Containment of Biohazards
Cost Control
Quarantine
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Disease Outbreaks
Single-Payer System
Patient Isolators
Smallpox
Medical Waste
Ventilation
Hazardous Substances
Dracunculus Nematode
Bioterrorism
Aerosols
Environment, Controlled
Insurance, Hospitalization
Dracunculiasis
Genetic Engineering
Patient Isolation
Infection Control
Air Microbiology
Plant Infertility
Communicable Disease Control
Animals, Laboratory
Medical Laboratory Science
Poliomyelitis
Air evacuation under high-level biosafety containment: the aeromedical isolation team. (1/121)
Military contingency operations in tropical environments and potential use of biological weapons by adversaries may place troops at risk for potentially lethal contagious infections (e.g., viral hemorrhagic fevers, plague, and zoonotic poxvirus infections). Diagnosis and treatment of such infections would be expedited by evacuating a limited number of patients to a facility with containment laboratories. To safely evacuate such patients by military aircraft and minimize the risk for transmission to air crews, caregivers, and civilians, the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases maintains an aeromedical isolation team. This rapid response team, which has worldwide airlift capability designed to evacuate and manage patients under high-level containment, also offers a portable containment laboratory, limited environmental decontamination, and specialized consultative expertise. This article also examines technical aspects of the team's equipment, training, capabilities, and deployments. (+info)Bacterial toxin-antitoxin gene system as containment control in yeast cells. (2/121)
The potential of a bacterial toxin-antitoxin gene system for use in containment control in eukaryotes was explored. The Escherichia coli relE and relB genes were expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression of the relE gene was highly toxic to yeast cells. However, expression of the relB gene counteracted the effect of relE to some extent, suggesting that toxin-antitoxin interaction also occurs in S. cerevisiae. Thus, bacterial toxin-antitoxin gene systems also have potential applications in the control of cell proliferation in eukaryotic cells, especially in those industrial fermentation processes in which the escape of genetically modified cells would be considered highly risky. (+info)Dual system to reinforce biological containment of recombinant bacteria designed for rhizoremediation. (3/121)
Active biological containment (ABC) systems have been designed to control at will the survival or death of a bacterial population. These systems are based on the use of a killing gene, e.g., a porin-inducing protein such as the one encoded by the Escherichia coli gef gene, and a regulatory circuit that controls expression of the killing gene in response to the presence or absence of environmental signals. An ABC system for recombinant microorganisms that degrade a model pollutant was designed on the basis of the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid meta-cleavage regulatory circuit. The system consists of a fusion of the Pm promoter to lacI, whose expression is controlled by XylS with 3-methylbenzoate, and a fusion of a synthetic P(lac) promoter to gef. In the presence of the model pollutant, bacterial cells survived and degraded the target compound, whereas in the absence of the aromatic carboxylic acid cell death was induced. The system had two main drawbacks: (i) the slow death of the bacterial cells in soil versus the fast killing rate in liquid cultures in laboratory assays, and (ii) the appearance of mutants, at a rate of about 10(-8) per cell and generation, that did not die after the pollutant had been exhausted. We reinforced the ABC system by including it in a Deltaasd P. putida background. A P. putida Deltaasd mutant is viable only in complex medium supplemented with diaminopimelic acid, methionine, lysine, and threonine. We constructed a P. putida Deltaasd strain, called MCR7, with a Pm::asd fusion in the host chromosome. This strain was viable in the presence of 3-methylbenzoate because synthesis of the essential metabolites was achieved through XylS-dependent induction. In the P. putida MCR7 strain, an ABC system (Pm::lacI, xylS, P(lac)::gef) was incorporated into the host chromosome to yield strain MCR8. The number of MCR8 mutants that escaped killing was below our detection limit (<10(-9) mutants per cell and generation). The MCR8 strain survived and colonized rhizosphere soil with 3-methylbenzoate at a level similar to that of the wild-type strain. However, it disappeared in less than 20 to 25 days in soils without the pollutant, whereas an asd(+), biologically contained counterpart such as P. putida CMC4 was still detectable in soils after 100 days. (+info)Sequence analysis of cloned cDNA encoding part of an immunoglobulin heavy chain. (4/121)
The recombinant plasmid pH21-1 consists of mouse-derived complementary DNA (cDNA) in the E. coli plasmid pMB9. The mouse insertion has been completely sequenced, and encodes the CH3 domain and half the CH2 domain of the immunoglobulin gamma1 heavy chain. The predicted amino acid sequence differs at several positions from that previously published for this protein. The pattern of codon usage resembles that in some other eukaryotic messenger RNAs. A computer program has been used to predict the optimum secondary structure for the mRNA encoding the CH3 domain and the inter-domain junction. (+info)Countering the posteradication threat of smallpox and polio. (5/121)
After eradication, there is a small but finite risk that smallpox and/or poliomyelitis viruses could accidentally escape from a laboratory or be released intentionally. The reintroduction of either virus into a highly susceptible population could develop into a serious catastrophe. To counter such an occurrence will require the use of vaccine, perhaps in substantial quantities. In the United States, new stocks of smallpox vaccine are being procured and arrangements are being made for a standby production facility. Similar provisions need to be considered for polio. To counter an epidemic of polio will require the use of the oral vaccine, which is presently the World Health Organization-recommended vaccine of choice for countries throughout the developing world. In these countries, its continued use is advised because of its ability to induce intestinal immunity, its ability to spread to other susceptible household members and to protect them, its ease of administration, and its low cost. (+info)National laboratory inventory as part of global poliovirus containment--United States, June 2002. (6/121)
