Sense of awareness of self and of the environment.
Organic mental disorders in which there is impairment of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment and to respond to environmental stimuli. Dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres or brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION may result in this condition.
Loss of the ability to maintain awareness of self and environment combined with markedly reduced responsiveness to environmental stimuli. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp344-5)
Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
Devices used to assess the level of consciousness especially during anesthesia. They measure brain activity level based on the EEG.
The act of "taking account" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of, nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object.
A love or pursuit of wisdom. A search for the underlying causes and principles of reality. (Webster, 3d ed)
A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Those forces and content of the mind which are not ordinarily available to conscious awareness or to immediate recall.
Continuous sequential changes which occur in the physiological and psychological functions during the life-time of an individual.
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).
Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)
Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.
A series of thoughts, images, or emotions occurring during sleep which are dissociated from the usual stream of consciousness of the waking state.
Prolonged unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused, associated with traumatic injuries to the BRAIN. This may be defined as unconsciousness persisting for 6 hours or longer. Coma results from injury to both cerebral hemispheres or the RETICULAR FORMATION of the BRAIN STEM. Contributing mechanisms include DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY and BRAIN EDEMA. (From J Neurotrauma 1997 Oct;14(10):699-713)
A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli.
Philosophy based on the analysis of the individual's existence in the world which holds that human existence cannot be completely described in scientific terms. Existentialism also stresses the freedom and responsibility of the individual as well as the uniqueness of religious and ethical experiences and the analysis of subjective phenomena such as anxiety, guilt, and suffering. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)
A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.
Loss of consciousness due to a reduction in blood pressure that is associated with an increase in vagal tone and peripheral vasodilation.
Drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients cannot be easily aroused but respond purposely following repeated painful stimulation. The ability to independently maintain ventilatory function may be impaired. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)
The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)
Automatic, mechanical, and apparently undirected behavior which is outside of conscious control.
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)
An interdisciplinary study dealing with the transmission of messages or signals, or the communication of information. Information theory does not directly deal with meaning or content, but with physical representations that have meaning or content. It overlaps considerably with communication theory and CYBERNETICS.
The study of the structure, growth, activities, and functions of NEURONS and the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system.
Excision of part of the skull. This procedure is used to treat elevated intracranial pressure that is unresponsive to conventional treatment.
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)
Health as viewed from the perspective that humans and other organisms function as complete, integrated units rather than as aggregates of separate parts.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
Agents that induce various degrees of analgesia; depression of consciousness, circulation, and respiration; relaxation of skeletal muscle; reduction of reflex activity; and amnesia. There are two types of general anesthetics, inhalation and intravenous. With either type, the arterial concentration of drug required to induce anesthesia varies with the condition of the patient, the desired depth of anesthesia, and the concomitant use of other drugs. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p.173)
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; HEADACHE; lethargy; URINARY INCONTINENCE; and ATAXIA.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
A standard and widely accepted diagnostic test used to identify patients who have a vasodepressive and/or cardioinhibitory response as a cause of syncope. (From Braunwald, Heart Disease, 7th ed)
Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.
A dental specialty concerned with the diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease, injuries, and defects of the human oral and maxillofacial region.
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.
An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. THIAMINE DEFICIENCY and chronic ALCOHOLISM are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to KORSAKOFF SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
Study of the anatomy of the nervous system as a specialty or discipline.
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
Brain waves characterized by a relatively high voltage or amplitude and a frequency of 8-13 Hz. They constitute the majority of waves recorded by EEG registering the activity of the parietal and occipital lobes when the individual is awake, but relaxed with the eyes closed.
An acute or subacute inflammatory process of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM characterized histologically by multiple foci of perivascular demyelination. Symptom onset usually occurs several days after an acute viral infection or immunization, but it may coincide with the onset of infection or rarely no antecedent event can be identified. Clinical manifestations include CONFUSION, somnolence, FEVER, nuchal rigidity, and involuntary movements. The illness may progress to COMA and eventually be fatal. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p921)
A state of reduced sensibility and response to stimuli which is distinguished from COMA in that the person can be aroused by vigorous and repeated stimulation. The person is still conscious and can make voluntary movements. It can be induced by CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS. The word derives from Latin stupere and is related to stunned, stupid, dazed or LETHARGY.
A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.
Brain waves seen on EEG characterized by a high amplitude and a frequency of 4 Hz and below. They are considered the "deep sleep waves" observed during sleep in dreamless states, infancy, and in some brain disorders.
The cognitive and affective processes which constitute an internalized moral governor over an individual's moral conduct.
An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.
Surgical creation of an opening in a cerebral ventricle.
A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)
The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
Cortical vigilance or readiness of tone, presumed to be in response to sensory stimulation via the reticular activating system.
Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.
Continuation of visual impression after cessation of stimuli causing the original image.
A childhood seizure disorder characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
The organic and psychogenic disturbances observed after closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED). Post-concussion syndrome includes subjective physical complaints (i.e. headache, dizziness), cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes. These disturbances can be chronic, permanent, or late emerging.
A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.
A drive stemming from a physiological need for WATER.
The instinctive tendency (or ability) to assume a normal position of the body in space when it has been displaced.
Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness.
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.
A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology.
The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The removal of a circular disk of the cranium.
The use of mind to cure disease, particularly physical illness.
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).
The chemical processes, enzymatic activities, and pathways of living things and related temporal, dimensional, qualitative, and quantitative concepts.
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)
Systems for assessing, classifying, and coding injuries. These systems are used in medical records, surveillance systems, and state and national registries to aid in the collection and reporting of trauma.
Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.
A state of prolonged irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including lower brain stem function with the complete absence of voluntary movements, responses to stimuli, brain stem reflexes, and spontaneous respirations. Reversible conditions which mimic this clinical state (e.g., sedative overdose, hypothermia, etc.) are excluded prior to making the determination of brain death. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp348-9)
Condition wherein the force of gravity is greater than or is increased above that on the surface of the earth. This is expressed as being greater than 1 g.
Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.
EEG phase synchronization of the cortical brain region (CEREBRAL CORTEX).
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.
That branch of medicine dealing with the studies and effects of flight through the atmosphere or in space upon the human body and with the prevention or cure of physiological or psychological malfunctions arising from these effects. (from NASA Thesaurus)
The killing of animals for reasons of mercy, to control disease transmission or maintain the health of animal populations, or for experimental purposes (ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION).
Surgical creation of a communication between a cerebral ventricle and the peritoneum by means of a plastic tube to permit drainage of cerebrospinal fluid for relief of hydrocephalus. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.
A syndrome characterized by a silent and inert state without voluntary motor activity despite preserved sensorimotor pathways and vigilance. Bilateral FRONTAL LOBE dysfunction involving the anterior cingulate gyrus and related brain injuries are associated with this condition. This may result in impaired abilities to communicate and initiate motor activities. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p348; Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1995 Feb;63(2):59-67)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Stimulation at an intensity below that where a differentiated response can be elicited.
Radiography of the ventricular system of the brain after injection of air or other contrast medium directly into the cerebral ventricles. It is used also for x-ray computed tomography of the cerebral ventricles.
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
The relation between the mind and the body in a religious, social, spiritual, behavioral, and metaphysical context. This concept is significant in the field of alternative medicine. It differs from the relationship between physiologic processes and behavior where the emphasis is on the body's physiology ( = PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY).
A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
Infarctions that occur in the BRAIN STEM which is comprised of the MIDBRAIN; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.
A dangerous life-threatening hypermetabolic condition characterized by high FEVER and dysfunction of the cardiovascular, the nervous, and the gastrointestinal systems.
Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.
Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)
Accumulation of blood in the EPIDURAL SPACE between the SKULL and the DURA MATER, often as a result of bleeding from the MENINGEAL ARTERIES associated with a temporal or parietal bone fracture. Epidural hematoma tends to expand rapidly, compressing the dura and underlying brain. Clinical features may include HEADACHE; VOMITING; HEMIPARESIS; and impaired mental function.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Withholding or withdrawal of a particular treatment or treatments, often (but not necessarily) life-prolonging treatment, from a patient or from a research subject as part of a research protocol. The concept is differentiated from REFUSAL TO TREAT, where the emphasis is on the health professional's or health facility's refusal to treat a patient or group of patients when the patient or the patient's representative requests treatment. Withholding of life-prolonging treatment is usually indexed only with EUTHANASIA, PASSIVE, unless the distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment, or the issue of withholding palliative rather than curative treatment, is discussed.
Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.
A readily reversible suspension of sensorimotor interaction with the environment, usually associated with recumbency and immobility.
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (>2.5 cm in diameter) may compress adjacent structures, including the OCULOMOTOR NERVE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p841)
Wave-like oscillations of electric potential between parts of the brain recorded by EEG.
The inability to generate oral-verbal expression, despite normal comprehension of speech. This may be associated with BRAIN DISEASES or MENTAL DISORDERS. Organic mutism may be associated with damage to the FRONTAL LOBE; BRAIN STEM; THALAMUS; and CEREBELLUM. Selective mutism is a psychological condition that usually affects children characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. Kussmal aphasia refers to mutism in psychosis. (From Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1994; 62(9):337-44)
A reduction in brain oxygen supply due to ANOXEMIA (a reduced amount of oxygen being carried in the blood by HEMOGLOBIN), or to a restriction of the blood supply to the brain, or both. Severe hypoxia is referred to as anoxia, and is a relatively common cause of injury to the central nervous system. Prolonged brain anoxia may lead to BRAIN DEATH or a PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE. Histologically, this condition is characterized by neuronal loss which is most prominent in the HIPPOCAMPUS; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; CEREBELLUM; and inferior olives.
Recurrent conditions characterized by epileptic seizures which arise diffusely and simultaneously from both hemispheres of the brain. Classification is generally based upon motor manifestations of the seizure (e.g., convulsive, nonconvulsive, akinetic, atonic, etc.) or etiology (e.g., idiopathic, cryptogenic, and symptomatic). (From Mayo Clin Proc, 1996 Apr;71(4):405-14)
A group of diseases related to a deficiency of the enzyme ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHASE which causes an elevation of serum levels of CITRULLINE. In neonates, clinical manifestations include lethargy, hypotonia, and SEIZURES. Milder forms also occur. Childhood and adult forms may present with recurrent episodes of intermittent weakness, lethargy, ATAXIA, behavioral changes, and DYSARTHRIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p49)
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
Medical procedure involving the emptying of contents in the stomach through the use of a tube inserted through the nose or mouth. It is performed to remove poisons or relieve pressure due to intestinal blockages or during surgery.
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.
Puncture of a vein to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. Bloodletting therapy has been used in Talmudic and Indian medicine since the medieval time, and was still practiced widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.
A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates.
A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.

Vision: modular analysis--or not? (1/1219)

It has commonly been assumed that the many separate areas of the visual system perform modular analyses, each restricted to a single attribute of the image. A recent paper advocates a radically different approach, where all areas in the hierarchy analyse all attributes of the image to extract perceptually relevant decisions.  (+info)

Effect of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 on sympathetic cardiovascular regulation. (2/1219)

1. The aim of the present study was to analyse the cardiovascular actions of the synthetic CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2, and specifically to determine its sites of action on sympathetic cardiovascular regulation. 2. Pithed rabbits in which the sympathetic outflow was continuously stimulated electrically or which received a pressor infusion of noradrenaline were used to study peripheral prejunctional and direct vascular effects, respectively. For studying effects on brain stem cardiovascular regulatory centres, drugs were administered into the cisterna cerebellomedullaris in conscious rabbits. Overall cardiovascular effects of the cannabinoid were studied in conscious rabbits with intravenous drug administration. 3. In pithed rabbits in which the sympathetic outflow was continuously electrically stimulated, intravenous injection of WIN55212-2 (5, 50 and 500 microg kg(-1)) markedly reduced blood pressure, the spillover of noradrenaline into plasma and the plasma noradrenaline concentration, and these effects were antagonized by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor-selective antagonist SR141716A. The hypotensive and the sympathoinhibitory effect of WIN55212-2 was shared by CP55940, another mixed CB1/CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist, but not by WIN55212-3, the enantiomer of WIN55212-2, which lacks affinity for cannabinoid binding sites. WIN55212-2 had no effect on vascular tone established by infusion of noradrenaline in pithed rabbits. 4. Intracisternal application of WIN55212-2 (0.1, 1 and 10 microg kg(-1)) in conscious rabbits increased blood pressure and the plasma noradrenaline concentration and elicited bradycardia; this latter effect was antagonized by atropine. 5. In conscious animals, intravenous injection of WIN55212-2 (5 and 50 microg kg(-1)) caused bradycardia, slight hypotension, no change in the plasma noradrenaline concentration, and an increase in renal sympathetic nerve firing. The highest dose of WIN55212-2 (500 microg kg(-1)) elicited hypotension and tachycardia, and sympathetic nerve activity and the plasma noradrenaline concentration declined. 6. The results obtained in pithed rabbits indicate that activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors leads to marked peripheral prejunctional inhibition of noradrenaline release from postganglionic sympathetic axons. Intracisternal application of WIN55212-2 uncovered two effects on brain stem cardiovascular centres: sympathoexcitation and activation of cardiac vagal fibres. The highest dose of systemically administered WIN55212-2 produced central sympathoinhibition; the primary site of this action is not known.  (+info)

ATP-sensitive potassium channels regulate in vivo dopamine release in rat striatum. (3/1219)

ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K(ATP)) are distributed in a variety of tissues including smooth muscle, cardiac and skeletal muscle, pancreatic beta-cells and neurons. Since K(ATP) channels are present in the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway, the effect of potassium-channel modulators on the release of DA in the striatum of conscious, freely-moving rats was investigated. The extracellular concentration of DA was significantly decreased by the K(ATP)-channel opener (-)-cromakalim but not by diazoxide. (-)-Cromakalim was effective at 100 and 1000 microM concentrations, and the maximum decrease was 54% below baseline. d-Amphetamine significantly increased extracellular DA levels at the doses of 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg, s.c. with a 770% maximum increase. (-)-Cromakalim had no effect on d-amphetamine-induced DA release, while glyburide, a K(ATP) blocker, significantly potentiated the effects of a low dose of d-amphetamine. These data indicate that K+ channels present in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals modulate basal release as well as evoked release of DA.  (+info)

Stroke units in their natural habitat: can results of randomized trials be reproduced in routine clinical practice? Riks-Stroke Collaboration. (4/1219)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of acute stroke care have shown care in stroke units (SUs) to be superior to that in conventional general medical, neurological, or geriatric wards, with reductions in early case fatality, functional outcome, and the need for long-term institutionalization. This study examined whether these results can be reproduced in clinical practice. METHODS: A multicenter observational study of procedures and outcomes in acute stroke patients admitted to designated SUs or general medical or neurological wards (GWs), the study included patients of all ages with acute stroke excluding those with subarachnoid hemorrhage, who were entered into the Riks-Stroke (Swedish national quality assessment) database during 1996 (14 308 patients in 80 hospitals). RESULTS: Patients admitted to SUs who had lived independently and who were fully conscious on admission to the hospital had a lower case fatality than those cared for in GWs (relative risk [RR] for death, 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 0.96) and at 3 months (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.98). A greater proportion of patients cared for in an SU could be discharged home (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.10), and fewer were in long-term institutional care 3 months after the stroke (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89 to 0.99). No difference was seen in outcome in patients cared for in SUs or GWs if they had impaired consciousness on admission. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement in outcomes after stroke care in SUs compared with care in GWs can be reproduced in the routine clinical setting, but the magnitude of the benefit appears smaller than that reported from meta-analyses.  (+info)

