Comprehension. Medical search

The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.

Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.

A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.

The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).

The relationships between symbols and their meanings.

A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.

An aphasia characterized by impairment of expressive LANGUAGE (speech, writing, signs) and relative preservation of receptive language abilities (i.e., comprehension). This condition is caused by lesions of the motor association cortex in the FRONTAL LOBE (BROCA AREA and adjacent cortical and white matter regions).

Impairment in the comprehension of speech and meaning of words, both spoken and written, and of the meanings conveyed by their grammatical relationships in sentences. It is caused by lesions that primarily affect Wernicke's area, which lies in the posterior perisylvian region of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. (From Brain & Bannister, Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p141; Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p846)

The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)

A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.

The application of a concept to that which it is not literally the same but which suggests a resemblance and comparison. Medical metaphors were widespread in ancient literature; the description of a sick body was often used by ancient writers to define a critical condition of the State, in which one corrupt part can ruin the entire system. (From Med Secoli Arte Sci, 1990;2(3):abstract 331)

Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.

Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.

Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.

A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)

The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.

Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors.

The act, process, or an instance of narrating, i.e., telling a story. In the context of MEDICINE or ETHICS, narration includes relating the particular and the personal in the life story of an individual.

The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.

Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.

The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.

The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.

A receptive visual aphasia characterized by the loss of a previously possessed ability to comprehend the meaning or significance of handwritten words, despite intact vision. This condition may be associated with posterior cerebral artery infarction (INFARCTION, POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY) and other BRAIN DISEASES.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Auditory and visual instructional materials.

Documents describing a medical treatment or research project, including proposed procedures, risks, and alternatives, that are to be signed by an individual, or the individual's proxy, to indicate his/her understanding of the document and a willingness to undergo the treatment or to participate in the research.

Skills in the use of language which lead to proficiency in written or spoken communication.

An imagined sequence of events or mental images, e.g., daydreams.

Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)

A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.

Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.

The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.

Lists of words to which individuals are asked to respond ascertaining the conceptual meaning held by the individual.

A type of fluent aphasia characterized by an impaired ability to repeat one and two word phrases, despite retained comprehension. This condition is associated with dominant hemisphere lesions involving the arcuate fasciculus (a white matter projection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas) and adjacent structures. Like patients with Wernicke aphasia (APHASIA, WERNICKE), patients with conduction aphasia are fluent but commit paraphasic errors during attempts at written and oral forms of communication. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p482; Brain & Bannister, Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p142; Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p848)

Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.

Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication.

Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.

A language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. The individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. This condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the TEMPORAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p484)

Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another.

A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.

Character traits that are considered to be morally praiseworthy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

The process by which individuals internalize standards of right and wrong conduct.

Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

Voluntary authorization, by a patient or research subject, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures, and for medical and surgical treatment.

Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)

The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.

The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice.

Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.

The ability to attribute mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, feelings, intentions, thoughts, etc.) to self and to others, allowing an individual to understand and infer behavior on the basis of the mental states. Difference or deficit in theory of mind is associated with ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; and SCHIZOPHRENIA, etc.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.

Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information.

A form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and a progressive form of dementia characterized by motor speech impairment and AGRAMMATISM, with relative sparing of single word comprehension and semantic memory.

Printed publications usually having a format with no binding and no cover and having fewer than some set number of pages. They are often devoted to a single subject.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation.

The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods.

The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned.

The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.

Personal names, given or surname, as cultural characteristics, as ethnological or religious patterns, as indications of the geographic distribution of families and inbreeding, etc. Analysis of isonymy, the quality of having the same or similar names, is useful in the study of population genetics. NAMES is used also for the history of names or name changes of corporate bodies, such as medical societies, universities, hospitals, government agencies, etc.

Tests designed to measure intellectual functioning in children and adults.

Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.

Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction.

Learning in which the subject must respond with one word or syllable when presented with another word or syllable.

Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.

A concept that stands for or suggests something else by reason of its relationship, association, convention, or resemblance. The symbolism may be mental or a visible sign or representation. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Institutions for the housing and care of orphans, foundlings, and abandoned children. They have existed as such since the medieval period but the heading is applicable to such usage also in modern parlance.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

The study of the precise nature of different mental tasks and the operations of the brain that enable them to be performed, engaging branches of psychology, computer science, philosophy, and linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Images used to comment on such things as contemporary events, social habits, or political trends; usually executed in a broad or abbreviated manner.

Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.

Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders.

Congenital, or rarely acquired, herniation of meningeal and spinal cord tissue through a bony defect in the vertebral column. The majority of these defects occur in the lumbosacral region. Clinical features include PARAPLEGIA, loss of sensation in the lower body, and incontinence. This condition may be associated with the ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp35-6)

Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Voluntary authorization by a person not of usual legal age for diagnostic or investigative procedures, or for medical and surgical treatment. (from English A, Shaw FE, McCauley MM, Fishbein DB Pediatrics 121:Suppl Jan 2008 pp S85-7).

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

Persons who are enrolled in research studies or who are otherwise the subjects of research.

The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.

Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.

The science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference and deals with the canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration. This system of reasoning is applicable to any branch of knowledge or study. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

A type of procedural memory manifested as a change in the ability to identify an item as a result of a previous encounter with the item or stimuli.

The artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings).

A child who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting.

Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.

A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.

A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.

The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.

Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.

The act or practice of literary composition, the occupation of writer, or producing or engaging in literary work as a profession.

Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.

A weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (Webster, 1973)

The act of "taking account" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of, nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object.

Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.

The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.

Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits.

Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.

A negative shift of the cortical electrical potentials that increases over time. It is associated with an anticipated response to an expected stimulus and is an electrical event indicative of a state of readiness or expectancy.

Standardized tests that measure the present general ability or aptitude for intellectual performance.

The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.

The educational process of instructing.

A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.

Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.

Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

A set of cognitive functions that controls complex, goal-directed thought and behavior. Executive function involves multiple domains, such as CONCEPT FORMATION, goal management, cognitive flexibility, INHIBITION control, and WORKING MEMORY. Impaired executive function is seen in a range of disorders, e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; and ADHD.

Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.

The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.

The moral obligations governing the conduct of research. Used for discussions of research ethics as a general topic.

Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).

Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.

Inquiry into the potential value of an information pamphlet on consent to surgery to improve surgeon-patient communication. (1/1546)

OBJECTIVES: To find out how patients recently undergoing surgery experienced the consenting process and the response of these patients to a pamphlet on consent to surgery. To test the reaction of health professionals to the pamphlet. DESIGN: A pilot pamphlet was produced and a questionnaire was sent to patients inquiring about their consenting experience, and how the pamphlet might have helped them through the consent procedure. A pamphlet and a questionnaire were also sent to a random sample of the health professionals serving these patients. SUBJECTS: Patients and health professionals. RESULTS: 61% of patients returned the questionnaire. Knowledge about the consent procedure was shown to be limited. 49% were unaware that they had the right to insist that the surgeon could only perform the specified operation and nothing more. 83% were unaware that they could add something in writing to the consent form before signing. 28% of health professionals returned their questionnaire, most of whom thought that the pamphlet provided a useful contribution to surgeon-patient communication. CONCLUSION: Evidence shows that patients are not well informed about consenting to surgery and further information would provide much needed guidance on understanding their role in the consent procedure. The low response from the health professional study is perhaps an indication that at present this is an issue which is not seen as a priority. (+info)

The basis of informed consent for BMT patients. (2/1546)

During recent decades the doctrine of informed consent has become a standard part of medical care as an expression of patients' rights to self-determination. In situations when only one treatment alternative exists for a potential cure, the extent of a patient's self-determination is constrained. Our hypothesis is that for patients considering a life-saving procedure such as bone marrow transplant (BMT), informed consent has little meaning as a basis for their right to self-determination. A longitudinal study of BMT patients was undertaken with four self-administered questionnaires. Questions centered around expectations, knowledge, anxiety and factors contributing to their decision to undergo treatment. Although the informed consent process made patients more knowledgeable about the treatment, their decision to consent was largely based on positive outcome expectations and on trust in the physician. Informed consent relieved their anxieties and increased their hopes for survival. Our conclusion was that the greatest value of the informed consent process lay in meeting the patients' emotional rather than cognitive needs. When their survival is at stake and BMT represents their only option, the patient's vulnerability puts a moral responsibility on the physician to respect the principle of beneficence while not sacrificing the patient's right to self-determination. (+info)

Impact of therapeutic research on informed consent and the ethics of clinical trials: a medical oncology perspective. (3/1546)

