Lenses designed to be worn on the front surface of the eyeball. (UMDNS, 1999)
Soft, supple contact lenses made of plastic polymers which interact readily with water molecules. Many types are available, including continuous and extended-wear versions, which are gas-permeable and easily sterilized.
Sterile solutions used to clean and disinfect contact lenses.
Inflammation of the cornea.
A broad family of synthetic organosiloxane polymers containing a repeating silicon-oxygen backbone with organic side groups attached via carbon-silicon bonds. Depending on their structure, they are classified as liquids, gels, and elastomers. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)
Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.
Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity.
A genus of free-living soil amoebae that produces no flagellate stage. Its organisms are pathogens for several infections in humans and have been found in the eye, bone, brain, and respiratory tract.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the CONJUNCTIVA and CORNEA.
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.
The fitting and adjusting of artificial parts of the body. (From Stedman's, 26th ed)
Apparatus, devices, or supplies intended for one-time or temporary use.
A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Artificial implanted lenses.
Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.
An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.
The measurement of curvature and shape of the anterior surface of the cornea using techniques such as keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing and videokeratography. This measurement is often applied in the fitting of contact lenses and in diagnosing corneal diseases or corneal changes including keratoconus, which occur after keratotomy and keratoplasty.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
Diseases of the cornea.
A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications.
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Hydrophilic contact lenses worn for an extended period or permanently.
The portion of the crystalline lens surrounding the nucleus and bound anteriorly by the epithelium and posteriorly by the capsule. It contains lens fibers and amorphous, intercellular substance.
The thin noncellular outer covering of the CRYSTALLINE LENS composed mainly of COLLAGEN TYPE IV and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. It is secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. The embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears.
A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex.
Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.
'Lens diseases' is a broad term referring to various pathological conditions affecting the lens of the eye, including cataracts, subluxation, and dislocation, which can lead to visual impairment or blindness if not managed promptly.
Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc.
Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.
Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS with the soil fungus FUSARIUM. Typically the infection is limited to the nail plate (ONYCHOMYCOSIS). The infection can however become systemic especially in an IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST (e.g., NEUTROPENIA) and results in cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions, fever, KERATITIS, and pulmonary infections.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.
The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.
Measurement of light given off by fluorescein in order to assess the integrity of various ocular barriers. The method is used to investigate the blood-aqueous barrier, blood-retinal barrier, aqueous flow measurements, corneal endothelial permeability, and tear flow dynamics.
A biocompatible, hydrophilic, inert gel that is permeable to tissue fluids. It is used as an embedding medium for microscopy, as a coating for implants and prostheses, for contact lenses, as microspheres in adsorption research, etc.
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
A heterogeneous family of water-soluble structural proteins found in cells of the vertebrate lens. The presence of these proteins accounts for the transparency of the lens. The family is composed of four major groups, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and several minor groups, which are classed on the basis of size, charge, immunological properties, and vertebrate source. Alpha, beta, and delta crystallins occur in avian and reptilian lenses, while alpha, beta, and gamma crystallins occur in all other lenses.
The methyl esters of methacrylic acid that polymerize easily and are used as tissue cements, dental materials, and absorbent for biological substances.
Stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the CORNEA. It is smooth and contains many free nerve endings.
Each of the upper and lower folds of SKIN which cover the EYE when closed.
Incomplete rupture of the zonule with the displaced lens remaining behind the pupil. In dislocation, or complete rupture, the lens is displaced forward into the anterior chamber or backward into the vitreous body. When congenital, this condition is known as ECTOPIA LENTIS.
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.
The lamellated connective tissue constituting the thickest layer of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
An alternative to REFRACTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES. A therapeutic procedure for correcting REFRACTIVE ERRORS. It involves wearing CONTACT LENSES designed to force corrective changes to the curvature of the CORNEA that remain after the lenses are removed. The effect is temporary but is maintained by wearing the therapeutic lenses daily, usually during sleep.
The science dealing with the establishment and maintenance of health in the individual and the group. It includes the conditions and practices conducive to health. (Webster, 3d ed)
Polymers of silicone that are formed by crosslinking and treatment with amorphous silica to increase strength. They have properties similar to vulcanized natural rubber, in that they stretch under tension, retract rapidly, and fully recover to their original dimensions upon release. They are used in the encapsulation of surgical membranes and implants.
Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.
Diseases affecting the eye.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea.
Identification of those persons (or animals) who have had such an association with an infected person, animal, or contaminated environment as to have had the opportunity to acquire the infection. Contact tracing is a generally accepted method for the control of sexually transmitted diseases.
Measurement of distances or movements by means of the phenomena caused by the interference of two rays of light (optical interferometry) or of sound (acoustic interferometry).
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
'Eye proteins' are structural or functional proteins, such as crystallins, opsins, and collagens, located in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, lens, retina, and aqueous humor, that contribute to maintaining transparency, refractive power, phototransduction, and overall integrity of the visual system.
Partial or total replacement of the CORNEA from one human or animal to another.
Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur.
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.
Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels. It is used also for the determination of the near point of convergence (CONVERGENCE, OCULAR). (From Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Methods of creating machines and devices.
Biguanides are a class of oral hypoglycemic agents, including metformin, which primarily reduce blood glucose levels by decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing insulin sensitivity, but not by stimulating insulin secretion, and they are commonly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Infections with bacteria of the genus SERRATIA.
A specialized field of physics and engineering involved in studying the behavior and properties of light and the technology of analyzing, generating, transmitting, and manipulating ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet range.
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
Partial or total replacement of all layers of a central portion of the cornea.
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Radiation protection, also known as radiation safety, is the science and practice of protecting people and the environment from harmful ionizing radiation exposure while allowing for the safe medical, industrial, and research uses of such radiation.
Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.
Gas lasers with excited dimers (i.e., excimers) as the active medium. The most commonly used are rare gas monohalides (e.g., argon fluoride, xenon chloride). Their principal emission wavelengths are in the ultraviolet range and depend on the monohalide used (e.g., 193 nm for ArF, 308 nm for Xe Cl). These lasers are operated in pulsed and Q-switched modes and used in photoablative decomposition involving actual removal of tissue. (UMDNS, 2005)
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eye, resulting in symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, burning, discharge, and increased sensitivity to light.
A species of free-living soil amoebae in the family Acanthamoebidae. It can cause ENCEPHALITIS and KERATITIS in humans.
Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal.
A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.
A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.
The sebaceous glands situated on the inner surface of the eyelids between the tarsal plates and CONJUNCTIVA.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
Loss of CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM usually following intraocular surgery (e.g., cataract surgery) or due to FUCHS' ENDOTHELIAL DYSTROPHY; ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA; IRITIS; or aging.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
Brief closing of the eyelids by involuntary normal periodic closing, as a protective measure, or by voluntary action.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a broad range of disorders that affect the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer layer of the eyeball, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, irritation, discharge, and/or inflammation.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Estimation of corneal endothelial pump function in long-term contact lens wearers. (1/407)

PURPOSE: To study the effects of long-term contact lens wear on morphologic and physiologic properties of corneal endothelial cells. METHODS: The endothelial permeability to fluorescein and the rate of corneal deswelling from hypoxia-induced edema were measured in 20 long-term (mean, 17+/-9 years; range, 5-33 years) contact lens wearers and 20 age-matched control subjects. From these data, the relative endothelial pump rate in each subject was estimated, based on the pump-leak hypothesis of corneal hydration control. Corneal autofluorescence and the aqueous humor flow rate were determined by fluorescein fluorophotometry. Images of corneal endothelial cells were recorded by using specular microscopy, and morphologic indices (cell density, coefficient of variation of cell area, percentage of hexagonal cells, and skewness) were determined. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the contact lens and control groups in endothelial permeability, corneal deswelling, relative endothelial pump rate ([mean +/- SD] 1.07+/-0.33 relative pump units versus 1.01+/-0.25 relative pump units; contact lens versus control; P = 0.57), and endothelial cell density. Contact lens wearers had a significantly higher aqueous humor flow rate (3.57+/-1.03 microl/min versus 2.77+/-0.51 microl/min; P = 0.005), coefficient of variation of cell area (0.35+/-0.09 versus 0.28+/-0.04; P = 0.006), and corneal autofluorescence (3.1+/-0.6 ng/ml versus 2.3+/-0.3 ng/ml fluorescein equivalents; P < 0.001) than did non-contact lens wearers. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the known effects of long-term contact lens wear on corneal endothelial morphometry, no effect on endothelial function was found.  (+info)

Contact lens-induced infection--a new model of Candida albicans keratitis. (2/407)

PURPOSE: A model of experimental keratomycosis was established that mimics human disease in which the only fungi present are those that are actively growing within the cornea. METHODS: Dutch-belted rabbits received a subconjunctival injection of triamcinolone acetonide to one eye. One day later the epithelium was removed from the central cornea and a standardized inoculum of Candida albicans blastoconidia was placed on the corneal surface and covered with a contact lens. The lids were closed with a lateral tarsorrhaphy. After 24 hours, the lid sutures and contact lens were removed. Five days later the animals were killed, and their corneas were subjected to separate isolate recovery and histology studies. A group of similarly infected rabbits without corticosteroid injection served as controls. RESULTS: Both groups developed invasive corneal disease. Although isolate recovery was not significantly different from corticosteroid-treated rabbits compared with controls, fungal biomass was increased. Hyphal invasion was limited to the anterior cornea in control eyes, but penetrated deep stroma in most of the corticosteroid-treated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive corneal disease can be established with a surface inoculum. Corticosteroid administration increased corneal penetration of hyphae. Quantitative isolate recovery is not a reliable measure of the fungal load within the cornea.  (+info)

Clinical estimation of corneal endothelial pump function. (3/407)

PURPOSE: To develop a technique to estimate the corneal endothelial pump rate in human subjects. METHODS: Corneal hydration control is thought to be maintained by a pump-leak mechanism whereby the leak of solutes and fluid across the endothelial barrier into the stroma is, in the steady state, exactly balanced by the pumping of solutes and passive fluid transfer across the endothelium to the aqueous humor. Overall corneal hydration control can be measured from the rate at which the swollen cornea thins (deswells), and a measure of the leak can be obtained simultaneously from the endothelial permeability to fluorescein. From the pump-leak hypothesis, the deswelling rate is directly proportional to the pump rate and inversely proportional to the leak rate. The relative endothelial pump rate can be estimated as the product of the normalized deswelling rate and the normalized endothelial permeability. This procedure was used to obtain the relative endothelial pump rate in 41 patients with diabetes mellitus, 12 patients with long-term corneal transplants, 20 long-term wearers of contact lenses, and 19 normal volunteer subjects after the short-term administration of topical dorzolamide. RESULTS: The relative endothelial pump rate did not differ significantly from that of control subjects in diabetics, in contact lens wearers, and after dorzolamide administration, but was markedly decreased in the patients with corneal transplants, despite a reduction in permeability (reduced leak). CONCLUSIONS: This method allows the estimation of both the barrier and pump arms of corneal endothelial function and should be useful in the investigation of causes and mechanisms of functional endothelial insufficiency.  (+info)

Rehabilitation of children with cataracts. (4/407)

Over a period of 10 years, 160 children with cataracts underwent operation at the University of Tennessee Medical Center, Memphis. The surgical, optical, and psychosocial rehabilitation of these patients was analyzed and studied. The optical rehabilitation included patients with glasses, intraocular lens implants, epikeratophakia, and contact lenses. Seventy three of these patients were chosen at random and reevaluated as to visual outcome, and 46 were subjected to a psychosocial test to evaluate their quality of life and their rehabilitation. Eighteen of these were also given a psychosocial test to evaluate the quality of life enjoyed by these children at an older age following treatment for the cataract. Surgical, optical, and psychosocial rehabilitation of such children is also discussed. This is the first report of the psychological evaluation of such children. The further needs of these children as they approach adulthood are discussed in detail.  (+info)

Rapid improvement in the acuity of infants after visual input. (5/407)

Visual acuity was assessed in 28 human infants who had been deprived of all patterned visual input by cataracts in one or both eyes until they were treated at 1 week to 9 months of age. Immediately after treatment, acuity was no better than that of normal newborns. Acuity improved significantly over the next month, with some improvement apparent after as little as 1 hour of visual input. Unlike findings at older ages, the pattern of results was the same for eyes treated for monocular and for binocular deprivation. The results indicate that patterned visual input is necessary for the postnatal improvement of human visual acuity and that the onset of such input initiates rapid functional development.  (+info)

Measurement of post-lens tear thickness. (6/407)

PURPOSE: A method to measure the tear film beneath a soft contact lens, referred to as post-lens tear thickness (PLTT), would have many applications to contact lens research. In this study a noninvasive technique for measuring the PLTT is presented. METHODS: The feasibility of measuring the tear layer by optical pachometry was first assessed using a model eye. The baseline corneal thickness (B) of both eyes of 21 subjects was measured, etafilcon-A ionic disposable soft contact lenses (58% water) were inserted, and the total thickness (T) of the cornea, contact lens, and PLTT were measured. After the pachometry readings the lenses were removed and their center thickness (C) determined. The PLTT was calculated using the equation: PLTT = T-(B+C). Two sets of measurements of T were performed at 15 and 25 minutes after lens insertion. The entire procedure was repeated at a second visit. RESULTS: The pachometry measurements of the small aqueous reservoir between the model eye and the lens closely matched those obtained by direct microscopic measurement. For human PLTT, the mean values (and 95% confidence intervals) for right eyes on visits 1 and 2 were 11 (8, 13) and 12 (10, 15) microm, respectively, and for left eyes were 12 (10, 15) and 11 microm (8, 14) microm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to measure the post-lens tear thickness using optical pachometry. The variability between repeated measurements suggests that with careful sample size planning, the technique is sufficiently precise to be useful in group assessments of PLTT.  (+info)