Assessment of the effects of endothelin-1 and magnesium sulphate on regional blood flows in conscious rats, by the coloured microsphere reference technique. (5/1219)

There is evidence to suggest that magnesium (Mg2+) is beneficial in the treatment of a number of conditions, including pre-eclampsia and acute myocardial infarction. The mode of action of Mg2+ in these conditions is not clear, although the vasodilator properties of Mg2+ are well documented both in vitro and in vivo. Previously, we demonstrated that i.v. infusion of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) alone, or in the presence of vasoconstrictors, caused increases in flow and conductance in the common carotid, internal carotid and hindquarters vascular beds, in conscious rats. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the regional and subregional changes in haemodynamics in response to the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) and MgSO4 in more detail, using the coloured microsphere reference technique. Infusion of ET-1 and MgSO4 had similar effects on heart rate and mean arterial pressure as in our previous study. Infusion of ET-1 caused a rise in mean arterial pressure and a fall in heart rate, and infusion of MgSO4 returned mean arterial pressure to control levels with no effect on heart rate. The responses to MgSO4 in the presence of ET-1 showed considerable regional heterogeneity with blood flow increasing (e.g. skeletal muscle), decreasing (e.g. stomach) or not changing (e.g. kidney). Of particular interest was the finding that MgSO4 caused increases in flow in the cerebral and coronary vascular beds. This, and our previous studies, have shown that MgSO4 can reverse vasoconstriction in a number of vascular beds, and indicate that this compound may have therapeutic benefit in conditions associated with vasospasm.  (+info)

Propofol infusion for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in patients with end-stage renal disease. (6/1219)

We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in 11 patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) compared with nine healthy patients during and after a manually controlled three-stage infusion of propofol 21, 12 and 6 mg kg-1 h-1 lasting a minimum of 2 h. Mean total body clearance was not reduced significantly in the ESRD group (30.66 (SD 8.47) ml kg-1 min-1) compared with the control group (33.75 (7.8) ml kg-1 min-1). ESRD patients exhibited a greater, but not statistically significant, volume of distribution at steady state compared with patients in the control group (11.25 (8.86) vs 5.79 (2.14) litre kg-1, respectively). Elimination half-life values were unchanged by renal failure. Mean times to induction of anaesthesia were similar in both groups: 177 (SD 57) and 167 (58) s for the ESRD and control groups, respectively. Waking time after cessation of propofol infusion was significantly shorter in the ESRD group (474 (156) s) compared with the control group (714 (240) s) (P < 0.05). Mean plasma concentrations on waking were similar. We conclude that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of propofol after infusion were not markedly affected by renal failure.  (+info)

Cardiovascular effects of rilmenidine, moxonidine and clonidine in conscious wild-type and D79N alpha2A-adrenoceptor transgenic mice. (7/1219)

1. We investigated the cardiovascular effects of rilmenidine, moxonidine and clonidine in conscious wild-type and D79N alpha2A-adrenoceptor mice. The in vitro pharmacology of these agonists was determined at recombinant (human) alpha2-adrenoceptors and at endogenous (dog) alpha2A-adrenoceptors. 2. In wild-type mice, rilmenidine, moxonidine (100, 300 and 1000 microg kg(-1), i.v.) and clonidine (30, 100 and 300 microg kg(-1), i.v.) dose-dependently decreased blood pressure and heart rate. 3. In D79N alpha2A-adrenoceptor mice, responses to rilmenidine and moxonidine did not differ from vehicle control. Clonidine-induced hypotension was absent, but dose-dependent hypertension and bradycardia were observed. 4. In wild-type mice, responses to moxonidine (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) were antagonized by the non-selective, non-imidazoline alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist, RS-79948-197 (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.). 5. Affinity estimates (pKi) at human alpha2A-, alpha2B- and alpha2C-adrenoceptors, respectively, were: rilmenidine (5.80, 5.76 and 5.33), moxonidine (5.37, <5 and <5) and clonidine (7.21, 7.16 and 6.87). In a [35S]-GTPgammaS incorporation assay, moxonidine and clonidine were alpha2A-adrenoceptor agonists (pEC50/intrinsic activity relative to noradrenaline): moxonidine (5.74/0.85) and clonidine (7.57/0.32). 6. In dog saphenous vein, concentration-dependent contractions were observed (pEC50/intrinsic activity relative to noradrenaline): rilmenidine (5.83/0.70), moxonidine (6.48/0.98) and clonidine (7.22/0.83). Agonist-independent affinities were obtained with RS-79948-197. 7. Thus, expression of alpha2A-adrenoceptors is a prerequisite for the cardiovascular effects of moxonidine and rilmenidine in conscious mice. There was no evidence of I1-imidazoline receptor-mediated effects. The ability of these compounds to act as alpha2A-adrenoceptor agonists in vitro supports this conclusion.  (+info)

Neuroimaging of genesis and satiation of thirst and an interoceptor-driven theory of origins of primary consciousness. (8/1219)

There are defined hypothalamic functions in the genesis of thirst, but little is known of the cortical processes subserving consciousness of thirst notwithstanding the medical disorders that occur in psychiatric illness, addiction, and the attested decline of thirst with aging. In 10 adult males, positron emission tomography scans were made (i) during genesis of moderate thirst by infusion of i.v. hypertonic saline 0.51 M, (ii) after irrigation of the mouth with water to remove the sensation of dryness, and (iii) 3, 14, 45, and 60 minutes after drinking water to fully satiate thirst. The correlation of regional cerebral blood flow with thirst score showed the major activation to be in the posterior cingulate. Maximum thirst sensation evoked 13 highly significant activations and 9 deactivations in cingulate and parahippocampal gyri, insula, thalamus, amygdala, and mesencephalon. It is possible that cingulate sites (Brodmann's areas 32, 24, and 31) that persisted with wet mouth but disappeared immediately after drinking to satiation may have an important role in the consciousness of thirst. Consciousness of thirst, a primal vegetative emotion, and satiation of thirst appear to be subserved by phylogenetically ancient brain regions. This is salient to current discussion on evolutionary emergence of primary consciousness.  (+info)

The following are some examples of consciousness disorders:

1. Coma: A coma is a state of deep unconsciousness in which an individual is unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain, light, or sound. This can be caused by traumatic brain injury, stroke, or metabolic disorders.
2. Vegetative State: A vegetative state is a condition in which an individual is awake but shows no signs of awareness or responsiveness. They may open their eyes, move their limbs, and respond to stimuli, but they do not exhibit any conscious thought or behavior.
3. Minimally Conscious State: A minimally conscious state is a condition in which an individual shows some signs of awareness and responsiveness, such as following simple commands or reacting to their environment. However, their cognitive functioning is severely impaired, and they may not be able to communicate effectively.
4. Locked-In Syndrome: Locked-in syndrome is a condition in which an individual is aware and awake but unable to move or communicate due to complete paralysis of all voluntary muscles except for the eyes. This can be caused by traumatic brain injury or a stroke.
5. Sleep Disorders: Sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and insomnia can also affect consciousness by altering the normal sleep-wake cycle.
6. Anoxic Brain Injury: Anoxic brain injury occurs when the brain is deprived of oxygen, leading to a loss of consciousness and potential long-term cognitive impairment.
7. Dementia: Dementia is a degenerative condition that affects cognitive functioning, including memory, language, and problem-solving abilities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia.
8. Brain Infections: Brain infections such as encephalitis and meningitis can cause alterations in consciousness by inflaming or damaging brain tissue.
9. Poisoning: Certain toxins, such as alcohol and drugs, can alter consciousness by disrupting normal brain functioning.
10. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): ECT is a medical procedure that intentionally induces a seizure or loss of consciousness to treat severe mental illnesses such as depression.

It's important to note that the causes of altered consciousness can be diverse and complex, and a comprehensive diagnosis is often necessary to determine the underlying cause. Additionally, some forms of altered consciousness may be reversible with proper medical treatment, while others may result in long-term cognitive impairment or even death.

There are several different types of unconsciousness, including:

1. Concussion: A mild form of traumatic brain injury that can cause temporary unconsciousness, confusion, and amnesia.
2. Coma: A more severe form of unconsciousness that can be caused by a head injury, stroke, or other medical condition. Comas can last for days, weeks, or even months.
3. Vegetative state: A condition in which a person is unaware and unresponsive, but still has some reflexes. This can be caused by a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other medical condition.
4. Persistent vegetative state (PVS): A long-term version of the vegetative state that can last for months or years.
5. Brain death: A permanent form of unconsciousness that is caused by severe damage to the brain.

Unconsciousness can be diagnosed through a variety of medical tests, including:

1. Neurological exam: A doctor will check the patient's reflexes, muscle strength, and sensation to determine the extent of any brain damage.
2. Imaging tests: CT or MRI scans can help doctors identify any structural abnormalities in the brain that may be causing unconsciousness.
3. Electroencephalogram (EEG): A test that measures electrical activity in the brain to determine if there is any abnormal brain wave activity.
4. Blood tests: To rule out other medical conditions that may be causing unconsciousness, such as infections or poisoning.

Treatment for unconsciousness depends on the underlying cause and can range from simple observation to complex surgical procedures. Some common treatments include:

1. Medications: To control seizures, reduce inflammation, or regulate brain activity.
2. Surgery: To relieve pressure on the brain, repair damaged blood vessels, or remove tumors.
3. Rehabilitation: To help the patient regain lost cognitive and motor function.
4. Supportive care: To address any other medical conditions that may be contributing to the unconsciousness, such as infections or respiratory failure.

The diagnosis of PVS is made by a team of healthcare professionals, including neurosurgeons, neurologists, and rehabilitation specialists. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical examination and medical imaging studies, such as electroencephalograms (EEGs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

There are three main criteria for diagnosing PVS:

1. Lack of awareness: The patient is unable to open their eyes or respond purposefully to stimuli.
2. Lack of purposeful movement: The patient is unable to move voluntarily, except for possibly some reflex movements.
3. Abnormal sleep-wake cycle: The patient exhibits a persistent vegetative state sleep-wake cycle, characterized by periods of sleep and wakefulness that are not consistent with normal sleep patterns.

Treatment for PVS is focused on supporting the patient's basic needs, such as breathing and nutrition, and managing any underlying medical conditions. However, there is no cure for PVS, and the condition is often permanent. Some patients may eventually recover some cognitive and behavioral functions over time, but many will remain in a state of persistent vegetative state for the rest of their lives.

In summary, the definition of persistent vegetative state (PVS) in the medical field refers to a severe loss of cognitive and behavioral function, resulting from traumatic brain injury or other causes, characterized by a lack of awareness, purposeful movement, and abnormal sleep-wake cycle. The diagnosis is made by a team of healthcare professionals, and treatment focuses on supporting the patient's basic needs and managing any underlying medical conditions.

In medical terminology, coma is defined as a state of prolonged unconsciousness that lasts for more than 24 hours and is characterized by a lack of responsiveness to stimuli, including pain, light, sound, or touch. Coma can be caused by a variety of factors, such as:

1. Traumatic brain injury: Coma can result from a severe head injury that causes damage to the brain.
2. Stroke: A stroke can cause coma if it affects a large part of the brain.
3. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can spread to the brain and cause coma.
4. Poisoning: Toxic substances, such as drugs or chemicals, can cause coma by damaging the brain.
5. Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen to the brain can cause coma.
6. Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar can cause coma.
7. Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic disorders, such as diabetic ketoacidosis or hypothyroidism, can cause coma.
8. Electrolyte imbalance: An imbalance of electrolytes, such as sodium or potassium, can cause coma.
9. Chronic conditions: Certain chronic conditions, such as brain tumors or degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, can cause coma over time.

It is important to note that a coma is different from a vegetative state, which is characterized by awakening and opening one's eyes but lacking any meaningful response to stimuli. A comatose patient may also exhibit automatic responses, such as breathing or reacting to pain, but they are not aware of their surroundings or able to communicate.

The diagnosis of coma is typically made by a neurologist based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and results of diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment of coma depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, medication, or surgical intervention.

Some common causes of syncope include:

1. Vasovagal response: This is the most common cause of syncope and is triggered by a sudden drop in blood pressure, usually due to sight of blood or injury.
2. Cardiac arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms can lead to a decrease in blood flow to the brain, causing syncope.
3. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, syncope can occur.
4. Anemia: A low red blood cell count can cause decreased oxygen delivery to the brain, leading to syncope.
5. Dehydration: Lack of fluids and electrolytes can lead to a decrease in blood pressure, causing syncope.
6. Medication side effects: Certain medications can cause syncope as a side effect, such as vasodilators and beta-blockers.
7. Neurological disorders: Syncope can be a symptom of neurological conditions such as seizures, migraines, and stroke.
8. Psychological factors: Stress, anxiety, and panic attacks can also cause syncope.

Diagnosis of syncope is based on a thorough medical history and physical examination, as well as diagnostic tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and blood tests. Treatment of syncope depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle modifications, medication, and in some cases, surgical intervention.

In summary, syncope is a symptom of a wide range of medical conditions that can be caused by cardiovascular, neurological, and psychological factors. A thorough diagnosis and appropriate treatment are necessary to determine the underlying cause and prevent complications.

In medical terms, craniocerebral trauma is defined as any injury that affects the skull, brain, or both, as a result of an external force. This can include fractures of the skull, intracranial hemorrhages (bleeding inside the skull), and diffuse axonal injuries (DAI), which are tears in the fibers of the brain.

Craniocerebral trauma can be classified into two main categories: closed head injury and open head injury. Closed head injury occurs when the skull does not fracture, but the brain is still affected by the impact, such as from whiplash or shaking. Open head injury, on the other hand, involves a fracture of the skull, which can cause the brain to be exposed to the outside environment and increase the risk of infection.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury and may include observation, medication, surgery, or a combination of these. In severe cases, craniocerebral trauma can lead to long-term cognitive, emotional, and physical impairments, and may require ongoing rehabilitation and support.

There are many different types of seizures, each with its own unique set of symptoms. Some common types of seizures include:

1. Generalized seizures: These seizures affect both sides of the brain and can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
2. Focal seizures: These seizures affect only one part of the brain and can cause more specific symptoms, such as weakness or numbness in a limb, or changes in sensation or vision.
3. Tonic-clonic seizures: These seizures are also known as grand mal seizures and can cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
4. Absence seizures: These seizures are also known as petit mal seizures and can cause a brief loss of consciousness or staring spell.
5. Myoclonic seizures: These seizures can cause sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches.
6. Atonic seizures: These seizures can cause a sudden loss of muscle tone, which can lead to falls or drops.
7. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: This is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that can cause multiple types of seizures, including tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.

