Confucianism. Medical search

A school of thought and set of moral, ethical, and political teachings usually considered to be founded by Confucius in 6th-5th century B.C. China. (from Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 1995)

Ancient Chinese medical ethics and the four principles of biomedical ethics. (1/10)

The four principles approach to biomedical ethics (4PBE) has, since the 1970s, been increasingly developed as a universal bioethics method. Despite its wide acceptance and popularity, the 4PBE has received many challenges to its cross-cultural plausibility. This paper first specifies the principles and characteristics of ancient Chinese medical ethics (ACME), then makes a comparison between ACME and the 4PBE with a view to testing out the 4PBE's cross-cultural plausibility when applied to one particular but very extensive and prominent cultural context. The result shows that the concepts of respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice are clearly identifiable in ACME. Yet, being influenced by certain socio-cultural factors, those applying the 4PBE in Chinese society may tend to adopt a "beneficence-oriented", rather than an "autonomy-oriented" approach, which, in general, is dissimilar to the practice of contemporary Western bioethics, where "autonomy often triumphs". (+info)

The ambiguity about death in Japan: an ethical implication for organ procurement. (2/10)

In the latter half of the twentieth century, developed countries of the world have made tremendous strides in organ donation and transplantation. However, in this area of medicine, Japan has been slow to follow. Japanese ethics, deeply rooted in religion and tradition, have affected their outlook on life and death. Because the Japanese have only recently started to acknowledge the concept of brain death, transplantation of major organs has been hindered in that country. Currently, there is a dual definition of death in Japan, intended to satisfy both sides of the issue. This interesting paradox, which still stands to be fully resolved, illustrates the contentious conflict between medical ethics and medical progress in Japan. (+info)

Bioethics for clinicians: 20. Chinese bioethics. (3/10)

Chinese Canadians form one of the largest groups in the Canadian cultural mosaic. Many of the assumptions implicit in a Western autonomy-based approach to bioethical deliberation may not be shared by Chinese Canadians. In traditional Chinese culture, greater social and moral meaning rests in the interdependence of family and community, which overrides self-determination. Consequently, many Chinese may vest in family members the right to receive and disclose information, to make decisions and to organize patient care. Furthermore, interactions between Chinese patients and health care workers may be affected by important differences in values and goals and in the perception of the nature and meaning of illness. Acknowledging and negotiating these differences can lead to considerable improvement in communication and in the quality of care. (+info)

How should doctors approach patients? A Confucian reflection on personhood. (4/10)

The modern doctor-patient relationship displays a patient-centred, mutual-participation characteristic rather than the former active-passive or guidance-cooperation models in terms of medical decision making. Respecting the wishes of patients, amounting to more than mere concern for their welfare, has become the feature central to certain modern bioethics theories. A group of ethical principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice has been proposed by bioethicists and widely adopted by many medical societies as an ethical guide to how doctors, in their daily practice, should treat their patients. However, seeing patients as persons who are rational, self-conscious beings capable of valuing their own lives, and who are consequently entitled to the liberty and rights to choose for themselves, is in general the backbone of Western bioethical principles. Since Confucian philosophy has long been a representative of the East-Asia cultural tradition and Confucian bioethics has recently been developed as a theory of applied ethics, examining Confucius's idea of "persons" may shed some light on the current bioethical debates. Confucius's concept of persons, which is best interpreted via his theories of "chun-tze", (the morally ideal person) encapsulating a two-dimensional approach, (the "autonomous person" and the "relational person"), provides a more comprehensive model regarding what a person is and how he/she should be treated. This two-dimensional approach sees a person not only as a rational, autonomous agent but also as a relational, altruistic identity whose self actualisation involves incessant participating in and promoting of the welfare of his fellow persons. Hence this may balance the current bioethical trend whereby "respect for autonomy" often triumphs. (+info)

Developing a culturally relevant bioethics for Asian people. (5/10)

Because of cultural differences between East and West, any attempt at outright adaptation of Western ideas in Asia will undoubtedly encounter problems, if not rejection. Transferring an idea from one place to another is just like transplanting an organ from a donor to a recipient--rejection is to be expected. Human cultures respond to new ideas from different value systems in very much the same way. Recently, biomedical ethics has received much attention in Asia. Fundamental advances in medicine have motivated medical scientists to look at the ethical issues arising from this progress. Will the principles upheld by the bioethicists in the West meet the challenge in Asia? This article argues that Asian bioethicists must develop a bioethics responding to their own cultural contexts. If Western principles are adopted, then they must be re-interpreted and even modified, if necessary, in light of Asian beliefs. (+info)