PURPOSE: To create a more meaningful understanding of the informed consent process as it has come to be practiced and regulated in clinical trials, this discussion uses the experience gained from the conduct of therapeutic research that involves cancer patients. DESIGN: After an introduction of the ethical tenets of the consent process in clinical research that involves potentially vulnerable patients as research subjects, background that details the use of written consent documents and of the term "informed consent" is provided. Studies from the cancer setting that examine the inadequacies of written consent documents, and the outcome of the consent process itself, are reviewed. Two ethically challenging areas of cancer clinical research, the phase I trial and the randomized controlled trial, are discussed briefly as a means of highlighting many dilemmas present in clinical trials. Before concluding, areas for future research are discussed. RESULTS: Through an exclusive cancer research perspective, many current deficiencies in the informed consent process for therapeutic clinical trials can be critically examined. Also, new directions for improvements and areas of further research can be outlined and discussed objectively. The goals of such improvements and research should be prevention of further misguided or ineffective efforts to regulate the informed consent process. CONCLUSION: To ignore this rich and interesting perspective potentially contributes to continued misunderstanding and apathy toward fulfilling the regulatory and ethically obligatory requirements involved in an essential communication process between a clinician-investigator and a potentially vulnerable patient who is considering clinical trial participation. (+info)

Genetically determined obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome: the ethics and legality of treatment. (4/1546)

A central characteristic of people with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is an apparent insatiable appetite leading to severe overeating and the potential for marked obesity and associated serious health problems and premature death. This behaviour may be due to the effects of the genetic defect resulting from the chromosome 15 abnormalities associated with the syndrome. We examine the ethical and legal dilemmas that can arise in the care of people with PWS. A tension exists between a genetic deterministic perspective and that of individual choice. We conclude that the determination of the capacity of a person with PWS to make decisions about his/her eating behaviour and to control that behaviour is of particular importance in resolving this dilemma. If the person is found to lack capacity, the common law principles of acting in a person's "best interests" using the "least restrictive alternative" may be helpful. Allowing serious weight gain in the absence of careful consideration of these issues is an abdication of responsibility. (+info)

Sterilisation of incompetent mentally handicapped persons: a model for decision making. (5/1546)

Doctors are regularly confronted with requests for sterilisation of mentally handicapped people who cannot give consent for themselves. They ought to act in a medical vacuum because there doesn't exist a consensus about a model for decision making on this matter. In this article a model for decision making is proposed, based on a review of the literature and our own research data. We have attempted to select and classify certain factors which could enable us to arrive at an ethically justifiable method of making a medical decision. In doing so we distinguish two major criteria: heredity and parenting competence, and six minor criteria: conception risk, IQ, age, personality, medical aspects and prognosis and finally support and guidance for the mentally handicapped person. The major criteria give rise to a "situation of necessity". In this situation the physician is confronted with a conflict of values and interests. The minor criteria are of an entirely different ethical order. They can only be considered once the major criteria have created a "situation of necessity". Ultimately it comes down to deciding whether the benefits of sterilisation outweigh the drawbacks and whether the means are appropriate to the end, where efficient contraception is the end and irreversible sterilisation is the means. (+info)

Can the written information to research subjects be improved?--an empirical study. (6/1546)

OBJECTIVES: To study whether linguistic analysis and changes in information leaflets can improve readability and understanding. DESIGN: Randomised, controlled study. Two information leaflets concerned with trials of drugs for conditions/diseases which are commonly known were modified, and the original was tested against the revised version. SETTING: Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: 235 persons in the relevant age groups. MAIN MEASURES: Readability and understanding of contents. RESULTS: Both readability and understanding of contents was improved: readability with regard to both information leaflets and understanding with regard to one of the leaflets. CONCLUSION: The results show that both readability and understanding can be improved by increased attention to the linguistic features of the information. (+info)

The family rule: a framework for obtaining ethical consent for medical interventions from children. (7/1546)

Children's consent to treatment remains a contentious topic, with confusing legal precepts and advice. This paper proposes that informed consent in children should be regarded as shared between children and their families, the balance being determined by implicit, developmentally based negotiations between child and parent--a "family rule" for consent. Consistent, operationalized procedures for ethically obtaining consent can be derived from its application to both routine and contentious situations. Therefore, use of the "family Rule" concept can consistently define negligent procedure in obtaining consent from children, and could be used as a unifying framework in the development of new professional guidelines. A "guideline"-based approach to children's consent to treatment may offer greater individuality than a "rights"-based approach, though careful training and oversight will be needed for it to be effective. (+info)

Infectious health care workers: should patients be told? (8/1546)

The risk of transmission of HIV or hepatitis B from infectious health care workers to patients is low. However, inadvertent exposure causes great concern amongst patients of an infected health care worker. The patients of a Scottish dentist diagnosed hepatitis B e antigen positive were informed by letter of their exposure. A sample of patients was sent a postal questionnaire. Most (56%) respondents reported feeling anxious on receiving the letter but almost all (93%) thought patients should always be informed following treatment by an infectious health care worker, although the risk was very small. We discuss clinical and ethical factors relating to informing patients following exposure to an infectious health care worker. We suggest that a balance should be struck between patients' wishes to know of risks to which they have been exposed, however small, and the professional view that when risks are negligible, patients need not be informed. (+info)

Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences, using correct grammar, and articulating words clearly. Individuals with Broca's aphasia may also experience difficulty understanding spoken language, although comprehension of written language may be relatively preserved.

Common symptoms of Broca's aphasia include:

1. Difficulty speaking in complete sentences or using correct grammar.
2. Slurred or slow speech.
3. Difficulty articulating words clearly.
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language.
5. Preservation of comprehension of written language.
6. Word-finding difficulties.
7. Difficulty with naming objects.
8. Difficulty with sentence construction.

Broca's aphasia is often caused by damage to the brain due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases such as primary progressive aphasia. Treatment for Broca's aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy to improve communication skills and cognitive rehabilitation to improve language processing abilities.

The main features of Wernicke's aphasia include:

1. Difficulty comprehending spoken language: Individuals with Wernicke's aphasia may have difficulty understanding the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences when spoken to them. They may also struggle to follow conversations or understand complex sentences.
2. Impaired speech production: People with Wernicke's aphasia may experience difficulty speaking in complete sentences or using correct grammar. Their speech may be slow, halting, or contain made-up words (neologisms). They may also have trouble initiating conversations or responding to questions.
3. Preservation of literacy skills: In contrast to other types of aphasia, individuals with Wernicke's aphasia typically retain their ability to read and write, as these skills are mediated by different areas of the brain.
4. Right hemisphere involvement: Wernicke's aphasia is often associated with damage to the right hemisphere of the brain, particularly in the area known as the anterior superior temporal gyrus (Tanenhaus et al., 2010). This can lead to difficulties with speech production and comprehension, as well as other cognitive and behavioral changes.
5. Sensory deficits: Some individuals with Wernicke's aphasia may also experience sensory deficits, such as difficulty with hearing or vision (Kertesz, 1994).

Wernicke's aphasia is often seen in individuals who have suffered a stroke or other brain injury, particularly in the left hemisphere of the brain. It is important for clinicians to recognize and diagnose Wernicke's aphasia accurately, as it can help guide treatment and rehabilitation efforts.

References:

Kertesz, A. (1994). Wernicke's aphasia: A review of the clinical and neuroanatomical features. Cortex, 30(2), 267-285.

Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1999). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 283(5408), 1323-1326.

Tanenhaus, M. K., Bienkowski, M., & Levitan, C. A. (2010). Language and the brain: Anatomical and functional bases of Wernicke's aphasia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1204, 235-257.

There are several types of aphasia, including:

1. Broca's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences and using correct grammar.
2. Wernicke's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty understanding spoken language and speaking in complete sentences.
3. Global aphasia: Characterized by a severe impairment of all language abilities.
4. Primary progressive aphasia: A rare form of aphasia that is caused by neurodegeneration and worsens over time.

Treatment for aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy, which can help individuals with aphasia improve their communication skills and regain some of their language abilities. Other forms of therapy, such as cognitive training and physical therapy, may also be helpful.

It's important to note that while aphasia can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, it does not affect their intelligence or cognitive abilities. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with aphasia can continue to lead fulfilling lives and communicate effectively with others.

Types of Language Disorders:

1. Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): This is a condition where children have difficulty learning language skills, such as grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure, despite being exposed to language in their environment. DLD can be diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 5.
2. Acquired Language Disorder: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences brain damage or injury that affects their ability to understand and produce language. Acquired language disorders can be caused by stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions.
3. Aphasia: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences damage to the language areas of their brain, typically as a result of stroke or traumatic brain injury. Aphasia can affect an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
4. Dysarthria: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to produce speech sounds due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the muscles used for speaking. Dysarthria can be caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, or other neurological conditions.
5. Apraxia: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to coordinate the movements of their lips, tongue, and jaw to produce speech sounds. Apraxia can be caused by stroke, head injury, or other neurological conditions.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic factors: Some language disorders may be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Brain damage or injury: Stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions can cause acquired language disorders.
3. Developmental delays: Children with developmental delays or disorders, such as autism or Down syndrome, may experience language disorders.
4. Hearing loss or impairment: Children who have difficulty hearing may experience language delays or disorders.
5. Environmental factors: Poverty, poor nutrition, and limited access to educational resources can contribute to language disorders in children.