Since the initiation of the global poliomyelitis initiative in 1988 through 2001, the number of countries where polio is endemic decreased from 125 to 10, and the number of reported polio cases decreased >99%, from an estimated 350,000 to <1,000. The Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis, convened by the World Health Organization, will declare the world polio-free when all regions have documented the absence of wild poliovirus transmission for at least 3 consecutive years and when laboratories with wild poliovirus materials have implemented appropriate containment conditions. (+info)Infection of mice with aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis: use of a nose-only apparatus for delivery of low doses of inocula and design of an ultrasafe facility. (7/121)
Aerosolized delivery of virulent or hypervirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires careful consideration of methodology and safety. To maximize safety, we installed a nose-only aerosol apparatus that can reproducibly deliver a low dose (<100 CFU per mouse) of M. tuberculosis in a carefully designed biohazard facility. (+info)Measuring containment of viable infectious cell sorting in high-velocity cell sorters. (8/121)
BACKGROUND: With the advent of high-speed sorters, aerosols are a considerable safety concern when sorting viable infectious materials. We describe a four-part safety procedure for validating the containment. METHODS: This procedure includes aerosol containment, physical barriers, environmental controls, and personal protection. The Aerosol Management System (AMS) produces a negative pressure within the sort chamber, where aerosols are forced through a HEPA filter. Physical barriers include the manufacturer's standard plastic shield and panels. The flow cytometer was contained within a BSL-3 laboratory for maximum environmental control, and the operator was protected by a respiratory system. Containment was measured by using highly fluorescent Glo-Germ particles under the same conditions as the cell sort. RESULTS: Escaping aerosols were vacuumed for 10 min onto a glass slide and examined. With the AMS active and the cytometer producing the maximum aerosols possible, Glo-Germ particles remained within the sort chamber. Measurements taken directly outside the door averaged fewer than one particle per slide, and those taken at 2 ft away and on top of the sorter were completely negative. CONCLUSIONS: With this monitoring system in place, aerosols can be efficiently measured, thus reducing the risk to the operator while sorting viable infectious cells. (+info)Containment of biohazards refers to the measures and practices aimed at preventing the dissemination or escape of potentially infectious biological agents from a restricted area, such as a laboratory or healthcare facility. The goal is to protect both people and the environment from exposure to these harmful agents.
Biohazard containment typically involves the use of specialized equipment, facilities, and protocols designed to minimize the risk of infection or contamination. These may include:
1. Biological Safety Cabinets (BSCs): Enclosed laboratory workstations that use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters to contain aerosols generated during experiments involving biohazardous materials.
2. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): The use of gloves, gowns, masks, face shields, or other protective garments to prevent direct contact with biohazardous agents.
3. Biosafety Levels: A classification system that categorizes laboratories based on the level of containment required for various types of biological research. These levels range from BSL-1 (minimal risk) to BSL-4 (high risk).
4. Decontamination Procedures: The use of chemical disinfectants, autoclaving, or incineration to inactivate and safely dispose of biohazardous waste materials.
5. Training and Education: Providing laboratory personnel with the necessary knowledge and skills to work safely with biohazardous agents, including proper handling techniques, emergency response procedures, and waste disposal methods.
6. Security Measures: Implementing access controls, surveillance systems, and other security measures to prevent unauthorized access to areas where biohazardous materials are stored or handled.
By following these containment strategies, researchers and healthcare professionals can help ensure the safe handling and management of potentially harmful biological agents while minimizing the risk of accidental exposure or release.
A Laboratory Infection, also known as a laboratory-acquired infection (LAI), is an infection that occurs in individuals who are exposed to pathogens or other harmful microorganisms while working in a laboratory setting. These infections can occur through various routes of exposure, including inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion of contaminated materials.
Laboratory infections pose significant risks to laboratory workers, researchers, and even visitors who may come into contact with infectious agents during their work or visit. To minimize these risks, laboratories follow strict biosafety protocols, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper handling and disposal of contaminated materials, and adherence to established safety guidelines.
Examples of laboratory infections include tuberculosis, salmonella, hepatitis B and C, and various other bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and implementation of appropriate infection control measures are crucial to prevent the spread of these infections within the laboratory setting and beyond.
Cost control in a medical context refers to the strategies and practices employed by healthcare organizations to manage and reduce the costs associated with providing patient care while maintaining quality and safety. The goal is to optimize resource allocation, increase efficiency, and contain expenses without compromising the standard of care. This may involve measures such as:
1. Utilization management: Reviewing and monitoring the use of medical services, tests, and treatments to ensure they are necessary, appropriate, and evidence-based.
