Comprehension. Medical search

The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.

Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.

A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.

The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).

The relationships between symbols and their meanings.

A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.

An aphasia characterized by impairment of expressive LANGUAGE (speech, writing, signs) and relative preservation of receptive language abilities (i.e., comprehension). This condition is caused by lesions of the motor association cortex in the FRONTAL LOBE (BROCA AREA and adjacent cortical and white matter regions).

Impairment in the comprehension of speech and meaning of words, both spoken and written, and of the meanings conveyed by their grammatical relationships in sentences. It is caused by lesions that primarily affect Wernicke's area, which lies in the posterior perisylvian region of the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere. (From Brain & Bannister, Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p141; Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p846)

The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)

A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.

The application of a concept to that which it is not literally the same but which suggests a resemblance and comparison. Medical metaphors were widespread in ancient literature; the description of a sick body was often used by ancient writers to define a critical condition of the State, in which one corrupt part can ruin the entire system. (From Med Secoli Arte Sci, 1990;2(3):abstract 331)

Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.

Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.

Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.

A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)

The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.

Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors.

The act, process, or an instance of narrating, i.e., telling a story. In the context of MEDICINE or ETHICS, narration includes relating the particular and the personal in the life story of an individual.

The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.

Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.

The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.

Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.

Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.

The teaching or training of those individuals with hearing disability or impairment.

A receptive visual aphasia characterized by the loss of a previously possessed ability to comprehend the meaning or significance of handwritten words, despite intact vision. This condition may be associated with posterior cerebral artery infarction (INFARCTION, POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY) and other BRAIN DISEASES.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Auditory and visual instructional materials.

Documents describing a medical treatment or research project, including proposed procedures, risks, and alternatives, that are to be signed by an individual, or the individual's proxy, to indicate his/her understanding of the document and a willingness to undergo the treatment or to participate in the research.

Skills in the use of language which lead to proficiency in written or spoken communication.

An imagined sequence of events or mental images, e.g., daydreams.

Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.

Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.

A progressive form of dementia characterized by the global loss of language abilities and initial preservation of other cognitive functions. Fluent and nonfluent subtypes have been described. Eventually a pattern of global cognitive dysfunction, similar to ALZHEIMER DISEASE, emerges. Pathologically, there are no Alzheimer or PICK DISEASE like changes, however, spongiform changes of cortical layers II and III are present in the TEMPORAL LOBE and FRONTAL LOBE. (From Brain 1998 Jan;121(Pt 1):115-26)

A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.

Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.

The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.

Lists of words to which individuals are asked to respond ascertaining the conceptual meaning held by the individual.

A type of fluent aphasia characterized by an impaired ability to repeat one and two word phrases, despite retained comprehension. This condition is associated with dominant hemisphere lesions involving the arcuate fasciculus (a white matter projection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas) and adjacent structures. Like patients with Wernicke aphasia (APHASIA, WERNICKE), patients with conduction aphasia are fluent but commit paraphasic errors during attempts at written and oral forms of communication. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p482; Brain & Bannister, Clinical Neurology, 7th ed, p142; Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 3d ed, p848)

Degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

A cognitive process involving the formation of ideas generalized from the knowledge of qualities, aspects, and relations of objects.

Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication.

Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.

A language dysfunction characterized by the inability to name people and objects that are correctly perceived. The individual is able to describe the object in question, but cannot provide the name. This condition is associated with lesions of the dominant hemisphere involving the language areas, in particular the TEMPORAL LOBE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p484)

Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another.

A system of hand gestures used for communication by the deaf or by people speaking different languages.

Character traits that are considered to be morally praiseworthy. (Bioethics Thesaurus)

The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.

The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.

The process by which individuals internalize standards of right and wrong conduct.

Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.

The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

Voluntary authorization, by a patient or research subject, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures, and for medical and surgical treatment.

Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)

The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.

The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice.

Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.