Signs and Symptoms:

1. Difficulty articulating words or sentences
2. Slurred or distorted speech
3. Limited vocabulary or grammar skills
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language
5. Avoidance of speaking or social interactions
6. Behavioral difficulties, such as aggression or frustration
7. Delayed language development in children
8. Difficulty with reading and writing skills

Treatment and Interventions:

1. Speech therapy: A speech-language pathologist (SLP) can work with individuals to improve their language skills through exercises, activities, and strategies.
2. Cognitive training: Individuals with language disorders may benefit from cognitive training programs that target attention, memory, and other cognitive skills.
3. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices: These devices can help individuals with severe language disorders communicate more effectively.
4. Behavioral interventions: Behavioral therapy can help individuals with language disorders manage their behavior and improve their social interactions.
5. Family support: Family members can provide support and encouragement to individuals with language disorders, which can help improve outcomes.
6. Educational accommodations: Individuals with language disorders may be eligible for educational accommodations, such as extra time to complete assignments or the use of a tape recorder during lectures.
7. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms of language disorders, such as anxiety or depression.

Prognosis and Quality of Life:

The prognosis for individuals with language disorders varies depending on the severity of their condition and the effectiveness of their treatment. With appropriate support and intervention, many individuals with language disorders are able to improve their language skills and lead fulfilling lives. However, some individuals may experience ongoing challenges with communication and social interaction, which can impact their quality of life.

In conclusion, language disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to communicate and interact with others. While there is no cure for language disorders, there are many effective treatments and interventions that can help improve outcomes. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with language disorders can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

The symptoms of dyslexia can vary from person to person, but may include:

* Difficulty with phonological awareness (the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds within words)
* Trouble with decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling)
* Slow reading speed
* Difficulty with comprehension of text
* Difficulty with writing skills, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling
* Trouble with organization and time management

Dyslexia can be diagnosed by a trained professional, such as a psychologist or learning specialist, through a series of tests and assessments. These may include:

* Reading and spelling tests
* Tests of phonological awareness
* Tests of comprehension and vocabulary
* Behavioral observations

There is no cure for dyslexia, but there are a variety of strategies and interventions that can help individuals with dyslexia to improve their reading and writing skills. These may include:

* Multisensory instruction (using sight, sound, and touch to learn)
* Orton-Gillingham approach (a specific type of multisensory instruction)
* Assistive technology (such as text-to-speech software)
* Accommodations (such as extra time to complete assignments)
* Tutoring and mentoring

It is important to note that dyslexia is not a result of poor intelligence or inadequate instruction, but rather a neurological difference that affects the way an individual processes information. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with dyslexia can be successful in school and beyond.

There are several types of LDDs, including:

1. Expressive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with verbal expression, including difficulty with word choice, sentence structure, and coherence.
2. Receptive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with understanding spoken language, including difficulty with comprehending vocabulary, grammar, and tone of voice.
3. Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by both receptive and expressive language difficulties.
4. Language Processing Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with processing language, including difficulty with auditory processing, syntax, and semantics.
5. Social Communication Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with social communication, including difficulty with understanding and using language in social contexts, eye contact, facial expressions, and body language.

Causes of LDDs include:

1. Genetic factors: Some LDDs may be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Brain injury: Traumatic brain injury or stroke can damage the areas of the brain responsible for language processing.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can damage the brain and result in LDDs.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: Severe malnutrition or a lack of certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12, can lead to LDDs.
5. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, such as lead, and poverty can increase the risk of developing an LDD.

Signs and symptoms of LDDs include:

1. Difficulty with word retrieval
2. Incomplete or inappropriate sentences
3. Difficulty with comprehension
4. Limited vocabulary
5. Difficulty with understanding abstract concepts
6. Difficulty with social communication
7. Delayed language development compared to peers
8. Difficulty with speech sounds and articulation
9. Stuttering or repetition of words
10. Limited eye contact and facial expressions

Treatment for LDDs depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Speech and language therapy to improve communication skills
2. Cognitive training to improve problem-solving and memory skills
3. Occupational therapy to improve daily living skills
4. Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
5. Medication to manage symptoms such as anxiety or depression
6. Surgery to repair any physical abnormalities or damage to the brain.

It is important to note that each individual with an LDD may have a unique combination of strengths, weaknesses, and challenges, and treatment plans should be tailored to meet their specific needs. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for individuals with LDDs.

The symptoms of acquired dyslexia may be similar to those of developmental dyslexia, including difficulties with phonological processing, working memory, and language processing. However, individuals with acquired dyslexia may also experience a range of other cognitive impairments, such as difficulty with attention, memory, or executive functions.

The exact causes of acquired dyslexia are not yet fully understood, but it is thought to be related to changes in the brain's language processing networks that occur as a result of brain damage or other forms of cognitive impairment. Treatment for acquired dyslexia typically involves a multimodal approach, including cognitive rehabilitation and remediation strategies tailored to the individual's specific needs and abilities.

There are three main types of primary progressive aphasia:

1. Logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA): This is the most common type of PPA, accounting for approximately 70% of cases. It is characterized by difficulty in finding the right words, using correct grammar, and understanding complex sentences.
2. Semantic dementia (SD): This type of PPA is characterized by difficulties with word meaning, often leading to a loss of semantic knowledge. Affected individuals may have trouble recognizing familiar objects, people, or places.
3. Nonfluent progressive aphasia (NFPA): This type of PPA is characterized by difficulty in speaking and understanding language, as well as slow and effortful speech.

The symptoms of primary progressive aphasia can vary depending on the individual and the progression of the disease. They may include:

* Difficulty finding the right words or understanding complex sentences
* Trouble with word retrieval and naming objects
* Slow and effortful speech
* Difficulty with reading and writing
* Decreased comprehension of spoken language
* Difficulty with social communication and pragmatic skills

Primary progressive aphasia is a degenerative disorder, meaning that it is not reversible and will continue to worsen over time. However, there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and improve quality of life for individuals affected by PPA. These may include speech and language therapy, cognitive training, and medications to manage behavioral changes or depression.

In summary, primary progressive aphasia is a rare and degenerative disorder that affects language and communication abilities, with three main types: logopenic progressive aphasia, semantic dementia, and nonfluent progressive aphasia. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of PPA, but may include difficulty finding words, slow and effortful speech, and decreased comprehension of spoken language. Treatment options are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life for individuals affected by PPA.

There are several types of deafness, including:

1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by problems with the middle ear, including the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear. It can be treated with hearing aids or surgery.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. It is typically permanent and cannot be treated with medication or surgery.
3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of deafness is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
4. Auditory processing disorder (APD): This is a condition in which the brain has difficulty processing sounds, even though the ears are functioning normally.
5. Tinnitus: This is a condition characterized by ringing or other sounds in the ears when there is no external source of sound. It can be a symptom of deafness or a separate condition.

There are several ways to diagnose deafness, including:

1. Hearing tests: These can be done in a doctor's office or at a hearing aid center. They involve listening to sounds through headphones and responding to them.
2. Imaging tests: These can include X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to look for any physical abnormalities in the ear or brain.
3. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing: This is a test that measures the electrical activity of the brain in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.
4. Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing: This is a test that measures the sounds produced by the inner ear in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.

There are several ways to treat deafness, including:

1. Hearing aids: These are devices that amplify sound and can be worn in or behind the ear. They can help improve hearing for people with mild to severe hearing loss.
2. Cochlear implants: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve. They can help restore hearing for people with severe to profound hearing loss.
3. Speech therapy: This can help people with hearing loss improve their communication skills, such as speaking and listening.
4. Assistive technology: This can include devices such as captioned phones, alerting systems, and assistive listening devices that can help people with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
5. Medications: There are several medications available that can help treat deafness, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections or steroids to reduce inflammation.
6. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat deafness, such as when there is a blockage in the ear or when a tumor is present.
7. Stem cell therapy: This is a relatively new area of research that involves using stem cells to repair damaged hair cells in the inner ear. It has shown promising results in some studies.
8. Gene therapy: This involves using genes to repair or replace damaged or missing genes that can cause deafness. It is still an experimental area of research, but it has shown promise in some studies.
9. Implantable devices: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can help restore hearing by bypassing damaged hair cells. Examples include cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants.
10. Binaural hearing: This involves using a combination of hearing aids and technology to improve hearing in both ears, which can help improve speech recognition and reduce the risk of falls.