Seizures can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or imaging studies. Treatment for seizures usually involves anticonvulsant medications, but in some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary.

Overall, seizures are a complex and multifaceted symptom that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing seizures, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Tonic movement:

* Stiffening or rigidity of muscles
* Loss of postural control

Clonic movement:

* Jerky movements of the arms, legs, or entire body
* Involuntary contractions

During a tonic-clonic seizure, the person may experience a variety of symptoms, including:

* Sudden loss of consciousness
* Confusion and disorientation after regaining consciousness
* Memory loss for the event
* Weakness or fatigue
* Headache
* Nausea and vomiting

Tonic-clonic seizures can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Genetic mutations that affect brain function
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Traumatic head injury
* Stroke or bleeding in the brain
* Brain tumors or cysts
* Drug and alcohol withdrawal
* Electrolyte imbalances

There are several different types of tonic-clonic seizures, including:

* Simple partial seizures: These are less severe than tonic-clonic seizures and may involve only one part of the body.
* Complex partial seizures: These are more severe than simple partial seizures and can involve both sides of the body.
* Tonic-clonic seizures with secondary generalization: This type of seizure starts as a simple or complex partial seizure and then spreads to other parts of the body.

Treatment for tonic-clonic seizures typically involves medication, such as anticonvulsants, which can help reduce the frequency and severity of seizures. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a brain tumor or cyst that is causing the seizures.

Overall, tonic-clonic seizures are a serious medical condition that can have significant consequences if not properly treated. If you experience a seizure, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

CPE can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Abnormal movements or automatisms (e.g., chewing, grasping, or repetitive gestures)
* Confusion, disorientation, or loss of awareness
* Abnormal sensations (e.g., numbness, tingling, or burning)
* Vision changes (e.g., blurring, double vision, or loss of peripheral vision)
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Memory impairment or confusion

In contrast to simple partial seizures, which may be brief and non-disruptive, CPE can last longer (up to several minutes) and may cause more significant disruption to daily activities. In addition, people with CPE may experience postictal (post-seizure) symptoms such as confusion, fatigue, or irritability that can last for hours or even days after the seizure ends.

CPE is often difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be subtle and may not always be immediately recognizable as a seizure. In addition, people with CPE may experience a variety of other conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or cognitive impairment, which can make it even more challenging to diagnose and manage their epilepsy effectively.

The exact cause of CPE is not always known, but it is believed to be related to abnormal electrical activity in specific areas of the brain. In some cases, CPE may be triggered by certain activities or stimuli (e.g., stress, alcohol, or sleep deprivation), although this is not always the case.

Treatment for CPE typically involves anticonvulsant medications, which can help to reduce or eliminate seizures. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the affected area of the brain that is causing the seizures. Other therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or relaxation techniques, may also be helpful in managing the symptoms of CPE and improving quality of life for people with this condition.

Overall, CPE can have a significant impact on daily life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, it is possible to manage the condition and improve outcomes for individuals affected by it.

There are several different types of brain injuries that can occur, including:

1. Concussions: A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is jolted or shaken, often due to a blow to the head.
2. Contusions: A contusion is a bruise on the brain that can occur when the brain is struck by an object, such as during a car accident.
3. Coup-contrecoup injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is injured as a result of the force of the body striking another object, such as during a fall.
4. Penetrating injuries: A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the brain, such as during a gunshot wound or stab injury.
5. Blast injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is exposed to a sudden and explosive force, such as during a bombing.

The symptoms of brain injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage in the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Headaches
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Slurred speech or difficulty with communication
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Personality changes
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

In some cases, brain injuries can be treated with medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. However, in more severe cases, the damage may be permanent and long-lasting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Signs and Symptoms:

* Decreased level of consciousness
* Inability to speak or respond to stimuli
* Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
* Abnormal brain waves on EEG
* Decreased muscle tone
* Pupils that are unresponsive to light

Causes and Risk Factors:

* Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
* Head trauma due to accidents, falls, or violence
* Blast injuries from explosions
* Sports-related head injuries
* Shaken baby syndrome

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Neurological examination
* Imaging tests (CT or MRI scans)
* Electroencephalogram (EEG)
* Blood tests to check for underlying medical conditions

Treatment and Management:

* Medications to manage symptoms such as seizures, fever, and pain
* Surgery to relieve pressure on the brain or repair damaged blood vessels
* Rehabilitation therapy to improve cognitive, emotional, and physical functioning
* Supportive care to address nutritional, respiratory, and other bodily needs

Prognosis:

* The outcome of a post-head injury coma can be unpredictable and depends on the severity of the injury and the individual's overall health.
* Some people may recover fully or partially, while others may experience long-term cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impairments.
* The risk of mortality is high in the first few days after the injury, but decreases over time.

In conclusion, post-head injury coma is a serious medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. With proper treatment and rehabilitation, some individuals may recover fully or partially, while others may experience long-term impairments. Prognosis can be unpredictable, and it's essential to work closely with healthcare professionals to address the individual's specific needs and monitor their progress.

The exact cause of vasovagal syncope is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system (which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and blood pressure). It can be triggered by a variety of factors, including:

* Strong emotions such as fear or anxiety
* Pain or discomfort
* Intense physical activity
* Dehydration or low blood sugar
* Certain medications

During a vasovagal syncope episode, the person may experience symptoms such as:

* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blurred vision
* Nausea or vomiting
* Sweating
* Feeling of impending doom or loss of control
* Eventually, fainting or falling to the ground

Diagnosis of vasovagal syncope is typically made based on a combination of symptoms and physical examination findings. Tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) or blood tests may be ordered to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms. Treatment for vasovagal syncope usually involves addressing any underlying triggers, such as managing stress or avoiding certain stimuli that may cause the episodes. In some cases, medications such as beta blockers or antidepressants may be prescribed to help regulate the heart rate and blood pressure.

Symptoms of cerebral hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, confusion, seizures, weakness or numbness in the face or limbs, and loss of consciousness. The condition is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the bleeding.

Treatment for cerebral hemorrhage depends on the location and severity of the bleeding, as well as the underlying cause. Medications may be used to control symptoms such as high blood pressure or seizures, while surgery may be necessary to repair the ruptured blood vessel or relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the condition may be fatal, and immediate medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage or death.

Some of the most common complications associated with cerebral hemorrhage include:

1. Rebleeding: There is a risk of rebleeding after the initial hemorrhage, which can lead to further brain damage and increased risk of death.
2. Hydrocephalus: Excess cerebrospinal fluid can accumulate in the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Brain edema: Swelling of the brain tissue can occur due to the bleeding, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Seizures: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause seizures, which can be a sign of a more severe injury.
5. Cognitive and motor deficits: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in long-term cognitive and motor deficits.
6. Vision loss: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause vision loss or blindness due to damage to the visual cortex.
7. Communication difficulties: Cerebral hemorrhage can cause difficulty with speech and language processing, leading to communication difficulties.
8. Behavioral changes: Depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage can result in behavioral changes, such as irritability, agitation, or apathy.
9. Infection: Cerebral hemorrhage can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM).
10. Death: Cerebral hemorrhage can be fatal, particularly if the bleeding is severe or if there are underlying medical conditions that compromise the patient's ability to tolerate the injury.

There are several types of headaches, including:

1. Tension headache: This is the most common type of headache and is caused by muscle tension in the neck and scalp.
2. Migraine: This is a severe headache that can cause nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
3. Sinus headache: This type of headache is caused by inflammation or infection in the sinuses.
4. Cluster headache: This is a rare type of headache that occurs in clusters or cycles and can be very painful.
5. Rebound headache: This type of headache is caused by overuse of pain medication.

Headaches can be treated with a variety of methods, such as:

1. Over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
2. Prescription medications, such as triptans or ergots, for migraines and other severe headaches.
3. Lifestyle changes, such as stress reduction techniques, regular exercise, and a healthy diet.
4. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture or massage, which can help relieve tension and pain.
5. Addressing underlying causes, such as sinus infections or allergies, that may be contributing to the headaches.

It is important to seek medical attention if a headache is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, confusion, or weakness. A healthcare professional can diagnose the cause of the headache and recommend appropriate treatment.

Concussions are often referred to as "mild" because they do not typically cause severe, long-term damage like more severe forms of traumatic brain injury. However, concussions can still have a significant impact on a person's cognitive, emotional, and physical functioning, and can take several weeks or even months to fully recover from.

Some common symptoms of a concussion include:

* Headache
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Nausea and vomiting
* Sensitivity to light and noise
* Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression

Concussions can be caused by a variety of events, including:

* Sports injuries, such as falling and hitting your head during a game or practice
* Car accidents or other forms of trauma where the head is jolted or shaken violently
* Slips and falls, where the head hits the ground or a hard surface
* Physical abuse or assault, where the head is struck with an object or by another person.

If you suspect that you or someone else has suffered a concussion, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can evaluate the symptoms and perform tests to determine the severity of the injury. Treatment for a concussion typically involves rest and avoiding activities that may exacerbate the injury, such as sports or heavy physical activity. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms such as pain or anxiety.

In summary, a brain concussion is a form of mild traumatic brain injury that can cause a range of symptoms and can take several weeks or months to fully recover from. If you suspect that you or someone else has suffered a concussion, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are different types of amnesia, including:

1. Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory of events that occurred before the onset of amnesia.
2. Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia.
3. Transient global amnesia: temporary and reversible loss of memory due to a specific cause, such as a stroke or a head injury.
4. Korsakoff's syndrome: a condition caused by alcoholism and malnutrition that affects the hippocampus and the ability to form new memories.
5. Dissociative amnesia: loss of memory due to psychological trauma or stress, often accompanied by dissociation from reality.

The symptoms of amnesia can vary depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include:

1. Difficulty learning new information
2. Forgetting recent events or conversations
3. Inability to recall past events or experiences
4. Confusion and disorientation
5. Difficulty with problem-solving and decision-making

The diagnosis of amnesia is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and neuropsychological tests. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be used to rule out other causes of memory loss.

Treatment for amnesia depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Medications to manage symptoms such as anxiety, depression, or cognitive impairment.
2. Cognitive rehabilitation therapy to improve memory and problem-solving skills.
3. Behavioral interventions to help the individual adapt to their condition.
4. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of amnesia, such as a tumor or a blood clot.

Overall, amnesia can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Partial epilepsy can be further divided into several subtypes based on the location of the affected brain area, including:

1. Temporal lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the temporal lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, or cognitive function.
2. Frontal lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the frontal lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by changes in personality, behavior, or movement.
3. Parietal lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the parietal lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by sensory symptoms, such as numbness or tingling in the affected limbs.
4. Occipital lobe partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects the occipital lobe of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by visual disturbances, such as flashing lights or blind spots.
5. Temporomesial partial epilepsy: This type of partial epilepsy affects both the temporal and mesial (frontal) lobes of the brain and can cause seizures that are accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, or cognitive function.

Partial epilepsy is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment for partial epilepsy may involve medications, surgery, or other interventions, depending on the specific type and severity of the condition.

There are many different types of epilepsy, each with its own unique set of symptoms and characteristics. Some common forms of epilepsy include:

1. Generalized Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy affects both sides of the brain and can cause a range of seizure types, including absence seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and atypical absence seizures.
2. Focal Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy affects only one part of the brain and can cause seizures that are localized to that area. There are several subtypes of focal epilepsy, including partial seizures with complex symptoms and simple partial seizures.
3. Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy: This type of epilepsy is also known as grand mal seizures and can cause a loss of consciousness, convulsions, and muscle stiffness.
4. Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: This is a rare and severe form of epilepsy that typically develops in early childhood and can cause multiple types of seizures, including tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures.
5. Dravet Syndrome: This is a rare genetic form of epilepsy that typically develops in infancy and can cause severe, frequent seizures.
6. Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome: This is a rare genetic disorder that can cause intellectual disability, developmental delays, and various types of seizures.
7. Other forms of epilepsy include Absence Epilepsy, Myoclonic Epilepsy, and Atonic Epilepsy.

The symptoms of epilepsy can vary widely depending on the type of seizure disorder and the individual affected. Some common symptoms of epilepsy include:

1. Seizures: This is the most obvious symptom of epilepsy and can range from mild to severe.
2. Loss of consciousness: Some people with epilepsy may experience a loss of consciousness during a seizure, while others may remain aware of their surroundings.
3. Confusion and disorientation: After a seizure, some people with epilepsy may feel confused and disoriented.
4. Memory loss: Seizures can cause short-term or long-term memory loss.
5. Fatigue: Epilepsy can cause extreme fatigue, both during and after a seizure.
6. Emotional changes: Some people with epilepsy may experience emotional changes, such as anxiety, depression, or mood swings.
7. Cognitive changes: Epilepsy can affect cognitive function, including attention, memory, and learning.
8. Sleep disturbances: Some people with epilepsy may experience sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or sleepiness.
9. Physical symptoms: Depending on the type of seizure, people with epilepsy may experience physical symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, and sensory changes.
10. Social isolation: Epilepsy can cause social isolation due to fear of having a seizure in public or stigma associated with the condition.

It's important to note that not everyone with epilepsy will experience all of these symptoms, and some people may have different symptoms depending on the type of seizure they experience. Additionally, some people with epilepsy may experience additional symptoms not listed here.

Note: Hematoma is a collection of blood outside the blood vessels.

There are several types of hydrocephalus, including:

1. Aqueductal stenosis: This occurs when the aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles becomes narrowed or blocked, leading to an accumulation of CSF in the brain.
2. Choroid plexus papilloma: This is a benign tumor that grows on the surface of the choroid plexus, which is a layer of tissue that produces CSF.
3. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo: This occurs when there is a decrease in the volume of brain tissue due to injury or disease, leading to an accumulation of CSF.
4. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH): This is a type of hydrocephalus that occurs in adults and is characterized by an enlarged ventricle, gait disturbances, and cognitive decline, despite normal pressure levels.
5. Symptomatic hydrocephalus: This type of hydrocephalus is caused by other conditions such as brain tumors, cysts, or injuries.

Symptoms of hydrocephalus can include headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and difficulty walking or speaking. Treatment options for hydrocephalus depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a shunt to drain excess CSF. In some cases, hydrocephalus can be managed with lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Prognosis for hydrocephalus varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. However, with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many people with hydrocephalus can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Quadriplegia can be classified into two types:

1. Complete quadriplegia: This is when all four limbs are paralyzed and there is no movement or sensation below the level of the injury.
2. Incomplete quadriplegia: This is when some movement or sensation remains below the level of the injury, but not in all four limbs.