The ability to attribute mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, feelings, intentions, thoughts, etc.) to self and to others, allowing an individual to understand and infer behavior on the basis of the mental states. Difference or deficit in theory of mind is associated with ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISTIC DISORDER; and SCHIZOPHRENIA, etc.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general.

Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a drug container or wrapper. It includes contents, indications, effects, dosages, routes, methods, frequency and duration of administration, warnings, hazards, contraindications, side effects, precautions, and other relevant information.

A form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and a progressive form of dementia characterized by motor speech impairment and AGRAMMATISM, with relative sparing of single word comprehension and semantic memory.

Printed publications usually having a format with no binding and no cover and having fewer than some set number of pages. They are often devoted to a single subject.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

The process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation.

The field which deals with illustrative clarification of biomedical concepts, as in the use of diagrams and drawings. The illustration may be produced by hand, photography, computer, or other electronic or mechanical methods.

The phenomenon of an organism's responding to all situations similar to one in which it has been conditioned.

The assessing of academic or educational achievement. It includes all aspects of testing and test construction.

Personal names, given or surname, as cultural characteristics, as ethnological or religious patterns, as indications of the geographic distribution of families and inbreeding, etc. Analysis of isonymy, the quality of having the same or similar names, is useful in the study of population genetics. NAMES is used also for the history of names or name changes of corporate bodies, such as medical societies, universities, hospitals, government agencies, etc.

Tests designed to measure intellectual functioning in children and adults.

Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.

Methods and procedures for recording EYE MOVEMENTS.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction.

Learning in which the subject must respond with one word or syllable when presented with another word or syllable.

Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.

A concept that stands for or suggests something else by reason of its relationship, association, convention, or resemblance. The symbolism may be mental or a visible sign or representation. (From Webster, 3d ed)

Institutions for the housing and care of orphans, foundlings, and abandoned children. They have existed as such since the medieval period but the heading is applicable to such usage also in modern parlance.

The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.

The study of the precise nature of different mental tasks and the operations of the brain that enable them to be performed, engaging branches of psychology, computer science, philosophy, and linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Images used to comment on such things as contemporary events, social habits, or political trends; usually executed in a broad or abbreviated manner.

Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.

Rehabilitation of persons with language disorders or training of children with language development disorders.

Congenital, or rarely acquired, herniation of meningeal and spinal cord tissue through a bony defect in the vertebral column. The majority of these defects occur in the lumbosacral region. Clinical features include PARAPLEGIA, loss of sensation in the lower body, and incontinence. This condition may be associated with the ARNOLD-CHIARI MALFORMATION and HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp35-6)

Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.

The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.

Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.

Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.

Voluntary authorization by a person not of usual legal age for diagnostic or investigative procedures, or for medical and surgical treatment. (from English A, Shaw FE, McCauley MM, Fishbein DB Pediatrics 121:Suppl Jan 2008 pp S85-7).

The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.

Persons who are enrolled in research studies or who are otherwise the subjects of research.

The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.

Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.

The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.

The science that investigates the principles governing correct or reliable inference and deals with the canons and criteria of validity in thought and demonstration. This system of reasoning is applicable to any branch of knowledge or study. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)

The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.

The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.

Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory.

A type of procedural memory manifested as a change in the ability to identify an item as a result of a previous encounter with the item or stimuli.

The artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings).

A child who is receiving long-term in-patient services or who resides in an institutional setting.

Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

Individuals enrolled in a school or formal educational program.

A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565)

Noise associated with transportation, particularly aircraft and automobiles.

A self-learning technique, usually online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials.

The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.

Those factors, such as language or sociocultural relationships, which interfere in the meaningful interpretation and transmission of ideas between individuals or groups.

The act or practice of literary composition, the occupation of writer, or producing or engaging in literary work as a profession.

Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.

A weight-carrying structure for navigation of the air that is supported either by its own buoyancy or by the dynamic action of the air against its surfaces. (Webster, 1973)

The act of "taking account" of an object or state of affairs. It does not imply assessment of, nor attention to the qualities or nature of the object.

Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.

The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.

Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits.

Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.

Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.

A negative shift of the cortical electrical potentials that increases over time. It is associated with an anticipated response to an expected stimulus and is an electrical event indicative of a state of readiness or expectancy.

Standardized tests that measure the present general ability or aptitude for intellectual performance.

The process whereby a representation of past experience is elicited.

The educational process of instructing.

A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal.

Loss of the ability to comprehend the meaning or recognize the importance of various forms of stimulation that cannot be attributed to impairment of a primary sensory modality. Tactile agnosia is characterized by an inability to perceive the shape and nature of an object by touch alone, despite unimpaired sensation to light touch, position, and other primary sensory modalities.

Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.

A set of cognitive functions that controls complex, goal-directed thought and behavior. Executive function involves multiple domains, such as CONCEPT FORMATION, goal management, cognitive flexibility, INHIBITION control, and WORKING MEMORY. Impaired executive function is seen in a range of disorders, e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; and ADHD.

Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.

The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.

The moral obligations governing the conduct of research. Used for discussions of research ethics as a general topic.

Tests for central hearing disorders based on the competing message technique (binaural separation).

Vegetative state refers to the neurocognitive status of individuals with severe brain damage, in whom physiologic functions (sleep-wake cycles, autonomic control, and breathing) persist, but awareness (including all cognitive function and emotion) is abolished.

Inquiry into the potential value of an information pamphlet on consent to surgery to improve surgeon-patient communication. (1/1546)

OBJECTIVES: To find out how patients recently undergoing surgery experienced the consenting process and the response of these patients to a pamphlet on consent to surgery. To test the reaction of health professionals to the pamphlet. DESIGN: A pilot pamphlet was produced and a questionnaire was sent to patients inquiring about their consenting experience, and how the pamphlet might have helped them through the consent procedure. A pamphlet and a questionnaire were also sent to a random sample of the health professionals serving these patients. SUBJECTS: Patients and health professionals. RESULTS: 61% of patients returned the questionnaire. Knowledge about the consent procedure was shown to be limited. 49% were unaware that they had the right to insist that the surgeon could only perform the specified operation and nothing more. 83% were unaware that they could add something in writing to the consent form before signing. 28% of health professionals returned their questionnaire, most of whom thought that the pamphlet provided a useful contribution to surgeon-patient communication. CONCLUSION: Evidence shows that patients are not well informed about consenting to surgery and further information would provide much needed guidance on understanding their role in the consent procedure. The low response from the health professional study is perhaps an indication that at present this is an issue which is not seen as a priority. (+info)

The basis of informed consent for BMT patients. (2/1546)

During recent decades the doctrine of informed consent has become a standard part of medical care as an expression of patients' rights to self-determination. In situations when only one treatment alternative exists for a potential cure, the extent of a patient's self-determination is constrained. Our hypothesis is that for patients considering a life-saving procedure such as bone marrow transplant (BMT), informed consent has little meaning as a basis for their right to self-determination. A longitudinal study of BMT patients was undertaken with four self-administered questionnaires. Questions centered around expectations, knowledge, anxiety and factors contributing to their decision to undergo treatment. Although the informed consent process made patients more knowledgeable about the treatment, their decision to consent was largely based on positive outcome expectations and on trust in the physician. Informed consent relieved their anxieties and increased their hopes for survival. Our conclusion was that the greatest value of the informed consent process lay in meeting the patients' emotional rather than cognitive needs. When their survival is at stake and BMT represents their only option, the patient's vulnerability puts a moral responsibility on the physician to respect the principle of beneficence while not sacrificing the patient's right to self-determination. (+info)

Impact of therapeutic research on informed consent and the ethics of clinical trials: a medical oncology perspective. (3/1546)