It's important to note that the best treatment for deafness will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, as well as the individual's age, overall health, and personal preferences. It's important to work with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.

There are several subtypes of APD, including:

1. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): A disorder characterized by difficulty processing auditory information due to a deficit in the brain's ability to process speech and language.
2. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A subtype of APD that is caused by a problem in the central nervous system, rather than in the inner ear.
3. Developmental Auditory Perceptual Disorder (DAPD): A disorder that affects children and adolescents, characterized by difficulty with auditory perception and processing.
4. Auditory Memory Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with auditory memory and recall.
5. Auditory Discrimination Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with distinguishing between similar sounds.

APD can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, premature birth, infections during pregnancy or childhood, and head trauma. Treatment for APD typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, such as auditory training and speech therapy, as well as assistive listening devices and technology.

In addition to the subtypes listed above, there are also several related conditions that may be classified as APD, including:

1. Auditory-Verbal Processing Disorder (AVPD): A disorder characterized by difficulty with auditory processing and language development.
2. Language Processing Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with language comprehension and processing.
3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing.
4. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing, as well as social communication and behavior.
5. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A type of APD that is characterized by difficulty with central auditory processing, including the ability to understand speech in noisy environments.

Anomia is a condition characterized by memory loss or impairment of word-finding ability, especially for proper nouns (e.g., names of people and places). Also called nominal anomia or dysnomia.

Anomia can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections (e.g., encephalitis), and certain medications.

Symptoms of anomia may include difficulty naming objects or people, trouble finding the right words to describe something, and confusion about the meaning of words. In some cases, anomia can be treated with speech and language therapy, but in more severe cases, it may be a permanent condition.

Dysarthria can affect both children and adults, and the symptoms can vary in severity depending on the underlying cause of the condition. Some common symptoms of dysarthria include:

* Slurred or slow speech
* Difficulty articulating words
* Poor enunciation
* Stuttering or hesitation while speaking
* Difficulty with word-finding and language processing
* Limited range of speech sounds
* Difficulty with loudness and volume control

Dysarthria can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP), who will typically conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's speech and language abilities. This may include a series of tests to assess the individual's articulation, fluency, voice quality, and other aspects of their speech.

There are several types of dysarthria, including:

* Hypokinetic dysarthria: characterized by reduced muscle tone and slow movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in slurred or slow speech.
* Hyperkinetic dysarthria: characterized by increased muscle tone and rapid movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in fast but imprecise speech.
* Mixed dysarthria: a combination of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic features.
* Dystonic dysarthria: characterized by involuntary movements and postures of the tongue and lips, resulting in distorted speech.

Treatment for dysarthria typically involves speech therapy with an SLP, who will work with the individual to improve their speech clarity, fluency, and overall communication skills. Treatment may include exercises to strengthen the muscles used in speech production, as well as strategies to improve articulation, pronunciation, and language processing. In some cases, technology such as speech-generating devices may be used to support communication.

In addition to speech therapy, treatment for dysarthria may also involve other healthcare professionals, such as neurologists, physical therapists, or occupational therapists, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Overall, dysarthria is a speech disorder that can significantly impact an individual's ability to communicate effectively. However, with the right treatment and support from healthcare professionals and SLPs, many people with dysarthria are able to improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.

Types of Cognition Disorders: There are several types of cognitive disorders that affect different aspects of cognitive functioning. Some common types include:

1. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
2. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts brain function, resulting in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes.
3. Alzheimer's Disease: A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with communication.
4. Stroke: A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to cognitive impairment and other symptoms.
5. Parkinson's Disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and cognition.
6. Huntington's Disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.
7. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): A group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and language.
8. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A condition that develops after a traumatic event, characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, avoidance, and hypervigilance.
9. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): A condition characterized by memory loss and other cognitive symptoms that are more severe than normal age-related changes but not severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Causes and Risk Factors: The causes of cognition disorders can vary depending on the specific disorder, but some common risk factors include:

1. Genetics: Many cognitive disorders have a genetic component, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
2. Age: As people age, their risk of developing cognitive disorders increases, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia.
3. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, and poor diet can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
4. Traumatic brain injury: A severe blow to the head or a traumatic brain injury can increase the risk of developing cognitive disorders, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
5. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, can cause cognitive disorders if they damage the brain tissue.
6. Stroke or other cardiovascular conditions: A stroke or other cardiovascular conditions can cause cognitive disorders by damaging the blood vessels in the brain.
7. Chronic substance abuse: Long-term use of drugs or alcohol can damage the brain and increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
8. Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, can increase the risk of cognitive disorders, such as dementia.
9. Depression and anxiety: Mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, can increase the risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
10. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as pesticides and heavy metals, has been linked to an increased risk of cognitive disorders.

It's important to note that not everyone with these risk factors will develop a cognitive disorder, and some people without any known risk factors can still develop a cognitive disorder. If you have concerns about your cognitive health, it's important to speak with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

The key features of PPNFA include:

1. Non-fluent speech: Individuals with PPNFA may experience difficulty articulating words, using short, halting sentences, and experiencing difficulty initiating and maintaining conversations.
2. Grammatical errors: They may make frequent grammatical mistakes, such as incorrect verb tenses or word order, and may have difficulty understanding complex sentences.
3. Reduced vocabulary: Individuals with PPNFA may use fewer words and have a more limited vocabulary than those with other types of aphasia.
4. Decreased comprehension: They may also experience difficulty understanding spoken language, particularly in noisy environments or when complex information is being communicated.
5. No other neurological symptoms: Unlike some other types of PPA, individuals with PPNFA do not typically experience cognitive decline, memory loss, or other neurological symptoms beyond language impairment.

PPNFA is often diagnosed in middle-aged to older adults and can be challenging to differentiate from other types of aphasia or cognitive disorders. It is important for healthcare providers to conduct comprehensive evaluations, including neuroimaging and speech and language assessments, to accurately diagnose and manage this condition.

The exact cause of meningomyelocele is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors for the condition include family history, maternal obesity, and exposure to certain medications or substances during pregnancy.

There are several types of meningomyelocele, including:

* Meningoencephalocele: A protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull.
* Myelomeningocele: A protrusion of the spinal cord through a defect in the back.
* Hydrocephalus: A buildup of fluid in the brain, which can be associated with meningomyelocele.

There is no cure for meningomyelocele, but treatment options may include surgery to repair the defect and relieve symptoms, as well as ongoing management of any associated conditions such as hydrocephalus or seizures. Early detection and intervention are important to help minimize the risk of complications and improve outcomes for individuals with this condition.

1. Articulation Disorders: Difficulty articulating sounds or words due to poor pronunciation, misplaced sounds, or distortion of sounds.
2. Stuttering: A disorder characterized by the repetition or prolongation of sounds, syllables, or words, as well as the interruption or blocking of speech.
3. Voice Disorders: Abnormalities in voice quality, pitch, or volume due to overuse, misuse, or structural changes in the vocal cords.
4. Language Disorders: Difficulty with understanding, using, or interpreting spoken language, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.
5. Apraxia of Speech: A neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute voluntary movements of the articulatory organs for speech production.
6. Dysarthria: A condition characterized by slurred or distorted speech due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the articulatory muscles.
7. Cerebral Palsy: A group of disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, often including speech and language difficulties.
8. Aphasia: A condition that results from brain damage and affects an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
9. Dyslexia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to read and spell words correctly.
10. Hearing Loss: Loss of hearing in one or both ears can impact speech development and language acquisition.

Speech disorders can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through a comprehensive evaluation, including speech and language samples, medical history, and behavioral observations. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and may include therapy exercises, technology assistance, and counseling. With appropriate support and intervention, individuals with speech disorders can improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.

Some common causes of chronic brain damage include:

1. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): A blow to the head or other traumatic injury that causes the brain to bounce or twist inside the skull, leading to damage to brain cells and tissues.
2. Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders: A loss of blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or rupture of blood vessels, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
3. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain and its membranes caused by viral or bacterial infections, which can lead to damage to brain cells and tissues.
4. Chronic exposure to toxins, such as pesticides or heavy metals: Prolonged exposure to these substances can damage brain cells and tissues over time.
5. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease: These conditions are characterized by the progressive loss of brain cells and tissue, leading to cognitive decline and other symptoms.

The effects of chronic brain damage can vary depending on the location and severity of the damage. Some common effects include:

1. Cognitive impairments: Difficulty with memory, attention, problem-solving, and other cognitive functions.
2. Emotional and behavioral changes: Depression, anxiety, irritability, and mood swings.
3. Physical symptoms: Weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty with balance and coordination, and changes in sensation or perception.
4. Communication difficulties: Slurred speech, difficulty finding the right words, and trouble understanding spoken language.
5. Social and occupational impairments: Difficulty with daily activities, social interactions, and work-related tasks.