Isoenzyme patterns and phylogenetic relationships in Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from contact lens containers in Korea. (7/407)

In order to refer to the basic information regarding the identification of isolates obtained from a contact lens container in Korea, the isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis was employed to compare the isoenzyme band patterns among Acanthamoeba spp. including eight isolates and the simple pairwise dissimilarity analysis was carried out. For an alkaline phosphate development, isolate 7 and Acanthamoeba polyphaga showed homologous band patterns, and isolates 1, 2, and 3 showed the same patterns. For lactate dehydrogenase, similar patterns were observed in isolates 2 and 3. Isolates 3 and 5 showed homologous band patterns for malate dehydrogenase and glucose phosphate isomerase. For hexokinase, isolates 4, 7, and A, hatchetti showed the same band patterns. In others, a considerable number of interstrain polymorphisms was observed in nine isoenzyme band patterns. In Acanthamoeba group II, genetic distances among isolates 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ranged from 0.104 to 0.200. In comparison to A. castellanii, A. hatchetti, and A. polyphaga, genetic distances of isolates 7 and 8 were 0.254 and 0.219, respectively. In Acanthamoeba group III, including A. culbertsoni, A. healyi, and A. royreba, isolate 6 had genetic distances which ranged from 0.314 to 0.336. Finally, when comparing to the six reference Acanthamoeba, it was possible to classify isolates 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, as genetically close-related species and as independent species group. Furthermore, isolates 6, 7 and 8 were identified as independent species as well.  (+info)

Clinical course of hurricane keratopathy. (8/407)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: "Hurricane keratopathy" is the name given to the whorl pattern, highlighted with fluorescein, seen in situations where corneal epithelial cell turnover is exaggerated. Although the condition is well described, follow up data on patients with this condition and its sequelae have only been reported in corneal graft patients. The aim was to study the clinical course of hurricane keratopathy in corneal graft patients and contact lens wearers, and to document any sequelae of this condition. METHODS: Hurricane keratopathy, occurring in 20 eyes with corneal grafts and 16 eyes (six bilateral) wearing rigid gas permeable contact lenses, was studied and followed. The occurrence, pattern, progress, resolution, and residual effects of the whorls were noted. RESULTS: Hurricane keratopathy was noted to occur in grafts as previously reported and also in contact lens wearers, which has hitherto not been reported. The whorls usually appeared within the first 3 weeks postoperatively and persisted up to 4 months. A small epithelial defect (11.1%), heaped epithelial cells (5.6%), and a nebular grade opacity (2.8%), were the only significant sequelae noted at the epicentre of the whorls. Resolution occurred from the periphery towards the centre of the cornea. CONCLUSIONS: The whorl pattern is sustained as long as the stimulus for increased cell turnover is maintained. Once this stimulus is eliminated, the pattern tends to resolve spontaneously.  (+info)

Contact lenses are thin, curved plastic or silicone hydrogel devices that are placed on the eye to correct vision, replace a missing or damaged cornea, or for cosmetic purposes. They rest on the surface of the eye, called the cornea, and conform to its shape. Contact lenses are designed to float on a thin layer of tears and move with each blink.

There are two main types of contact lenses: soft and rigid gas permeable (RGP). Soft contact lenses are made of flexible hydrophilic (water-absorbing) materials that allow oxygen to pass through the lens to the cornea. RGP lenses are made of harder, more oxygen-permeable materials.

Contact lenses can be used to correct various vision problems, including nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia. They come in different shapes, sizes, and powers to suit individual needs and preferences. Proper care, handling, and regular check-ups with an eye care professional are essential for maintaining good eye health and preventing complications associated with contact lens wear.

Hydrophilic contact lenses are a type of contact lens that is designed to absorb and retain water. These lenses are made from materials that have an affinity for water, which helps them to remain moist and comfortable on the eye. The water content of hydrophilic contact lenses can vary, but typically ranges from 30-80% by weight.

Hydrophilic contact lenses are often used to correct refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. They can be made in a variety of materials, including soft hydrogel and silicone hydrogel.

One advantage of hydrophilic contact lenses is that they tend to be more comfortable to wear than other types of contacts, as they retain moisture and conform closely to the shape of the eye. However, they may also be more prone to deposits and buildup, which can lead to protein accumulation and discomfort over time. Proper care and cleaning are essential to maintain the health of the eyes when wearing hydrophilic contact lenses.

Contact lens solutions are a type of disinfecting and cleaning solution specifically designed for use with contact lenses. They typically contain a combination of chemicals, such as preservatives, disinfectants, and surfactants, that work together to clean, disinfect, and store contact lenses safely and effectively.

There are several types of contact lens solutions available, including:

1. Multipurpose solution: This type of solution is the most commonly used and can be used for cleaning, rinsing, disinfecting, and storing soft contact lenses. It contains a combination of ingredients that perform all these functions in one step.
2. Hydrogen peroxide solution: This type of solution contains hydrogen peroxide as the main active ingredient, which is a powerful disinfectant. However, it requires a special case called a neutralizer to convert the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen before using the lenses.
3. Saline solution: This type of solution is used only for rinsing and storing contact lenses and does not contain any disinfecting or cleaning agents. It is often used in combination with other solutions for a complete contact lens care routine.
4. Daily cleaner: This type of solution is used to remove protein buildup and other deposits from the surface of contact lenses. It should be used in conjunction with a multipurpose or hydrogen peroxide solution as part of a daily cleaning routine.

It's important to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully when using contact lens solutions to ensure that they are used safely and effectively. Failure to do so could result in eye irritation, infection, or other complications.

Keratitis is a medical condition that refers to inflammation of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an essential role in focusing vision, and any damage or infection can cause significant visual impairment. Keratitis can result from various causes, including bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections, as well as trauma, allergies, or underlying medical conditions such as dry eye syndrome. Symptoms of keratitis may include redness, pain, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a feeling of something foreign in the eye. Treatment for keratitis depends on the underlying cause but typically includes antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-fungal medications, as well as measures to alleviate symptoms and promote healing.

Silicones are not a medical term, but they are commonly used in the medical field, particularly in medical devices and healthcare products. Silicones are synthetic polymers made up of repeating units of siloxane, which is a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms. They can exist in various forms such as oils, gels, rubbers, and resins.

In the medical context, silicones are often used for their unique properties, including:

1. Biocompatibility - Silicones have a low risk of causing an adverse reaction when they come into contact with living tissue.
2. Inertness - They do not react chemically with other substances, making them suitable for use in medical devices that need to remain stable over time.
3. Temperature resistance - Silicones can maintain their flexibility and elasticity even under extreme temperature conditions.
4. Gas permeability - Some silicone materials allow gases like oxygen and water vapor to pass through, which is useful in applications where maintaining a moist environment is essential.
5. Durability - Silicones have excellent resistance to aging, weathering, and environmental factors, ensuring long-lasting performance.

Examples of medical applications for silicones include:

1. Breast implants
2. Contact lenses
3. Catheters
4. Artificial joints and tendons
5. Bandages and wound dressings
6. Drug delivery systems
7. Medical adhesives
8. Infant care products (nipples, pacifiers)

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare but serious infection of the cornea, which is the clear outer layer at the front of the eye. It's caused by a microscopic organism called Acanthamoeba, which is commonly found in water and soil.

The infection typically occurs in people who wear contact lenses, particularly those who do not clean and disinfect their lenses properly or who swim or shower while wearing their contacts. It can cause pain, redness, blurry vision, sensitivity to light, and a feeling like there's something in your eye.

If left untreated, Acanthamoeba keratitis can lead to serious complications, including corneal scarring, loss of vision, or even blindness. Treatment typically involves the use of specialized antimicrobial drops and sometimes requires a corneal transplant in severe cases. Prevention measures include proper contact lens hygiene, avoiding swimming or showering while wearing contacts, and regularly replacing contact lens storage cases.

In the context of medical terminology, "lenses" generally refers to optical lenses used in various medical devices and instruments. These lenses are typically made of glass or plastic and are designed to refract (bend) light in specific ways to help magnify, focus, or redirect images. Here are some examples:

1. In ophthalmology and optometry, lenses are used in eyeglasses, contact lenses, and ophthalmic instruments to correct vision problems like myopia (nearsightedness), hypermetropia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia.
2. In surgical microscopes, lenses are used to provide a magnified and clear view of the operating field during microsurgical procedures like ophthalmic, neurosurgical, or ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat) surgeries.
3. In endoscopes and laparoscopes, lenses are used to transmit light and images from inside the body during minimally invasive surgical procedures.
4. In ophthalmic diagnostic instruments like slit lamps, lenses are used to examine various structures of the eye in detail.

In summary, "lenses" in medical terminology refer to optical components that help manipulate light to aid in diagnosis, treatment, or visual correction.

Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living, ubiquitous amoebae found in various environments such as soil, water, and air. These microorganisms have a characteristic morphology with thin, flexible pseudopods and large, rounded cells that contain endospores. They are known to cause two major types of infections in humans: Acanthamoeba keratitis, an often painful and potentially sight-threatening eye infection affecting the cornea; and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), a rare but severe central nervous system infection primarily impacting individuals with weakened immune systems.

Acanthamoeba keratitis typically occurs through contact lens wearers accidentally introducing the organism into their eyes, often via contaminated water sources or inadequately disinfected contact lenses and solutions. Symptoms include eye pain, redness, sensitivity to light, tearing, and blurred vision. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing severe complications and potential blindness.

Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is an opportunistic infection that affects people with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. The infection spreads hematogenously (through the bloodstream) to the central nervous system, where it causes inflammation and damage to brain tissue. Symptoms include headache, fever, stiff neck, seizures, altered mental status, and focal neurological deficits. GAE is associated with high mortality rates due to its severity and the challenges in diagnosing and treating the infection effectively.

Prevention strategies for Acanthamoeba infections include maintaining good hygiene practices, regularly replacing contact lenses and storage cases, using sterile saline solution or disposable contact lenses, and avoiding swimming or showering while wearing contact lenses. Early detection and appropriate medical intervention are essential for managing these infections and improving patient outcomes.

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It plays a crucial role in focusing vision. The cornea protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms, and it also serves as a barrier against UV light. Its transparency allows light to pass through and get focused onto the retina. The cornea does not contain blood vessels, so it relies on tears and the fluid inside the eye (aqueous humor) for nutrition and oxygen. Any damage or disease that affects its clarity and shape can significantly impact vision and potentially lead to blindness if left untreated.

In medical terms, "tears" are a clear, salty liquid that is produced by the tear glands (lacrimal glands) in our eyes. They serve to keep the eyes moist, protect against dust and other foreign particles, and help to provide clear vision by maintaining a smooth surface on the front of the eye. Tears consist of water, oil, and mucus, which help to prevent evaporation and ensure that the tears spread evenly across the surface of the eye. Emotional or reflexive responses, such as crying or yawning, can also stimulate the production of tears.

A corneal ulcer is a medical condition that affects the eye, specifically the cornea. It is characterized by an open sore or lesion on the surface of the cornea, which can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or fungal infections, viruses, or injury to the eye.

The cornea is a transparent tissue that covers the front part of the eye and protects it from harmful particles, bacteria, and other foreign substances. When the cornea becomes damaged or infected, it can lead to the development of an ulcer. Symptoms of a corneal ulcer may include pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a white spot on the surface of the eye.

Corneal ulcers require prompt medical attention to prevent further damage to the eye and potential loss of vision. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, as well as pain management and measures to protect the eye while it heals. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage to the cornea.

Prosthesis fitting is the process of selecting, designing, fabricating, and fitting a prosthetic device to replace a part of an individual's body that is missing due to congenital absence, illness, injury, or amputation. The primary goal of prosthesis fitting is to restore the person's physical function, mobility, and independence, as well as improve their overall quality of life.

The process typically involves several steps:

1. Assessment: A thorough evaluation of the patient's medical history, physical condition, and functional needs is conducted to determine the most appropriate type of prosthesis. This may include measurements, castings, or digital scans of the residual limb.

2. Design: Based on the assessment, a customized design plan is created for the prosthetic device, taking into account factors such as the patient's lifestyle, occupation, and personal preferences.

3. Fabrication: The prosthesis is manufactured using various materials, components, and techniques to meet the specific requirements of the patient. This may involve the use of 3D printing, computer-aided design (CAD), or traditional handcrafting methods.

4. Fitting: Once the prosthesis is fabricated, it is carefully fitted to the patient's residual limb, ensuring optimal comfort, alignment, and stability. Adjustments may be made as needed to achieve the best fit and function.

5. Training: The patient receives training on how to use and care for their new prosthetic device, including exercises to strengthen the residual limb and improve overall mobility. Follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor progress, make any necessary adjustments, and provide ongoing support.

Disposable equipment in a medical context refers to items that are designed to be used once and then discarded. These items are often patient-care products that come into contact with patients or bodily fluids, and are meant to help reduce the risk of infection transmission. Examples of disposable medical equipment include gloves, gowns, face masks, syringes, and bandages.

Disposable equipment is intended for single use only and should not be reused or cleaned for reuse. This helps ensure that the equipment remains sterile and free from potential contaminants that could cause harm to patients or healthcare workers. Proper disposal of these items is also important to prevent the spread of infection and maintain a safe and clean environment.

Keratoconus is a degenerative non-inflammatory disorder of the eye, primarily affecting the cornea. It is characterized by a progressive thinning and steepening of the central or paracentral cornea, causing it to assume a conical shape. This results in irregular astigmatism, myopia, and scattering of light leading to blurred vision, visual distortions, and sensitivity to glare. The exact cause of keratoconus is unknown, but it may be associated with genetics, eye rubbing, and certain medical conditions. It typically starts in the teenage years and progresses into the third or fourth decade of life. Treatment options include glasses, contact lenses, cross-linking, and corneal transplantation in advanced cases.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are artificial lens implants that are placed inside the eye during ophthalmic surgery, such as cataract removal. These lenses are designed to replace the natural lens of the eye that has become clouded or damaged, thereby restoring vision impairment caused by cataracts or other conditions.