Who makes the decision? Patient's autonomy vs paternalism in a Confucian society. (6/10)

Through the ages health professionals have depended on patients' co-operation and obedience as essential aspects of cure. The Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association in 1848, section 6, stated that "the obedience of a patient to the prescription of his physician should be prompt and implicit..." But A Patient's Bill of Rights published by the American Hospital Association in 1973 said that "the patient has the right to refuse treatment to the extent permitted by law..." At a quick glance, these two statements seem to put these two parties in conflict. The situation could even be more complicated when cultural elements are added to the consideration of who makes the final decision. A survey taken in the summer of 2002 in Taiwan showed that in a Confucian society, the family element often determines the course of decision and the patient's autonomy is overlooked. The head of the family, not the patient himself or herself, usually makes the decision, especially when the medical decision has something to do with a life or death situation. (+info)

The bioethical principles and Confucius' moral philosophy. (7/10)

This paper examines whether the modern bioethical principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice proposed by Beauchamp and Childress are existent in, compatible with, or acceptable to the leading Chinese moral philosophy-the ethics of Confucius. The author concludes that the moral values which the four prima facie principles uphold are expressly identifiable in Confucius' teachings. However, Confucius' emphasis on the filial piety, family values, the "love of gradation", altruism of people, and the "role specified relation oriented ethics" will inevitably influence the "specification" and application of these bioethical principles and hence tend to grant "beneficence" a favourable position that diminishes the respect for individual rights and autonomy. In contrast, the centrality of respect for autonomy and its stance of "first among equals" are more and more stressed in Western liberal viewpoints. Nevertheless, if the Confucian "doctrine of Mean" (chung-yung) and a balanced "two dimensional personhood" approach are properly employed, this will require both theorists and clinicians, who are facing medical ethical dilemmas, of searching to attain due mean out of competing moral principles thus preventing "giving beneficence a priority" or "asserting autonomy must triumph". (+info)

Application of mental illness stigma theory to Chinese societies: synthesis and new directions. (8/10)

The rapidly-evolving literature concerning stigma towards psychiatric illnesses among Chinese groups has demonstrated pervasive negative attitudes and discriminatory treatment towards people with mental illness. However, a systematic integration of current stigma theories and empirical findings to examine how stigma processes may occur among Chinese ethnic groups has yet to be undertaken. This paper first introduces several major stigma models, and specifies how these models provide a theoretical basis as to how stigma broadly acts on individuals with schizophrenia through three main mechanisms: direct individual discrimination, internalisation of negative stereotypes, and structural discrimination. In Chinese societies, the particular manifestations of stigma associated with schizophrenia are shaped by cultural meanings embedded within Confucianism, the centrality of "face", and pejorative aetiological beliefs of mental illnesses. These cultural meanings are reflected in severe and culturally-specific expressions of stigma in Chinese societies. Implications and directions to advance stigma research within Chinese cultural settings are provided. (+info)

... in the United States Confucius Institute Edo Neo-Confucianism Family as a model for the state Korean Confucianism ... Ever since Europeans first encountered Confucianism, the issue of how Confucianism should be classified has been subject to ... Confucianism developed in response to Buddhism and Taoism and was reformulated as Neo-Confucianism. This reinvigorated form was ... In Confucianism, the sage or wise is the ideal personality; however, it is very hard to become one of them. Confucius created ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism

... is the form of Confucianism that emerged and developed in Korea. One of the most substantial influences in ... Korean Confucianism, Religion in Korea, Scholastic Confucianism in Korea). ... Like Confucianism from the past, a lot of emphasis is placed on the ability to study and memorize. Since exams are so important ... With Neo-Confucianism taken out of the school curricula and removed from its prominence in the daily life of Koreans, the sense ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Confucianism

... (Chinese: 新儒家; pinyin: xīn rú jiā; lit. 'new Confucianism') is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that ... Confucianism, he posits, has for over a millennium been confined to Mind Confucianism at the expense of Political Confucianism ... Song-Ming neo-Confucianism, and new Confucianism. This third generation has been instrumental in grounding Confucianism in non- ... New Confucianism is a school of Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism. After the events of the May Fourth Movement in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Confucianism