The good news is that there are several strategies that can help mitigate the effects of chronic brain damage. These include:

1. Physical exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to promote brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
2. Cognitive stimulation: Engaging in mentally challenging activities, such as reading, puzzles, or learning a new skill, can help build cognitive reserve and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
3. Social engagement: Building and maintaining social connections has been shown to promote brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
4. Stress management: Chronic stress can exacerbate brain damage, so finding ways to manage stress, such as through meditation or exercise, is important.
5. Proper nutrition: Eating a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids can help support brain health and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
6. Medication and therapy: In some cases, medication or therapy may be necessary to manage the symptoms of chronic brain damage.
7. Neuroplasticity-based interventions: Techniques that promote neuroplasticity, such as non-invasive brain stimulation, can help improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

It's important to note that these strategies may not reverse chronic brain damage, but they can help mitigate its effects and improve overall brain health. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing chronic brain damage, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Early diagnosis and treatment can help reduce the risk of long-term cognitive decline and improve quality of life.

There are several subtypes of agnosia, each with distinct symptoms:

1. Visual agnosia: Difficulty recognizing objects, colors, or shapes.
2. Auditory agnosia: Inability to recognize familiar sounds or voices.
3. Tactile agnosia: Difficulty identifying objects by touch.
4. Olfactory agnosia: Loss of the ability to smell.
5. Gustatory agnosia: Inability to taste or identify different flavors.
6. Hyperagnosia: Excessive sensitivity to stimuli, leading to over-recognition of objects and excessive memory for details.
7. Hypoagnosia: Under-recognition of objects, leading to difficulty identifying familiar items.

Agnosia can be caused by various factors, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, infections, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder). Treatment options depend on the underlying cause of the agnosia and may include rehabilitation therapies, medications, or surgery.

In summary, agnosia is a neurological condition characterized by difficulty in recognizing objects, voices, or other sensory stimuli due to damage to specific areas of the brain. It can affect one or more senses and can be caused by various factors. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the disorder.

There are several types of learning disorders, including:

1. Dyslexia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to read and spell words. Individuals with dyslexia may have difficulty recognizing letters, sounds, or word patterns.
2. Dyscalculia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to understand and perform mathematical calculations. Individuals with dyscalculia may have difficulty with numbers, quantities, or mathematical concepts.
3. Dysgraphia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to write and spell words. Individuals with dysgraphia may have difficulty with hand-eye coordination, fine motor skills, or language processing.
4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an individual's ability to focus, pay attention, and regulate their behavior. Individuals with ADHD may have difficulty with organization, time management, or following instructions.
5. Auditory Processing Disorder: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to process and understand auditory information. Individuals with auditory processing disorder may have difficulty with listening, comprehension, or speech skills.
6. Visual Processing Disorder: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to process and understand visual information. Individuals with visual processing disorder may have difficulty with reading, writing, or other tasks that require visual processing.
7. Executive Function Deficits: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to plan, organize, and execute tasks. Individuals with executive function deficits may have difficulty with time management, organization, or self-regulation.

Learning disorders can be diagnosed by a trained professional, such as a psychologist, neuropsychologist, or learning specialist, through a comprehensive assessment that includes cognitive and academic testing, as well as a review of the individual's medical and educational history. The specific tests and assessments used will depend on the suspected type of learning disorder and the individual's age and background.

There are several approaches to treating learning disorders, including:

1. Accommodations: Providing individuals with accommodations, such as extra time to complete assignments or the option to take a test orally, can help level the playing field and enable them to succeed academically.
2. Modifications: Making modifications to the curriculum or instructional methods can help individuals with learning disorders access the material and learn in a way that is tailored to their needs.
3. Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of therapy can help individuals with learning disorders develop strategies for managing their challenges and improving their academic performance.
4. Assistive technology: Assistive technology, such as text-to-speech software or speech-to-text software, can help individuals with learning disorders access information and communicate more effectively.
5. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms associated with learning disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
6. Multi-sensory instruction: Using multiple senses (such as sight, sound, and touch) to learn new information can be helpful for individuals with learning disorders.
7. Self-accommodations: Teaching individuals with learning disorders how to identify and use their own strengths and preferences to accommodate their challenges can be effective in helping them succeed academically.
8. Parental involvement: Encouraging parents to be involved in their child's education and providing them with information and resources can help them support their child's learning and development.
9. Collaboration: Collaborating with other educators, professionals, and family members to develop a comprehensive treatment plan can help ensure that the individual receives the support they need to succeed academically.

It is important to note that each individual with a learning disorder is unique and may respond differently to different treatments. A comprehensive assessment and ongoing monitoring by a qualified professional is necessary to determine the most effective treatment plan for each individual.

The diagnosis of PVS is made by a team of healthcare professionals, including neurosurgeons, neurologists, and rehabilitation specialists. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical examination and medical imaging studies, such as electroencephalograms (EEGs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

There are three main criteria for diagnosing PVS:

1. Lack of awareness: The patient is unable to open their eyes or respond purposefully to stimuli.
2. Lack of purposeful movement: The patient is unable to move voluntarily, except for possibly some reflex movements.
3. Abnormal sleep-wake cycle: The patient exhibits a persistent vegetative state sleep-wake cycle, characterized by periods of sleep and wakefulness that are not consistent with normal sleep patterns.

Treatment for PVS is focused on supporting the patient's basic needs, such as breathing and nutrition, and managing any underlying medical conditions. However, there is no cure for PVS, and the condition is often permanent. Some patients may eventually recover some cognitive and behavioral functions over time, but many will remain in a state of persistent vegetative state for the rest of their lives.

In summary, the definition of persistent vegetative state (PVS) in the medical field refers to a severe loss of cognitive and behavioral function, resulting from traumatic brain injury or other causes, characterized by a lack of awareness, purposeful movement, and abnormal sleep-wake cycle. The diagnosis is made by a team of healthcare professionals, and treatment focuses on supporting the patient's basic needs and managing any underlying medical conditions.

... may refer to: Comprehension (logic), the totality of intensions, that is, properties or qualities, that an object ... All pages with titles containing Comprehension This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Comprehension ... Look up comprehension, comprehensible, or comprehend in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ... an axiom in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory in mathematics List comprehension, an adaptation of mathematical set notation to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehension

"The ability to understand information presented in the written form is called reading Comprehension". Comprehension is a " ... There are informal and formal assessments to monitor an individual's comprehension ability and use of comprehension strategies ... "The Roots of Reading Comprehension Instruction". Handbook of Research on Reading Comprehension. 2014. pp. 27-55. doi:10.4324/ ... The use of effective comprehension strategies that provide specific instructions for developing and retaining comprehension ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension

List comprehensions give results in a defined order (unlike the members of sets); and list comprehensions may generate the ... Version 3.x and 2.7 of the Python language introduces syntax for set comprehensions. Similar in form to list comprehensions, ... SQL-like set operations with list comprehension one-liners in the Python Cookbook Discussion on list comprehensions in Scheme ... In Haskell, a monad comprehension is a generalization of the list comprehension to other monads in functional programming. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_comprehension

In logic, the comprehension of an object is the totality of intensions, that is, attributes, characters, marks, properties, or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehension_(logic)

... (also program understanding or [source] code comprehension) is a domain of computer science concerned ... Titles of works on program comprehension include Using a behavioral theory of program comprehension in software engineering The ... Computer scientists pioneering program comprehension include Ruven Brooks, Ted J. Biggerstaff, and Anneliese von Mayrhauser. ... concept assignment problem in program understanding, and Program Comprehension During Software Maintenance and Evolution. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_comprehension

... refers to a method of learning a new language through the process of understanding the meaning of words ... The comprehension approach usually involves a silent period when the learner tries to assimilate the various meanings of the ... The comprehension approach is most strongly associated with the linguists Harris Winitz, Stephen Krashen, Tracy D. Terrell and ... Since the comprehension approach requires a deliberate effort to understand the language first, it often leads to situations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehension_approach

... is an experimental short film by Owen Land, produced in 1970. Remedial Reading Comprehension ... Remedial Reading Comprehension is considered a prominent and important work in the structural film movement. Scholar Fred ... Remedial Reading Comprehension forms part of the structural film movement of the 1960s and 70s, in that it considers "film ... Connor considered Remedial Reading Comprehension to be an "odd intervention" in the structural film movement, in that it ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedial_Reading_Comprehension

Traditionally, idiom comprehension was thought to require a distinct processing mode other than literal language comprehension ... Comprehension of idioms is the act of processing and understanding idioms. Idioms are a common type of figure of speech. Based ... Comprehension is facilitated in a decomposable idiom since there are commonality between the results of its literal analysis ... When rTMS was applied to the left frontal, right frontal and right temporal, there were no effects on idiom comprehension. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehension_of_idioms