The symptoms of quadriplegia can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. They may include:

* Loss of movement in the arms and legs
* Weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the arms and legs
* Decreased or absent sensation in the arms and legs
* Difficulty with balance and coordination
* Difficulty with walking, standing, or sitting
* Difficulty with performing daily activities such as dressing, grooming, and feeding oneself

The diagnosis of quadriplegia is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies such as X-rays or MRIs. Treatment for quadriplegia depends on the underlying cause and may include:

* Physical therapy to improve strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to learn new ways of performing daily activities
* Assistive devices such as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs
* Medications to manage pain, spasticity, or other symptoms
* Surgery to repair or stabilize the spinal cord or other affected areas.

Overall, quadriplegia is a severe condition that can significantly impact a person's quality of life. However, with appropriate treatment and support, many people with quadriplegia are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

There are several different types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear skull fractures: These are fractures that occur in a straight line and do not involve the brain.
2. Depressed skull fractures: These are fractures that cause the bone to be pushed inward, creating a depression in the skull.
3. Comminuted skull fractures: These are fractures that involve multiple pieces of bone breaking off and fragmenting.
4. Basilar skull fractures: These are fractures that occur at the base of the skull and can involve the brainstem or cranial nerves.
5. Cerebral edema: This is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain as a result of a head injury or other traumatic event.
6. Epidural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater, which is the membrane that covers the brain.
7. Subdural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain.
8. Intracerebral hematoma: This is a collection of blood within the brain tissue.

Skull fractures can be diagnosed using a variety of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment for skull fractures may involve observation, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity of the injury and any other complications that may have arisen.

Complications of skull fractures can include:

1. Cerebral edema
2. Epidural hematoma
3. Subdural hematoma
4. Intracerebral hematoma
5. Brain contusion
6. Skull base fractures
7. Facial trauma
8. Sinus fractures
9. Orbital blowout fractures
10. Meningitis or sepsis.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if any of the following symptoms are present:

1. Severe headache
2. Confusion or disorientation
3. Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
4. Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
5. Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
6. Difficulty with balance or coordination
7. Seizures or convulsions
8. Fever
9. Stiff neck
10. Loss of consciousness or coma.

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis may include sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, the infection can cause seizures, coma, and even death.

Bacterial meningitis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients with bacterial meningitis. The disease is more common in certain groups, such as infants, young children, and people with weakened immune systems, and it can be more severe in these populations.

Prevention of bacterial meningitis includes vaccination against the bacteria that most commonly cause the disease, good hand hygiene, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Some common types of brain diseases include:

1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are progressive conditions that damage or kill brain cells over time, leading to memory loss, cognitive decline, and movement disorders. Examples include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
2. Stroke: This occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cell death and potential long-term disability.
3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This refers to any type of head injury that causes damage to the brain, such as concussions, contusions, or penetrating wounds.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections can all affect the brain, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, seizures, and meningitis.
5. Tumors: Brain tumors can be benign or malignant and can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their location and size.
6. Cerebrovascular diseases: These conditions affect the blood vessels of the brain, leading to conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and Moyamoya disease.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These are conditions that affect the development of the brain and nervous system, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, and intellectual disability.
8. Sleep disorders: Conditions such as insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea can all have a significant impact on brain function.
9. Psychiatric disorders: Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia can affect the brain and its functioning.
10. Neurodegenerative with brain iron accumulation: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal proteins and other substances in the brain, leading to progressive loss of brain function over time.

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list and there may be other conditions or factors that can affect the brain and its functioning. Additionally, many of these conditions can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

The symptoms of WE can vary depending on the severity of the deficiency, but common manifestations include:

1. Confusion and disorientation
2. Memory loss and difficulty learning new information
3. Difficulty with coordination and balance
4. Loss of muscle tone and weakness in the arms and legs
5. Disturbances in vision, hearing, and taste
6. Nausea and vomiting
7. Abnormalities in heart rate and blood pressure
8. Increased risk of seizures and coma

If left untreated, WE can lead to more severe complications such as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS), a condition that involves the loss of brain tissue and memory loss. Treatment for WE typically involves thiamine supplements and addressing any underlying causes of the deficiency. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat complications.

Examples of closed head injuries include:

* Concussions
* Contusions
* Cerebral edema (swelling of the brain)
* Brain hemorrhages (bleeding in the brain)

Closed head injuries can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.

Symptoms of closed head injuries may include:

* Headache
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or sensitivity to light

Closed head injuries can be difficult to diagnose, as there may be no visible signs of injury. However, a healthcare provider may use imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI to look for evidence of damage to the brain. Treatment for closed head injuries typically involves rest, medication, and rehabilitation to help the patient recover from any cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain or repair damaged blood vessels.

The exact cause of ADEM is not fully understood, but it is believed to be triggered by a viral infection or other environmental factors that set off an abnormal immune response. The disease typically affects children, especially those under the age of 10, and is more common in males than females.

The symptoms of ADEM can vary widely depending on the severity of the disease and the areas of the brain affected. Common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Headache
* Confusion or disorientation
* Seizures or convulsions
* Weakness or paralysis in the limbs or other parts of the body
* Difficulty with speech, vision, or hearing
* Poor coordination and balance

ADEM can be difficult to diagnose, as its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions such as multiple sclerosis or meningitis. A definitive diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans.

There is no cure for ADEM, but treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain and spinal cord. Corticosteroids are often used to reduce inflammation, and antiviral medications may be prescribed if the disease is thought to be caused by a viral infection. Rehabilitation therapy may also be necessary to help regain lost function and mobility.

The prognosis for ADEM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the age of the patient. In general, children under the age of 5 have a better prognosis than older children and adults. With appropriate treatment, many patients are able to recover significant function and lead active lives. However, some individuals may experience long-term neurological deficits or disability.

Prevention of ADEM is not currently possible, as the exact cause of the disease is not fully understood. However, research is ongoing to identify potential risk factors and develop effective treatments. It is important for parents and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of ADEM and seek medical attention if they suspect their child may have the condition.

In conclusion, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare but potentially debilitating autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. While the exact cause of ADEM is not fully understood, it is believed to be triggered by a viral infection or other factors. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and include fever, headache, confusion, weakness, and difficulty with speech and coordination. Diagnosis is made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the brain and spinal cord, and may include corticosteroids and antiviral medications. While there is no cure for ADEM, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can improve outcomes for affected children.

Stupor can be classified into several types based on its cause and severity:

1. Post-traumatic stupor: This type of stupor occurs after a head injury and is characterized by a loss of consciousness and confusion.
2. Metabolic stupor: This type of stupor is caused by a metabolic disorder, such as hypoglycemia or hypothyroidism, and is characterized by confusion, drowsiness, and decreased responsiveness.
3. Toxic-metabolic stupor: This type of stupor is caused by exposure to toxins or certain medications, and is characterized by confusion, drowsiness, and decreased responsiveness.
4. Infectious stupor: This type of stupor is caused by infections such as meningitis or encephalitis, and is characterized by fever, headache, and confusion.
5. Neurodegenerative stupor: This type of stupor is caused by neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, and is characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and decreased responsiveness.

The symptoms of stupor can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Decreased consciousness and alertness
* Confusion and disorientation
* Drowsiness and lethargy
* Reduced response to stimuli
* Slurred speech and difficulty with communication
* Weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups
* Memory loss and cognitive decline

Stupor can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and blood tests. Treatment of stupor depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications to manage symptoms, antibiotics for infections, and supportive care to maintain hydration and nutrition. In severe cases, stupor can progress to a coma or death.

The exact cause of NMS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an immune-mediated response to the neuroleptic drug. The syndrome typically develops within 1 to 2 weeks of starting or increasing the dose of the medication, and it can progress rapidly if left untreated.

The symptoms of NMS can include:

* Fever (usually above 38°C)
* Muscle rigidity and stiffness
* Altered mental status, such as confusion, disorientation, or agitation
* Autonomic dysfunction, such as changes in heart rate, blood pressure, or respiration
* Delirium or coma
* Seizures or convulsions

The diagnosis of NMS is based on a combination of clinical findings and laboratory tests, such as electrolyte imbalances, liver function tests, and muscle enzymes. Treatment typically involves stopping the neuroleptic medication and providing supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and sedation to manage agitation or seizures. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit may be necessary.

Preventing NMS is important, and it involves careful monitoring of patients who are taking neuroleptic medications, particularly during the early stages of treatment. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can help identify any potential problems before they become severe. Additionally, it is essential to report any new or worsening symptoms promptly, as early intervention can improve outcomes.

Overall, neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially life-threatening side effect of neuroleptic medications. Prompt recognition and treatment are crucial to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes for affected individuals.

This condition is most commonly seen in people with advanced liver disease, such as cirrhosis or liver cancer. It can also be caused by other conditions that affect the liver, such as hepatitis or portal hypertension.

Symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy can include confusion, disorientation, slurred speech, memory loss, and difficulty with coordination and balance. In severe cases, it can lead to coma or even death.

Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as blood tests and imaging studies. Treatment options include medications to reduce the production of ammonia in the gut, antibiotics to treat any underlying infections, and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to improve liver function. In severe cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.

Overall, hepatic encephalopathy is a serious condition that can have significant impact on quality of life and survival in people with advanced liver disease. Early detection and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

In the medical field, hysteria is not a recognized diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Instead, symptoms that were previously described as hysteria are now classified under other diagnostic categories such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and somatic symptom disorder.

Hysteria is sometimes used as a colloquial term to describe extreme or irrational fears or phobias, but this usage is not considered a valid medical diagnosis. It's important to note that any persistent physical or psychological symptoms should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

The diagnosis of absence epilepsy is typically made based on a combination of clinical findings, including:
-A history of recurrent brief loss of awareness or staring spells
-Normal neurological examination between episodes
-Abnormal EEG activity during seizures (spikes or sharp waves)

Treatment for absence epilepsy usually involves medication, such as ethosuximide, valproic acid, or lamotrigine. In some cases, surgery may be considered if medications are ineffective or have significant side effects.

It is important to note that absence epilepsy can be a challenging condition to diagnose and treat, as the spells can be difficult to distinguish from other conditions such as daydreaming or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

1. Headaches
2. Dizziness and balance problems
3. Fatigue
4. Irritability and mood changes
5. Memory and concentration difficulties
6. Sensitivity to light and noise
7. Sleep disturbances
8. Vision problems
9. Hearing sensitivity
10. Vertigo and nausea

The exact cause of PCS is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to changes in the brain that occur after a concussion. These changes may include inflammation, oxidative stress, and disruptions in the normal functioning of neurotransmitters.

There is no single test or diagnostic criteria for PCS, and diagnosis is often made based on a combination of clinical evaluation, symptom reporting, and cognitive and balance assessments. Treatment for PCS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including physical therapy, cognitive therapy, medication, and lifestyle modifications.

It is important to note that PCS can be challenging to diagnose and treat, and it may take time for symptoms to resolve. However, with appropriate care and support, many people are able to recover from PCS and regain their normal functioning.

1. Dissociative Amnesia (DA): This condition involves the inability to recall important information about oneself or events in one's life, especially during times of high stress or trauma.
2. Depersonalization Disorder (DDP): This disorder is characterized by a feeling of detachment from one's body and emotions, as if observing oneself from outside.
3. Derealization Disorder (DRD): This disorder involves a sense of unreality or detachment from the world around one.
4. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): This is a severe disorder that was previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder. It involves the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities that control an individual's behavior at different times.
5. Dissociative Trance Disorder (DTD): This rare disorder involves a state of dissociation that is triggered by trauma or stress, and is characterized by a feeling of being in a trance-like state.
6. Dissociative Fugue (DF): This is a sudden, unexpected travel away from home or work, often accompanied by a complete loss of memory for the past and a partial or complete loss of one's identity.
7. Dissociative Psychosis (DP): This is a psychotic disorder that involves a severe disruption in the integration of thought processes, such as hallucinations or delusions, and is often accompanied by dissociative symptoms.

These disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and environmental factors, such as trauma, stress, and abuse. Treatment for dissociative disorders typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication, such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs.

Causes of Hyperammonemia:

1. Liver disease or failure: The liver is responsible for filtering out ammonia, so if it is not functioning properly, ammonia levels can rise.
2. Urea cycle disorders: These are genetic conditions that affect the body's ability to break down protein and produce urea. As a result, ammonia can build up in the bloodstream.
3. Inborn errors of metabolism: Certain inherited disorders can lead to hyperammonemia by affecting the body's ability to process ammonia.
4. Sepsis: Severe infections can cause inflammation in the body, which can lead to hyperammonemia.
5. Kidney disease or failure: If the kidneys are not functioning properly, they may be unable to remove excess ammonia from the bloodstream, leading to hyperammonemia.

Symptoms of Hyperammonemia:

1. Lethargy and confusion
2. Seizures
3. Coma
4. Vomiting
5. Diarrhea
6. Decreased appetite
7. Weight loss
8. Fatigue
9. Headache
10. Nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis of Hyperammonemia:

1. Blood tests: Measurement of ammonia levels in the blood is the most common method used to diagnose hyperammonemia.
2. Urine tests: Measurement of urea levels in the urine can help determine if the body is able to produce and excrete urea normally.
3. Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans may be ordered to look for any underlying liver or kidney damage.
4. Genetic testing: If the cause of hyperammonemia is suspected to be a genetic disorder, genetic testing may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment of Hyperammonemia:

1. Dietary changes: A low-protein diet and avoiding high-aminogram foods can help reduce ammonia production in the body.
2. Medications: Medications such as sodium benzoate, sodium phenylbutyrate, and ribavirin may be used to reduce ammonia production or increase urea production.
3. Dialysis: In severe cases of hyperammonemia, dialysis may be necessary to remove excess ammonia from the blood.
4. Liver transplantation: In cases where the cause of hyperammonemia is liver disease, a liver transplant may be necessary.
5. Nutritional support: Providing adequate nutrition and hydration can help support the body's metabolic processes and prevent complications of hyperammonemia.

Complications of Hyperammonemia:

1. Brain damage: Prolonged elevated ammonia levels in the blood can cause brain damage, leading to cognitive impairment, seizures, and coma.
2. Respiratory failure: Severe hyperammonemia can lead to respiratory failure, which can be life-threatening.
3. Cardiac complications: Hyperammonemia can cause cardiac complications such as arrhythmias and heart failure.
4. Kidney damage: Prolonged elevated ammonia levels in the blood can cause kidney damage and failure.
5. Infections: People with hyperammonemia may be more susceptible to infections due to impaired immune function.

In conclusion, hyperammonemia is a serious condition that can have severe consequences if left untreated. It is essential to identify the underlying cause of hyperammonemia and provide appropriate treatment to prevent complications. Early detection and management of hyperammonemia can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term sequelae.