2. Case management: Coordinating patient care across various healthcare providers and settings to improve outcomes, reduce unnecessary duplication of services, and control costs.
3. Negotiating contracts with suppliers and vendors to secure favorable pricing for medical equipment, supplies, and pharmaceuticals.
4. Implementing evidence-based clinical guidelines and pathways to standardize care processes and reduce unwarranted variations in practice that can drive up costs.
5. Using technology such as electronic health records (EHRs) and telemedicine to streamline operations, improve communication, and reduce errors.
6. Investing in preventive care and wellness programs to keep patients healthy and reduce the need for costly interventions and hospitalizations.
7. Continuously monitoring and analyzing cost data to identify trends, opportunities for improvement, and areas of potential waste or inefficiency.
"Air movements" is not a medical term or concept. It generally refers to the movement or circulation of air, which can occur naturally (such as through wind) or mechanically (such as through fans or ventilation systems). In some contexts, it may refer specifically to the movement of air in operating rooms or other controlled environments for medical purposes. However, without more specific context, it is difficult to provide a precise definition or medical interpretation of "air movements."
A laboratory (often abbreviated as lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurements may be performed. In the medical field, laboratories are specialized spaces for conducting diagnostic tests and analyzing samples of bodily fluids, tissues, or other substances to gain insights into patients' health status.
There are various types of medical laboratories, including:
1. Clinical Laboratories: These labs perform tests on patient specimens to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. They analyze blood, urine, stool, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), and other samples for chemical components, cell counts, microorganisms, and genetic material.
2. Pathology Laboratories: These labs focus on the study of disease processes, causes, and effects. Histopathology involves examining tissue samples under a microscope to identify abnormalities or signs of diseases, while cytopathology deals with individual cells.
3. Microbiology Laboratories: In these labs, microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are cultured, identified, and studied to help diagnose infections and determine appropriate treatments.
4. Molecular Biology Laboratories: These labs deal with the study of biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, to understand their structure, function, and interactions. They often use techniques like PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and gene sequencing for diagnostic purposes.
5. Immunology Laboratories: These labs specialize in the study of the immune system and its responses to various stimuli, including infectious agents and allergens. They perform tests to diagnose immunological disorders, monitor immune function, and assess vaccine effectiveness.
6. Toxicology Laboratories: These labs analyze biological samples for the presence and concentration of chemicals, drugs, or toxins that may be harmful to human health. They help identify potential causes of poisoning, drug interactions, and substance abuse.
7. Blood Banks: Although not traditionally considered laboratories, blood banks are specialized facilities that collect, test, store, and distribute blood and its components for transfusion purposes.
Medical laboratories play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases, monitoring disease progression, guiding treatment decisions, and assessing patient outcomes. They must adhere to strict quality control measures and regulatory guidelines to ensure accurate and reliable results.
Quarantine is a public health practice used to protect the population from the spread of communicable diseases. It involves separating and restricting the movement of individuals who have been exposed to an infectious agent, but are not yet showing symptoms, for a period of time to determine if they become sick and to prevent transmission during the incubation period. The term "quarantine" comes from the Italian word "quaranta," which means "forty," as it originally referred to the 40-day period that ships were required to be isolated before passengers and crew could go ashore during the Black Death plague epidemic in the 14th century. Nowadays, quarantine is often used in the context of travel restrictions and isolation measures for individuals who may have been exposed to diseases such as COVID-19, Ebola, or tuberculosis.
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease is a childhood hip disorder that occurs when the blood supply to the ball part of the thigh bone (femoral head) is disrupted. This causes the bone tissue to die, leading to its collapse and deformity. The femoral head then regenerates itself, but often not as round and smooth as it should be, which can lead to hip problems in later life.
The disease is named after three doctors who independently described it: Arthur Legg, Jacques Calve, and Georg Perthes. It typically affects children between the ages of 4 and 10, more commonly boys than girls. Symptoms may include limping, pain in the hip or knee, reduced range of motion in the hip, and muscle wasting. Treatment often involves rest, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery to realign or reshape the femoral head.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
A Single-Payer System is a healthcare financing model in which one entity, usually the government, is responsible for collecting healthcare fees and paying for healthcare services on behalf of all citizens. In this system, the government collects funds through general taxation or specific dedicated taxes and then uses those funds to pay for medical care for all residents, often covering a broad range of services from doctor visits, hospital stays, and prescription medications.
Under a single-payer system, healthcare providers typically receive payment from a single agency, reducing administrative costs associated with billing multiple insurance companies. This system aims to ensure universal access to healthcare services while controlling costs through centralized negotiation of fees for medical procedures and treatments. However, it is important to note that the specifics of how a single-payer system operates can vary from country to country or even within different regions of the same country.
Patient isolators are specialized, controlled environments used in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infectious agents or diseases from patients to healthcare workers and other patients. These isolators can be in the form of negative pressure rooms, glove boxes, or portable units that create a physical barrier between the patient and the environment. They are equipped with HEPA filters and airflow systems to ensure unidirectional airflow and prevent cross-contamination. Patient isolators are used for the care of patients with highly infectious diseases such as Ebola, tuberculosis, and other airborne infections.