PURPOSE: To create a more meaningful understanding of the informed consent process as it has come to be practiced and regulated in clinical trials, this discussion uses the experience gained from the conduct of therapeutic research that involves cancer patients. DESIGN: After an introduction of the ethical tenets of the consent process in clinical research that involves potentially vulnerable patients as research subjects, background that details the use of written consent documents and of the term "informed consent" is provided. Studies from the cancer setting that examine the inadequacies of written consent documents, and the outcome of the consent process itself, are reviewed. Two ethically challenging areas of cancer clinical research, the phase I trial and the randomized controlled trial, are discussed briefly as a means of highlighting many dilemmas present in clinical trials. Before concluding, areas for future research are discussed. RESULTS: Through an exclusive cancer research perspective, many current deficiencies in the informed consent process for therapeutic clinical trials can be critically examined. Also, new directions for improvements and areas of further research can be outlined and discussed objectively. The goals of such improvements and research should be prevention of further misguided or ineffective efforts to regulate the informed consent process. CONCLUSION: To ignore this rich and interesting perspective potentially contributes to continued misunderstanding and apathy toward fulfilling the regulatory and ethically obligatory requirements involved in an essential communication process between a clinician-investigator and a potentially vulnerable patient who is considering clinical trial participation. (+info)

Genetically determined obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome: the ethics and legality of treatment. (4/1546)

A central characteristic of people with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is an apparent insatiable appetite leading to severe overeating and the potential for marked obesity and associated serious health problems and premature death. This behaviour may be due to the effects of the genetic defect resulting from the chromosome 15 abnormalities associated with the syndrome. We examine the ethical and legal dilemmas that can arise in the care of people with PWS. A tension exists between a genetic deterministic perspective and that of individual choice. We conclude that the determination of the capacity of a person with PWS to make decisions about his/her eating behaviour and to control that behaviour is of particular importance in resolving this dilemma. If the person is found to lack capacity, the common law principles of acting in a person's "best interests" using the "least restrictive alternative" may be helpful. Allowing serious weight gain in the absence of careful consideration of these issues is an abdication of responsibility. (+info)

Sterilisation of incompetent mentally handicapped persons: a model for decision making. (5/1546)

Doctors are regularly confronted with requests for sterilisation of mentally handicapped people who cannot give consent for themselves. They ought to act in a medical vacuum because there doesn't exist a consensus about a model for decision making on this matter. In this article a model for decision making is proposed, based on a review of the literature and our own research data. We have attempted to select and classify certain factors which could enable us to arrive at an ethically justifiable method of making a medical decision. In doing so we distinguish two major criteria: heredity and parenting competence, and six minor criteria: conception risk, IQ, age, personality, medical aspects and prognosis and finally support and guidance for the mentally handicapped person. The major criteria give rise to a "situation of necessity". In this situation the physician is confronted with a conflict of values and interests. The minor criteria are of an entirely different ethical order. They can only be considered once the major criteria have created a "situation of necessity". Ultimately it comes down to deciding whether the benefits of sterilisation outweigh the drawbacks and whether the means are appropriate to the end, where efficient contraception is the end and irreversible sterilisation is the means. (+info)

Can the written information to research subjects be improved?--an empirical study. (6/1546)

OBJECTIVES: To study whether linguistic analysis and changes in information leaflets can improve readability and understanding. DESIGN: Randomised, controlled study. Two information leaflets concerned with trials of drugs for conditions/diseases which are commonly known were modified, and the original was tested against the revised version. SETTING: Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: 235 persons in the relevant age groups. MAIN MEASURES: Readability and understanding of contents. RESULTS: Both readability and understanding of contents was improved: readability with regard to both information leaflets and understanding with regard to one of the leaflets. CONCLUSION: The results show that both readability and understanding can be improved by increased attention to the linguistic features of the information. (+info)

The family rule: a framework for obtaining ethical consent for medical interventions from children. (7/1546)