There are several types of intraocular lenses available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodative lenses. Monofocal IOLs provide clear vision at a single fixed distance, while multifocal IOLs offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric IOLs are designed to correct astigmatism, and accommodative IOLs can change shape and position within the eye to allow for a range of vision.

The selection of the appropriate type of intraocular lens depends on various factors, including the patient's individual visual needs, lifestyle, and ocular health. The implantation procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis and involves minimal discomfort or recovery time. Overall, intraocular lenses have become a safe and effective treatment option for patients with vision impairment due to cataracts or other eye conditions.

Aphakia is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye. This can occur naturally, but it's most commonly the result of surgery to remove a cataract, a cloudy lens that can cause vision loss. In some cases, the lens may not be successfully removed or may be accidentally lost during surgery, leading to aphakia. People with aphakia typically have significant vision problems and may require corrective measures such as glasses, contact lenses, or an intraocular lens implant to improve their vision.

Corneal edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. This buildup of fluid causes the cornea to swell and thicken, resulting in blurry or distorted vision. Corneal edema can be caused by various factors, including eye injuries, certain medications, eye surgeries, and diseases that affect the eye's ability to pump fluids out of the cornea. In some cases, corneal edema may resolve on its own or with treatment, but in severe cases, it may require a corneal transplant.

Corneal topography is a non-invasive medical imaging technique used to create a detailed map of the surface curvature of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. This procedure provides valuable information about the shape and condition of the cornea, helping eye care professionals assess various eye conditions such as astigmatism, keratoconus, and other corneal abnormalities. It can also be used in contact lens fitting, refractive surgery planning, and post-surgical evaluation.

Bacterial eye infections, also known as bacterial conjunctivitis or bacterial keratitis, are caused by the invasion of bacteria into the eye. The most common types of bacteria that cause these infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. Symptoms include severe pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and decreased vision.

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a bacterial eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing your eyes.

Corneal diseases are a group of disorders that affect the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in focusing vision, and any damage or disease can cause significant visual impairment or loss. Some common types of corneal diseases include:

1. Keratoconus: A progressive disorder in which the cornea thins and bulges outward into a cone shape, causing distorted vision.
2. Fuchs' dystrophy: A genetic disorder that affects the inner layer of the cornea called the endothelium, leading to swelling, cloudiness, and decreased vision.
3. Dry eye syndrome: A condition in which the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, causing discomfort, redness, and blurred vision.
4. Corneal ulcers: Open sores on the cornea that can be caused by infection, trauma, or other factors.
5. Herpes simplex keratitis: A viral infection of the cornea that can cause recurrent episodes of inflammation, scarring, and vision loss.
6. Corneal dystrophies: Inherited disorders that affect the structure and clarity of the cornea, leading to visual impairment or blindness.
7. Bullous keratopathy: A condition in which the endothelium fails to pump fluid out of the cornea, causing it to swell and form blisters.
8. Corneal trauma: Injury to the cornea caused by foreign objects, chemicals, or other factors that can lead to scarring, infection, and vision loss.

Treatment for corneal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity of the disease. Options may include eyedrops, medications, laser surgery, corneal transplantation, or other treatments.

A hydrogel is a biomaterial that is composed of a three-dimensional network of crosslinked polymers, which are able to absorb and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluids while maintaining their structure. Hydrogels are similar to natural tissues in their water content, making them suitable for various medical applications such as contact lenses, wound dressings, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.

Hydrogels can be synthesized from a variety of materials, including synthetic polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) or natural polymers like collagen, hyaluronic acid, or chitosan. The properties of hydrogels, such as their mechanical strength, degradation rate, and biocompatibility, can be tailored to specific applications by adjusting the type and degree of crosslinking, the molecular weight of the polymers, and the addition of functional groups or drugs.

Hydrogels have shown great potential in medical research and clinical practice due to their ability to mimic the natural environment of cells and tissues, provide sustained drug release, and promote tissue regeneration.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

Extended-wear contact lenses are a type of contact lens that is designed to be worn continuously, including during sleep, for an extended period of time. These lenses are typically made from materials that allow more oxygen to reach the eye, reducing the risk of eye irritation and infection compared to traditional overnight wear of non-extended wear lenses.

Extended-wear contact lenses can be worn for up to 30 days or longer, depending on the specific lens material and the individual's tolerance. However, it is important to note that even extended-wear contacts come with some risks, including a higher risk of eye infections and corneal ulcers compared to daily wear lenses. Therefore, it is essential to follow the recommended wearing schedule and replacement schedule provided by an eye care professional, as well as to have regular eye exams to monitor the health of the eyes.

The crystalline lens in the eye is composed of three main parts: the capsule, the cortex, and the nucleus. The lens cortex is the outer layer of the lens, located between the capsule and the nucleus. It is made up of proteins and water, and its primary function is to help refract (bend) light rays as they pass through the eye, contributing to the focusing power of the eye.

The cortex is more flexible than the central nucleus, allowing it to change shape and adjust the focus of the eye for different distances. However, with age, the lens cortex can become less elastic, leading to presbyopia, a common age-related condition that affects the ability to focus on close objects. Additionally, changes in the lens cortex have been associated with cataracts, a clouding of the lens that can impair vision.

The crystalline lens of the eye is covered by a transparent, elastic capsule known as the lens capsule. This capsule is made up of collagen and forms the continuous outer layer of the lens. It is highly resistant to both physical and chemical insults, which allows it to protect the lens fibers within. The lens capsule is important for maintaining the shape and transparency of the lens, which are essential for proper focusing of light onto the retina.

Eyeglasses are a medical device used to correct vision problems. Also known as spectacles, they consist of frames that hold one or more lenses through which a person looks to see clearly. The lenses may be made of glass or plastic and are designed to compensate for various visual impairments such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Eyeglasses can be custom-made to fit an individual's face and prescription, and they come in a variety of styles, colors, and materials. Some people wear eyeglasses all the time, while others may only need to wear them for certain activities such as reading or driving.

The lens nucleus, also known as the crystalline lens nucleus, is the central part of the crystalline lens in the eye. The crystalline lens is a biconvex structure located behind the iris and pupil, which helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina.

The lens nucleus is composed of densely packed lens fibers that have lost their nuclei and cytoplasm during differentiation. It is surrounded by the lens cortex, which consists of younger lens fiber cells that are still metabolically active. The lens nucleus is relatively avascular and receives its nutrients through diffusion from the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye.

The lens nucleus plays an important role in the accommodation process, which allows the eye to focus on objects at different distances. During accommodation, the ciliary muscles contract and release tension on the lens zonules, allowing the lens to become thicker and increase its curvature. This results in a decrease in the focal length of the lens and enables the eye to focus on nearby objects. The lens nucleus is more rigid than the cortex and helps maintain the shape of the lens during accommodation.

Changes in the lens nucleus are associated with several age-related eye conditions, including cataracts and presbyopia. Cataracts occur when the lens becomes cloudy or opaque, leading to a decrease in vision clarity. Presbyopia is a condition that affects the ability to focus on near objects and is caused by a hardening of the lens nucleus and a loss of elasticity in the lens fibers.

Ocular refraction is a medical term that refers to the bending of light as it passes through the optical media of the eye, including the cornea and lens. This process allows the eye to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image. The refractive power of the eye is determined by the curvature and transparency of these structures.

In a normal eye, light rays are bent or refracted in such a way that they converge at a single point on the retina, producing a sharp and focused image. However, if the curvature of the cornea or lens is too steep or too flat, the light rays may not converge properly, resulting in a refractive error such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), or astigmatism.

Ocular refraction can be measured using a variety of techniques, including retinoscopy, automated refraction, and subjective refraction. These measurements are used to determine the appropriate prescription for corrective lenses such as eyeglasses or contact lenses. In some cases, ocular refractive errors may be corrected surgically through procedures such as LASIK or PRK.

Lens diseases refer to conditions that affect the lens of the eye, which is a transparent structure located behind the iris and pupil. The main function of the lens is to focus light onto the retina, enabling clear vision. Here are some examples of lens diseases:

1. Cataract: A cataract is a clouding of the lens that affects vision. It is a common age-related condition, but can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication.
2. Presbyopia: This is not strictly a "disease," but rather an age-related change in the lens that causes difficulty focusing on close objects. It typically becomes noticeable in people over the age of 40.
3. Lens dislocation: This occurs when the lens slips out of its normal position, usually due to trauma or a genetic disorder. It can cause vision problems and may require surgical intervention.
4. Lens opacity: This refers to any clouding or opacification of the lens that is not severe enough to be considered a cataract. It can cause visual symptoms such as glare or blurred vision.
5. Anterior subcapsular cataract: This is a type of cataract that forms in the front part of the lens, often as a result of injury or inflammation. It can cause significant visual impairment.
6. Posterior subcapsular cataract: This is another type of cataract that forms at the back of the lens, often as a result of diabetes or certain medications. It can also cause significant visual impairment.

Overall, lens diseases can have a significant impact on vision and quality of life, and may require medical intervention to manage or treat.

Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces through the use of chemicals, heat, or other methods. The goal of disinfection is to reduce the number of pathogens to a level that is considered safe for human health. Disinfection is an important step in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings, food processing facilities, and other environments where there is a risk of infection transmission.

It's important to note that disinfection is not the same as sterilization, which is the complete elimination of all microorganisms, including spores. Disinfection is generally less effective than sterilization but is often sufficient for most non-critical surfaces and objects. The choice between disinfection and sterilization depends on the level of risk associated with the item or surface being treated and the intended use of that item or surface.

Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a surgical procedure that involves placing a small artificial lens inside the eye to replace the natural lens that has been removed. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy natural lens is removed and replaced with an IOL to restore clear vision.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the eye, and the cloudy lens is broken up and removed using ultrasound waves or laser energy. Then, the folded IOL is inserted through the same incision and positioned in the correct place inside the eye. Once in place, the IOL unfolds and is secured into position.

There are several types of IOLs available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodating lenses. Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at one distance, while multifocal lenses offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric lenses correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.

Overall, intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore clear vision in patients with cataracts or other eye conditions that require the removal of the natural lens.

Hydrogels are defined in the medical and biomedical fields as cross-linked, hydrophilic polymer networks that have the ability to swell and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluids while maintaining their structure. They can be synthesized from natural, synthetic, or hybrid polymers.

Hydrogels are known for their biocompatibility, high water content, and soft consistency, which resemble natural tissues, making them suitable for various medical applications such as contact lenses, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, wound dressing, and biosensors. The physical and chemical properties of hydrogels can be tailored to specific uses by adjusting the polymer composition, cross-linking density, and network structure.

Fusariosis is a rare but serious invasive fungal infection caused by the Fusarium species, a type of filamentous fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and plants. The infection can affect various organs and tissues, including the lungs, sinuses, skin, nails, and internal organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys.

Fusariosis is often difficult to diagnose due to its nonspecific symptoms and the challenges of detecting the fungus in clinical samples. The infection can occur in people with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.

The severity of fusariosis varies depending on the site of infection and the patient's underlying health status. In some cases, it can cause severe illness and even death, especially in patients with prolonged neutropenia (low white blood cell count) or other serious medical conditions. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as voriconazole or amphotericin B, and sometimes surgical debridement of infected tissues.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error of the eye. It occurs when the eye is either too long or the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too curved. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects remain clear.

Myopia typically develops during childhood and can progress gradually or rapidly until early adulthood. It can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Regular eye examinations are essential for people with myopia to monitor any changes in their prescription and ensure proper correction.

While myopia is generally not a serious condition, high levels of nearsightedness can increase the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and myopic degeneration. Therefore, it's crucial to manage myopia effectively and maintain regular follow-ups with an eye care professional.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Equipment contamination in a medical context refers to the presence of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, on the surfaces of medical equipment or devices. This can occur during use, storage, or transportation of the equipment and can lead to the transmission of infections to patients, healthcare workers, or other individuals who come into contact with the contaminated equipment.

Equipment contamination can occur through various routes, including contact with contaminated body fluids, airborne particles, or environmental surfaces. To prevent equipment contamination and the resulting infection transmission, it is essential to follow strict infection control practices, such as regular cleaning and disinfection of equipment, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and proper handling and storage of medical devices.

Presbyopia is a age-related eye condition, typically occurring after the age of 40, where the lens of the eye loses its flexibility and makes it difficult to focus on near objects. This results in blurred vision when reading, sewing or focusing on other close-up tasks. It's a natural part of the aging process and is not a disease. Corrective measures such as reading glasses, bifocals, multifocal lenses or contact lenses, or refractive surgery can help manage this condition.

Fluorophotometry is a medical diagnostic technique that measures the concentration of fluorescein dye in various tissues, particularly the eye. This technique utilizes a specialized instrument called a fluorophotometer which emits light at a specific wavelength that causes the fluorescein to emit light at a longer wavelength. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of fluorescein in the tissue.

Fluorophotometry is often used in ophthalmology to assess the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier, which can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and uveitis. It may also have applications in other medical fields for measuring the concentration of fluorescent markers in various tissues.

Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate (PHEMA) is not a medical term itself, but a chemical compound that is used in various medical and biomedical applications. Therefore, I will provide you with a chemical definition of PHEMA:

Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate (PHEMA) is a type of synthetic hydrogel, which is a cross-linked polymer network with the ability to absorb and retain significant amounts of water or biological fluids. It is made by polymerizing the methacrylate monomer, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), in the presence of a crosslinking agent. The resulting PHEMA material has excellent biocompatibility, making it suitable for various medical applications such as contact lenses, drug delivery systems, artificial cartilage, and wound dressings.