Smallpox is a severe, contagious, and fatal infectious disease caused by the variola virus. It's characterized by fever, malaise, prostration, headache, and backache; followed by a distinctive rash with flat, red spots that turn into small blisters filled with clear fluid, then pus, and finally crust, scab, and fall off after about two weeks, leaving permanent scarring. There are two clinical forms of smallpox: variola major and variola minor. Variola major is the severe and most common form, with a mortality rate of 30% or higher. Variola minor is a less common presentation with milder symptoms and a lower mortality rate of about 1%.
Smallpox was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980 following a successful global vaccination campaign, and routine smallpox vaccination has since been discontinued. However, due to concerns about bioterrorism, military personnel and some healthcare workers may still receive smallpox vaccinations as a precautionary measure.
Medical waste, also known as healthcare waste, is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as any waste generated within the healthcare system that may pose a risk to human health and the environment. This includes waste produced by hospitals, clinics, laboratories, research centers, and other healthcare-related facilities, as well as waste generated by individuals during the course of receiving medical treatment at home.
Medical waste can take many forms, including sharps (such as needles, syringes, and scalpels), infectious waste (such as used bandages, gloves, and surgical instruments), pharmaceutical waste (such as expired or unused medications), chemical waste (such as disinfectants and solvents), and radioactive waste (such as materials used in medical imaging and cancer treatments). Proper management of medical waste is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, protect healthcare workers from injury and infection, and minimize the environmental impact of these wastes.
Ventilation, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process of breathing, which is the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment. It involves both inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling). During inspiration, air moves into the lungs, delivering oxygen to the alveoli (air sacs) where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is taken up by the blood and transported to the body's cells, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is expelled from the body during expiration.
In a medical setting, ventilation may also refer to the use of mechanical devices, such as ventilators or respirators, which assist or replace the breathing process for patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own due to conditions like respiratory failure, sedation, neuromuscular disorders, or injuries. These machines help maintain adequate gas exchange and prevent complications associated with inadequate ventilation, such as hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide levels).
Hazardous substances, in a medical context, refer to agents that pose a risk to the health of living organisms. These can include chemicals, biological agents (such as bacteria or viruses), and physical hazards (like radiation). Exposure to these substances can lead to a range of adverse health effects, from acute symptoms like irritation and poisoning to chronic conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, or genetic mutations.
The classification and regulation of hazardous substances are often based on their potential for harm, the severity of the associated health risks, and the conditions under which they become dangerous. These assessments help inform safety measures, exposure limits, and handling procedures to minimize risks in occupational, environmental, and healthcare settings.
Dracunculus nematode is a type of parasitic roundworm that causes the disease dracunculiasis, also known as Guinea worm disease. The adult female Dracunculus nematode can grow up to 80 cm in length and lives in the subcutaneous tissue of humans and other animals.
The life cycle of the Dracunculus nematode begins when an infected copepod (a type of small crustacean) is ingested through drinking contaminated water. The larvae are released from the copepod in the stomach, where they penetrate the stomach wall and enter the abdominal cavity. From there, they migrate to the subcutaneous tissue, where they mature into adult worms over a period of about one year.
Female Dracunculus nematodes mate with male worms in the subcutaneous tissue, and after mating, the female migrates towards the skin surface. When she reaches the skin, usually around the lower leg or foot, she causes an intensely painful blister to form. The blister eventually ruptures, releasing thousands of larvae into the water when the person seeks relief by immersing the affected area in water.
Dracunculiasis is a painful and debilitating disease that can lead to secondary bacterial infections, permanent disability, and even death in some cases. However, it is preventable through improved access to safe drinking water and sanitation, as well as public health education about the importance of filtering drinking water and avoiding contaminated water sources. The Carter Center has led a successful global campaign to eradicate dracunculiasis, with only a few remaining endemic countries in 2021.
Bioterrorism is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins derived from living organisms to cause disease, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. Biological agents can be spread through the air, water, or food and may take hours to days to cause illness, depending on the agent and route of exposure. Examples of biological agents that could be used as weapons include anthrax, smallpox, plague, botulism toxin, and viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola. Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism and is considered a public health emergency because it has the potential to cause widespread illness and death, as well as social disruption and economic loss.
The medical definition of bioterrorism focuses on the use of biological agents as weapons and the public health response to such attacks. It is important to note that the majority of incidents involving the intentional release of biological agents have been limited in scope and have not resulted in widespread illness or death. However, the potential for large-scale harm makes bioterrorism a significant concern for public health officials and emergency responders.
Preparation and response to bioterrorism involve a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical professionals, public health officials, law enforcement agencies, and government organizations at the local, state, and federal levels. Preparedness efforts include developing plans and procedures for responding to a bioterrorism event, training healthcare providers and first responders in the recognition and management of biological agents, and stockpiling vaccines, medications, and other resources that may be needed during a response.
In summary, bioterrorism is the intentional use of biological agents as weapons to cause illness, death, or disruption in noncombatant populations. It is considered a public health emergency due to its potential for widespread harm and requires a multidisciplinary approach to preparedness and response.
