age Factors

Sex Characteristics

Ovulation Inhibition

Medroxyprogesterone

Norpregnadienes

Transdermal Patch

Estradiol Congeners

Ethisterone

Uterine Hemorrhage

Questionnaires

Time Factors

Metrorrhagia