Children's consent to treatment remains a contentious topic, with confusing legal precepts and advice. This paper proposes that informed consent in children should be regarded as shared between children and their families, the balance being determined by implicit, developmentally based negotiations between child and parent--a "family rule" for consent. Consistent, operationalized procedures for ethically obtaining consent can be derived from its application to both routine and contentious situations. Therefore, use of the "family Rule" concept can consistently define negligent procedure in obtaining consent from children, and could be used as a unifying framework in the development of new professional guidelines. A "guideline"-based approach to children's consent to treatment may offer greater individuality than a "rights"-based approach, though careful training and oversight will be needed for it to be effective. (+info)

Infectious health care workers: should patients be told? (8/1546)

The risk of transmission of HIV or hepatitis B from infectious health care workers to patients is low. However, inadvertent exposure causes great concern amongst patients of an infected health care worker. The patients of a Scottish dentist diagnosed hepatitis B e antigen positive were informed by letter of their exposure. A sample of patients was sent a postal questionnaire. Most (56%) respondents reported feeling anxious on receiving the letter but almost all (93%) thought patients should always be informed following treatment by an infectious health care worker, although the risk was very small. We discuss clinical and ethical factors relating to informing patients following exposure to an infectious health care worker. We suggest that a balance should be struck between patients' wishes to know of risks to which they have been exposed, however small, and the professional view that when risks are negligible, patients need not be informed. (+info)

No data available that match "comprehension"

Teaching Listening Comprehension is about developing listening comprehension skills in the language classroom. (cambridge.org)

Tutor] List comprehension and generators. (python.org)
I.e. ['hondoh', 'arriets', 'happyhi', 'ppiehuth', 'yundai'] Hi Doug, It's possible to do this with the list comprehension approach that you're using now. (python.org)
This feels like list comprehension abuse to me. (python.org)
Please refer to wikipedia for the definition and usage of List Comprehension. (cliki.net)
However how would I do this with one list comprehension statement? (stackoverflow.com)
I didn't understand the syntax of list comprehension enough. (stackoverflow.com)
I ran it with %%timeit and the list comprehension was 1.36 µs ± 7.2 ns per loop vs 4.55 µs ± 12.9 ns per loop with numpy. (stackoverflow.com)
Browse other questions tagged python list-comprehension or ask your own question . (stackoverflow.com)

Finally, current measures of reading comprehension are not geared toward distinguishing specific comprehension processes that might underlie poor comprehension in both listening and reading. (ldonline.org)

Our reading resources assist parents, teachers, and other educators in helping struggling readers build fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. (readingrockets.org)
The Retell Fluency (RTF) measure is intended to provide a comprehension check for the Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) assessment. (uoregon.edu)
In general, oral reading fluency provides one of the best measures of reading competence, including comprehension, for children in first through third grades. (uoregon.edu)
The purpose of the RTF measure is to (a) prevent inadvertently learning or practicing a misrule, (b) identify children whose comprehension is not consistent with their fluency, (c) provide an explicit linkage to the core components in the National Reading Panel (2000) report, and (d) increase the face validity of the ORF. (uoregon.edu)
Retell Fluency is included to provide a brief measure with an explicit score that corresponds directly to the comprehension core component. (uoregon.edu)
Incorporation of an explicit comprehension check may help teachers feel increasingly comfortable with oral reading fluency as an indicator of overall reading proficiency. (uoregon.edu)