Aerosols are defined in the medical field as suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. In the context of public health and medicine, aerosols often refer to particles that can remain suspended in air for long periods of time and can be inhaled. They can contain various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemicals, and can play a role in the transmission of respiratory infections or other health effects.
For example, when an infected person coughs or sneezes, they may produce respiratory droplets that can contain viruses like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Some of these droplets can evaporate quickly and leave behind smaller particles called aerosols, which can remain suspended in the air for hours and potentially be inhaled by others. This is one way that respiratory viruses can spread between people in close proximity to each other.
Aerosols can also be generated through medical procedures such as bronchoscopy, suctioning, or nebulizer treatments, which can produce aerosols containing bacteria, viruses, or other particles that may pose an infection risk to healthcare workers or other patients. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and airborne precautions are often necessary to reduce the risk of transmission in these settings.
"Controlled Environment" is a term used to describe a setting in which environmental conditions are monitored, regulated, and maintained within certain specific parameters. These conditions may include factors such as temperature, humidity, light exposure, air quality, and cleanliness. The purpose of a controlled environment is to ensure that the conditions are optimal for a particular activity or process, and to minimize the potential for variability or contamination that could affect outcomes or results.
In medical and healthcare settings, controlled environments are used in a variety of contexts, such as:
* Research laboratories: To ensure consistent and reproducible experimental conditions for scientific studies.
* Pharmaceutical manufacturing: To maintain strict quality control standards during the production of drugs and other medical products.
* Sterile fields: In operating rooms or cleanrooms, to minimize the risk of infection or contamination during surgical procedures or sensitive medical operations.
* Medical storage: For storing temperature-sensitive medications, vaccines, or specimens at specific temperatures to maintain their stability and efficacy.
Overall, controlled environments play a critical role in maintaining safety, quality, and consistency in medical and healthcare settings.
Microbiology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms, which are tiny living organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, algae, and some types of yeasts and molds. These organisms are usually too small to be seen with the naked eye and require the use of a microscope for observation.
Microbiology encompasses various subdisciplines, including bacteriology (the study of bacteria), virology (the study of viruses), mycology (the study of fungi), parasitology (the study of parasites), and protozoology (the study of protozoa).
Microbiologists study the structure, function, ecology, evolution, and classification of microorganisms. They also investigate their role in human health and disease, as well as their impact on the environment, agriculture, and industry. Microbiology has numerous applications in medicine, including the development of vaccines, antibiotics, and other therapeutic agents, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
Hospitalization Insurance is a type of health insurance that provides coverage for the expenses incurred during a hospital stay, including surgery, diagnostic tests, doctor's visits, and other related services. This type of insurance may also cover the cost of hospital room and board, intensive care unit (ICU) stays, and nursing services. Some policies may also provide coverage for ambulance transportation, home health care, and rehabilitation services following a hospital stay. The specific benefits and coverage limits will vary depending on the policy and insurance provider.
Dracunculiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the infection of the roundworm Dracunculus medinensis, also known as the guinea worm. The disease is transmitted to humans through drinking contaminated water containing copepods (small crustaceans) that carry the larvae of the guinea worm.
Once ingested, the larvae mature and migrate to the lower extremities, particularly the legs and feet, where they cause painful blisters or ulcers when they emerge through the skin, usually a year after infection. The emerging worm can be up to 80 cm long. Dracunculiasis is rarely fatal but can lead to secondary bacterial infections, severe pain, permanent disability, and economic loss due to decreased productivity.
Dracunculiasis has been targeted for global eradication by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations. Significant progress has been made in reducing the number of cases, with only a few countries still reporting cases. Preventive measures include providing safe drinking water, filtering contaminated water, and treating it with temefos, an insecticide that kills copepods carrying guinea worm larvae.
Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, is a scientific process where the DNA or genetic material of an organism is manipulated to bring about a change in its characteristics. This is typically done by inserting specific genes into the organism's genome using various molecular biology techniques. These new genes may come from the same species (cisgenesis) or a different species (transgenesis). The goal is to produce a desired trait, such as resistance to pests, improved nutritional content, or increased productivity. It's widely used in research, medicine, and agriculture. However, it's important to note that the use of genetically engineered organisms can raise ethical, environmental, and health concerns.
Patient isolation, in a medical context, refers to the practice of separating individuals who are infected or colonized with a potentially transmissible pathogen from those who are not infected, to prevent the spread of illness. This separation may be physical, through the use of private rooms and dedicated medical equipment, or it may involve administrative measures such as cohorting patients together based on their infectious status.
The goal of patient isolation is to protect both the individual patient and the broader community from acquiring or transmitting infections. The specific criteria for implementing isolation, including the duration and level of precautions required, are typically determined by healthcare professionals based on guidelines established by public health authorities and professional organizations. These guidelines take into account factors such as the mode of transmission, the severity of illness, and the availability of effective treatments or preventive measures.
'Infection Control' is a set of practices, procedures, and protocols designed to prevent the spread of infectious agents in healthcare settings. It includes measures to minimize the risk of transmission of pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources, such as patients, healthcare workers, visitors, and the environment.