Delirium can be caused by several factors, including:

1. Infections: Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or sepsis can lead to delirium.
2. Medications: Sedatives, analgesics, and certain antidepressants can cause delirium as a side effect.
3. Surgery: General anesthesia and surgery can cause delirium, especially in older adults.
4. Alcohol or drug withdrawal: Stopping alcohol or drugs suddenly can cause delirium.
5. Poor nutrition or dehydration: Dehydration, malnutrition, or a lack of essential vitamins and minerals can contribute to delirium.
6. Sleep disturbances: Insomnia, sleep apnea, or restless leg syndrome can increase the risk of delirium.
7. Brain injury: Traumatic brain injury or stroke can cause delirium.
8. Mental health conditions: Depression, anxiety, or psychosis can contribute to delirium.

Delirium is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. It can lead to complications such as falls, accidents, and longer hospital stays. In some cases, delirium can be a symptom of a more severe underlying condition, so it is essential to identify the cause and provide appropriate treatment.

There are several ways to diagnose delirium, including:

1. Clinical evaluation: A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination, take a medical history, and ask questions about the patient's symptoms.
2. Neurological examination: The healthcare provider may perform a neurological exam to check for signs of cognitive impairment, such as memory loss or difficulty with language.
3. Laboratory tests: Blood tests or imaging studies may be ordered to rule out underlying medical conditions that could be causing delirium.
4. Delirium assessment tools: The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) or the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) may be used to evaluate the severity of delirium and monitor progress.

Treatment for delirium focuses on addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms. This may include:

1. Medications: Antipsychotic medications, sedatives, or antidepressants may be prescribed to manage agitation, anxiety, or psychosis.
2. Environmental modifications: Changing the patient's environment to reduce stimuli and promote relaxation can help manage delirium.
3. Reorientation: Helping the patient orient themselves to their surroundings and time can improve cognitive function.
4. Supportive care: Providing adequate nutrition, hydration, and hygiene can support the patient's physical and emotional well-being.
5. Family support: Involving family members in the patient's care can provide emotional support and help improve communication.
6. Multidisciplinary team approach: A team of healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, therapists, and social workers, may work together to develop a comprehensive treatment plan.

In some cases, delirium can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition that requires prompt medical attention. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor patients with delirium and provide appropriate treatment to address the underlying cause and manage symptoms.

Cerebral infarction can result in a range of symptoms, including sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, sudden vision loss, dizziness, and confusion. Depending on the location and severity of the infarction, it can lead to long-term disability or even death.

There are several types of cerebral infarction, including:

1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of cerebral infarction, accounting for around 87% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, leading to bleeding and cell death.
3. Lacunar infarction: This type of cerebral infarction affects the deep structures of the brain, particularly the basal ganglia, and is often caused by small blockages or stenosis (narrowing) in the blood vessels.
4. Territorial infarction: This type of cerebral infarction occurs when there is a complete blockage of a blood vessel that supplies a specific area of the brain, leading to cell death and tissue damage in that area.

Diagnosis of cerebral infarction typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and location of the infarction, but may include medication to dissolve blood clots, surgery to remove blockages, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

There are two main types of status epilepticus:

1. Generalized status epilepticus: This type affects the entire brain and is characterized by severe convulsions, loss of consciousness, and muscle stiffness.
2. Focal status epilepticus: This type affects only one part of the brain and can cause more subtle symptoms, such as weakness or numbness in a limb, speech difficulties, or confusion.

The diagnosis of status epilepticus is based on clinical findings, medical history, and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Treatment typically involves prompt administration of anticonvulsant medications, such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates, to control seizures and prevent further brain damage. In severe cases, sedation, mechanical ventilation, or anesthesia may be required to support the patient's vital functions.

The prognosis for status epilepticus depends on several factors, including the underlying cause, the severity of the seizure, and the promptness and effectiveness of treatment. In general, the earlier the treatment is initiated, the better the outcome. However, long-term neurological and cognitive deficits can occur in some cases.

Preventive measures for status epilepticus include proper management of underlying conditions that may trigger seizures, such as epilepsy or head trauma, and avoiding triggers like alcohol or drugs. Additionally, prompt medical attention should be sought if seizure warning signs are present, such as changes in sensation, confusion, or convulsions.

The committee defined "brain death" as follows:

* The absence of any clinical or electrophysiological signs of consciousness, including the lack of response to pain, light, sound, or other stimuli.
* The absence of brainstem reflexes, such as pupillary reactivity, oculocephalic reflex, and gag reflex.
* The failure of all brain waves, including alpha, beta, theta, delta, and epsilon waves, as detected by electroencephalography (EEG).
* The absence of any other clinical or laboratory signs of life, such as heartbeat, breathing, or blood circulation.

The definition of brain death is important because it provides a clear and consistent criteria for determining death in medical settings. It helps to ensure that patients who are clinically dead are not inappropriately kept on life support, and that organ donation can be performed in a timely and ethical manner.

Encephalitis can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, encephalitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and even death.

The diagnosis of encephalitis is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens specific to the causative agent, as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis to look for inflammatory markers and/or bacteria or viruses in the CSF. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to visualize the brain and identify any areas of damage or inflammation.

Treatment of encephalitis typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and medication to manage fever and pain. Antiviral or antibacterial drugs may be used to target the specific causative agent, if identified. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) may be necessary to monitor and manage the patient's condition.

Prevention of encephalitis includes vaccination against certain viruses that can cause the condition, such as herpes simplex virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Additionally, avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other insects that can transmit viruses or bacteria that cause encephalitis, as well as practicing good hygiene and sanitation, can help reduce the risk of infection.

Overall, encephalitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. With appropriate care, many patients with encephalitis can recover fully or partially, but some may experience long-term neurological complications or disability.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several types of intracranial hemorrhage, including:

1. Cerebral hemorrhage: Bleeding within the cerebral tissue itself, which can cause damage to brain cells and lead to a variety of complications.
2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding between the brain and the thin membrane that covers it (the meninges), which can cause severe headaches and other symptoms.
3. Epidural hemorrhage: Bleeding between the dura mater, a protective layer of tissue surrounding the brain, and the skull.
4. Subdural hemorrhage: Bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane, which can cause severe headaches and other symptoms.

The symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage can vary depending on the location and severity of the bleeding, but may include:

* Sudden, severe headache
* Nausea and vomiting
* Confusion and disorientation
* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Seizures
* Loss of consciousness

Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests to determine the cause of the hemorrhage. Treatment depends on the location and severity of the bleeding, but may include medications to control symptoms, surgery to repair the source of the bleeding, or other interventions as needed.

People with akinetic mutism may experience a range of symptoms, including:

1. Loss of voluntary movements: Individuals with akinetic mutism may have difficulty initiating and performing voluntary movements, such as walking, talking, or writing.
2. Mutism: Akinetic mutism is often accompanied by mutism, which means that the individual is unable to speak or communicate verbally.
3. Limited facial expressions: People with akinetic mutism may have limited ability to express emotions through facial expressions.
4. Decreased eye movements: The disorder can also cause decreased eye movements and difficulty tracking objects visually.
5. Difficulty with automatic movements: Automatic movements, such as blinking or swinging their arms, may be difficult or impossible for individuals with akinetic mutism.
6. Loss of initiative: People with akinetic mutism may have difficulty initiating actions or tasks, and may require prompting or assistance to perform daily activities.
7. Decreased attention and concentration: The disorder can also affect the individual's ability to attend and concentrate on tasks.
8. Memory loss: Some individuals with akinetic mutism may experience memory loss and difficulty learning new information.
9. Emotional changes: Akinetic mutism can also cause emotional changes, such as depression, anxiety, or apathy.

The exact cause of akinetic mutism is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be related to damage to the parietal lobe of the brain, which is responsible for motor and sensory functions. Treatment options for akinetic mutism are limited and vary depending on the underlying cause of the disorder. Physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy may be helpful in improving movement and communication skills. Medication may also be prescribed to manage related symptoms such as depression or anxiety.

Hyponatremia can be caused by various factors, such as excessive fluid intake, certain medications, kidney or liver disease, and hormonal imbalances. Symptoms may include headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, seizures or coma.

Treatment for hyponatremia typically involves correcting the underlying cause of the condition. This may involve discontinuing certain medications, addressing any underlying medical conditions, or limiting fluid intake. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition. In some instances, sodium supplements or diuretics may be prescribed to help correct sodium levels.

It is important to note that hyponatremia can be a serious condition, and prompt medical attention should be sought if symptoms persist or worsen over time. A healthcare professional should be consulted for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of insulin coma can include confusion, slurred speech, seizures, tremors, and loss of consciousness. If left untreated, insulin coma can lead to seizures, brain damage, and even death. Treatment for insulin coma usually involves administering glucose intravenously or through injection, as well as addressing the underlying cause of the condition.

Insulin coma is relatively rare in people with type 2 diabetes, but it can occur more frequently in those with type 1 diabetes. However, anyone with diabetes who takes insulin or other medications to control their blood sugar levels is at risk for developing hypoglycemic coma. It is important for individuals with diabetes to be aware of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and to take steps to prevent low blood sugar, such as eating regular meals, monitoring blood sugar levels, and adjusting medication doses as needed.

This medical term is used to describe a specific type of hematoma, which is a collection of blood outside of blood vessels. This particular type of hematoma occurs in the space between the dura mater and the brain, and it develops over time. It can be caused by a blow or injury to the head, and it is more common in older adults due to the natural aging process affecting the elasticity of brain tissue.

The term 'chronic' is added to distinguish this type of hematoma from an acute subdural hematoma, which develops quickly and suddenly after a head injury. The symptoms of chronic subdural hematomas can be subtle and may not appear until days or weeks after the initial injury, making them more difficult to diagnose.

Chronic subdural hematomas are typically treated with surgery to drain the accumulated blood and relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, a shunt may be placed to help drain excess fluid and prevent future bleeding.

Some common causes of confusion in the medical field include:

1. Medication side effects: Certain medications can cause confusion as a side effect, particularly those that affect the central nervous system, such as sedatives, anti-anxiety drugs, and painkillers.
2. Delirium: A sudden and severe confusional state that can be caused by various factors, such as infections, surgery, or alcohol or drug withdrawal.
3. Dementia: A progressive decline in cognitive function that can cause confusion, memory loss, and difficulty with communication and daily activities. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia.
4. Traumatic brain injury: A head injury that can cause confusion, memory loss, and other cognitive difficulties.
5. Stroke: A loss of blood flow to the brain that can cause confusion, weakness, and difficulty with speech and mobility.
6. Infections: Certain infections, such as urinary tract infections or sepsis, can cause confusion and disorientation.
7. Sleep disorders: Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or sleep apnea, can lead to confusion and other cognitive difficulties.
8. Chronic conditions: Certain chronic conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, or hypothyroidism, can cause confusion if left untreated or poorly managed.
9. Nutritional deficiencies: Deficiencies in certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12 or thiamine, can cause confusion and other cognitive difficulties.
10. Substance abuse: Withdrawal from drugs or alcohol can cause confusion, agitation, and other cognitive difficulties.

In the medical field, confusion is often evaluated through a series of questions and physical examinations to determine its underlying cause. Treatment may involve addressing any underlying conditions, managing symptoms, and providing supportive care to help improve cognitive function. In some cases, medication or other interventions may be necessary to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Intracranial hematoma occurs within the skull and is often caused by head injuries, such as falls or car accidents. It can lead to severe neurological symptoms, including confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Extracranial hematomas occur outside the skull and are commonly seen in injuries from sports, accidents, or surgery.

The signs and symptoms of hematoma may vary depending on its location and size. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility. Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI scans, along with physical examination and medical history.

Treatment for hematoma depends on its severity and location. In some cases, conservative management with rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) may be sufficient. However, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain the collection of blood or remove any clots that have formed.

In severe cases, hematoma can lead to life-threatening complications such as infection, neurological damage, and organ failure. Therefore, prompt medical attention is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Signs and Symptoms:

The signs and symptoms of BSI vary depending on the severity and location of the infarction. Common symptoms include sudden onset of headache, confusion, dizziness, slurred speech, weakness or paralysis of the face or limbs, double vision, and difficulty with swallowing. Patients may also experience vomiting, seizures, and loss of consciousness.

Diagnosis:

BSI is diagnosed using a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests. A complete neurological examination is crucial to identify any deficits in vision, hearing, balance, and sensation. Imaging studies are used to confirm the presence of an infarction and to identify the location and extent of the damage. Laboratory tests such as blood chemistry and coagulation studies may be performed to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

Treatment:

The treatment of BSI depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the infarction. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve the blockage or to repair any blood vessel damage. Medications such as anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and blood pressure-lowering drugs may also be used to manage the condition. Rehabilitation therapy is often necessary to help patients regain lost function and improve their quality of life.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for BSI varies depending on the severity and location of the infarction, as well as the underlying cause. In general, patients with a small infarct in a critical area of the brainstem have a poorer prognosis than those with larger infarctions in less critical areas. However, early recognition and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications such as seizures, hydrocephalus, and respiratory failure.

Complications:

BSI can be associated with a number of complications, including:

1. Seizures: BSI can cause seizures, which can be challenging to treat and may require medication or surgical intervention.
2. Hydrocephalus: Fluid buildup in the brain can occur as a result of BSI, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
3. Respiratory failure: Damage to the brainstem can lead to respiratory failure, which may require mechanical ventilation.
4. Cardiac arrhythmias: BSI can cause cardiac arrhythmias, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
5. Cerebral edema: Swelling in the brain can occur as a result of BSI, leading to increased intracranial pressure and potentially life-threatening complications.
6. Pneumonia: BSI can increase the risk of developing pneumonia, particularly in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
7. Meningitis: BSI can increase the risk of developing meningitis, particularly in individuals with pre-existing immune compromise.
8. Stroke: BSI can cause stroke, which may be related to the infarction itself or to the underlying condition that caused the infarction.
9. Cognitive and behavioral changes: BSI can result in cognitive and behavioral changes, including difficulty with concentration, memory loss, and personality changes.
10. Long-term sequelae: BSI can have long-term consequences, including chronic cognitive impairment, seizures, and changes in behavior and mood.

Treatment and management:

The treatment and management of BSI depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the infarction. Some common approaches include:

1. Antibiotics: If the infarction is caused by an infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection and prevent further spread of the infection.
2. Supportive care: Patients with BSI may require supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, or cardiac support, depending on the severity of the infarction.
3. Surgical intervention: In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve pressure or remove infected tissue.
4. Rehabilitation: Patients who survive BSI may require rehabilitation to regain lost function and improve their quality of life.
5. Close monitoring: Patients with BSI should be closely monitored for signs of complications, such as seizures, confusion, or changes in vital signs.