Astigmatism is a common eye condition that occurs when the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, causing blurred or distorted vision. The cornea and lens are typically smooth and curved uniformly in all directions, allowing light to focus clearly on the retina. However, if the cornea or lens is not smoothly curved and has a steeper curve in one direction than the other, it causes light to focus unevenly on the retina, leading to astigmatism.

Astigmatism can cause blurred vision at all distances, as well as eye strain, headaches, and fatigue. It is often present from birth and can be hereditary, but it can also develop later in life due to eye injuries or surgery. Astigmatism can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.

Fungal eye infections, also known as fungal keratitis or ocular fungal infections, are caused by the invasion of fungi into the eye. The most common types of fungi that cause these infections include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. These infections can affect any part of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and vitreous humor.

Fungal eye infections often present with symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, blurred vision, and discharge. In severe cases, they can lead to corneal ulcers, perforation of the eye, and even blindness if left untreated. Risk factors for fungal eye infections include trauma to the eye, contact lens wear, immunosuppression, and pre-existing eye conditions such as dry eye or previous eye surgery.

Diagnosis of fungal eye infections typically involves a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, and sometimes corneal scrapings for microbiological culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment usually involves topical antifungal medications, such as natamycin or amphotericin B, and in some cases may require oral or intravenous antifungal therapy. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage caused by the infection.

Crystallins are the major proteins found in the lens of the eye in vertebrates. They make up about 90% of the protein content in the lens and are responsible for maintaining the transparency and refractive properties of the lens, which are essential for clear vision. There are two main types of crystallins, alpha (α) and beta/gamma (β/γ), which are further divided into several subtypes. These proteins are highly stable and have a long half-life, which allows them to remain in the lens for an extended period of time. Mutations in crystallin genes have been associated with various eye disorders, including cataracts and certain types of glaucoma.

Methyl Methacrylates (MMA) are a family of synthetic materials that are commonly used in the medical field, particularly in orthopedic and dental applications. Medically, MMA is often used as a bone cement to fix prosthetic implants, such as artificial hips or knees, into place during surgeries.

Methyl methacrylates consist of a type of acrylic resin that hardens when mixed with a liquid catalyst. This property allows it to be easily molded and shaped before it sets, making it ideal for use in surgical procedures where precise positioning is required. Once hardened, MMA forms a strong, stable bond with the bone, helping to secure the implant in place.

It's important to note that while MMA is widely used in medical applications, there have been concerns about its safety in certain situations. For example, some studies have suggested that high levels of methyl methacrylate fumes released during the setting process may be harmful to both patients and surgical staff. Therefore, appropriate precautions should be taken when using MMA-based products in medical settings.

The corneal epithelium is the outermost layer of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It is a stratified squamous epithelium, consisting of several layers of flat, scale-like cells that are tightly packed together. The corneal epithelium serves as a barrier to protect the eye from microorganisms, dust, and other foreign particles. It also provides a smooth surface for the refraction of light, contributes to the maintenance of corneal transparency, and plays a role in the eye's sensitivity to touch and pain. The corneal epithelium is constantly being renewed through the process of cell division and shedding, with new cells produced by stem cells located at the limbus, the border between the cornea and the conjunctiva.

Eyelids are the thin folds of skin that cover and protect the front surface (cornea) of the eye when closed. They are composed of several layers, including the skin, muscle, connective tissue, and a mucous membrane called the conjunctiva. The upper and lower eyelids meet at the outer corner of the eye (lateral canthus) and the inner corner of the eye (medial canthus).

The main function of the eyelids is to protect the eye from foreign particles, light, and trauma. They also help to distribute tears evenly over the surface of the eye through blinking, which helps to keep the eye moist and healthy. Additionally, the eyelids play a role in facial expressions and non-verbal communication.

Lens subluxation, also known as lens dislocation or ectopia lentis, is a condition where the lens of the eye becomes partially or completely displaced from its normal position. The lens is held in place by tiny fibers called zonules, which can become weakened or broken due to various reasons such as genetic disorders (like Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, and Weill-Marchesani syndrome), trauma, inflammation, or cataract surgery complications. This displacement can lead to symptoms like blurry vision, double vision, sensitivity to light, or the appearance of a shadow in the peripheral vision. In some cases, lens subluxation may not cause any noticeable symptoms and can be discovered during routine eye examinations. Treatment options depend on the severity and underlying cause of the subluxation and may include eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgical intervention to remove and replace the displaced lens with an intraocular lens (IOL).

Refractive errors are a group of vision conditions that include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), astigmatism, and presbyopia. These conditions occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, causing blurred or distorted vision.

Myopia is a condition where distant objects appear blurry while close-up objects are clear. This occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it.

Hyperopia, on the other hand, is a condition where close-up objects appear blurry while distant objects are clear. This happens when the eye is too short or the cornea is not curved enough, causing light to focus behind the retina.

Astigmatism is a condition that causes blurred vision at all distances due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens.

Presbyopia is a natural aging process that affects everyone as they get older, usually around the age of 40. It causes difficulty focusing on close-up objects and can be corrected with reading glasses, bifocals, or progressive lenses.

Refractive errors can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and are typically corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy or irreversibly inactivate microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores. They are different from sterilizers, which kill all forms of life, and from antiseptics, which are used on living tissue. Disinfectants work by damaging the cell wall or membrane of the microorganism, disrupting its metabolism, or interfering with its ability to reproduce. Examples of disinfectants include alcohol, bleach, hydrogen peroxide, and quaternary ammonium compounds. They are commonly used in hospitals, laboratories, and other settings where the elimination of microorganisms is important for infection control. It's important to use disinfectants according to the manufacturer's instructions, as improper use can reduce their effectiveness or even increase the risk of infection.

Eye infections, also known as ocular infections, are conditions characterized by the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in any part of the eye or its surrounding structures. These infections can affect various parts of the eye, including the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis), cornea (keratitis), eyelid (blepharitis), or the internal structures of the eye (endophthalmitis, uveitis). The symptoms may include redness, pain, discharge, itching, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. The cause can be bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic, and the treatment typically involves antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals, depending on the underlying cause.

The corneal stroma, also known as the substantia propria, is the thickest layer of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays a crucial role in focusing vision.

The corneal stroma makes up about 90% of the cornea's thickness and is composed of parallel bundles of collagen fibers that are arranged in regular, repeating patterns. These fibers give the cornea its strength and transparency. The corneal stroma also contains a small number of cells called keratocytes, which produce and maintain the collagen fibers.

Disorders that affect the corneal stroma can cause vision loss or other eye problems. For example, conditions such as keratoconus, in which the cornea becomes thin and bulges outward, can distort vision and make it difficult to see clearly. Other conditions, such as corneal scarring or infection, can also affect the corneal stroma and lead to vision loss or other eye problems.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

Orthokeratology, often referred to as "ortho-k," is a non-surgical procedure that uses specially designed contact lenses to temporarily reshape the cornea (the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye). The goal of orthokeratology is to flatten the cornea slightly so that it can properly focus light onto the retina and improve vision.

During an orthokeratology procedure, a patient wears specially fitted contact lenses while they sleep. These lenses gently reshape the cornea overnight, allowing the patient to see clearly during the day without needing glasses or contact lenses. The effects of orthokeratology are usually reversible and may wear off if the patient stops wearing the contact lenses regularly.

Orthokeratology is often used as an alternative to refractive surgery for people who want to correct their vision without undergoing a surgical procedure. It can be particularly useful for individuals with mild to moderate myopia (nearsightedness) and astigmatism, although it may also be used to treat other refractive errors.

It's important to note that orthokeratology is not a permanent solution for vision problems, and it does carry some risks, such as eye infections and corneal abrasions. As with any medical procedure, it's essential to consult with an eye care professional to determine whether orthokeratology is the right choice for you.

Hygiene is the science and practice of maintaining and promoting health and preventing disease through cleanliness in personal and public environments. It includes various measures such as handwashing, bathing, using clean clothes, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, proper waste disposal, safe food handling, and managing water supplies to prevent the spread of infectious agents like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

In a medical context, hygiene is crucial in healthcare settings to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and ensure patient safety. Healthcare professionals are trained in infection control practices, including proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), environmental cleaning and disinfection, and safe injection practices.

Overall, maintaining good hygiene is essential for overall health and well-being, reducing the risk of illness and promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Silicone elastomers are a type of synthetic rubber made from silicone, which is a polymer composed primarily of silicon-oxygen bonds. They are known for their durability, flexibility, and resistance to heat, cold, and moisture. Silicone elastomers can be manufactured in various forms, including liquids, gels, and solids, and they are used in a wide range of medical applications such as:

1. Breast implants: Silicone elastomer shells filled with silicone gel are commonly used for breast augmentation and reconstruction.
2. Contact lenses: Some contact lenses are made from silicone elastomers due to their high oxygen permeability, which allows for better eye health.
3. Catheters: Silicone elastomer catheters are flexible and resistant to kinking, making them suitable for long-term use in various medical procedures.
4. Implantable drug delivery systems: Silicone elastomers can be used as a matrix for controlled release of drugs, allowing for sustained and targeted medication administration.
5. Medical adhesives: Silicone elastomer adhesives are biocompatible and can be used to attach medical devices to the skin or other tissues.
6. Sealants and coatings: Silicone elastomers can be used as sealants and coatings in medical devices to prevent leakage, improve durability, and reduce infection risk.

It is important to note that while silicone elastomers are generally considered safe for medical use, there have been concerns about the potential health risks associated with breast implants, such as capsular contracture, breast pain, and immune system reactions. However, these risks vary depending on the individual's health status and the specific type of silicone elastomer used.

Ophthalmic solutions are sterile, single-use or multi-dose preparations in a liquid form that are intended for topical administration to the eye. These solutions can contain various types of medications, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, or lubricants, which are used to treat or prevent ocular diseases and conditions.

The pH and osmolarity of ophthalmic solutions are carefully controlled to match the physiological environment of the eye and minimize any potential discomfort or irritation. The solutions may be packaged in various forms, including drops, sprays, or irrigations, depending on the intended use and administration route.

It is important to follow the instructions for use provided by a healthcare professional when administering ophthalmic solutions, as improper use can lead to eye injury or reduced effectiveness of the medication.

Dry eye syndrome, also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition characterized by insufficient lubrication and moisture of the eyes. This occurs when the tears produced by the eyes are not sufficient in quantity or quality to keep the eyes moist and comfortable. The medical definition of dry eye syndromes includes the following symptoms:

1. A gritty or sandy sensation in the eyes
2. Burning or stinging sensations
3. Redness and irritation
4. Blurred vision that improves with blinking
5. Light sensitivity
6. A feeling of something foreign in the eye
7. Stringy mucus in or around the eyes
8. Difficulty wearing contact lenses
9. Watery eyes, which may seem contradictory but can be a response to dryness
10. Eye fatigue and discomfort after prolonged screen time or reading

The causes of dry eye syndromes can include aging, hormonal changes, certain medical conditions (such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Sjogren's syndrome), medications (antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, birth control pills), environmental factors (dry air, wind, smoke, dust), and prolonged screen time or reading.

Treatment for dry eye syndromes depends on the severity of the condition and its underlying causes. It may include artificial tears, lifestyle changes, prescription medications, and in some cases, surgical procedures to improve tear production or drainage.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error in which the eye does not focus light directly on the retina when looking at a distant object. Instead, light is focused behind the retina, causing close-up objects to appear blurry. This condition usually results from the eyeball being too short or the cornea having too little curvature. It can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.

The endothelium of the cornea is the thin, innermost layer of cells that lines the inner surface of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped structure at the front of the eye. This single layer of specialized cells is essential for maintaining the transparency and proper hydration of the cornea, allowing light to pass through it and focus on the retina.

The endothelial cells are hexagonal in shape and have tight junctions between them, creating a semi-permeable barrier that controls the movement of water and solutes between the corneal stroma (the middle layer of the cornea) and the anterior chamber (the space between the cornea and the iris). The endothelial cells actively pump excess fluid out of the cornea, maintaining a delicate balance of hydration that is critical for corneal clarity.

Damage to or dysfunction of the corneal endothelium can result in corneal edema (swelling), cloudiness, and loss of vision. Factors contributing to endothelial damage include aging, eye trauma, intraocular surgery, and certain diseases such as Fuchs' dystrophy and glaucoma.

Contact tracing is a key public health strategy used to control the spread of infectious diseases. It involves identifying and monitoring individuals (contacts) who have come into close contact with an infected person (case), to prevent further transmission of the disease. The process typically includes:

1. Case identification: Identifying and confirming cases of infection through diagnostic testing.
2. Contact identification: Finding people who may have been in close contact with the infected case during their infectious period, which is the time when they can transmit the infection to others. Close contacts are usually defined as individuals who have had face-to-face contact with a confirmed case within a certain distance (often 6 feet or closer) and/or shared confined spaces for prolonged periods (usually more than 15 minutes).
3. Contact listing: Recording the identified contacts' information, including their names, addresses, phone numbers, and potentially other demographic data.
4. Risk assessment: Evaluating the level of risk associated with each contact based on factors such as the type of exposure, duration of contact, and the infectiousness of the case.
5. Notification: Informing contacts about their potential exposure to the infection and providing them with necessary health information, education, and guidance. This may include recommendations for self-quarantine, symptom monitoring, testing, and vaccination if available.
6. Follow-up: Monitoring and supporting contacts during their quarantine or isolation period, which typically lasts 14 days from the last exposure to the case. Public health professionals will check in with contacts regularly to assess their symptoms, provide additional guidance, and ensure they are adhering to the recommended infection prevention measures.
7. Data management: Documenting and reporting contact tracing activities for public health surveillance, evaluation, and future planning purposes.

Contact tracing is a critical component of infectious disease control and has been used effectively in managing various outbreaks, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and more recently, COVID-19.