You just viewed B1 Reading Comprehension Practice . (merlot.org)
In practice, reading comprehension is necessary for many real-world scenarios, including customer support, recommendations, question answering, dialog and customer relationship management. (microsoft.com)
Ultimately, a better understanding of the cognitive processes involved in the comprehension of graphics will have an impact not only on cognitive theory, but also on educational practice. (google.com)
After the teacher explains a comprehension "skill," students go off to practice it on books at their supposed individual reading levels-easy enough for them to read on their own or with minimal help. (forbes.com)
In this set of reading comprehension worksheets , your child will practice reading, thinking about, and comparing two different texts. (greatschools.org)
This recommended practice describes a process for testing the comprehension of static (i.e., fixed or non-dynamic) symbols for all ground vehicles, for both OEM and aftermarket products. (sae.org)
PearsonLongman.com provides practice comprehension tests for first- through eighth-grade readers, which include a content page, two reading passages and questions with multiple choice and short and long answers that require an explanation. (reference.com)
TestPrepReview.com provides free reading comprehension questions of a general nature and reading comprehension questions and practice tests specific to the Law School Admission Test and Nursing Entrance Test. (reference.com)
GraduatesHotline.com offers a number of free reading comprehension practice tests in preparation for the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), which measures the English proficiency of non-English speaking persons. (reference.com)
MajorTests.com provides 14 free reading comprehension practice tests to help the test-taker assess their critical reading skills in preparation for the Scholastic Aptitude Test. (reference.com)
These practice tests mirror the type of comprehension questions on the SAT. Tests include very short paragraphs with two related questions, longer texts that take up to 15 minutes to read with13 questions to answer, and others involving two different passages with questions about the content of each passage and about the relationship between the two passages. (reference.com)

GRE reading comprehension questions seek to assess critical reading skills by using texts that exhibit a level of complexity comparable to that encountered in graduate school. (ets.org)
I'm reading the following for a course I am taking, schools need to be able to provide high-quality instruction in both word-level and comprehension skills in order to meet the diverse needs of students who continue to struggle with reading in late-elementary, middle, and high school and it occurs to me that this statement appears perfectly okay. (classroom20.com)
For instance, although all reading comprehension measures tap word decoding, cloze format tests may tap word decoding skills relatively more heavily than do question-answering tests, perhaps because children can rely on the gist of a passage or background knowledge in answering many typical comprehension questions. (ldonline.org)
If one child has a strong vocabulary and strong oral comprehension skills coupled with weak decoding, and the other decodes well but has an impoverished vocabulary, then instruction for those two youngsters will need to differ in some important respects. (ldonline.org)
People learn comprehension skills through education or instruction and some learn by direct experiences. (wikipedia.org)
It is likely that language therapy would be a more effective way to approach comprehension issues that are probably present in his overall language comprehension skills. (wrightslaw.com)
My son has ADD and a deficit in reading comprehension (summarizing, inferencing, drawing conclusions from text, etc) - but his decoding skills are outstanding and tend to mask his difficulties on the DRA (which has issues with validity and interrupter reliability). (wrightslaw.com)
A reading comprehension course aimed at equipping students with the receptive skills necessary for writing their dissertation and other academic work. (uclouvain.be)
A listening comprehension course aimed at equipping students with the receptive skills necessary for understanding television programmes (talks, lectures,¿) on scientific subjects. (uclouvain.be)
Even though comprehension skills are closely connected to educational success, comprehension deficits in children have been neglected in reading research. (diva-portal.org)
Help your fifth grader boost reading comprehension skills like understanding poetry and dialects, comparing and contrasting, and analyzing tough passages in these worksheets. (greatschools.org)
How are your fourth grader's reading comprehension skills? (greatschools.org)
It's common for a child to skim past words or names they're not familiar with, but remembering these basic facts helps them to better answer more complex comprehension questions later on, and boosts attention and memory skills. (scholastic.com)
Different skills contribute to successful reading comprehension. (routledge.com)
The authors discuss how each one contributes to the development of reading comprehension skill and how the development of these skills (or their precursors) in pre-readers, provides the foundation for reading comprehension development. (routledge.com)
Thinking Skills through Comprehension is an excellent photocopiable series providing opportunities for pupils to think critically, logically and creatively to solve mystery stories. (waterstones.com)
Parents can often help students improve their reading comprehension skills by providing extra assistance at home, but additional help is available through services like Sylvan Tutoring and Time4Learning. (reference.com)
Reading comprehension skills begin to develop before a child learns to read, so parents should start teaching comprehension at an early age by making it a part of their daily reading routine. (reference.com)
Reading in short sections may help the child review or summarize key points from the text, while open-ended questions encourage thinking and reasoning skills that boost comprehension. (reference.com)
In addition to basic decoding skills, reading comprehension requires background knowledge -- a framework on which to add new information -- and the ability to concentrate what one is reading. (educationworld.com)
Presents a quiz designed to evaluate reading comprehension skills of children. (ebscohost.com)
Comprehension skills can be assessed using standardized measures. (uoregon.edu)
As students develop this skill, they will become better at reading comprehension and will build the skills they need to be college and career ready. (ldonline.org)