Prevention:

Preventing BSI is critical to reducing the risk of complications and improving outcomes. Some strategies for preventing BSI include:

1. Immunization: Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b can help prevent BSI caused by these organisms.
2. Proper hygiene: Proper hand washing and hygiene practices can help reduce the risk of transmission of BSI-causing pathogens.
3. Use of contact precautions: Use of contact precautions, such as wearing gloves and gowns, can help prevent the spread of BSI-causing pathogens.
4. Proper use of invasive devices: Proper use of invasive devices, such as central lines and urinary catheters, can help reduce the risk of BSI.
5. Antibiotic stewardship: Proper use of antibiotics can help reduce the risk of BSI caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
6. Early detection and treatment: Early detection and treatment of underlying infections can help prevent the progression to BSI.
7. Avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures: Avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures, such as central lines or urinary catheters, can reduce the risk of BSI.
8. Use of antimicrobial-impregnated devices: Use of antimicrobial-impregnated devices, such as central lines and urinary catheters, can help reduce the risk of BSI.
9. Proper hand hygiene: Proper hand hygiene practices, including hand washing and use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers, can help reduce the transmission of BSI-causing pathogens.
10. Environmental cleaning and disinfection: Regular environmental cleaning and disinfection can help reduce the presence of BSI-causing pathogens in the hospital environment.

It is important to note that these strategies should be tailored to the specific needs of each patient and healthcare facility, and may need to be adjusted based on the local prevalence of BSI-causing pathogens and the patient's medical condition.

The exact cause of thyroid crisis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune response that triggers the release of excessive amounts of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. This can lead to a rapid increase in heart rate, cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious complications.

There are two main types of thyroid crisis:

1. Graves' disease-related thyroid crisis: This type is more common and typically affects people with Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
2. Toxic multinodular goiter-related thyroid crisis: This type is less common and occurs when multiple nodules in the thyroid gland produce excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.

The symptoms of thyroid crisis can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but they may include:

* Fever
* Vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea
* Heart palpitations
* Rapid heart rate
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Shortness of breath
* Seizures
* Coma

If you suspect that you or someone else is experiencing thyroid crisis, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves hospitalization and may include the following:

1. Thyroid hormone-blocking medications: These drugs can help reduce the levels of thyroid hormones in the bloodstream and alleviate symptoms.
2. Antibiotics: If there are signs of infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat the infection.
3. Corticosteroids: These medications can help reduce inflammation in the thyroid gland and other parts of the body.
4. Cardiac support: In severe cases, cardiac support such as a pacemaker or defibrillator may be necessary to regulate the heart rhythm.
5. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be required to remove part or all of the thyroid gland.

Preventing Thyroid Crisis
------------------------

While there is no guaranteed way to prevent thyroid crisis, there are several measures you can take to reduce your risk:

1. Monitor your thyroid function: Regular blood tests can help identify any changes in thyroid hormone levels and allow for early treatment.
2. Manage underlying medical conditions: Conditions such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid nodules can increase the risk of thyroid crisis. Proper management of these conditions can help reduce the risk.
3. Avoid stimulating the thyroid gland: Avoiding activities that stimulate the thyroid gland, such as strenuous exercise or excessive iodine intake, can help reduce the risk of thyroid crisis.
4. Seek prompt medical attention: If you experience any symptoms of thyroid crisis, seek prompt medical attention. Early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.
5. Be aware of your medications: Certain medications, such as steroids and amiodarone, can increase the risk of thyroid crisis. Be aware of the potential risks and discuss any concerns with your healthcare provider.

Living with Thyroid Crisis
-------------------------

Living with thyroid crisis can be challenging, but there are several resources and support options available to help you manage the condition:

1. Healthcare team: Your healthcare provider is your primary source of information and support. They can provide guidance on managing the condition and address any questions or concerns you may have.
2. Online resources: There are several online resources and support groups available for people with thyroid crisis, such as the American Thyroid Association and the Thyroid Foundation of America. These organizations provide information, resources, and support for people with thyroid conditions.
3. Support groups: Joining a support group can provide a sense of community and help you connect with others who are going through similar experiences.
4. Self-care: Engaging in self-care activities such as exercise, meditation, and relaxation techniques can help manage stress and improve overall well-being.
5. Advocating for yourself: Learning to advocate for yourself and your health is essential when living with thyroid crisis. Be proactive and assertive when communicating with your healthcare provider and loved ones about your needs and concerns.

Conclusion
----------

Thyroid crisis, also known as thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis, is a life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. It occurs when the thyroid gland becomes overactive and releases excessive amounts of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. This can lead to symptoms such as fever, rapid heart rate, and muscle weakness.

If you suspect you or someone you know is experiencing a thyroid crisis, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. Early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes. Living with thyroid crisis can be challenging, but there are several resources and support options available to help manage the condition. By being proactive and advocating for yourself, you can improve your quality of life and manage this condition effectively.

The risk of developing PTE is highest in individuals who experienced a severe head injury, such as a concussion, contusion, or penetrating injury. Additionally, the risk is higher if the injury involved the temporal lobe, which is a part of the brain that is prone to seizures.

Post-traumatic epilepsy can be difficult to diagnose because it may not develop until years after the initial trauma. The symptoms of PTE can also be similar to other conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, it is important for individuals who have experienced a head injury to receive regular follow-up care with a healthcare provider.

There are several types of seizures that can occur in PTE, including:

1. Generalized seizures: These seizures affect both sides of the brain and can cause symptoms such as convulsions, muscle stiffness, and loss of consciousness.
2. Partial seizures: These seizures affect only one part of the brain and can cause symptoms such as confusion, weakness, or numbness.
3. Simple partial seizures: These seizures do not involve convulsions or loss of consciousness and may be accompanied by symptoms such as staring spells or repetitive movements.
4. Complex partial seizures: These seizures involve both the conscious and unconscious mind and can cause symptoms such as confusion, hallucinations, and changes in behavior.

There are several treatment options for PTE, including medication, surgery, and lifestyle modifications. The goal of treatment is to control seizures and improve quality of life. In some cases, PTE may be a lifelong condition, but with proper management, individuals can lead fulfilling lives.

Overall, post-traumatic epilepsy is a serious condition that can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life. If you or someone you know has experienced a traumatic brain injury and is experiencing seizures, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. With proper diagnosis and treatment, it is possible to manage PTE and improve overall health and well-being.

Example sentence: "The patient was diagnosed with an epidural hematoma after falling from a height and experienced severe headaches and blurred vision."

Intracranial aneurysms are relatively rare but can have serious consequences if they rupture and cause bleeding in the brain.

The symptoms of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm may include headaches, seizures, and visual disturbances.

If an intracranial aneurysm ruptures, it can lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space around the brain), which is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

Diagnosis of an intracranial aneurysm typically involves imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, and may also involve catheter angiography.

Treatment for intracranial aneurysms usually involves surgical clipping or endovascular coiling, depending on the size, location, and severity of the aneurysm.

Preventing rupture of intracranial aneurysms is important, as they can be difficult to treat once they have ruptured.

Endovascular coiling is a minimally invasive procedure in which a catheter is inserted into the affected artery and a small coil is inserted into the aneurysm, causing it to clot and preventing further bleeding.

Surgical clipping involves placing a small metal clip across the base of the aneurysm to prevent further bleeding.

In addition to these treatments, medications such as anticonvulsants and antihypertensives may be used to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

There are several types of mutism, including:

1. Selective mutism: This is a condition where an individual is unable to speak in certain situations or to specific people, but can speak freely in other situations.
2. Total mutism: This is a condition where an individual is completely unable to speak, and may communicate only through nonverbal means such as gestures or writing.
3. Mutism due to brain damage: This can be caused by head injury, stroke, or other forms of brain damage that affect language processing.
4. Mutism in children: This can be caused by a variety of factors, including developmental delays, hearing loss, or social anxiety.
5. Mutism as a symptom of other conditions: Mutism may be a symptom of other conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, or depression.

Diagnosis of mutism typically involves a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's speech and language abilities, as well as any underlying medical or psychological conditions that may be contributing to the mutism. Treatment options may include speech therapy, behavioral therapy, and in some cases, medication to address any underlying conditions.

It is important to note that mutism is not the same as aphasia, which is a condition where an individual experiences difficulty with language processing due to brain damage or other causes. While individuals with mutism may have difficulty with language processing, they do not experience the same level of cognitive impairment as individuals with aphasia.

Brain hypoxia is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients. Treatment options may include oxygen therapy, medications to improve blood flow to the brain, and surgery to remove any blockages or obstructions in blood vessels.

This definition of 'Epilepsy, Generalized' is from the Health Dictionary - a medical glossary for the layman.

Please note that this definition is an approximation and is not intended to be taken as a formal definition.

Without enough citrulline synthase, citrulline builds up in the blood and urine, leading to a range of symptoms including seizures, developmental delays, and abnormal brain function. Citrullinemia can be diagnosed through a combination of blood tests and genetic analysis, and is typically treated with a diet that restricts protein intake and includes supplements to support the urea cycle. In some cases, medication or a liver transplant may also be necessary.

The prognosis for citrullinemia varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment. Some individuals with mild forms of the disorder may lead relatively normal lives with proper management, while those with more severe forms may experience significant cognitive and physical impairments. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for individuals with citrullinemia.

Here are some key points to remember about citrullinemia:

* It is a rare genetic disorder that affects the urea cycle, leading to a build-up of citrulline in the blood and urine.
* Symptoms can include seizures, developmental delays, and abnormal brain function.
* Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of blood tests and genetic analysis.
* Treatment typically involves a protein-restricted diet and supplements to support the urea cycle.
* The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the effectiveness of treatment.

Overall, citrullinemia is a rare and complex disorder that requires careful management to prevent complications and improve outcomes for individuals affected by the condition.

The symptoms of aspiration pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. The infection can be mild, moderate, or severe and can affect people of all ages, but it is more common in older adults or those with underlying medical conditions.

The diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia is usually made based on a combination of physical examination findings, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest x-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation in severe cases. In some cases, hospitalization may be required to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention of aspiration pneumonia includes avoiding eating or drinking before lying down, taking small bites and chewing food thoroughly, and avoiding alcohol and sedatives. It is also important to maintain good oral hygiene and to avoid smoking and other forms of tobacco use. Vaccination against certain types of pneumonia may also be recommended for some individuals at high risk.

In extreme cases, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, and even coma. It is important to recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia early on and seek medical attention if they persist or worsen over time. Treatment typically involves raising blood sugar levels through the consumption of quick-acting carbohydrates such as glucose tablets, fruit juice, or hard candy.

If left untreated, hypoglycemia can have serious consequences, including long-term damage to the brain, heart, and other organs. It is important for individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly and work with their healthcare provider to manage their condition effectively.

Note: This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. If you suspect someone has sustained a head injury and is experiencing any of these symptoms, call emergency services immediately.

The symptoms of ESS can vary depending on the specific hormone deficiency present and may include:

1. Growth retardation in children
2. Short stature as an adult
3. Delayed puberty or irregular menstrual cycles in females
4. Hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels)
5. Adrenal insufficiency (low cortisol levels)
6. Infertility or irregular menstrual cycles in females
7. Erectile dysfunction or decreased libido in males
8. Fatigue, weakness, and malaise
9. Headaches, vision problems, or other symptoms related to hormone deficiencies.

The exact cause of empty sella syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some cases have been linked to a family history of the condition, while others may be caused by a tumor or other structural abnormality in the pituitary gland.

There is no specific treatment for empty sella syndrome, but hormone replacement therapy may be recommended to treat any underlying hormone deficiencies. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or other structural abnormality in the pituitary gland. The prognosis for ESS varies depending on the specific cause of the condition and the presence of any underlying hormone deficiencies. With appropriate treatment, many individuals with ESS can lead normal lives, but some may experience ongoing symptoms or complications related to hormone deficiencies.

1. Stroke: A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to a blockage or a rupture of the blood vessels. This can lead to cell death and permanent brain damage.
2. Cerebral vasospasm: Vasospasm is a temporary constriction of the blood vessels in the brain, which can occur after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the space surrounding the brain).
3. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches. It can lead to recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIs) or stroke.
4. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: This is a condition where abnormal protein deposits accumulate in the blood vessels of the brain, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
5. Cavernous malformations: These are abnormal collections of blood vessels in the brain that can cause seizures, headaches, and other symptoms.
6. Carotid artery disease: Atherosclerosis (hardening) of the carotid arteries can lead to a stroke or TIAs.
7. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency: This is a condition where the blood flow to the brain is reduced due to narrowing or blockage of the vertebral and basilar arteries.
8. Temporal lobe dementia: This is a type of dementia that affects the temporal lobe of the brain, leading to memory loss and other cognitive symptoms.
9. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL): This is a rare genetic disorder that affects the blood vessels in the brain, leading to recurrent stroke-like events.
10. Moyamoya disease: This is a rare condition caused by narrowing or blockage of the internal carotid artery and its branches, leading to decreased blood flow to the brain and increased risk of stroke.

It's important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other causes of stroke and TIAs that are not included here. A proper diagnosis can only be made by a qualified medical professional after conducting a thorough examination and reviewing the individual's medical history.

There are several types of poisoning, including:

1. Acute poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a large amount of a poisonous substance over a short period of time. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a small amount of a poisonous substance over a longer period of time. Symptoms can include fatigue, weight loss, and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Occupational poisoning: This occurs when a worker is exposed to a poisonous substance in the course of their work. Examples include exposure to pesticides, lead, and mercury.
4. Environmental poisoning: This occurs when a person is exposed to a poisonous substance in their environment, such as through contaminated water or soil.
5. Food poisoning: This occurs when a person eats food that has been contaminated with a poisonous substance, such as bacteria or viruses. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps.

Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison and the severity of the exposure. Some common treatments include activated charcoal to absorb the poison, medications to counteract the effects of the poison, and supportive care such as fluids and oxygen. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding poisoning. This includes proper storage and disposal of household chemicals, using protective gear when working with hazardous substances, and avoiding exposure to known poisons such as certain plants and animals. Education and awareness are also important in preventing poisoning, such as understanding the symptoms of poisoning and seeking medical attention immediately if suspected.

Pneumocephalus can be classified into two types:

1. Traumatic pneumocephalus: This type occurs due to external forces such as a blow to the head or a penetrating wound.
2. Spontaneous pneumocephalus: This type occurs without any obvious cause and is often associated with underlying neurological disorders.

Symptoms of pneumocephalus may include headache, confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans are used to diagnose the condition, and treatment typically involves draining the accumulated air from the cranial cavity. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair any damage to the skull or brain tissue.