Interferometry is not specifically a medical term, but it is used in certain medical fields such as ophthalmology and optics research. Here is a general definition:

Interferometry is a physical method that uses the interference of waves to measure the differences in phase between two or more waves. In other words, it's a technique that combines two or more light waves to create an interference pattern, which can then be analyzed to extract information about the properties of the light waves, such as their wavelength, amplitude, and phase.

In ophthalmology, interferometry is used in devices like wavefront sensors to measure the aberrations in the eye's optical system. By analyzing the interference pattern created by the light passing through the eye, these devices can provide detailed information about the shape and curvature of the cornea and lens, helping doctors to diagnose and treat various vision disorders.

In optics research, interferometry is used to study the properties of light waves and materials that interact with them. By analyzing the interference patterns created by light passing through different materials or devices, researchers can gain insights into their optical properties, such as their refractive index, thickness, and surface roughness.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eye, also known as the sclera. It helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants. The conjunctiva can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye).

Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:

1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.

2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.

Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.

Ocular accommodation is the process by which the eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. This is primarily achieved by the lens of the eye changing shape through the action of the ciliary muscles inside the eye. When you look at something far away, the lens becomes flatter, and when you look at something close up, the lens thickens. This ability to adjust focus allows for clear vision at different distances.

Eye proteins, also known as ocular proteins, are specific proteins that are found within the eye and play crucial roles in maintaining proper eye function and health. These proteins can be found in various parts of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and other structures. They perform a wide range of functions, such as:

1. Structural support: Proteins like collagen and elastin provide strength and flexibility to the eye's tissues, enabling them to maintain their shape and withstand mechanical stress.
2. Light absorption and transmission: Proteins like opsins and crystallins are involved in capturing and transmitting light signals within the eye, which is essential for vision.
3. Protection against damage: Some eye proteins, such as antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins, help protect the eye from oxidative stress, UV radiation, and other environmental factors that can cause damage.
4. Regulation of eye growth and development: Various growth factors and signaling molecules, which are protein-based, contribute to the proper growth, differentiation, and maintenance of eye tissues during embryonic development and throughout adulthood.
5. Immune defense: Proteins involved in the immune response, such as complement components and immunoglobulins, help protect the eye from infection and inflammation.
6. Maintenance of transparency: Crystallin proteins in the lens maintain its transparency, allowing light to pass through unobstructed for clear vision.
7. Neuroprotection: Certain eye proteins, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), support the survival and function of neurons within the retina, helping to preserve vision.

Dysfunction or damage to these eye proteins can contribute to various eye disorders and diseases, such as cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and others.

Corneal transplantation, also known as keratoplasty, is a surgical procedure in which all or part of a damaged or diseased cornea is replaced with healthy corneal tissue from a deceased donor. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that plays an important role in focusing vision. When it becomes cloudy or misshapen due to injury, infection, or inherited conditions, vision can become significantly impaired.

During the procedure, the surgeon carefully removes a circular section of the damaged cornea and replaces it with a similarly sized piece of donor tissue. The new cornea is then stitched into place using very fine sutures that are typically removed several months after surgery.

Corneal transplantation has a high success rate, with more than 90% of procedures resulting in improved vision. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved, including infection, rejection of the donor tissue, and bleeding. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for any signs of complications and ensure proper healing.

Amebiasis is defined as an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which can affect the intestines and other organs. The infection can range from asymptomatic to symptomatic with various manifestations such as abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be mild or severe), bloody stools, and fever. In some cases, it can lead to serious complications like liver abscess. Transmission of the parasite typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water.

Contact dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin that occurs when it comes into contact with a substance that the individual has developed an allergic reaction to or that causes irritation. It can be divided into two main types: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis.

Allergic contact dermatitis is caused by an immune system response to a substance, known as an allergen, which the individual has become sensitized to. When the skin comes into contact with this allergen, it triggers an immune reaction that results in inflammation and characteristic symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and blistering. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics.

Irritant contact dermatitis, on the other hand, is caused by direct damage to the skin from a substance that is inherently irritating or corrosive. This can occur after exposure to strong acids, alkalis, solvents, or even prolonged exposure to milder irritants like water or soap. Symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis include redness, pain, burning, and dryness at the site of contact.

The treatment for contact dermatitis typically involves avoiding further exposure to the allergen or irritant, as well as managing symptoms with topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or other medications as needed. In some cases, patch testing may be performed to identify specific allergens that are causing the reaction.

Ophthalmodynamometry is a medical technique used to measure the amount of pressure or force required to flatten the cornea, which can help in the diagnosis and evaluation of various eye conditions, particularly glaucoma. It involves using a handheld device called an ophthalmodynamometer to apply gentle pressure to the eyelid while observing changes in the optic nerve head and retinal vessels through an ophthalmoscope. The test provides information about the resistance of the eyeball to external pressure, which can be useful in assessing the functioning of the eye's aqueous humor drainage system and identifying any abnormalities that may contribute to increased intraocular pressure (IOP).

The procedure typically involves several steps:

1. The patient is asked to look in different directions while the examiner observes the optic nerve head and retinal vessels through an ophthalmoscope.
2. The examiner then applies gentle pressure to the eyelid using the ophthalmodynamometer, gradually increasing the force until the cornea begins to flatten.
3. The amount of pressure required to achieve this is recorded as the ophthalmodynamometric value.
4. The examiner may repeat the process several times to ensure accurate and consistent results.
5. The results are then compared with normative data to determine whether the patient's IOP is within normal limits or if there are any signs of glaucoma or other eye conditions.

It is important to note that ophthalmodynamometry should only be performed by trained healthcare professionals, as improper technique can lead to inaccurate results and potential harm to the patient's eyes.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

Biguanides are a class of oral hypoglycemic agents used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The primary mechanism of action of biguanides is to decrease hepatic glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity, which leads to reduced fasting glucose levels and improved glycemic control.

The most commonly prescribed biguanide is metformin, which has been widely used for several decades due to its efficacy and low risk of hypoglycemia. Other biguanides include phenformin and buformin, but these are rarely used due to their association with a higher risk of lactic acidosis, a potentially life-threatening complication.

In addition to their glucose-lowering effects, biguanides have also been shown to have potential benefits on cardiovascular health and weight management, making them a valuable treatment option for many individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, they should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal function or other underlying medical conditions that may increase the risk of lactic acidosis.

Serratia infections are caused by bacteria named Serratia marcescens, which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. These gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacilli can be found in various environments, including water, soil, and food. While they are a part of the normal gut flora in humans and animals, Serratia species can cause infections under certain circumstances, such as impaired immune function or when introduced into sterile sites like the bloodstream, urinary tract, or lungs.

Serratia infections can manifest as:

1. Pneumonia: A lower respiratory tract infection that causes cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Bacterial invasion of the urinary system, leading to symptoms like dysuria, frequency, urgency, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine.
3. Bloodstream infections (Bacteremia/Septicemia): Invasion of the bloodstream by Serratia species, which can result in fever, chills, and sepsis.
4. Wound infections: Localized infection of wounds or surgical sites, causing pain, redness, swelling, and pus discharge.
5. Eye infections (Conjunctivitis/Keratitis): Bacterial invasion of the eye, leading to symptoms like redness, pain, tearing, and discharge.
6. Central Nervous System (CNS) infections: Rare but severe complications include meningitis or brain abscesses.

Serratia infections can be challenging to treat due to their resistance to multiple antibiotics, including first-line agents like ampicillin and cephalosporins. Therefore, healthcare providers often rely on carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, or aminoglycosides for treatment. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial to ensure favorable outcomes in patients with Serratia infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Optics and Photonics" is a broad field that encompasses various scientific and engineering disciplines. It doesn't have a specific medical definition, as it's not a term typically used in a medical context.

However, I can provide a general definition:

Optics is the study of light and its interactions with matter. This includes how light is produced, controlled, transmitted, and detected. It involves phenomena such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.

Photonics, on the other hand, is a branch of optics that deals with the generation, detection, and manipulation of individual photons, the basic units of light. Photonics is often applied to technologies such as lasers, fiber optics, and optical communications.

In a medical context, these fields might be used in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as endoscopes, ophthalmic devices, laser surgery, and imaging technologies like MRI and CT scans. But the terms "Optics" and "Photonics" themselves are not medical conditions or treatments.

Pseudophakia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person's natural lens in the eye has been replaced with an artificial one. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy, natural lens is removed and replaced with a clear, artificial lens to improve vision. The prefix "pseudo" means false or fake, and "phakia" refers to the natural lens of the eye, hence the term "Pseudophakia" implies a false or artificial lens.

Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is a type of corneal transplant surgery where the entire thickness of the host's damaged or diseased cornea is removed and replaced with a similar full-thickness portion of a healthy donor's cornea. The procedure aims to restore visual function, alleviate pain, and improve the structural integrity of the eye. It is typically performed for conditions such as severe keratoconus, corneal scarring, or corneal ulcers that cannot be treated with other, less invasive methods. Following the surgery, patients may require extended recovery time and rigorous postoperative care to minimize the risk of complications and ensure optimal visual outcomes.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a type of inflammatory skin reaction that occurs when the skin comes into contact with a substance (allergen) that the immune system recognizes as foreign and triggers an allergic response. This condition is characterized by redness, itching, swelling, blistering, and cracking of the skin, which usually develops within 24-48 hours after exposure to the allergen. Common allergens include metals (such as nickel), rubber, medications, fragrances, and cosmetics. It is important to note that a person must first be sensitized to the allergen before developing an allergic response upon subsequent exposures.

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.

Radiation protection, also known as radiation safety, is a field of study and practice that aims to protect people and the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation. It involves various measures and techniques used to minimize or eliminate exposure to ionizing radiation, such as:

1. Time: Reducing the amount of time spent near a radiation source.
2. Distance: Increasing the distance between oneself and a radiation source.
3. Shielding: Using materials that can absorb or block radiation to reduce exposure.
4. Containment: Preventing the release of radiation into the environment.
5. Training and education: Providing information and training to individuals who work with radiation sources.
6. Dosimetry and monitoring: Measuring and monitoring radiation doses received by individuals and populations.
7. Emergency planning and response: Developing plans and procedures for responding to radiation emergencies or accidents.

Radiation protection is an important consideration in various fields, including medicine, nuclear energy, research, and manufacturing, where ionizing radiation sources are used or produced.

Methacrylates are a group of chemical compounds that contain the methacrylate functional group, which is a vinyl group (CH2=CH-) with a carbonyl group (C=O) at the β-position. This structure gives them unique chemical and physical properties, such as low viscosity, high reactivity, and resistance to heat and chemicals.

In medical terms, methacrylates are used in various biomedical applications, such as dental restorative materials, bone cements, and drug delivery systems. For example, methacrylate-based resins are commonly used in dentistry for fillings, crowns, and bridges due to their excellent mechanical properties and adhesion to tooth structures.

However, there have been concerns about the potential toxicity of methacrylates, particularly their ability to release monomers that can cause allergic reactions, irritation, or even mutagenic effects in some individuals. Therefore, it is essential to use these materials with caution and follow proper handling and safety protocols.

An excimer laser is a type of laser that is used in various medical procedures, particularly in ophthalmology and dermatology. The term "excimer" is derived from "excited dimer," which refers to a short-lived molecule formed when two atoms combine in an excited state.

Excimer lasers emit light at a specific wavelength that is determined by the type of gas used in the laser. In medical applications, excimer lasers typically use noble gases such as argon, krypton, or xenon, combined with halogens such as fluorine or chlorine. The most commonly used excimer laser in medical procedures is the excimer laser that uses a mixture of argon and fluoride gas to produce light at a wavelength of 193 nanometers (nm).

In ophthalmology, excimer lasers are primarily used for refractive surgery, such as LASIK and PRK, to correct vision problems like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. The laser works by vaporizing tiny amounts of tissue from the cornea, reshaping its curvature to improve the way light is focused onto the retina.

In dermatology, excimer lasers are used for various skin conditions, including psoriasis, vitiligo, and atopic dermatitis. The laser works by emitting high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light that selectively targets and destroys the abnormal cells responsible for these conditions while leaving surrounding healthy tissue intact.

Excimer lasers are known for their precision, accuracy, and minimal side effects, making them a popular choice in medical procedures where fine detail and tissue preservation are critical.

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa" is a medically important, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely found in the environment, such as in soil, water, and on plants. It's an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it usually doesn't cause infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe and sometimes life-threatening infections in people with weakened immune systems, burns, or chronic lung diseases like cystic fibrosis.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants due to its intrinsic resistance mechanisms and the acquisition of additional resistance determinants. It can cause various types of infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, dermatitis, and severe bloodstream infections known as sepsis.

The bacterium produces a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as exotoxins, proteases, and pigments like pyocyanin and pyoverdine, which aid in iron acquisition and help the organism evade host immune responses. Effective infection control measures, appropriate use of antibiotics, and close monitoring of high-risk patients are crucial for managing P. aeruginosa infections.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, a thin, clear membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer surface of the eye. The condition can cause redness, itching, burning, tearing, discomfort, and a gritty feeling in the eyes. It can also result in a discharge that can be clear, yellow, or greenish.

Conjunctivitis can have various causes, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, irritants (such as smoke, chlorine, or contact lens solutions), and underlying medical conditions (like dry eye or autoimmune disorders). Treatment depends on the cause of the condition but may include antibiotics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory medications, or warm compresses.

It is essential to maintain good hygiene practices, like washing hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, to prevent spreading conjunctivitis to others. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's recommended that you consult an eye care professional for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

'Acanthamoeba castellanii' is a species of free-living amoebae that are widely found in the environment, such as in water, soil, and air. These amoebae are known for their ability to survive under various conditions and can cause opportunistic infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

'Acanthamoeba castellanii' is known to be associated with a range of diseases, including Acanthamoeba keratitis, a sight-threatening eye infection that primarily affects contact lens wearers, and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, a rare but serious central nervous system infection.