Infection control strategies may include:
* Hand hygiene (handwashing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers)
* Use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection
* Respiratory etiquette, including covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Environmental cleaning and disinfection
* Isolation precautions for patients with known or suspected infectious diseases
* Immunization of healthcare workers
* Safe injection practices
* Surveillance and reporting of infections and outbreaks
The goal of infection control is to protect patients, healthcare workers, and visitors from acquiring and transmitting infections.
Air microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are present in the air. These microorganisms can be suspended in the air as particles or carried within droplets of liquid, such as those produced when a person coughs or sneezes.
Air microbiology is an important field of study because it helps us understand how these microorganisms are transmitted and how they may affect human health. For example, certain airborne bacteria and fungi can cause respiratory infections, while airborne viruses can cause diseases such as the common cold and influenza.
Air microbiology involves various techniques for collecting and analyzing air samples, including culturing microorganisms on growth media, using molecular biology methods to identify specific types of microorganisms, and measuring the concentration of microorganisms in the air. This information can be used to develop strategies for controlling the spread of airborne pathogens and protecting public health.
'Plant infertility' is not a standard medical term, as it is typically used in the context of agriculture and plant biology. However, I can provide you with a general definition related to this context:
Plant infertility refers to the inability of a plant to produce viable seeds, fruits, or propagules due to various factors affecting its reproductive system. These factors may include genetic disorders, environmental stressors (such as extreme temperatures, drought, or nutrient deficiencies), pathogens, pests, or poor pollination. In some cases, assisted reproduction techniques, such as hand-pollination or embryo rescue, might be employed to overcome infertility issues in plants.
Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:
1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.
Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.
'Laboratory animals' are defined as non-human creatures that are used in scientific research and experiments to study various biological phenomena, develop new medical treatments and therapies, test the safety and efficacy of drugs, medical devices, and other products. These animals are kept under controlled conditions in laboratory settings and are typically purpose-bred for research purposes.
The use of laboratory animals is subject to strict regulations and guidelines to ensure their humane treatment and welfare. The most commonly used species include mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, dogs, cats, non-human primates, and fish. Other less common species may also be used depending on the specific research question being studied.
The primary goal of using laboratory animals in research is to advance our understanding of basic biological processes and develop new medical treatments that can improve human and animal health. However, it is important to note that the use of animals in research remains a controversial topic due to ethical concerns regarding their welfare and potential for suffering.
Medical Laboratory Science, also known as Clinical Laboratory Science, is a healthcare profession that involves the performance and interpretation of laboratory tests to detect, diagnose, monitor, and treat diseases. Medical Laboratory Scientists (MLS) work in various settings such as hospitals, clinics, research institutions, and diagnostic laboratories. They analyze body fluids, tissues, and cells using sophisticated instruments and techniques to provide accurate and timely results that aid in the clinical decision-making process.
MLS professionals perform a range of laboratory tests including hematology, clinical chemistry, microbiology, immunology, molecular biology, urinalysis, and blood banking. They follow standardized procedures and quality control measures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of test results. MLS professionals also evaluate complex data, correlate test findings with clinical symptoms, and communicate their findings to healthcare providers.
MLS education typically requires a bachelor's degree in Medical Laboratory Science or a related field, followed by a clinical internship or residency program. Many MLS professionals are certified or licensed by professional organizations such as the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) and the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS).
Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus that invades the body through the mouth, usually from contaminated water or food. The virus multiplies in the intestine and can invade the nervous system, causing paralysis.
The medical definition of Poliomyelitis includes:
1. An acute viral infection caused by the poliovirus.
2. Characterized by inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (poliomyelitis), leading to muscle weakness, and in some cases, paralysis.
3. The disease primarily affects children under 5 years of age.
4. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route or, less frequently, by respiratory droplets.
5. The virus enters the body via the mouth, multiplies in the intestines, and can invade the nervous system.
6. There are three types of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), each capable of causing paralytic polio.
7. Infection with one type does not provide immunity to the other two types.
8. The disease has no cure, but vaccination can prevent it.
9. Two types of vaccines are available: inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
10. Rare complications of OPV include vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "security measures" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a more general term that can be applied to various fields, including healthcare, and refers to the steps or actions taken to protect individuals, data, or systems from harm or unauthorized access. In a medical context, security measures might include things like physical security measures to protect patients and staff (such as locks on doors and surveillance cameras), as well as cybersecurity measures to protect patient data (such as encryption and firewalls).