The M100 was also linked to prediction in language comprehension in a series of event-related magnetoencephalography (MEG) ... It is based on evidence that shows that the left and right hemispheres differentially contribute to language comprehension. ... DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P., Kutas, M. (2005). Probabilistic word pre-activation during language comprehension inferred from ... Because of its spatially close ties and integration with language production, left hemisphere language comprehension seems to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prediction_in_language_comprehension

Using the for-comprehension: val s = for (x <- 0 to 100; if x*x > 3) yield 2*x List comprehensions are supported in Scheme ... Julia supports comprehensions using the syntax: y = [x^2+1 for x in 1:10] and multidimensional comprehensions like: z = [(x-5)^ ... Eager Comprehensions Comparison of list comprehensions on rosettacode.org (Articles needing additional references from February ... List comprehension is a syntactic construct available in some programming languages for creating a list based on existing lists ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(list_comprehension)

Family literacy initiatives and reading comprehension. In S. Israel (Ed). Handbook on Reading Comprehension, 2nd edition. (pp. ... Retrieved from http://www.readingrockets.org/article/comprehension Chew, C. (2010, April 22). Incoming IRA president aims to ... Comprehension. Reading Rockets. Washington DC: WETA Public Broadcasting. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_A._Edwards

Comprehension is defined as the "act or capability of understanding something, especially the meaning of a communication," by ... La Garanderie distinguishes comprehension as the gesture of understanding, which allows us to constantly shift between what is ... This includes the following activities and processes to manage the mind well: attention; retrieval; comprehension; thinking; ... comprehension, and behaviour selection (action). Treatment techniques associated with this approach include cognitive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_management

Comprehension is schematic with respect to Φ ( x ) {\displaystyle \Phi (x)} as well as to types. Infinity. There exists a ... Hence each pair of consecutive types requires its own axiom of Extensionality and of Comprehension, which is possible if ... All variables appearing in the definition of identity and in the axioms Extensionality and Comprehension, range over ... Comprehension. An axiom schema. ∃ z ′ ∀ x [ x ∈ z ′ ↔ Φ ( x ) ] {\displaystyle \exists z'\forall x[x\in z'\leftrightarrow \Phi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ST_type_theory

... simultaneous comprehension; perception of abstract patterns Another aspect of media ecology is the laws of media, which McLuhan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_ecology

It consists of four modules training the user in rapidly increasing comprehension and retention: Character Recognition, High- ... speed word recognition, Synonyms; Sentence Comprehension. In each, the user the initial difficulty level, and the computer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compu-Read

Gerrig, Richard J. (1988). "Text comprehension". In Sternberg, Robert J.; Smith, Edward E. (eds.). The Psychology of Human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_by_the_Tail_(Chase_novel)

Comprehension Practice. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1951. English Study and Composition. Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1952 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._H._Burton

Verbal Comprehension; Physics. Architecture, Design and Construction Engineering schools have a limited number of students ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Milan

The formula is: Decoding × Oral Language Comprehension = Reading Comprehension. Students are not reading if they can decode ... In the Norwegian curriculum, basic skills include "decoding and comprehension of simple texts" (i.e. phonics). At the end of ... Overall, the group taught by synthetic phonics had better word reading, spelling, and reading comprehension. And, synthetic ... And finally, each lesson makes use of exercises to confirm comprehension. Amongst 50 countries, the Russian Federation achieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonics

Some questions measure comprehension, others measure application, inference and so on. Questions cover the subjects in even ... Reading comprehension. Testees are required to comprehend and analyze reading passages by answering the questions given. ... This test is based on mathematical and verbal skills to measure: Reading comprehension Logical Relations Problem-solving skills ... Linguistic reasoning and reading comprehension. Mathematical and spatial. Eligible test takers: All levels of public education ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Assessment_in_Higher_Education

Readability and comprehension. In R. S. Easterby and H. Zwaga (Eds.), Visual Presentation of Information. London: Wiley, 1984. ... Differential relationships of two versions of cloze tests to vocabulary and reading comprehension. (With E. B. Entin.) In M. L ... Readability of materials and student comprehension. In Reading and Beyond. Report of the Helen M. Robinson-Third Annual Reading ... Components of answers to multiple-choice questions on a published reading comprehension test: An application of the Hanna- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_R._Klare

I. Comprehension. Brain and Language, 10:249-62. Linebarger MC, Schwartz MF, Saffran EM. (1983) Sensitivity to grammatical ... 1994) Impairment of sentence comprehension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Saffran

"Comprehension Disorders." Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology, 1999. 210. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_deafness

Comprehension difficulty; Audibility of clipping. These marks are then used to calculate average results for each of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_activity_detection

Rivers describes this system as being responsible for the development and comprehension of linguistic hierarchies and rules. ... Rivers, Wilga M. (1986). "Comprehension and Production in Interactive Language Teaching". The Modern Language Journal. 70 (1): ... Rivers, Wilga M. (1966). "Listening Comprehension". The Modern Language Journal. 50 (4): 196-204. doi:10.2307/322015. ISSN 0026 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilga_Rivers

Rather, the comprehension gap comes from not having a firm understanding of the connections between the math concepts and the ... Other cognitive skills include language comprehension, working memory, and attention. While these are not solely for the ... Procedural fluency is often times taught without an emphasis on conceptual and applicable comprehension. This leaves students ... comprehension levels. Each of these research studies supported the finding that, in many cases, students do not often struggle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_problem_(mathematics_education)

"Anti-Comprehension Pills." Review of Ben Marcus, The Flame Alphabet (New York: Knopf, 2012). Los Angeles Review of Books, Mar. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Konstantinou

ERP results also demonstrated a motor-to-semantics effect as brain markers of comprehension were modified by motor effects. The ... Fischer, M., & Zwann, R. (2008). Embodied language: A review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension. The ... Embodied theories of language comprehension assume that abstract concepts, as well as concrete ones, are grounded in the ... This study made use of comprehension questions rather than sensibility sentences. The researchers have argued that this created ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_language_processing

... comprehension". Angus John Campbell commented "Dynamiting whisky. You wouldn't think there'd be men in the world so crazy as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Politician

Riehl, Emily; Verity, Dominic (2018). "The comprehension construction". Higher Structures. 2 (1): 116-190. arXiv:1706.10023. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Riehl

The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.. ...

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/rdoc/units/paradigms/151295

The Post reports on Jason Kenneys latest proposal for the immigration system. The government wants to ensure that people becoming Canadian citizens have

https://macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/reading-comprehension/

... a network of researchers with the singular mission of improving the science-and the teaching-of reading comprehension. ... A New Research Mission at IES: Reading Comprehension. By Debra Viadero. - May 12, 2009 1 min read ... The R&D network that IES has in mind would include five core teams, each working on reading comprehension for a specific age ... Scientists on each team would focus on understanding the underlying cognitive processes involved in reading comprehension, ...

https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/a-new-research-mission-at-ies-reading-comprehension/2009/05

Sample Reading Comprehension Skills Worksheet Return to Similes and Metaphors Unit. Return to Reading Comprehension Skills. ... Sample Reading Comprehension Skills Worksheet Return to Similes and Metaphors Unit. Return to Reading Comprehension Skills. ...

https://www.edhelper.com/language/Similes_and_Metaphors725.html

... reading proficiency and comprehension to K-5 students ...

http://www.readinga-z.com/comprehension/comprehension-skill-packs/pack/?id=454&grade=3&langId=1

Listening Comprehension. Tweet. Gulf Arabic - The Dialects of Riyadh & Eastern Saudi Arabia Book - CDs not available Ships in ...

http://www.worldlanguage.com/Products/Arabic/Learn-ListeningComprehension/Page1.htm

Browse Reading Comprehension Strategy Seasonal Educational Resources. Award winning educational materials designed to help kids ... Use this nonfiction comprehension worksheet to help second and third graders learn all about Misty Copeland, the first African ... Informational Reading Comprehension: Biography of Thurgood Marshall. Introduce students to one of the leading figures of the ... Informational Reading Comprehension: Biography of Ellen Ochoa. Inspire middle-grade learners with this biography of Ellen Ochoa ...

https://www.education.com/resources/reading-comprehension-strategies/seasonal/

David Gould ,dg@REDACTED, writes: , ,I really like list comprehensions, they seem so, declarative. I am tempted ,to use them ... Optimization of list comprehensions? Robert Virding rv@REDACTED Tue Feb 6 11:30:48 CET 2001 *Previous message (by thread): ... Previous message (by thread): Optimization of list comprehensions? *Next message (by thread): Erlang shell print depth and ... lists:foreach explicitly says do this for each element and throw away the result while comprehensions say take elements from ...