It is important to note that while 'Acanthamoeba castellanii' can cause infections in humans, these cases are relatively uncommon and typically occur in individuals with compromised immune systems or those who come into contact with contaminated water or soil. Proper hygiene practices and the use of sterile solutions when handling contact lenses can help reduce the risk of infection.

Amebicides are medications that are used to treat infections caused by amebae, which are single-celled microorganisms. One common ameba that can cause infection in humans is Entamoeba histolytica, which can lead to a condition called amebiasis. Amebicides work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the amebae. Some examples of amebicides include metronidazole, tinidazole, and chloroquine. It's important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Fluorescein is not a medical condition or term, but rather a diagnostic dye used in various medical tests and procedures. Medically, it is referred to as Fluorescein Sodium, a fluorescent compound that absorbs light at one wavelength and emits light at another longer wavelength when excited.

In the field of ophthalmology (eye care), Fluorescein is commonly used in:

1. Fluorescein angiography: A diagnostic test to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid, often used to diagnose and manage conditions like diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vessel occlusions.
2. Tear film assessment: Fluorescein dye is used to evaluate the quality of tear film and diagnose dry eye syndrome by observing the staining pattern on the cornea.
3. Corneal abrasions/foreign body detection: Fluorescein dye can help identify corneal injuries, such as abrasions or foreign bodies, under a cobalt blue light.

In other medical fields, fluorescein is also used in procedures like:

1. Urinary tract imaging: To detect urinary tract abnormalities and evaluate kidney function.
2. Lymphangiography: A procedure to visualize the lymphatic system.
3. Surgical navigation: In some surgical procedures, fluorescein is used as a marker for better visualization of specific structures or areas.

"Fusarium" is a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and on plants. They are known to cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, as well as in plants. In humans, Fusarium species can cause localized and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections often manifest as keratitis (eye infection), onychomycosis (nail infection), and invasive fusariosis, which can affect various organs such as the lungs, brain, and bloodstream. Fusarium species produce a variety of toxins that can contaminate crops and pose a threat to food safety and human health.

Meibomian glands are sebaceous glands located in the eyelids, specifically at the rim of the eyelid near the lashes. They produce an oily substance called meibum that forms the outermost layer of the tear film, helping to prevent evaporation and keep the eye surface lubricated. The Meibomian glands play a crucial role in maintaining the health and comfort of the eyes by providing stability to the tear film and protecting the eye from irritants and dryness.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Pseudomonas infections are infections caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other species of the Pseudomonas genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, opportunistic pathogens that can cause various types of infections, including respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, dermatological, and bloodstream infections.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, chronic lung diseases, or those who are hospitalized for extended periods. The bacteria can also infect wounds, burns, and medical devices such as catheters and ventilators.

Pseudomonas infections can be difficult to treat due to the bacteria's resistance to many antibiotics. Treatment typically involves the use of multiple antibiotics that are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In severe cases, intravenous antibiotics or even hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, contact precautions for patients with known Pseudomonas infections, and proper cleaning and maintenance of medical equipment.

Corneal endothelial cell loss refers to the decrease in the number of corneal endothelial cells, which is a layer of cells that line the inner surface of the cornea. These cells are essential for maintaining the clarity and health of the cornea, as they help to pump fluids out of the cornea and maintain its transparency.

Corneal endothelial cell loss can occur due to various reasons such as aging, eye trauma, surgery (such as cataract surgery), diseases (such as Fuchs' dystrophy), or inherited conditions. When the number of endothelial cells decreases below a certain threshold, it can lead to corneal swelling, cloudiness, and vision loss.

The rate of corneal endothelial cell loss varies from person to person, but on average, people lose about 0.6% of their endothelial cells per year. Factors such as age, certain medical conditions, and previous eye surgery can increase the rate of cell loss. In some cases, corneal transplantation may be necessary to replace damaged or lost endothelial cells and restore vision.

Diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology refer to the various methods and tests used by eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to examine, evaluate, and diagnose conditions related to the eyes and visual system. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Visual Acuity Testing: This is a basic test to measure the sharpness of a person's vision. It typically involves reading letters or numbers from an eye chart at a specific distance.
2. Refraction Test: This test helps determine the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by measuring how light is bent as it passes through the cornea and lens.
3. Slit Lamp Examination: A slit lamp is a microscope that allows an ophthalmologist to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, in great detail.
4. Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure) to detect conditions like glaucoma. Common methods include applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry.
5. Retinal Imaging: Several techniques are used to capture images of the retina, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tests help diagnose conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments.
6. Color Vision Testing: This test evaluates a person's ability to distinguish between different colors, which can help detect color vision deficiencies or neurological disorders affecting the visual pathway.
7. Visual Field Testing: This test measures a person's peripheral (or side) vision and can help diagnose conditions like glaucoma, optic nerve damage, or brain injuries.
8. Pupillary Reactions Tests: These tests evaluate how the pupils respond to light and near objects, which can provide information about the condition of the eye's internal structures and the nervous system.
9. Ocular Motility Testing: This test assesses eye movements and alignment, helping diagnose conditions like strabismus (crossed eyes) or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
10. Corneal Topography: This non-invasive imaging technique maps the curvature of the cornea, which can help detect irregularities, assess the fit of contact lenses, and plan refractive surgery procedures.

Blinking is the rapid and repetitive closing and reopening of the eyelids. It is a normal physiological process that helps to keep the eyes moist, protected and comfortable by spreading tears over the surface of the eye and removing any foreign particles or irritants that may have accumulated on the eyelid or the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids).

Blinking is controlled by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which sends signals to the muscles that control the movement of the eyelids. On average, people blink about 15-20 times per minute, but this rate can vary depending on factors such as mood, level of attention, and visual tasks. For example, people tend to blink less frequently when they are concentrating on a visual task or looking at a screen, which can lead to dry eye symptoms.

Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.

Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:

1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.

Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Epithelium is the tissue that covers the outer surface of the body, lines the internal cavities and organs, and forms various glands. It is composed of one or more layers of tightly packed cells that have a uniform shape and size, and rest on a basement membrane. Epithelial tissues are avascular, meaning they do not contain blood vessels, and are supplied with nutrients by diffusion from the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelial cells perform a variety of functions, including protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, and sensation. They can be classified based on their shape and the number of cell layers they contain. The main types of epithelium are:

1. Squamous epithelium: composed of flat, scalelike cells that fit together like tiles on a roof. It forms the lining of blood vessels, air sacs in the lungs, and the outermost layer of the skin.
2. Cuboidal epithelium: composed of cube-shaped cells with equal height and width. It is found in glands, tubules, and ducts.
3. Columnar epithelium: composed of tall, rectangular cells that are taller than they are wide. It lines the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
4. Pseudostratified epithelium: appears stratified or layered but is actually made up of a single layer of cells that vary in height. The nuclei of these cells appear at different levels, giving the tissue a stratified appearance. It lines the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
5. Transitional epithelium: composed of several layers of cells that can stretch and change shape to accommodate changes in volume. It is found in the urinary bladder and ureters.

Epithelial tissue provides a barrier between the internal and external environments, protecting the body from physical, chemical, and biological damage. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the exchange of substances between the body and its environment.

Epithelial cells are types of cells that cover the outer surfaces of the body, line the inner surfaces of organs and glands, and form the lining of blood vessels and body cavities. They provide a protective barrier against the external environment, regulate the movement of materials between the internal and external environments, and are involved in the sense of touch, temperature, and pain. Epithelial cells can be squamous (flat and thin), cuboidal (square-shaped and of equal height), or columnar (tall and narrow) in shape and are classified based on their location and function.