... particularly within Confucianism. Li does not encompass a definitive object but rather a somewhat abstract idea and, as such, ... neo-Confucianism) Zhou ritual system Ritual Music System Confucian ritual religion Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)

Confucianism Lingnan culture Chinese philosophy Korean Confucianism 江門以白沙文化為核心打造「嶺南儒學名城」曾凡亮. (2009). 菊坡精舍与东塾学派. 中山大学研究生学刊: 社会 ... Lingnan Confucianism (Cantonese Jyutping: Ling5 naam4 jyu4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan_Confucianism

"Confucianism is a religion". The first article on Confucianism as a religion was "On the Formation of Confucianism" published ... "Confucianism and Confucianism" and other papers. The basis for the Confucianism-is-religion theory is the sacralization of the ... Religious Confucianism (Chinese: 儒教; pinyin: Rújiào) is an interpretation of Confucianism as a religion. It originated in the ... Confucianism, together with Buddhism and Daoism, is often called the "Three teachings." Religious Confucianism has had state ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Confucianism

Toward Progressive Confucianism (2012). Progressive Confucianism refers to a contemporary approach of Confucianism that aims to ... Accordingly, Progressive Confucianism is able to reach a wider audience than liberal Confucianism: both an international ... Angle's conception of Progressive Confucianism is built upon the 20th-century intellectual movement of New Confucianism. New ... Confucianism. As a school of Confucian political philosophy that shares some liberal values, Progressive Confucianism goes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Confucianism

Adhering to the traditional Confucianism and the neo-confucianism, the modern neo-Confucianism contributes the nation's ... Neo-Confucianism was both a revival of classical Confucianism updated to align with the social values of the Song dynasty and a ... Neo-Confucianism could have been an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting ... Neo-Confucianism became the interpretation of Confucianism whose mastery was necessary to pass the bureaucratic examinations by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confucianism

Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism. Oxford Handbooks Online. Tucker, M. (1988). Religious Aspects of Japanese Neo-Confucianism: ... Like Chinese and Korean Confucianism, Edo Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy based on metaphysical ideas. The ... Tiwald, Justin (2017-12-06). Snow, Nancy E (ed.). "Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/ ... Confucianism in Japan, Edo period, Japanese philosophy, Neo-Confucianism). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism

... (simplified Chinese: 今文经学; traditional Chinese: 今文經學) is a school of thought in Confucianism that was ... The school competed with Old Text Confucianism in the later Han dynasty and its dominance waned as the latter became the new ... The school was reinvigorated by a group of scholars who were dissatisfied with the popular Neo-Confucianism at the time in the ... Downplaying the role of Mencius, as a sign of opposition to Confucianism during the Song dynasty. Much attention paid to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Text_Confucianism

v t e (Articles containing Chinese-language text, Neo-Confucianism, Zhu Xi, Concepts in Chinese philosophy, All stub articles, ... Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuxing Chan Buddhism Confucianism Taoism Chan, Wing-tsit (translated and compiled). A Source Book ... " "law" or " organisational rights". It was central to Zhu Xi's integration of Buddhism into Confucianism. Zhu Xi held that li ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(neo-Confucianism)

Confucianism in the Song and Ming dynasties and the spread of Confucianism to other parts of Asia were examples of Confucianism ... Progressive Confucianism is a term coined by Stephen C. Angle which sheds light on Confucianism's engagement with universal ... Confucianism is often studied under the umbrella of Chinese philosophy, and American scholars of Confucianism generally teach ... Greel argued that Confucianism played a constructive role in influencing the Age of Enlightenment, examining Confucianism in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism_in_the_United_States

This is a list of notable converts to Christianity from Confucianism. It is debated whether Confucianism is a religion and some ... Before I followed Confucianism" Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures Unification Church: Mass Moonie Marriage in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_converts_to_Christianity_from_Confucianism

Unlike the traditions of Confucianism or Buddhism, Taoism did not begin from a community following the teachings of a leader, ... Since it was a later player in Chinese culture, Buddhism was unique from the indigenous traditions of Taoism and Confucianism ... Buddhist ideas filled in many of the blanks that Taoism and Confucianism did not address. For example, Buddhism introduced the ... Lau, D.C. (2006). "Ideal Moral Types". In Ruggiero, A. (ed.). Confucianism. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. pp. 72-88. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naive_dialecticism