It is important to note that pneumocephalus can lead to serious complications if left untreated, such as infection, brain damage, or cerebral edema. Therefore, prompt medical attention is essential if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

... state/event consciousness; reportability; introspective consciousness; subjective consciousness; self-consciousness)-and that ... Max Velmans (2009). "How to define consciousness-and how not to define consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 16: ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Consciousness. The dictionary definition of consciousness at Wiktionary Consciousness ... P-consciousness) from access (A-consciousness), though these terms had been used before Block. P-consciousness, according to ...
... is the idea that human beings are members of a planetary society of Earth as much as they are members ... Key planetary consciousness events of the 20th century include the creation of the League of Nations, the signing of Kellogg- ... Bummel describes planetary consciousness as integral, insofar as it does not conflict with other levels of social identity, but ... Author Shashi Tharoor argues that an Earth Anthem sung by people across the world can inspire planetary consciousness and ...
The Consciousness Party, also translated as the Awareness Party, is a political party in Egypt founded in 2011. The party was ...
Michael Gazzaniga, while working on the model of dual consciousness, came to the conclusion that simple dual consciousness (i.e ... Revonsuo stated that it seemed that one consciousness saw the flower and another consciousness saw the rabbit independently ... Consciousness studies, Dichotomies, Mind-body problem, Consciousness, Neurological disorders). ... Dual consciousness is a theoretical concept in neuroscience. It is proposed that it is possible that a person may develop two ...
"The paradox of consciousness", The Lancet, Vol 357, Issue 9249, 6 January 2001. "The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness: ... Reductionism, for example, attempts to reduce consciousness to being a state of the brain; thus consciousness is nothing more ... functionalism and consciousness in machines. Part 2 gives a new analysis of consciousness, grounded in its everyday ... Understanding Consciousness (2000) is a book by Max Velmans, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of ...
... is thus not a simple subjective act: "as consciousness here is not the consciousness of an object opposed ... The proletariat's class consciousness is not immediate; class consciousness must not be mistaken either with the consciousness ... "Understanding Karl Marx's Class Consciousness and False Consciousness". Archived from the original on 2017-10-14. "Social Class ... class consciousness) is also consciousness of the totality (knowledge of the entire social and historical process). Through ...
... and scientific consciousness. Berman traces the history of this disenchantment. He argues that the modern consciousness is ... The term participating consciousness was introduced by cultural historian Morris Berman in The Reenchantment of the World (1981 ... Some compare participating consciousness to the thinking of non-Western indigenous peoples. Others link it to esoteric ... Alchemy, as it turns out, was the last great coherent expression of participating consciousness in the West." The concept of ...
... may refer to: Black Consciousness Movement, an anti-apartheid movement in the 1960s in South Africa Black ... Consciousness Day, or Black Awareness Day, a day celebrated every November 20 in Brazil This disambiguation page lists articles ... associated with the title Black consciousness. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point ...
Knowing the brain basis of consciousness reduces the Hard problem of consciousness in a significant way while the provision of ... Journal of Consciousness Studies 21, 6-32. Hobson, J.A. (2015). Psychodynamic Neurology: Dreams, Consciousness, and Virtual ... Dream consciousness is a term defined by the theorist of dreaming science J. Allan Hobson, M.D. as the memory of subjective ... Hence, Hobson argues, consciousness may thus be no more and no less than the simultaneous combination of all of these ...
The Consciousness Industry is a term coined by author and theorist Hans Magnus Enzensberger, which identifies the mechanisms ... Hans Haacke elaborates on the consciousness industry as it applies to the arts in a wider system of production, distribution, ... Haacke, H. (1983/2006). "Museums: Managers of consciousness," in Hans Haacke : For real : Works 1959-2006. M. Flügge & R. Fleck ... The Consciousness Industry: On Literature, Politics and the Media. New York: Continuum Books/ Seabury Press. Michael Roloff, ...
... is a term and teaching often referred to in New Age and New Thought communities, and it is a term ... Prosperity consciousness is based primarily on a belief in the Law of Attraction and its use for attracting more wealth. " ... "Prosperity Consciousness" article on Rich Bits website (Articles lacking sources from September 2008, All articles lacking ...
... may refer to: Collective consciousness, the set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate ... Group consciousness (political science) Vijnanakaya, one of the seven Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma Buddhist scriptures. This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Group consciousness. If an internal link led you here, you may ...
The rule consciousness as one of the primary factors of personality out of sixteen as categorized by Raymond Cattell, 1946 as ... A theory also associates rule consciousness as the "original apperception", which is a Kantian concept of a mental state in ... Jean Piaget also studied rule consciousness between boys and girls in the context of games. Hausenblas, Heather; Rhodes, Ryan ( ... The descriptors of low level rule consciousness are expedient, nonconforming, disregards rules, self-indulgent or having a low ...
The legal consciousness evaluates the existing law and also bears in mind an image of the desired or ideal law. Consciousness ... Legal consciousness is a form of social consciousness. Legal ideology, the system of legal views based on certain social and ... Legal consciousness is a state of being, legal socialisation is the process to Legal consciousness; where as legal awareness & ... legal consciousness narratives Before the law With the law Against the law Law Consciousness Natural law Legal positivism Legal ...
... (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness (Gamez 2008; Reggia 2013), ... Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology 26:1-12 Franklin, Stan, et al. "The role of consciousness in memory." Brains, ... Characters with artificial consciousness (or at least with personalities that imply they have consciousness), from works of ... The aim of the theory of artificial consciousness is to "Define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to ...
... can refer to a multitude of different individual forms of consciousness coalescing into a greater ... Part 1: Collective Consciousness and its Socio-Cultural Foundations, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 5 (1) p 72. Tsoukalas, I ... Cognitive materialism is based on a kind of collective consciousness of the mind. This consciousness can be used, with ... "Collective consciousness and the social brain". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 15: 264-276.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ...
Consciousness is the state or quality of awareness. Consciousness may also refer to: Consciousness (Hill book), 2009 book by ... 1970 Consciousness (Pat Martino album), 1974 Consciousness (Smile Empty Soul album), 2009 Conscious (disambiguation) ... Look up consciousness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... page lists articles associated with the title Consciousness. If ... a 2000 book by biologists Gerald Maurice Edelman and Giulio Tononi Consciousness! (Eric Kloss album), ...
Dennett's views set out in Consciousness Explained put him at odds with thinkers who say that consciousness can be described ... What neurology tells us about the biological functions of consciousness, qualia and the self." Journal of consciousness studies ... Detractors have provided the alternative titles of Consciousness Ignored and Consciousness Explained Away. According to Galen ... Frankish, Keith (2016). "Illusionism as a Theory of Consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Studies. 23: 11-39. Graziano, ...
This form of consciousness is also sometimes called "sensory consciousness". Put another way, primary consciousness is the ... Consciousness has not yet become a scientific term that can be defined in this way. Currently we all use the term consciousness ... Phenomenal consciousness is usually consciousness of something or about something, a property known as intentionality in ... The current problem consciousness researchers face involves explaining how and why consciousness arises from neural computation ...
Gerald Edelman, in his 'Theory of Consciousness', distinguishes higher consciousness, or "secondary consciousness" from " ... "God-consciousness", is a higher form of consciousness. This consciousness is not "God himself", since God would then no longer ... "higher consciousness". In his book The Spectrum of Consciousness Wilber describes consciousness as a spectrum with ordinary ... through personal consciousness, to higher transpersonal consciousness. Clairvoyant Edgar Cayce referred to higher consciousness ...
... "cosmic consciousness" to be a collective consciousness, a "larger reservoir of consciousness", which manifests itself in the ... In Cosmic Consciousness, Bucke stated that he discerned three forms, or degrees, of consciousness: Simple consciousness, ... brutish self-awareness Sensual consciousness Higher self-consciousness In Schleiermacher's theology, higher consciousness "is ... According to Ervin László, cosmic consciousness corresponds to Jean Gebser's integral consciousness and to Don Edward Beck and ...
Society portal Capitalist realism Character mask Class consciousness Cognitive dissonance Consciousness raising Cultural ... Engels dubs this consciousness "false" because the class is asserting itself towards goals that do not benefit it. " ... "Consciousness", in this context, reflects a class's ability to politically identify and assert its will. The subordinate class ... Ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real ...
... is a term coined by Ernest Hilgard to define a psychological state in which one's consciousness is split ... Consciousness, Consciousness studies, Dichotomies, Mind-body problem, Mental states, Psychological theories, Neurological ... the separation of phenomenal experience from reflexive consciousness and the non-unity of reflexive consciousness. Reflexive ... Reflexive consciousness is operative only when we attend to our own states. When we are involved in the world, reflexivity ...
Critical consciousness Class consciousness Consciousness raising Double consciousness History of Consciousness, an ... For Marx, consciousness describes a person's political sense of self. That is, consciousness describes a person's awareness of ... In these uses of the term "consciousness" is truth or destiny. These uses of political consciousness are often politically ... Many social movements have loosely followed Marx's thinking on consciousness. Attaining consciousness, many believe, means ...
Chapter 14: Cit-Shakti (The Consciousness Aspect of the Universe) v t e v t e (Use dmy dates from August 2019, Articles ... Chit (Sanskrit: चित् or Cit) is a Sanskrit word meaning consciousness. It is a core principle in all ancient spiritual ... Gupta, Bina (2003), CIT consciousness, Oxford University Press Arthur Avalon, Shakti and Shâkta. ...
In his books Pedagogy of the Oppressed and Education for Critical Consciousness, Freire explains critical consciousness as a ... Adult education Adult literacy Class consciousness Critical pedagogy Consciousness Raising Identity politics Liberation ... "consciousness raising" and "critical consciousness". The term was popularized by Brazilian educator, activist, and theorist ... and from the fratricidal violence that results therefrom is a major goal of critical consciousness. Critical consciousness is a ...
... or social awareness, is consciousness shared by individuals within a society. Social consciousness is ... Class consciousness Collective consciousness Consciousness raising Social conscience Social intelligence Social Consciousness ... social consciousness, and polity Theology and the social consciousness: a study of the relations of the social consciousness to ... Awakening to Race: Individualism and Social Consciousness in America Children's Social Consciousness and the Development of ...
"Alice Coltrane: Universal Consciousness". AllMusic. Retrieved October 28, 2022. "Alice Coltrane - Universal Consciousness". ... Universal Consciousness is the fifth solo album by Alice Coltrane. It was recorded from April to June, 1971, in New York City ... Universal Consciousness was recorded shortly after Coltrane returned from a trip to India, and was the first album on which she ... "Alice Coltrane - Universal Consciousness/Lord of Lords". Jazz Music Archives. Retrieved October 28, 2022. Cook, Richard; Morton ...
... is the human ability to mentally place oneself in the past and future (i.e. mental time travel) or in ... Autonoetic consciousness is important in our formation of our "self" identity. What we have done in the past becomes a part of ... Autonoetic consciousness is thought to emerge by retrieval of memory of personally experienced events (episodic memory). ... Hills, Thomas T.; Butterfill, Stephen (2015). "From Foraging to Autonoetic Consciousness: The Primal Self as a Consequence of ...
... is a theory stating that equality under the law is insufficient to address racial inequalities in society. ... This contrasts with modern notions of positive color consciousness, through such endeavors as affirmative action, to bolster ... ISBN 978-1-84467-126-7. Ansell, Amy Elizabeth (2013). "Color-Consciousness". Race and Ethnicity: The Key Concepts. Routledge. ... This distinction between free black and white wage workers shows a kind of negative color consciousness, in which the white " ...
"The ninth consciousness". NewBuddhist. Retrieved 2019-05-17.. *^ a b c d e f Hellas, S. G. I. "Practice: Nam-Myoho-Renge-Kyo". ... The next level is the eight consciousness, or in Sanskrit "alaya", better known as the "storehouse consciousness".[7][5] The " ... Moffitt terms this stimulation of the senses "sense-consciousness".[15] To reach the next consciousness, meditation can also ... The word "consciousness" in Buddhism was translated from the Sanskrit word "vijnana",[4] and refers to ones self-awareness[4] ...
Subjective awareness -- consciousness -- is the caricature of attention depicted by that internal model. This article ... The attention schema theory offers one possible account for how we claim to have consciousness. The theory begins with ... Source: Journal of Consciousness Studies, Volume 23, Numbers 11-12, 2016, pp. 98-115(18) ... summarizes the theory and discusses its relationship to the approach to consciousness that is called illusionism. ...
Private Self-Consciousness -- RDoC Element. Type of Element: Self-Report. The following construct(s)/subconstruct(s) refer to ...
Dan calibrated his consciousness and determined it was too low. The guy is suing for wrongful termination, but hes likely to ... What Im curious about is exactly how one goes about "calibrating your consciousness." Can we buy a gadget for that? I dont ... Dans consciousness calibration supposedly had something to do with spirituality and how close you were to God. ... For more on consciousness calibration, look up Dr. David R. Hawkins and Applied Kinesiology. ...
Hajj: Enhancing God Consciousness. These two adversaries have become engrossed in contention about their Lord. For the ... The surah then outlines some of the rituals of pilgrimage and how they enhance peoples consciousness and constant remembrance ...
by Eve Zanni 05/14/2023 We moved to Greenwich Village in the mid-1980s, and at every landing of our fifth-floor tenement walk up there was a nose-full of tantalizing smells. This was in the very Italian section of the West Village, full of tenements that we called "V.I.Vs" or "Vertical Italian Villages." The older folks, who sat out in front, chatting […]. ...
"Many people seem to feel that consciousness is a mystery and quantum mechanics is a mystery, so they must be related," Tegmark ... "If somebody comes up with just one single experiment," to demonstrate quantum consciousness, Baars said, "I will drop all my ... NEW YORK - The idea that consciousness arises from quantum mechanical phenomena in the brain is intriguing, yet lacks evidence ... The idea is appealing, because neuroscience, so far, has no satisfactory explanation for consciousness - the state of being ...
... Contents *Introduction *Art and the Brain *New Musicology *New Media, Multimedia and ... Journal of Consciousness Studies. *The Algebraic Semiotics homepage. *Visit the "world-famous" UC San Diego Semiotic Zoo for an ... Art and the Brain is a series of special issues of the Journal of Consciousness Studies, which are also published as books, by ... Musical Qualia, Context, Time, and Emotion, in Journal of Consciousness Studies 11, 3/4, pages 117-147, 2004; Art and the Brain ...
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... Khan Academy video tutorial series on sleep and consciousness. Includes 5 ... Disciplines with similar materials as Khan Academy MCAT Prep - Sleep and Consciousness ... videos relevant to an introduction to sleep and consciousness (general psychology level of understanding). Designed as ...
Transtemporal_Phenomenal_Consciousness.pdf Download (430kB) Abstract. Objectively, time does not pass, physics reveals no such ... Objectively this transtemporal process is the collapse dynamics, subjectively it is phenomenal consciousness passing through ... Quantum mechanics, Relational interpretation, Philosophy of physics, Consciousness, Measurement problem, Wave-packet collapse. ...
The consciousness battle. Is consciousness just a showdown between your beliefs and perceptions? ... Theorizing about consciousness is notoriously hard, and we dont yet know what it really consists in. So we wouldnt be in a ... At least by fleshing out some conjectures about the machinery of consciousness, we can begin to test them against our ... Why consciousness is one of the most divisive issues in science today ...
Imperfection exists only because our limited consciousness perceives reality as lacking Light. The work is to recognize in the ... the microcosmos and gives you a richer understanding of the kabbalistic discoveries that have stretched human consciousness to ...
Natures Nation shows evolution of ecological consciousness in American art The Office of Communications ... Play Video: Natures Nation shows evolution of ecological consciousness in American art ... provides an overview of how that consciousness changed from 19th-century painter Thomas Cole to todays artists. ... reflected and shaped environmental understanding while contributing to the development of a modern ecological consciousness. ...