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

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A rigid gas-permeable lens, also known as an RGP lens, GP lens, or colloquially, a hard contact lens, is a rigid contact lens ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Contact lens. What Are GP Contact Lenses? by Contact Lens Manufacturers Association ( ... Eye and Contact Lens Science and Clinical Practice. Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists. 15 (4): 305-309. PMID 2680164 ... RGP lenses have various benefits over soft contact lenses, including better durability, clearer vision, and a lower risk of eye ...
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Symptoms may be noted to persist after contact lenses are removed, or following antibiotic treatment.[citation needed] Signs: ... ISBN 978-1-4051-7056-7. "Basics of Fungal Keratitis , Contact Lenses , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 24 May 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021 ... ReNu with MoistureLoc brand of soft contact lens solutions made headlines regarding a report from the United States Centers for ...
The dominant material for contact lenses are acrylate-siloxane hydrogels. They have replaced hard contact lenses. One of their ... Lai YC, Wilson AC, Zantos SG (2000). "Contact Lenses". Kirk‐Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc ... Coatings for gas evolution reaction electrodes for efficient bubble detachment Breast implants Contact lenses (silicone ...
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  • Two-thirds of contact lens wearers are female 1 . (cdc.gov)
  • The average age of contact lens wearers worldwide is 31 years old 2 . (cdc.gov)
  • An estimated 8% of contact lens wearers are under 18 years old, 17% are between ages 18-24, and 75% of adults age 25 and older wear contacts 1 . (cdc.gov)
  • Ninety percent of contact lens wearers use soft contact lenses 1 . (cdc.gov)
  • Specially designed contact lenses can improve the ability to focus and temporarily reduce poor distance vision (near-sightedness) in certain contact lens wearers 3 , 8 . (cdc.gov)
  • Between 40%-90% of contact lens wearers do not properly follow the care instructions for their contact lenses 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • Vision specific quality of life of pediatric contact lens wearers. (cdc.gov)
  • While it is true contact wearers have managed to do the darndest things with their contacts over the years, one has to wonder if this story plays out nearly as often as reported. (snopes.com)
  • Most contact wearers store their lenses in saline solution, a liquid highly unlikely to fool anyone's midnight taste test. (snopes.com)
  • Contact lenses prescribed by a licensed doctor of optometry are worn safely and comfortably by millions of people worldwide and have a long history of providing wearers with a safe and effective form of vision correction. (aoa.org)
  • This material has improved many adverse effects experienced by contact lens wearers. (news-medical.net)
  • Mumbai's Dr Chandrashekhar Chawan fused the gold with regular contact lenses to create a 'glitter' effect for wearers. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • In the study Acanthamoeba, bacterial, and fungal contamination of contact lens storage cases, "101 asymptomatic daily wear cosmetic contact lens wearers" from one contact lens practice were studied to determine the occurrence of fungal, bacterial, and protozoal contamination of contact lens cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Contact lens wearers can reduce their risk for contact lens-related infections by improving their hygiene behaviors, such as not sleeping in contact lenses unless prescribed and replacing their contact lenses as prescribed. (cdc.gov)
  • 99% of contact lens wearers surveyed reported at least one behavior that puts them at risk for a contact lens-related eye infection ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Continued efforts to educate contact lens wearers about prevention of contact lens-related eye infections are needed. (cdc.gov)
  • Many eye care professionals and contact lens wearers feel that they offer the best of both worlds: They are convenient because no lens cleaning is required, and they are healthy because there is no day-to-day accumulation of lens deposits, and no overnight wear. (allaboutvision.com)
  • In a clinical study that evaluated teen contact lens wearers with teens and parents surveyed. (acuvue.com)
  • Companies that sell contact lenses online state that as long as contact wearers know their prescription and the brand they wear, and the contacts are ordered from a reputable seller, there should be nothing to worry about. (newsblaze.com)
  • These small lenses can make a huge difference in the quality of life for wearers, but it's important to handle them safely. (healthline.com)
  • In fact, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , serious eye infections that can result in blindness affect approximately 1 out of every 500 contact lens wearers each year. (healthline.com)
  • The Proclear contacts offer a first-rate comfort for lens wearers. (lensshopper.com)
  • The Proclear contact lens is the only lens that has had FDA clearance for the assertion: "may provide improved comfort for contact lens wearers who experience mild discomfort or symptoms relating to dryness during lens wear. (lensshopper.com)
  • A major disadvantage of PMMA contact lens was that it did not allow oxygen to permeate the cornea. (news-medical.net)
  • When the user blinked, the shift in the lens enabled oxygen to come in contact with the cornea. (news-medical.net)
  • When brought into contact with your eyeball, this parasite can infect your cornea and cause a condition called acanthamoeba keratitis. (forbes.com)
  • Keratitis (inflammation of the cornea) can result from contact lens wear or other causes. (cdc.gov)
  • This rapid-fire lecture will provide a brief summary of upcoming innovations and research into cornea and contact lens technology. (aoa.org)
  • These hard lenses allow oxygen to get to your cornea. (healthline.com)
  • If you're planning to buy contact lenses online, you may want to do research on the company you're purchasing your lenses from to reduce the risk of eye infections or infections of the cornea. (talkradionews.com)
  • Contact lenses rest on the cornea . (improveyourvision.com)
  • Since soft contact lenses cover the entire cornea an adequate amount of oxygen must pass through the contact to maintain the health of the eye. (improveyourvision.com)
  • To determine if contact lenses are an option for a patient, the eye doctor will perform a complete eye exam and measure the curvature of the cornea . (improveyourvision.com)
  • Poor contact lens hygiene may lead to infection of the cornea or persistent inflammation. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There is too little moisture to keep the lens floating above the cornea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A small foreign particle (eg, soot, dust) becomes trapped between the lens and the cornea. (msdmanuals.com)
  • which is a potentially vision-threatening infection of the cornea, is suspected when a contact lens wearer has intense eye pain (both foreign body sensation and ache), decreased vision, redness, photophobia, and tearing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Edward Bennett, OD, MSEd, from the University of Missouri St. Louis College of Optometry, who chairs the AOA Contact Lens and Cornea Section, told Medscape Medical News that the studies are "two great examples of how innovative manufacturing continues to take contact lens to a higher level," especially in addressing the two key areas of presbyopia and dry eye . (medscape.com)
  • A prescription for contact lenses, therefore, involves more than simply knowing the optical power that corrects for nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. (aoa.org)
  • Acuvue Oasys for Astigmatism offers exceptional comfort throughout the day with Hydraclear Plus,the next generation of proprietary technology that creates a more wettable, ultra smooth contact lens. (1800getlens.com)
  • I have astigmatism in my left eye but ran out of contacts. (aao.org)
  • If you wear contact lenses to correct your astigmatism and you experience eye dryness and irritation during lens wear, CooperVision® Proclear® toric contact lenses may help. (visionexpress.com)
  • I have used Acuvue Oasys for Astigmatism lenses for years and ordered for the first time through Lens.com. (lens.com)
  • Growth of the melanoma into the lens may produce its subluxation, lenticular astigmatism, or cataract. (medscape.com)
  • Daily disposable contact lenses are single-use lenses that are removed and discarded at the end of each day, and a fresh pair of lenses is applied to the eyes the next morning. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Daily disposable' is the specific term for lenses that are removed and discarded daily. (allaboutvision.com)
  • The other alternative is daily disposable contact lenses . (allaboutvision.com)
  • Daily disposable lenses are often more affordable than many people expect. (allaboutvision.com)
  • It's not unusual to spend more on a daily visit to Starbucks than on daily disposable contacts. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Examples include corneal or epithelial disease (eg, dry eye), superficial corneal injury or ocular injuries (eg, those due to foreign bodies), and contact lens wear (eg, daily disposable soft lenses, extended-wear soft lenses, gas-permeable lenses, hard polymethylmethacrylate lenses). (medscape.com)
  • The use of silicone hydrogel to manufacture contact lenses has minimized the negative effects of contact lenses. (news-medical.net)
  • Although most lenses need to be removed at night, extended wear silicone-hydrogel lenses were approved for overnight wear by the FDA in 1999. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Even though silicone-hydrogel lenses transmit up to 6 times more oxygen to the eye than traditional contacts, eye infections and inflammation are still possible when wearing these lenses overnight. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Individuals with the eye infection were more than 20 times more likely to have used Bausch + Lomb's ReNu With MoistureLoc contact lens solution than other lens care products. (allaboutvision.com)
  • In June 2009, news reports indicated that Bausch + Lomb had settled about 600 lawsuits related to the outbreak of fungal eye infections associated with the contact lens solution and paid approximately $250 million in settlements. (allaboutvision.com)
  • This outbreak of Fesarium keratitis, first in Singapore and now in Europe, is thought to be related to one or more contact lens cleaning products produced by the eye care company, Bausch & Lomb. (drbenkim.com)
  • If you wear contact lenses, I strongly encourage you to avoid all Bausch & Lomb cleaning products until they are able to identify the source of this outbreak. (drbenkim.com)
  • Dr Saxon led a study of patient satisfaction with the Bausch & Lomb Ultra for Presbyopia multifocal contact lens. (medscape.com)
  • Eventually, gas-permeable lenses were designed based on silicone and fluoropolymers. (news-medical.net)
  • Above that, power custom soft lenses or rigid gas permeable lenses can be fabricated. (aao.org)
  • The most common type of hard lens is called a rigid gas permeable lens. (healthline.com)
  • Rigid Gas Permeable (GP) contact lenses are also good for wearing for sports and exercise. (visionexpress.com)
  • Keratitis-a painful eye infection often linked to improper contact lens use-leads to 1 million doctor and hospital visits annually, at a cost of $175 million to the US healthcare system 14 . (cdc.gov)
  • Risk factors for microbial keratitis with contemporary contact lenses: a case-control study. (cdc.gov)
  • A canthamoeba keratitis is rare if you are not wearing contact lenses. (forbes.com)
  • Keratitis from all causes, including contact lens wear, results in approximately 1 million clinic and emergency department visits annually, with an estimated cost of $175 million in direct health care expenditures in 2010 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • To describe contact lens-related corneal infections reported to the FDA, 1,075 contact lens-related MDRs containing the terms "ulcer" or "keratitis" reported to FDA during 2005-2015 were analyzed. (cdc.gov)
  • Following the outbreak of fungal keratitis associated with ReNu With MoistureLoc, another outbreak of a serious contact lens-related infection occurred. (allaboutvision.com)
  • In May 2007, Advanced Medical Optics (now Abbott Medical Optics) announced the company was withdrawing its Complete MoisturePlus contact lens solution from the marketplace because of a possible association with the development of a potentially blinding eye infection known as Acanthamoeba keratitis . (allaboutvision.com)
  • Abrasions resulting from contact lens wear should be monitored for Pseudomonas infection and amebic keratitis. (medscape.com)
  • Compared to wearing glasses, children switching to contact lenses reported significant improvements in the areas of perceived appearance, participation in activities, and satisfaction with vision correction 7 . (cdc.gov)
  • Safe contact lenses use provides an effective form of vision correction. (aoa.org)
  • Although the main application of contact lenses is vision correction, these are also used for cosmetic and medical purposes. (news-medical.net)
  • Contact lenses are a safe and effective form of vision correction for children, teenagers, and adults, as long as they are worn and cared for properly. (healthychildren.org)
  • Contact lenses are not the only option for vision correction, and parents who are considering contact lenses for their children should consult with an eye doctor to decide which option is most appropriate. (healthychildren.org)
  • Approximately 41 million persons in the United States wear contact lenses, a safe and effective form of vision correction if worn and cared for as directed. (cdc.gov)
  • ACUVUE® Brand Contact Lenses are available by prescription only for vision correction. (acuvue.com)
  • Eye infections related to improper contact lens wear and care are serious and can lead to long-lasting damage, but they are often preventable. (cdc.gov)
  • Rigid, or hard, contact lenses made from plastic were first produced in the U.S. between 1938-1940 4 . (cdc.gov)
  • This contact lens was rigid and hard. (news-medical.net)
  • Either soft or rigid lenses are used to correct myopia and hyperopia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rigid and soft bifocal and multifocal contact lenses can also be successful, but the fitting procedure is time-consuming because precise alignment is essential. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Neither rigid nor soft contact lenses offer the eyes the protection against blunt or sharp injury that eyeglasses do. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Two elements are required: a contact wearer content to casually chuck both lenses into the same glass of water, and some other person sleeping in the same room who is in the habit of drinking the contents of unknown tumblers. (snopes.com)
  • Only rarely does the prescription for one eye match that of the other, so it is an unusual contact wearer indeed who doesn't store his lenses apart from each other to minimize the chances of inserting the wrong lens into the wrong eye upon arising. (snopes.com)
  • for the right eye from one made for the left just by looking at it (there's no little "right" or "left" imprinted on them although some hard lenses do incorporate a discreet colored dot for this purpose), and often the prescriptions for both eyes aren't so far apart in strength for the wearer to easily discern he's mixed up his lenses once he seats them in his eyes. (snopes.com)
  • Although multi-purpose solutions advertise that they do not require the wearer to rub the contacts, they do recommend rinsing each side of the contact with the solution for 5 seconds before storing the lenses in their case. (improveyourvision.com)
  • The wearer should put an ample amount of solution in the palm of one hand and gently rub the lens for about 10 seconds with the index finger of the other hand. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Soft contact lenses are also comfortable for the wearer, leaving them to concentrate on their game without distraction. (visionexpress.com)
  • Contaminants "isolated from contact lens associated corneal ulcers have often been shown to be" the same as found in the patient's contact lens case, thus providing evidence contaminated contact lens cases may be a "replenishable source of pathogenic microbes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taking proper care of your contact lenses using the lens solutions your optometrist or ophthalmologist recommends greatly reduces your risk of contact lens-related eye infections . (allaboutvision.com)
  • For those who choose to order their contact lenses online, they should continue to see their optometrist on a regular basis. (newsblaze.com)
  • Only an optometrist or ophthalmologist should fit soft contact lenses. (improveyourvision.com)
  • I was paying 4x as much for same lens from my optometrist. (justlenses.com)
  • In overwear syndrome or any other condition in which pain does not quickly resolve when lenses are removed, an ophthalmologist or optometrist should be consulted before lenses are worn again. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As for advances in multifocal lens, the biggest untapped population is the presbyopics. (medscape.com)
  • I picked up my first pair of contact lenses. (yankodesign.com)
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) technician Shirley McClinton displays Fusarium mold grown from a contaminated pair of contact lenses, still visible in this petri dish. (allaboutvision.com)
  • He's always been a serious-looking STeF before mirror, facing his pair of contact lenses, just like facing a troup of enemy. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • There are many types of contact lenses, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. (aoa.org)
  • There are some types of contact lenses which are more suitable for wearing during exercise than others. (visionexpress.com)
  • I've been wearing Biofinity Toric lenses for about 10 years with no difficulties. (justlenses.com)
  • I wear contact lenses, but I use Goggles With Optical Correction when I go swimming. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • Keep your eyes healthy while wearing contact lenses by following these tips , and always be sure to carry a pair of glasses with you-just in case you have to take out your contact lenses. (cdc.gov)
  • Many common care mistakes, including failing to clean and store lenses as directed by a doctor of optometry and sleeping while wearing contacts, can increase the chance of getting bacteria in the eyes and causing infection. (aoa.org)
  • Your environment can heavily impact your contact lenses and eyes. (aoa.org)
  • And unless your shower head pumps out almond butter, a shower could easily bring water into contact with whatever is in your eyes. (forbes.com)
  • Doing so could end up damaging your contact lenses and, more importantly, your eyes. (forbes.com)
  • In order to avoid contact between the eyes and the gold, an extra layer is applied. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • The acrylic intraocular lenses are implanted into animals' eyes when their vision has clouded to the point of total impairment, and are fitted for various species, from cat-eye-sized to fist-width for rhinos. (futurismic.com)
  • Biofinity s revolutionary lens material is also highly breathable, allowing greater levels of oxygen to freely flow through the lens helping to keep your eyes clear, white, and healthy looking. (1800getlens.com)
  • People also love these lenses because they give your eyes full coverage and assist you in complete transformation. (thefrisky.com)
  • On the off chance that you need to evaluate what you will look like in whiteout eyes, get yourself a Whiteout Contact Lenses and see with your own eyes. (thefrisky.com)
  • Sit down on a sofa in someplace, preferably a gallery with your eyes half-open while wearing Whiteout Contact Lenses, as this will increase your chances of getting noticed! (thefrisky.com)
  • Confess to everyone in the end and tell them you are wearing Whiteout Contact Lenses, and it is the ultimate secret to your blank eyes. (thefrisky.com)
  • The more frequently you replace your lenses, the healthier and more comfortable your eyes can be. (allaboutvision.com)