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Infectious4
- If you are in the region, you can call us at (866) 806-6970 as soon as possible so our infectious disease cleaning representatives can speak to you about all of our Biohazard Containment wonderful services. (rockenv.com)
- Scientists handling the infectious virus must wear full-body biohazard suits with pressurized respirators, and work inside laboratories with multiple containment levels and specialized ventilation systems. (wustl.edu)
- Choose the infectious disease and biohazard professionals at NE Disaster Solutions Rapid Response Unit and ensure the only outcome acceptable, total sanitization. (nedisastersolutions.com)
- Bio-Protective Products manufactures a infectious and hazardous waste wipe and containment bag all-in-one. (botid.org)
Biosafety6
- The Cell Culture Lab is designed as an isolated Biohazard Containment Level 2 work area with a biosafety cabinet for working with mammalian cell culture and human body fluids. (ualberta.ca)
- This article addresses biosafety and biosecurity in high-containment level laboratories (BSL-3 and BSL-4) in Latin America, with a focus on classification, current status, and regulatory frameworks. (effectivealtruism.org)
- Biosafety and biosecurity in high-containment level laboratories (BSL-3 and BSL-4) are of vital importance for the protection of public health. (effectivealtruism.org)
- Biological safety cabinets - also called biosafety cabinets or tissue culture hoods - are the primary means of containment developed for working safely with biohazardous materials. (ucsd.edu)
- Large equipment where biohazardous materials are used and/or stored, such as biosafety cabinets, incubators, refrigerators and freezers, must be visibly labeled with the universal biohazard symbol. (ucsd.edu)
- In accordance with the University Senate, the Brandon University Biosafety Committee (BUBC) has been mandated to develop relevant policies and approval procedures governing the use of biohazards on campus and review and verify that Brandon University research proposals involving the use of biohazardous materials adhere to the Public Health Agency of Canada's Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's Containment Standards for Veterinary Facilities. (brandonu.ca)
Contaminants4
- Biohazards can also inflict permanent damage and stains on porous surfaces besides pathogens and contaminants. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- Our exclusive Specimen Shield Biohazard specimen bags protect health care workers from specimen leaks as well as keeping its contents free from contaminants such as dirt and or moisture. (entremaqueros.com)
- Biohazard contaminants should be considered very dangerous as they can pose a serious health risk. (servproblackhawkcounty.com)
- SERVPRO of Black Hawk County has water damage restoration specialists and has specific training and expertise to safely remediate biohazard contaminants. (servproblackhawkcounty.com)
Contamination3
- The site is thoroughly inspected to understand the extent of the biohazard contamination. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- We thoroughly assess the contamination and create a safe and effective biohazard remediation plan. (puroclean.com)
- Professionals have the equipment and training to safely clean up biohazards without further contamination. (puroclean.com)
Cleanup services2
- Professional services like the biohazard cleanup services in Covington involve proper disposal of biohazard material, ensuring no recurrence or spread. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- PuroClean of Brazos County is your local, trusted provider of biohazard cleanup services. (puroclean.com)
Laboratory2
- Perform laboratory procedures that could create airborne biohazards in a biological safety cabinet. (ucsd.edu)
- For fume containment, laboratory fume hoods use a ducted ventilation system that maintains negative pressure. (terrauniversal.com)
Disposal3
- Proper biohazard disposal practices are followed in line with local and national guidelines for biohazard waste management. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- One of the biggest challenges with biohazard cleanup is containment and disposal. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- A single leak-resistant biohazard bag is usually adequate for containment of non-sharp regulated medical waste, provided the bag is sturdy and the waste can be discarded without contaminating the bag's exterior and can be securely closed for disposal. (cdc.gov)
Scenarios2
- A common fear in biohazard scenarios is the risk of disease transmission from pathogens at the site. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- Sewer backups and flood water are two common biohazard scenarios that can affect homes and businesses. (servproblackhawkcounty.com)
Prevention1
- From trauma cleaning to disease prevention, professionals are trained to handle and dispose of these biohazards without causing infections. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
Ensures2
- By following these steps, the biohazard cleanup process ensures that the environment is rid of health risks and safe for habitation. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- Our plastic Biohazard Bags alert others of the biohazardous waste contained within and ensures correct handling. (entremaqueros.com)
Facility4
- Biological Services is a Biohazard Containment Level 2 departmental facility and resource designed to help researchers take advantage of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology and cell biology approaches in order to realize their research goals. (ualberta.ca)
- The CBS describes the minimum requirements for compliance of any containment zone in a facility regulated under the HPTA, HPTR, HAA and HAR, as applicable. (canada.ca)
- As a result, these plans depend on adequate containment of the samples during the return journey and in the receiving facility on Earth until the tests can be completed on Earth. (science20.com)
- Preliminary testing of the modified mail pass and biohazard detection system for the ventilation and filtration system of the automated facer canceller system at Siemens Postal Automation Facility Arlington, Texas. (cdc.gov)
Bags2
- MEET REQUIREMENTS: Resealable plastic bags conform to specimen and handling guidelines for secondary containment. (entremaqueros.com)
- Biohazard specimen transport bags available in several stock sizes or customize to your exact specifications. (entremaqueros.com)
Considerations1
- Human and Animal Experimentation Ethical Considerations and Containment. (physiotherapy.ca)
Biological safety1