Practice the Meditation to Transcend Individual Consciousness & Anger individually or with a partner to help end an argument. ... If your eyes are closed, you are protected, and the effects on consciousness will happen in 8, 9, 10,11, or so repetitions. ... If your eyes are closed, you are protected, and the effects on consciousness will happen in 8, 9, 10,11, or so repetitions. ... This meditation is a technique that alters the relationship between individual and cosmic consciousness. This meditation could ...
Consciousness, and Existence in Shmoops free Unwind study guide. Well have you laughing and learning at the same time! ... Questions About Life, Consciousness, and Existence. *Does consciousness remain "in a divided state" (1.2.64) after a person has ... Life, Consciousness, and Existence Would your kidney revolt against you if it came from your husbands mistress? If you had a ... Unwind Life, Consciousness, and Existence Study Group. Ask questions, get answers, and discuss with others. ...
... types and states of consciousness according to different schools of opinion in Hinduism. ... What is consciousness? How consciousness is created? Does it exist without a supporting body? Can consciousness be recreated or ... Hence, it is known as chit-shakti (consciousness + power or dynamic consciousness). Because of that, human consciousness has ... Types of consciousness. Is consciousness a product of the brain, the body and senses only, or is there something more to it? ...
And so the consciousness-raising that I intended to happen to readers of my book is no longer needed. Instead of finding it ... Our goal was consciousness-raising in the early days of the movement. It was to make people understand that this situation for ... At my first consciousness-raising meeting, everything came together for me, and I saw that the limitations and restrictions on ... The 1972 Novel That Raised Americas Consciousness Is Back. Alix Kates Shulman talks about Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen, the ...
... human consciousness is not the center of the universe: consciousness abounds. The universe is not all about me. ... Whos to say what consciousness is? Nobody knows. Only a few good wo/men seem to give a shit at any given moment. The poet T.S ... Consciousness involves the subjective experience of phenomena - a kind of epiphenomena, or je ne sais quoi experience you cant ... For Goff consciousness goes to the core of the meaning of life - literally. Citing Thomas Nagels 1972 article, "Panpsychism," ...
Hurley criticizes the standard view of consciousness, which conceives perception as input from world to mind and action as ... Consciousness in Action is unique in the range of philosophical and scientific work it draws on, and in the deep criticism it ... In this important book, Susan Hurley sheds new light on consciousness by examining its relationships to action from various ... for topics that include self-consciousness, the modularity of mind, and the relations of mind to world. The self no longer ...
Emergence: The mysterious concept that holds the key to consciousness. A better understanding of emergent phenomena like the ... Neuroscientists, meanwhile, find that consciousness seems to emerge from some collective behaviour of neurons. In both cases, ...
The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, when it finally came out in 1976, did not look like a best- ... Consciousness Began When the Gods Stopped Speaking Posted by Jose Ruben Rodriguez Fuentes in categories: education, law ...
Welcomed to Coming Into Consciousness. Speaking on my spiritual awakening and where I am on my journey. ...
Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness by Philip Goff. Cogent take on the late stage developments of the mind-body ... Science and The Turf Wars of Consciousness - Book Review: Galileos Error: ... Related Topic(s): Brain; Consciousness; Consciousness - Enlightenment; Experience; Galileo; Materialism; Panpsychism; QUANTUM; ... Science and The Turf Wars of Consciousness. By John Hawkins (Page 1 of 5 pages) 3 comments, In Series: Book Reviews ...
... Charles T. Tart. 17. Higher States of Consciousness. A common reaction to the proposal for creating ... Objectless infinite consciousness,. equanimity and one-pointedness.. 5th JHANA. Consciousness of infinite space,. equanimity ... Higher states of consciousness on the. Buddhist Path of Concentration. (back to text). HIGH. VALUE. DIMENSION LOW. 8th JHANA. ... Higher states of consciousness on the. Buddhist Path of Insight. (back to text). HIGH. VALUE. DIMENSION LOW. NIRODH. Total ...
Tag Archive: consciousness. Shadow Work: Connecting to Your Dark Side... Like fairy tales in which warriors travel to the ...
A day of golf with a group of friends took a turn for the worse in Ohio until a bartender with some life-saving skills stepped in.
Consciousness Raisings are our way of providing these resources to UNC in order to better educate one another for positive ... Consciousness Raisings are our way of providing these resources to UNC in order to better educate one another for positive ... To support these vital discussions, we invite students to our next Student Consciousness Raising being held via Zoom Wednesday ...
  • Her two-level view has wide implications, for topics that include self-consciousness, the modularity of mind, and the relations of mind to world. (harvard.edu)
  • The Vedic seers were one of the earliest in the history of human civilization to probe into the nature of consciousness. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • The nature of consciousness can be known only in a state of detachment where all the senses are fully withdrawn, and when the mind itself is under control. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • Recent insights into the nature of consciousness have arisen thanks to the rapid development of new behavioral paradigms, neuroimaging techniques, and theoretical frameworks. (nih.gov)
  • Will we ever be able to quantitatively measure and to understand the nature of consciousness? (nih.gov)
  • Could Quantum Brain Effects Explain Consciousness? (livescience.com)
  • NEW YORK - The idea that consciousness arises from quantum mechanical phenomena in the brain is intriguing, yet lacks evidence, scientists say. (livescience.com)
  • Art and the Brain is a series of special issues of the Journal of Consciousness Studies , which are also published as books, by Imprint Academic . (ucsd.edu)
  • Is consciousness a product of the brain, the body and senses only, or is there something more to it? (hinduwebsite.com)
  • This in turn might also shed light on whether other brain regions are involved in these various kinds of consciousness experiences. (nih.gov)
  • As blood flow to the brain drops, the person may become confused or lose consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • Objectively this transtemporal process is the collapse dynamics, subjectively it is phenomenal consciousness passing through time. (pitt.edu)
  • They internalized the Vedic rituals and devised many Yogic meditative practices to study consciousness both subjectively and objectively to explore the hidden powers and potencies of the mind and use them for human welfare and self-transformation. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • The surah then outlines some of the rituals of pilgrimage and how they enhance people's consciousness and constant remembrance of God. (islamonline.net)
  • And now with the glaring prospect of four more years of Trump ahead of us - violence guaranteed - understanding consciousness seems to be the last thing on most people's minds. (counterpunch.org)
  • It examines the microcosmos and gives you a richer understanding of the kabbalistic discoveries that have stretched human consciousness to the edge of space and time. (kabbalah.com)
  • According to the Upanishads, the four main states of human consciousness are the wakeful state, the dream state, the deep sleep state and the transcendental state. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • Just like any other part in the body, human consciousness is also subject to wear and tear, change, destruction, and modifications. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • People who suffer from head injuries experience partial or complete loss of memory and consciousness, which shows that human consciousness has a physical dimension and depends upon the body for its existence. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • The following analysis of human consciousness is based upon the major concepts found in the Hindu scriptures and its various schools of philosophy about Self (Purusha) and Nature (Prakriti). (hinduwebsite.com)
  • Since it arises due to the activity of ego (aham), which is an aspect of Nature, we may also call it ego consciousness. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • Includes 5 videos relevant to an introduction to sleep and consciousness (general psychology level of understanding). (merlot.org)
  • The objective of this workshop is to assemble experts from different sub-disciplines relevant to consciousness research (cognitive psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, computer science, bioethics, and medicine) together to synthesize the current state of knowledge about the neural mechanisms of consciousness (defined as conscious awareness), discuss theoretical and empirical approaches, define the most exciting avenues to advance the field, and develop a roadmap for future discoveries in the science of consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • Consciousness researchers, scientists interested in consciousness science, anyone interested in the field. (nih.gov)
  • The Consciousness Research Interest Group provides a platform for the scientists and staff at NIH and the extramural community to discuss, discover, collaborate, and stimulate the research of the science of consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • The word "consciousness" in Buddhism was translated from the Sanskrit word " vijnana ", [4] and refers to one's self-awareness [4] and one's capability to discern the various energies that influence their lives. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subjective awareness -- consciousness -- is the caricature of attention depicted by that internal model. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • However, aspects of consciousness that are specific to individuals are shaped by genetic composition, experience, knowledge, awareness, and circumstances of each person. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • The idea is appealing, because neuroscience, so far, has no satisfactory explanation for consciousness - the state of being self-aware and having sensory experiences and thoughts. (livescience.com)
  • [4] In order to achieve true happiness, one can practice the Nine Consciousness theory, a concept which helps one understand their true identity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The attention schema theory offers one possible account for how we claim to have consciousness. (ingentaconnect.com)
  • This is a paper on the philosophy and cognitive science of music, using Husserl's phenomenology of time consciousness, hierarchical information theory, and dynamical systems theory. (ucsd.edu)
  • The workshop aims to develop the foundation for a roadmap for future discoveries in the science of consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • Want to learn how to bridge the different disciplines relevant to consciousness science? (nih.gov)
  • This meditation is a technique that alters the relationship between individual and cosmic consciousness. (3ho.org)
  • Free Will and Its Relationship to Consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • Does consciousness remain "in a divided state" (1.2.64) after a person has been unwound? (shmoop.com)
  • I stress that it is held implicitly: it is conveyed along with the general value system of our society in the enculturation process, without need for a teacher to say explicitly, 'Complete rationality is our goal and anything less than that is an inferior, lower state of consciousness. (druglibrary.org)
  • Case Presentation: This report represents a case of drug-induced meningitis of a senile man who ended up in the ICU due to the remarkably reduced state of consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • This definition may not be scientific and may not cover all aspects of consciousness, but it is sufficient for our discussion. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • In Galileo's Error: Foundations for a New Science of Consciousness , philosopher Philip Goff invites the reader along on a dialectical journey from the first constellations of science toward a future of interpenetrating consciousnesses, from the 'discovery' of gravity to the still-mysterious workings of quantum mechanics. (counterpunch.org)
  • Ultimately, as the book title suggests (and cutting to the chase), Phillip Goff wants us to consider how Galileo, "the father of modern science," created The Consciousness Problem when he separated quantitative information from qualitative, leaving the latter out of scientific inquiry, and resulting in a mind-body dualism we are still wrestling with today. (counterpunch.org)
  • The subjective world of sensory experience that makes up the mental phenomena of mind could not be accounted for in an objective fashion, and are "forever locked out of the arena of scientific understanding," writes Goff, and he adds that this lock-out is how "Galileo created the problem of consciousness. (counterpunch.org)
  • Consciousness in Action is unique in the range of philosophical and scientific work it draws on, and in the deep criticism it offers of centuries-old habits of thought. (harvard.edu)
  • The field of consciousness science has seen explosive growth over the past three decades and this relatively young scientific discipline promises to have an enormous potential impact on medicine, society, and technology. (nih.gov)
  • The seventh consciousness, unlike the prior six levels, is directed towards one's inner thoughts [8] without sensory input. (wikipedia.org)
  • Can we see her consciousness, her experiences at work, her sensory conjurings? (counterpunch.org)
  • Is consciousness just a showdown between your beliefs and perceptions? (bigthink.com)
  • also, special issue of Journal of Consciousness Studies , vol. 11, no. 3/4, 2004, with a special focus on music. (ucsd.edu)
  • "Nature's Nation: American Art and Environment," on view through Jan. 6, 2019, at the Princeton University Art Museum , explores for the first time how American artists of different traditions and backgrounds have both reflected and shaped environmental understanding while contributing to the development of a modern ecological consciousness. (princeton.edu)
  • The ego consciousness is also referred in the scriptures as chitta, which is not just the mind consciousness, but the whole body and mind consciousness, which is subject to modifications (vrittis) and responsible for several mental afflictions (klesas), restlessness and instability. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • The indicator of whether the participant/subject experienced any period of alteration of consciousness (AOC). (nih.gov)
  • Did the participant/subject experience alteration of consciousness? (nih.gov)
  • This page contains links to various projects concerned with the arts and consciousness, especially new media, music and multimedia, including research papers, essays, editorial work, and creative projects, such as poetry and librettos. (ucsd.edu)
  • To join the Consciousness Research Interest Group mailing list, please visit the Consciousness Research Interest Group Listserv home page , then click the "Subscribe or Unsubscribe" link in the right sidebar. (nih.gov)
  • COVID-19 is strongly associated with neurologic manifestations, including acute cerebrovascular diseases, impaired consciousness, and skeletal muscle injury, new research shows. (medscape.com)
  • The ninth and final consciousness, known as the Buddha nature (or Namu-myoho-renge-kyo [3] [14] ), forms the foundations for one's life. (wikipedia.org)
  • and loss of consciousness or nasal fracture due to head injury. (cdc.gov)
  • The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind , when it finally came out in 1976, did not look like a best-seller. (lifeboat.com)
  • A new study counters some long-held beliefs on sleep, dreaming, and other consciousness states-such as being under general anesthesia, in a coma, or experiencing an epileptic seizure. (nih.gov)
  • Future exploration, the authors note, could include examining this paradigm in other types of consciousness states, such as those in epileptic seizures or general anesthesia. (nih.gov)
  • Some aspects of consciousness are also specific to groups and communities as people are influenced by social, cultural, geographic, linguistic, or economic factors that govern their lives. (hinduwebsite.com)
  • You were in consciousness-raising groups while writing the book. (vanityfair.com)
  • Buddhism warns that as this level is similar to the concept of one's ego, being controlled by this consciousness can lead to insecurity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Khan Academy video tutorial series on sleep and consciousness. (merlot.org)
  • In the video above, co-curator Karl Kusserow , the John Wilmerding Curator of American Art, provides an overview of how that consciousness changed from 19th-century painter Thomas Cole to today's artists. (princeton.edu)
  • The Nine Consciousness is a concept in Buddhism , specifically in Nichiren Buddhism , [1] that theorizes there are nine levels that comprise a person's experience of life. (wikipedia.org)
  • But in fact it may be more accurate to say that the life current of karmic energy itself constitutes the eighth consciousness. (wikipedia.org)
  • The karma collected by this consciousness accounts for every aspect of one's life in this lifetime and the next, including one's looks, circumstances, relationships, and health. (wikipedia.org)
  • At my first consciousness-raising meeting, everything came together for me, and I saw that the limitations and restrictions on my life were shared by all the other people in the room. (vanityfair.com)
  • Cardiogenic shock may start with symptoms such as confusion or rapid breathing, or a person may have no symptoms and then suddenly lose consciousness. (nih.gov)
  • A good point is made in the comments about how the claims are based on "religious" discrimination - as Dr. Dan's consciousness calibration supposedly had something to do with spirituality and how close you were to God. (techdirt.com)
  • The sixth consciousness is when one learns to understand what is being taken in from the five senses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neuroscientists, meanwhile, find that consciousness seems to emerge from some collective behaviour of neurons. (newscientist.com)
  • Imperfection exists only because our limited consciousness perceives reality as lacking Light. (kabbalah.com)
  • [8] [5] Attaining this consciousness also means one would be aware of the self, with the ability to detach or attach. (wikipedia.org)