  • These deposits make your contacts less comfortable than when they were new, and can also make your eyes more prone to infection. (allaboutvision.com)
  • These optometrists say that because contact lenses are a medical device, wearing the wrong type of lens could cause permanent damage to the eyes. (newsblaze.com)
  • To keep your eyes healthy, it's important to follow the proper care instructions for your contact lenses. (healthline.com)
  • I cannot relax and my eyes always closed tightly when Wendy attempted to put the lenses into my eyes. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • It took up to ten minutes course to put the lens into both eyes in the morning and at least 5 minutes to take it off at night. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • The advantage of wearing contact lense is that my eyes are not be deformed as other short-sights who wear glasses. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • How to Choose Best Contact Lenses for Your Eyes? (visual.ly)
  • And whenever you put contact lenses on your eyes, you are teaching your body to ignore your corneal reflex. (drbenkim.com)
  • And having our eyes learn to accept contact lenses most definitely goes against the corneal reflex that all of us are born with. (drbenkim.com)
  • Biofinity contact lenses are made with CooperVision ® Aquaform ® Technology, providing 100% of the oxygen your eyes need* to help them stay healthy 1 , and give your eyes premium comfort throughout your busy days. (coopervision.com)
  • These eye drops are essential because they help you avoid dryness in your eyes, ensuring that your contact lenses feel comfortable all day long. (quidco.com)
  • When she was seen two weeks after I removed the lenses she said her eyes felt a lot more comfortable," Morjaria tells Optometry Today. (npr.org)
  • Contact lenses, if used correctly over time, are a good way to save your eyes from damage, but are not the best choice for those who have sensitive eyes, and can find them in a variety of prices on Amazon. (talkradionews.com)
  • According to CooperVision, this makes the lenses particularly recommendable for people with dry or sensitive eyes, and for people working at computer screens or in dry environments. (lensshopper.com)
  • Naturally occurring mucous, protein and lipids can accumulate on the lenses in the form of deposits, which can irritate the eyes and can also act as a depot for bacteria. (improveyourvision.com)
  • The contact lens has so far been tested in pig and rabbit eyes, while clinical applications in humans still require further research. (cosmosmagazine.com)
  • Fungi resist disinfection by contact lens solutions because they readily form biofilms. (allaboutvision.com)
  • An eye care professional will demonstrate proper insertion, removal, and disinfection of the contact lenses. (improveyourvision.com)
  • If you are in the market for something more lasting, eOpticians also carries an extensive selection of monthly contact lenses. (quidco.com)
  • With monthly contact lenses, you have to remove them at night and use cleaning fluid before placing them in a lens maintenance container. (quidco.com)
  • Some children and teens report feeling dramatically better about their appearance when wearing contact lenses 6 , 7 . (cdc.gov)
  • This would be contact lenses if you are wearing them in the shower. (forbes.com)
  • Still want to shower while wearing contact lenses? (forbes.com)
  • As a contact lens replacement center, we can only sell you contact lenses that you have a valid prescription for, and are wearing successfully. (lens.com)
  • What age should girls be when they start wearing contact lenses? (answers.com)
  • Wearing contact lenses may improve children's perceptions of their physical appearance compared with wearing glasses, and increase their confidence both in social interactions and in their ability to participate in athletic activities. (healthychildren.org)
  • Approximately 25% of the 1,075 MDRs described potentially modifiable factors that might have put the patient at risk for a contact lens-related corneal infection, such as sleeping in lenses or wearing lenses longer than for the prescribed period. (cdc.gov)
  • And for many people, wearing contact lenses during sleep increases the risk of eye problems. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Although rare, serious eye problems can develop while wearing contact lenses. (acuvue.com)
  • 94 percent of these cases were among people wearing soft contact lenses. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Whether you've been wearing contacts for years, or are about to use them for the first time, here are the safest ways to put in, remove, and care for your lenses. (healthline.com)
  • If you've just started wearing contact lenses, know that they may feel slightly uncomfortable for the first few days. (healthline.com)
  • If your lens is often uncomfortable and the above steps don't work, or you also have redness or burning, stop wearing your lenses and call your doctor. (healthline.com)
  • Wearing contact lense is a matter of practice. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • Sometimes, I didnt even know Im wearing contacts. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • I also encourage you to consider not wearing contact lenses at all. (drbenkim.com)
  • I have been wearing soft contacts since 1980, and I love them. (drbenkim.com)
  • The patient had been wearing monthly disposable contact lenses for some 35 years, she said. (npr.org)
  • Eye doctors may modify the wearing schedule of extended wear contact lenses to the patients' needs. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Contact lenses can be more comfortable than wearing glasses when exercising. (visionexpress.com)
  • Contact lenses, however, do not get in the way of wearing important equipment, such as a helmet, ski mask or goggles. (visionexpress.com)
  • Glasses can get in the way of wearing headphones, unlike with contact lenses. (visionexpress.com)
  • Although contact lenses are ideal for wearing for most sports, this doesn't include sports which involve water. (visionexpress.com)
  • LOVE the comfortable wear and hydration these lenses provide w/o sacrifice of clarity in vision wearing! (justlenses.com)
  • A very comfortable wearing lens. (justlenses.com)
  • They had been wearing 13 different types of multifocal (61%), monovision (23%), and single-vision (16%) lens. (medscape.com)
  • Title : Eye care visits and use of eyeglasses or contact lenses, United States, 1979 and 1980 Personal Author(s) : Poe, Gail S. Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.) Published Date : February 1984 Series : Vital and health statistics. (cdc.gov)
  • If you demand exceptional quality, try CooperVision ® Biofinity ® contact lenses for a remarkable balance of comfort, breathability and crisp, sharp vision. (coopervision.com)
  • If you're short-sighted or long-sighted and experience eye dryness and irritation during lens wear, CooperVision® Proclear® contact lenses may help. (visionexpress.com)
  • CooperVision® Proclear® multifocal contact lenses may help. (visionexpress.com)
  • Improper cleaning and irregular replacement of contact lenses and contact lens cases-as well as other behaviors relating to contact lens hygiene and care-have been linked to a higher risk of complications 11-13 . (cdc.gov)
  • If you need corrective lenses, you may be able to choose between contacts or glasses. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Contact lenses (contacts) are corrective lenses that are worn directly on the eye. (improveyourvision.com)
  • The creation of a smart contact lens (SCL) equipped with electronic components, such as sensors and components of wireless communication, allows it to measure multiple biometric data that could help in disease diagnosis and treatment. (news-medical.net)
  • The patent, dated June 2, 2015, covers a smart contact lens and a circuit containing light sensors (situated slightly over the iris) that scan the eye to form an "iris fingerprint" of an individual. (extremetech.com)
  • Smart Contact Lenses as Wearable Ophthalmic Devices for Disease Monitoring and Health Management. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review also includes the recent technologies utilized in eye -wearable medical devices and the latest trends in wearable ophthalmic devices , specifically smart contact lenses for the purpose of disease management . (bvsalud.org)
  • Are there contact lenses for high myopia? (aao.org)
  • Researchers tested whether multifocal contact lenses could slow progression of myopia. (nih.gov)
  • These lenses also slowed the eye growth that causes myopia. (nih.gov)
  • Compared with single-vision contact lenses, multifocal lenses slow myopia progression by about 43% over three years," says Dr. David A. Berntsen of the University of Houston, one of the study's leads. (nih.gov)
  • Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial. (nih.gov)
  • The evolution of contact lenses is also associated with advancements in technology, manufacturing processes, chemical and physical properties, and reduction in microbial contamination and ocular complications. (news-medical.net)
  • Contact lenses have been linked to serious eye infections and other types of complications. (healthychildren.org)
  • Enjoy the comfort and benefits of contact lenses while lowering your chance of complications. (healthychildren.org)
  • It is actually more of a myth that contact lenses bought online will lead to eye infections and other complications. (newsblaze.com)
  • The easiest way to reduce your risk of eye infections and other complications is to care for your lenses properly. (healthline.com)
  • Whether you're looking for Bifocal Lenses, Crazy Color Contact Lens Green - 3 Tone, Phaco Practice Eye etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. (tradeindia.com)
  • from Manchester Royal Eye Hospital and Ahmed Gomaa, M.B., Ch.B, M.D., F.R.C.S. from Blackpool Victoria Hospital described what happened to a 41-year-old woman who had worn her disposable soft contact lenses while swimming and showering. (forbes.com)
  • If you wear contact lenses, #PrepYourHealth with a contact lens case, disinfecting solution, & a backup pair of glasses. (cdc.gov)
  • In the study In Vitro Interactions of Fusarium and Acanthamoeba with Drying Residues of Multipurpose Contact Lens Solutions, the "effects of evaporation and drying of multipurpose contact lens solution" was observed on the survival of Fusarium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Fusarium were found to "redistribute themselves" into "discrete regions of the dried residues" which provides evidence that the use solely of multipurpose contact lens solution to prevent fungal contamination will not suffice. (wikipedia.org)
  • http://www.solution-lens.com/why-are-geo-circle-lenses-the-best-color-lenses-market-how-buy-them.html Thanks to give reasons if you think that some other brands are better. (answers.com)
  • Rub and rinse your contact lenses with contact lens disinfecting solution-never water or saliva-to clean them each time you remove them. (healthychildren.org)
  • Rub and rinse your contact lens case with contact lens solution-never water-and then empty and dry with a clean tissue. (healthychildren.org)
  • Use only fresh contact lens disinfecting solution in your case-never mix fresh solution with old or used solution. (healthychildren.org)
  • Use only the contact lens solution recommended by your eye doctor. (healthychildren.org)
  • The tint is simply designed to facilitate locating the contact lenses in solution. (1800getlens.com)
  • The Kapaclip Contact Lens Case ($7) has bright, vivid caps that help you keep track of which lens is which on those "rough" mornings, and as a bonus attaches to your contact solution bottle, keeping both items together and ready to use. (uncrate.com)
  • But the CDC found no fungal contamination of unopened bottles of the contact lens solution produced at the plant. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Rinse the lens with contact lens solution. (healthline.com)
  • Then remove the lens and rinse it thoroughly with contact lens solution. (healthline.com)
  • After you remove the lens, put it in the palm of your hand and wet it with contact solution. (healthline.com)
  • Rinse the lens, then place it in a contact lens case and cover it completely with contact solution. (healthline.com)
  • 6 lenses in a buffered 0.9% saline solution. (lensshopper.com)
  • The solution is strong enough to kill the most common contact lens contaminants, but not so strong that it irritates the eye. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Many eye doctors recommend rubbing the contacts because it is more effective and wastes less solution than rinsing. (improveyourvision.com)
  • If you play water sports and think you need either glasses or contact lenses to help with your performance, prescription water goggles are the best and safest solution. (visionexpress.com)
  • Approximately 99% of respondents reported at least one contact lens hygiene behavior previously associated with an increased risk of eye infection or inflammation 1 . (cdc.gov)
  • Hygiene is the most critical aspect of successful long-term contact lens wear. (aoa.org)
  • In addition to parental supervision, a child's level of maturity, motivation to wear contact lenses, and personal hygiene are all things to consider. (healthychildren.org)
  • Instructions for hygiene and handling lenses must be strictly observed. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Lensshopper.com is an independent information website about contact lenses , not affiliated with any retailer or distributor. (lensshopper.com)
  • Soft contact lenses were first introduced to the U.S. in 1971 5 . (cdc.gov)
  • On May 26, 2007, the company voluntarily re- occurs primarily among users of soft contact lenses ( 5 ), called AMOCMP from domestic and international markets. (cdc.gov)
  • A biofilm is a colony of microorganisms adhering to each other and to a surface, such as a soft contact lens. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Is there a difference between putting in a hard or soft contact lens? (healthline.com)
  • Soft contact lenses are a more popular choice than hard lenses, though. (healthline.com)
  • I use soft contact lenses by the way. (wangjianshuo.com)
  • What are soft contact lenses? (improveyourvision.com)
  • What do soft contact lenses correct? (improveyourvision.com)
  • Specialty soft contact lenses can be used to change eye color or to improve the appearance of an abnormal eye. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Eye doctors may also use a soft contact lens as a temporary 'bandage' to relieve eye pain from a corneal injury or surgery. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Although most patients can successfully wear soft contact lenses, they may not be appropriate for everyone. (improveyourvision.com)
  • Today, most soft contact lenses are disposable and must be replaced at certain intervals depending on the manufacturer's and your eye doctor's recommendation. (improveyourvision.com)
  • How Do I Clean and Disinfect Soft Contact Lenses? (improveyourvision.com)
  • Don't sleep in your contact lenses unless prescribed by your eye doctor . (healthychildren.org)
  • Not following proper contact lens care instructions has been linked to outbreaks of serious eye infections 10 . (cdc.gov)
  • But it's important to know that even with proper contact lens care, some risk of eye infections remains. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Dailies Total 1 lenses will provide all-day comfort and the convenience of daily disposability. (1800getlens.com)
  • With Dailies Total 1, you see technology that incorporates chemistry within the lens to help with dry eye patients, and boy, do we need this. (medscape.com)
  • A doctor of optometry helps patients better understand how to get the full benefits of contact lenses and reduce the chances of developing problems. (aoa.org)
  • If contact lenses are right for you, your doctor of optometry will provide you with the lenses, lens care kits, individual instructions for wear and care and follow-up visits over a specified time. (aoa.org)
  • It is important for both parents and children to understand that they share in the responsibility to wear and care for contact lenses successfully. (healthychildren.org)
  • Proclear offer a range of contact lenses to suit your needs, from multifocal to toric contact lenses. (visionexpress.com)
  • Order monthly disposable contact lenses online or get your Proclear contact lenses via our popular subscription plan, Complete Contact Care . (visionexpress.com)
  • A study from 2005 has shown that Proclear Compatibles induces less staining and receives less surface deposits than other lenses. (lensshopper.com)
  • Search for more Proclear Compatibles contacts here! (lensshopper.com)
  • Can I wear contact lenses after cataract surgery? (aao.org)
  • It wasn't old age, or disease: A "bluish foreign body" that was found in an English woman's eye turned out to be a mass of contact lenses, surprising medical staff who were preparing the woman, 65, for routine cataract surgery. (npr.org)
  • For instance, biomimetic contact lenses are coated with hyaluronic acid (HA) binding protein that enables better binding of water to the lens. (news-medical.net)
  • it produces aqueous humor, facilitates trabecular outflow, intervenes in alteration of the shape of the crystalline lens during accommodation, and secretes hyaluronic acid into the vitreous. (medscape.com)
  • Optical wear companies sell highly rated reading glasses at an affordable cost, and they can also be used in replacement of prescription glasses or contact lenses. (talkradionews.com)
  • Eye & Contact Lens: Science & Clinical Practice, 37 (3),153-159. (bvsalud.org)
  • Vision with contact lenses, particularly peripheral vision, is less obstructed than with glasses. (acuvue.com)
  • The issues of fungal identification observed as mentioned in this study do not pertain only to fungal contamination of contact lenses but also to the overall difficulties of fungal identification in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, different contact lenses often are made from different materials and in different sizes, some of which can be comfortable and healthy for you to wear, while others can lead to discomfort and even eye health problems. (aoa.org)
  • Remove your contact lenses immediately and call your eye doctor if you have eye pain, discomfort, redness, or blurred vision. (healthychildren.org)
  • Do not wear contact lenses if you have an eye infection, or experience eye discomfort, excessive tearing, vision changes, redness or other eye problems. (acuvue.com)
  • This can damage your contact lens or increase the discomfort. (healthline.com)
  • Contact lens prescriptions generally expire on a yearly basis, unless otherwise determined by a doctor of optometry. (aoa.org)
  • Prescriptions for contact lenses and glasses may be similar but are not interchangeable. (aoa.org)
  • Non-disposable lenses may be the only option for very high or unusual prescriptions. (improveyourvision.com)
  • As your vision evolves, you may find that you experience eye dryness and irritation during lens wear. (visionexpress.com)
  • Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by millions of people across the world. (news-medical.net)
  • Patients that have frequent eye infections, dry eye syndrome, ocular allergies, or certain other eye conditions may not be able to successfully wear contacts. (improveyourvision.com)
  • This lens is engineered to mimic the aqueous layer of the ocular surface of the eye, with a water content that is 33% at the core and approaches 100% at the outer surface. (medscape.com)
  • After introducing other ocular devices such as the retinal prosthesis , we further discuss the current challenges and potential possibilities of smart contact lenses . (bvsalud.org)
  • Contact lens-related abrasions are defects in the corneal epithelium that are left behind after the removal of an overworn, improperly fitting, or improperly cleaned contact lens. (medscape.com)
  • Prophylactic topical antibiotics are given in patients with abrasions from contact lenses, who are at increased risk for infected corneal ulcers, but many emergency physicians have stopped using these agents for minor injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Contact lens cases are recognized as a "potential source of pathogens associated with corneal ulcers" and according to Moorfields Eye Hospital, contact lens wear is "the most prevalent risk factor for new cases of corneal ulcers. (wikipedia.org)