- Make sure you are using a biological safety cabinet when you work with biohazards. (ucsd.edu)
Ventilation2
- Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted a preliminary evaluation of the local exhaust ventilation at the delivery bins and a qualitative evaluation of the contaminant capture capabilities of the Biohazard Detection System (BDS) and Ventilation/Filtration System (VFS) for the Advanced Facer Canceller System (APCS). (cdc.gov)
- The ventilation system for the APCS was designed to be used with a Biohazard Detection System (BDS) that samples and analyzes air from the APCS to determine if a biohazard is present. (cdc.gov)
Products2
- Despite the availability of numerous cleaning products in the market, biohazard cleanup needs expertise and precision. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- All Verified logo printing biohazard specimen transport bag suppliers & logo printing biohazard specimen transport bag manufacturers have passed our Business License Check, they can provide quality logo printing biohazard specimen transport bag products. (entremaqueros.com)
Services3
- At Rock Environmental, we use the finest tools and equipment to complete your Biohazard Containment services including the state-of-the-art SteraMist. (rockenv.com)
- If you need Biohazard Containment services on your house, call us at Rock Environmental now. (rockenv.com)
- PuroClean of Brazos County provides a full range of biohazard removal services, including the use of PuroClean RapidDefense™ for an Influenza or Norovirus outbreak. (puroclean.com)
Containers1
- Puncture-resistant containers with a biohazard label, located at the point of use (i.e., sharps containers), are used to dispose of sharp items. (cdc.gov)
Laboratories1
- In the region, the lack of uniformity in data collection makes it difficult to accurately understand the infrastructure of high-containment laboratories. (effectivealtruism.org)
Certification1
- Annual certification is required for all BSCs used for work with biohazards. (ucsd.edu)
Odors2
- Biohazard sites often face strong and unsightly odors. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- Typically, once the biohazard is cleaned and the area sanitized, odors dissipate. (puroclean.com)
Enclosure1
- It is recommended that the BDS exhaust be relocated to exhaust manifold one to improve containment at the post flats extractor enclosure. (cdc.gov)
Sewer1
- Biohazards like flood water or sewer backups should be considered an emergency and dealt with as quickly as possible. (servproblackhawkcounty.com)
Exposure2
- Fast, effective cleanup allows for efficient containment and significantly reduces the risks associated with biohazard exposure. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- Personal protective equipment is critical to biohazard cleanup to protect individuals from bodily fluid exposure or disease transmission. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
Priority1
- Health and safety should be the top priority when dealing with biohazards. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
Waste1
- Discard into biohazard waste container. (csumb.edu)
Level5
- The Microbiology Lab is a Biohazard Containment Level 2 work area used mainly for growing microbiological cultures and processing microbiological samples. (ualberta.ca)
- Containment level (i.e. (canada.ca)
- There can be one plan for each campus, site and containment level, or a single plan that covers multiple sites, licences , and containment levels. (canada.ca)
- We will determine the level of containment needed and inform you of the plan of action. (puroclean.com)
- However, there are circumstances for which high-level containment aeromedical transport of patients with HHCD is necessary(3). (bvsalud.org)
Professionals2
- Send a call now to our biohazard cleaning professionals so that they can get down to business on your property in appropriate time. (rockenv.com)
- Professionals gauge the type of biohazard, degree of spread, and potential risks during this preliminary evaluation. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
Material1
- TIDIShield Transport is a post-case back table containment cover used to aid in identifying biohazardous material transport from surgical room to decontamination. (tidiproducts.com)
Facilities1
- Plasmids are also easy-to-use and cheap, eliminating the need for specialised biohazard containment facilities. (thebeefsite.com)
Proper1
- The user and/or subsequent maintenance or service personnel can be exposed to an unexpected biohazard should proper containment precautions not be taken. (fda.gov)
Control2
- Infection control forms a vital part of the biohazard cleanup process. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- Conclusión: la realización de la revisión generó un cuerpo de evidencia que refuerza la importancia de implementar medidas efectivas para la prevención y el control de la infección de sitio quirúrgico, por parte de los profesionales de la salud, después de la cirugía bariátrica, promoviendo la mejora de la atención y la seguridad del paciente en el período perioperatorio. (bvsalud.org)
Type1
- Bag Biohazard Specimen Transport Bag Transparent 95kPa Biohazard Bag Specimen Transport Bag Industry-specific attributes Please inquiry us: [email protected] Whatsapp: +8613780964661 Industrial Use Medicine disposable-consumables.com Bag Type Zipper Bag . (entremaqueros.com)
Potential1
- Also the plans proposed so far do not include tests for biohazard potential in Earth-like environments prior to return to Earth. (science20.com)
Perform1
- It is key to perform biohazard removal with special attention to safety and industry and OSHA standards. (puroclean.com)
Process1
- This is the first step in the biohazard cleanup process. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
Standards1
- Tuttnauer is at the front lines, continuously creating new standards in the field of bio containment. (tuttnauer.com)
Important3
- This is an important stage that involves diligent cleaning and removing all visible signs of the biohazard. (carlsonwagonlit.ca)
- In today's society the need for safe bio-containment systems is increasingly important. (tuttnauer.com)
- It is important that biohazard removal is completed with special attention to the safety of everyone involved. (puroclean.com)
Clean1
- Can I clean up the biohazard myself? (puroclean.com)
Systems1
- With years of experience in the market, Tuttnauer produces reliable and safe bio- containment systems. (tuttnauer.com)
Create1
- The bio-shield is a barrier whose purpose is to create a complete hermetic seal between the differently qualified zones, providing maximum biological containment between the zones. (tuttnauer.com)