http://erlang.org/pipermail/erlang-questions/2001-February/002665.html

Multiple choice comprehension quiz: A printout about The Old Lady and the Fly for early readers. ... The Old Lady and the Fly Quiz - Multiple choice comprehension questions. The Old Lady and the Fly Page ... This is a thumbnail of the "The Old Lady and the Fly - Multiple choice comprehension quiz" page. The full-size printout is ...

https://www.enchantedlearning.com/stories/rhyme/ladyfly/comprehensionmc/

Comprehension: U.S. Landmark - Space Needle (elem/upper elem) Overview. A 1 page article of factual information about one of ...

https://www.abcteach.com/resource/comprehension-u-s-landmark-space-needle-elem-upper-elem/

When you get to the Paragraph Comprehension subtest of the ASVAB, you have several passages to read. Most passages are only one ... When you get to the Paragraph Comprehension subtest of the ASVAB, you have several passages to read. Most passages are only one ... In order to understand what you read - which is what the Paragraph Comprehension subtest is all about - you need to develop ... ":"ASVAB Paragraph Comprehension Subtest Format","strippedTitle":"asvab paragraph comprehension subtest format","slug":"asvab- ...

https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/study-skills-test-prep/armed-services/asvab-paragraph-comprehension-subtest-format-142418/

Here are some simple tips to help you begin improving your reading comprehension and writing strategies. ... Your Guide To Reading Comprehension. Why is reading and writing in English so difficult for foreign language learners? The ... Here are some simple tips to help you begin improving your reading comprehension and writing strategies. ... Here are some simple tips to help you begin improving your reading comprehension and writing. ...

https://www.italki.com/en/article/367/your-guide-to-reading-comprehension

3 years & up. Develop skills in sequencing, memory, observation, and logic with 12 sets of four-step sequence stories. Includes 48 thick and durable real-image picture cards, activity card, and storage box. Pocket chart sold separately ...

https://www.kaplanco.com/shop/language-and-literacy-resources/comprehension?at1=KEX

... you can teach your students strategies to help them think while they read and build their comprehension. ... This article is based on "Using Think-Alouds to Build Reading Comprehension" by Roger Farr and Jenny Conner. ... Is that to encourage more listening comprehension of the read aloud, along with the thinking aloud? Thanks. ... appropriate strategies to enhance reading comprehension. We are encouraging them to think about why and when to use certain ...

https://www.readingrockets.org/article/using-think-alouds-improve-reading-comprehension

This resource includes a detailed biographical passage and ten multiple choice questions. It gives immediate feedback.

https://mrnussbaum.com/babe-ruth-reading-comprehension-online

A article which suggests some ways you can improve your listening comprehension when learning foreign languages. ... Language comprehension greatly involves your listening skills. Listening comprehension is the ability to grasp and make sense ... How to Improve Your Foreign Language Comprehension. by Carolyn Williams To master a foreign language requires a great deal of ... You can improve your listening comprehension skills through the following ways. 1. Practice. Understand that speaking practice ...

https://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/improvelistening.htm

This is a Concerted Action on the theme of Machine Vision in Remotely Sensed Image Comprehension. It primarily concerns the ... This is a Concerted Action on the theme of Machine Vision in Remotely Sensed Image Comprehension. It primarily concerns the ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/ENV4970517

This is part of a series describing the development of Moviegoer, a multi-disciplinary data science project with the lofty goal of teaching machines how to

https://medium.com/swlh/moviegoer-four-categories-of-comprehension-ea0d25ef0886

... a list comprehension is (condensed for clarity): list_comprehension ::= expression list_for list_for ::= for target_list in ... New-bugs-announce] [issue2529] list/generator comprehension parser doesnt match spec. Nick Guenther report at bugs.python.org ... New submission from Nick Guenther ,kousu at users.sourceforge.net,: I think Ive found a bug in pythons list comprehension ... old_expression_list [list_for] So a list comprehension should always be [.... for ... in .... for ... in ... for ... in ...] ( ...

https://mail.python.org/pipermail/new-bugs-announce/2008-April/001418.html

Health Literacy Search Updated with Self Care and Food Labeling Comprehension. NLM® updated the Health Literacy Special Query, ... Wendling D, Zorn M. Health Literacy Search Updated with Self Care and Food Labeling Comprehension. NLM Tech Bull. 2011 Mar-Apr ... search now includes retrieval of citations to articles about self-care perception and articles about comprehension of food ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/ma11/ma11_special_queries.html

... comprehension. Human factors research has elucidated the importance of structure and context to older adults comprehension of ... comprehension, and the effects of the various age-related aphasias on language comprehension. o The neurobiological mechanisms ... hearing and speech comprehension impact actual comprehension (e.g., elderspeak). o The factors important for accurate exchange ... adults on many tests of comprehension. An increased understanding of the basic processes of comprehension will have far- ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-01-002.html

Reading comprehension is about more than recognizing words on the page -- its about making sense of the story. In this Book ... The child will also be able to use these comprehension skills later when hearing or reading other stories. Happy Reading!. ... Using the CSPAR framework is a wonderful way to help foster understanding and comprehension. Its important to pause after each ... Although many children enjoy stories, have you ever wondered if they really understand the storyline? Reading comprehension is ...

https://www.hanen.org/Helpful-Info/Book-Nook/We-Dont-Eat-Our-Classmates.aspx

We provide you with the latest breaking news and videos straight from the entertainment industry. © WeirdWorm.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Amazon, the Amazon logo, AmazonSupply, and the AmazonSupply logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates ...

https://www.weirdworm.com/tag/comprehension/

Hand out this reading comprehension to your students to celebrate his birthday! It includes many interesting facts about the ... Cinema/Theatre/Museum, Reading Comprehension , Views: 37,131 , Level: Elementary , 4 out of 5, rated by 16 teachers. @-webkit- ... Hand out this reading comprehension to your students to celebrate his birthday! It includes many interesting facts about the ...

https://busyteacher.org/20182-reading-comprehension-donald-duck.html

Jacksonville Jaguars News: The official source of the latest Jaguars news, editorials, stats, media and more.

https://www.jaguars.com/news/o-zone-reading-comprehension-17640591

2021 The Great Books Foundation , 651 S. Sutton Rd., PMB 316 , Streamwood, IL ...

https://www.greatbooks.org/category/reading-comprehension/

Tag Archives: reading comprehension Comic Books - Connecting Us to Cultural Change. Posted on October 28, 2012 by kymfrancis ... Posted in Research Paper, Uncategorized , Tagged comic books, comic strips, literacy, reading comprehension, technology, text, ...

https://blogs.ubc.ca/etec540sept12/tag/reading-comprehension/

and Strengthen Comprehension. By Jamie McKenzie, ©2010, all rights reserved.. About author A rich vocabulary is an essential ... vocabulary is responsible for a major chunk of a reading comprehension score. The 8th grade NAEP reading test asks questions ... aspect of reading comprehension and understanding in general. Without a rich vocabulary it is easy for citizens (and our ...

http://www.fno.org/nov2010/vocab.html

These leveled discussion questions about Holes require students to read closely, make connections, and share their analyses.

https://www.scholarschoice.ca/ebooks/holes-leveled-comprehension-questions-ebook.html

Here are some simple tips to help you begin improving your reading comprehension and writing strategies. (italki.com)
Comprehension is critically important to development of vocabulary and text comprehension and in preparing children's reading skills and therefore their ability to teachers to teach comprehension strategies? (nih.gov)
This executive summary attempts to prepare teachers to implement in naturalistic covers these three areas, and the format therefore settings in the classroom instruction of proven text differs slightly in organization from the other report comprehension strategies that have evolved during the executive summaries. (nih.gov)
Comprehension strategies are conscious plans - sets of steps that good readers use to make sense of text. (readingrockets.org)
These seven strategies have research-based evidence for improving text comprehension. (readingrockets.org)
Literature on issues relating to comprehension during the process of obtaining informed consent (IC) has largely focused on the challenges potential participants can face in understanding the IC documents , and the strategies used to enhance comprehension of those documents . (bvsalud.org)
In this review , we set out to describe the factors that have an impact on comprehension and the strategies used to enhance the IC process in sub-Saharan African countries. (bvsalud.org)
Our review showed wide recognition that the process of achieving IC in SSA is inherently challenging, and there are limitations in the strategies aimed at improving comprehension in IC. (bvsalud.org)

This bundle will provide a weekly focus theme and reading comprehension strategy for your whole group guided reading. (teacherspayteachers.com)