"Confucianism."). To have mindful energy, one must be "ready to learn the truth and reveal the virtue (te)" ("Confucianism."). ... "Chou means to sit and Won means to forget one's self " ("Confucianism."). The person simply sits, "lets go and allows God to ... At the outset, it was not limited to Confucianism, but could equally well be used about Buddhist and Daoist practices. The term ... Rodney L. Tyler, The Religious Dimensions of Confucianism, SUNY Press, Albany 1990. 6-Great Traditions. Retrieved October 20, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jing_zuo

Wang, Gungwu (2004). "Confucianism". In Richter, Frank-Jürgen; Mar, Pamela (eds.). Asia's New Crisis. Singapore: John Wiley & ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Gungwu

Confucianism developed into a system known in the West as Neo-Confucianism, and later as New Confucianism. Confucianism was ... In the modern era Confucian movements, such as New Confucianism, still exist, but during the Cultural Revolution, Confucianism ... Fung, Yiu-ming (2008). "Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia". In Richey, Jeffrey (ed.). Teaching Confucianism ... In Confucianism, the concept of li is closely related to yì (義), which is based upon the idea of reciprocity. Yì can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius

While Confucianism was the ideology of the law, institutions and the ruling class, Taoism was the worldview of the radical ... Neo-Confucianism (which had re-emerged during the previous Tang Dynasty) was followed as the dominant philosophy. A minority ... Buddhist ethics Neo-Confucianism Vinegar tasters - story about the leaders of the three teachings Three laughs at Tiger Brook ... Confucianism focuses on societal rules and moral values, whereas Taoism advocates simplicity and living happily while in tune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_teachings

"confucianism". kfz.freehostingguru.com. "孔子家族全书：家事本末_17．孔浈不幸被夺爵_米花在线书库". Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved ... The Kuomintang government started defending Confucianism in the New Life Movement after the New Culture Movement and May Fourth ... xx-. ISBN 978-1-4422-5743-6. Xinzhong Yao (11 May 2015). The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-volume Set. Routledge. pp. 659-. ... 101-. ISBN 90-04-09269-2. Xinzhong Yao (11 May 2015). The Encyclopedia of Confucianism: 2-volume set. Taylor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Yansheng

As such, Confucianism is excluded in some studies. Christian beliefs (Protestantism and Catholicism together) are also common, ... Confucian beliefs are popular in Hong Kong, but it is arguable whether Confucianism can be considered as a religion. ... Berling, Judith A. (1982). "Confucianism". Focus on Asian Studies. 2 (1): 5-7. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Hong_Kong

The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Confucianism developed ... Shandong is the province where Confucius was born in the year 551 B.C. Confucianism: The most well-known religion and/or ... It has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is ... Berling, Judith A. (n.d.). "Confucianism". Asia Society. Retrieved 2022-08-09. "Main Data of the Seventh National Population ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong

"Confucianism , Meaning, History, Beliefs, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-05-16. Rudolf, Robert. "Employment ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_in_South_Korea

... is a traditional centre of Confucianism, being the area where Confucius was born. The city is home to the holiest Temple ... "confucianism". kfz.freehostingguru.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018. "Nation observes Confucius anniversary". www.chinadaily.com.cn ... Qufu's temples and walled cities and China's Confucianism), Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, ISBN 7-5004-3527-4 Wikimedia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qufu

"Confucianism". Center for Global Education. Retrieved 6 May 2019. Kit-Chun, J (2002). "Confucian Business Ethics and the ... Confucianism originates from China and details the social values, institutions, rituals, virtues and transcendental ideals. ... The Religious Dimensions of Confucianism. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 17. ISBN 9780791403112. Retrieved 6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ethics_in_Business

In Confucianism, the Rectification of Names means that "things in actual fact should be made to accord with the implications ... Taylor, Rodney L.; Choy, Howard (2003). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 1 (1 ed.). New York: The Rosen Group ... Confucianism does not emphasize Fa, though the concept of norms that people can apply themselves is an older idea, and Han ... Confucianism. New York: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. pp. 54-60. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectification_of_names