NRP) began its analysis of the extant research data on To carry out scientific reviews, the NRP searched the reading comprehension, three predominant themes research literature on vocabulary and text emerged: (1) reading comprehension is a cognitive comprehension instruction from 1979 to the present. (nih.gov)
Satisfactory acquisition and maintenance of both written and oral language comprehension skills are dependent upon a complex interaction among sensory, perceptual, and cognitive processes. (nih.gov)

When you get to the Paragraph Comprehension subtest of the ASVAB, you have several passages to read. (dummies.com)

For preparation of teachers to critical and intimately tied to the development of reading teach text comprehension in naturalistic settings, the comprehension. (nih.gov)
Literacy programs with integrated technology that target reading comprehension and teach higher-order thinking skills with engaging Fiction and Nonfiction student materials and standards-aligned instruction that focuses on determining text-based evidence and reading closely and deeply. (sundancepub.com)

Research shows that instruction, even in the early grades, can help students become better at monitoring their comprehension. (readingrockets.org)

Evidence suggests that factors associated with the development of reading and oral language comprehension skills (e.g., the age of acquisition, the proficiency attained in early life, diagnoses of learning disabilities and subsequent interventions) and ongoing experiences (e.g., education, occupation, leisure activities, social interaction) influence the skill levels attained during adulthood. (nih.gov)

This research aimed to explore the relation between the reading comprehension and the academic performance, considering the age and gender of the students. (bvsalud.org)
The results showed a significant association between reading comprehension and performance in relation to the course, the age and gender. (bvsalud.org)

Beyond translations, perspectives for researchers to consider to enhance comprehension during consent processes for health research in sub-saharan Africa: a scoping review. (bvsalud.org)

We propose moving beyond the literal translations and technical language to understanding IC comprehension from the participants' perspectives and the researchers ' views, while examining contextual factors that impact the IC process. (bvsalud.org)

The effect of format modifications and reading comprehension on recall of informed consent information by low-income parents: A comparison of print, video, and computer-based presentations. (cdc.gov)

These studies also evaluated the issues pertinent to each of the three subareas are effectiveness of the preparation on comprehension by discussed in a common section, the results and the readers. (nih.gov)
Comprehension strategy instruction helps students become purposeful, active readers who are in control of their own reading comprehension. (readingrockets.org)

Reading skills covered in Spanish Reading Comprehension include drawing conclusions, identifying main idea, building vocabulary, and determining fact or opinion for level 4 Spanish learners. (carsondellosa.com)

Panel intensively analyzed four relevant studies that decided to organize its review and analysis of reading appeared in the search of the text comprehension comprehension research in these three areas, and to literature. (nih.gov)
PURPOSE The National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) invite qualified researchers to submit grant applications for research projects designed to examine age-related changes in reading and language comprehension abilities and to develop interventions that prevent or compensate for declines. (nih.gov)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background For the elderly, as well as for adolescents and adults, accurate and efficient comprehension of both written and oral language is essential for success across a wide spectrum of important behaviors, including social participation, performing instrumental activities of daily living, and engaging in occupational endeavors, in addition to general psychological well-being and survival. (nih.gov)
Participant comprehension of research for which they volunteer: a systematic review. (nih.gov)

Language comprehension greatly involves your listening skills. (omniglot.com)
You can improve your listening comprehension skills through the following ways. (omniglot.com)

8. For text comprehension instruction, 203 studies met necessary to the development of reading the NRP's scientific criteria. (nih.gov)
This criterion, in particular, excluded studies on comprehension instruction in · It was empirical. (nih.gov)

Late adulthood is associated with changes, generally declining, in the communicative abilities important for reading and language comprehension. (nih.gov)

Listening comprehension is the ability to grasp and make sense of what you hear. (omniglot.com)
The comprehension ability of reading in the higher education can be the difference between a quality scientific technical learning or not. (bvsalud.org)

During reading, they might monitor their understanding, adjusting their reading speed to fit the difficulty of the text and "fixing" any comprehension problems they have. (readingrockets.org)

Understand that speaking practice improves listening comprehension. (omniglot.com)
Students who are good at monitoring their comprehension know when they understand what they read and when they do not. (readingrockets.org)

This is a thumbnail of the "The Old Lady and the Fly - Multiple choice comprehension quiz" page. (enchantedlearning.com)

Medical Graphic Narratives to Improve Patient Comprehension and Periprocedural Anxiety Before Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Trial. (nih.gov)

Optimization of list comprehensions? (erlang.org)
I really like list comprehensions, they seem so, declarative. (erlang.org)

Chapter 4: Comprehension analyses do not meet the formal criteria for inclusion in Teacher Preparation and Comprehension the analysis, they are relevant to the issues at hand. (nih.gov)

NRP) began its analysis of the extant research data on To carry out scientific reviews, the NRP searched the reading comprehension, three predominant themes research literature on vocabulary and text emerged: (1) reading comprehension is a cognitive comprehension instruction from 1979 to the present. (nih.gov)
Panel intensively analyzed four relevant studies that decided to organize its review and analysis of reading appeared in the search of the text comprehension comprehension research in these three areas, and to literature. (nih.gov)
PURPOSE The National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) invite qualified researchers to submit grant applications for research projects designed to examine age-related changes in reading and language comprehension abilities and to develop interventions that prevent or compensate for declines. (nih.gov)
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Background For the elderly, as well as for adolescents and adults, accurate and efficient comprehension of both written and oral language is essential for success across a wide spectrum of important behaviors, including social participation, performing instrumental activities of daily living, and engaging in occupational endeavors, in addition to general psychological well-being and survival. (nih.gov)
Does informed consent to research require comprehension? (nih.gov)

Evidence suggests that factors associated with the development of reading and oral language comprehension skills (e.g., the age of acquisition, the proficiency attained in early life, diagnoses of learning disabilities and subsequent interventions) and ongoing experiences (e.g., education, occupation, leisure activities, social interaction) influence the skill levels attained during adulthood. (nih.gov)

The comprehension ability of reading in the higher education can be the difference between a quality scientific technical learning or not. (bvsalud.org)

Late adulthood is associated with changes, generally declining, in the communicative abilities important for reading and language comprehension. (nih.gov)

COMPREHENSION DEFICIT - difficulty in understanding oral instructions on single or multiusage commands. (nih.gov)

A person who typically has high health literacy may experience challenging comprehension moments if they are upset or distracted, for example. (nih.gov)

These studies also evaluated the issues pertinent to each of the three subareas are effectiveness of the preparation on comprehension by discussed in a common section, the results and the readers. (nih.gov)

Anatomy7

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Psychiatry and Psychology66

Phenomena and Processes12

Disciplines and Occupations2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena10

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Humanities8

Information Science23

Named Groups4

Health Care11

Inquiry into the potential value of an information pamphlet on consent to surgery to improve surgeon-patient communication. (1/1546)

The basis of informed consent for BMT patients. (2/1546)

Impact of therapeutic research on informed consent and the ethics of clinical trials: a medical oncology perspective. (3/1546)

Genetically determined obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome: the ethics and legality of treatment. (4/1546)

Sterilisation of incompetent mentally handicapped persons: a model for decision making. (5/1546)

Can the written information to research subjects be improved?--an empirical study. (6/1546)

The family rule: a framework for obtaining ethical consent for medical interventions from children. (7/1546)

Infectious health care workers: should patients be told? (8/1546)

Comprehension

Language Tests

Reading

Psycholinguistics

Speech Perception

Semantics

Language

Aphasia, Broca

Aphasia, Wernicke

Linguistics

Vocabulary

Aphasia

Metaphor

Verbal Behavior

Speech

Language Disorders

Dyslexia

Child Language

Language Development Disorders

Narration

Language Development

Speech Production Measurement

Phonetics

Brain Mapping

Temporal Lobe

Speech Intelligibility

Education of Hearing Disabled

Dyslexia, Acquired

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Neuropsychological Tests

Cognition

Functional Laterality

Audiovisual Aids

Consent Forms

Language Arts

Fantasy

Verbal Learning

Acoustic Stimulation

Aphasia, Primary Progressive

Deafness

Thinking

Multilingualism

Auditory Perceptual Disorders

Word Association Tests

Aphasia, Conduction

Health Literacy

Concept Formation

Gestures

Memory, Short-Term

Anomia

Individuality

Sign Language

Virtues

Reaction Time

Frontal Lobe

Moral Development

Nonverbal Communication

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted

Evoked Potentials

Auditory Perception

Analysis of Variance

Educational Status

Informed Consent

Dysarthria

Communication

Lipreading

Dominance, Cerebral

Theory of Mind

Brain

Recognition (Psychology)

Cognition Disorders

Achievement

Drug Labeling

Primary Progressive Nonfluent Aphasia

Pamphlets

Cerebral Cortex

Judgment

Medical Illustration

Generalization (Psychology)

Educational Measurement