Theory of metacognition and its application to reading comprehension are presented first, followed by studies on the relationship between strategy use and language performance, test-taking strategies, gender differences in strategy use and language performance, and Chinese college students' strategy use and language performance. (springer.com)
The comprehension strategies of second language readers. (springer.com)
The fifth pillar was instruction in strategies designed to boost comprehension , such as learning to summarize or make a graphic representation of a text. (forbes.com)
While many educators challenged the report's findings on phonics, they embraced its endorsement of comprehension strategies. (forbes.com)
What the report failed to mention was the strong evidence showing that the most important factor in comprehension isn't mastering strategies: it's how much knowledge a reader has of the topic. (forbes.com)
In fact, the comprehension strategies endorsed by the panel all rely on activating prior knowledge-which means they only work if a reader has enough background knowledge to understand the text in the first place. (forbes.com)
There are many reading strategies to improve reading comprehension and inferences, including improving one's vocabulary, critical text analysis (intertextuality, actual events vs. narration of events, etc.) and practicing deep reading. (wikipedia.org)
Instruction for comprehension strategy often involves initially aiding the students by social and imitation learning, wherein teachers explain genre styles and model both top-down and bottom-up strategies, and familiarize students with a required complexity of text comprehension. (wikipedia.org)
This resource offers recommendations for organizing the classroom effectively and planning instruction to broaden each student's repertoire of comprehension strategies. (worldcat.org)
and Comprehension Strategies and Facilitators, and represent a broad base of methodology and data that should be of interest not only to those concerned with the reading process, but also to basic science researchers in psychology, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and related disciplines. (routledge.com)
Available in K-2 and 3-6 resources, the Comprehension Toolkit series contains all the curriculum and instructional strategies needed to implement the classroom-tested, ready-to-go lessons and increase student success in applying key comprehension strategies. (heinemann.com)
The Teacher Pack for the Primary Comprehension Toolkit (second edition) provides all of the nonfiction reading strategies and resources you need for your primary classroom -- at a great value. (heinemann.com)
The F.A.C.T. mnemonic helps students organize and remember important comprehension strategies. (selfgrowth.com)
The letters in F.A.C.T. stand for effective, research supported strategies that support comprehension: Focus, Ask questions, Connect, and Turn on the visuals. (selfgrowth.com)
Read more about reading comprehension strategies! (utoronto.ca)
Good readers tend to use a range of strategies while reading such as making predictions before reading, making connections to personal experiences and knowledge, and engaging in self-monitoring (on-going checks of text comprehension). (utoronto.ca)
Teachers can model, teach, and promote the use of these and other effective comprehension strategies to help their students become even more proficient readers. (utoronto.ca)
Students will likely need ongoing feedback to facilitate their proficiency at using comprehension strategies. (utoronto.ca)

When elementary schools take time away from other subjects to dramatically increase time on reading instruction, they are likely to slow children's growth in reading comprehension, literacy experts argue. (edweek.org)
Why not good comprehension instruction in activities other than reading? (classroom20.com)
Good reading comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading instruction at all grade levels and for all children, including those with learning disabilities. (ldonline.org)
Accurate assessment of reading comprehension is necessary to know if this goal is being met, to identify children who need remediation, and to help plan future instruction. (ldonline.org)
But there's been little discussion of the even more widespread problems with training in comprehension instruction. (forbes.com)
Now in a revised and updated second edition, this practical resource and widely used text presents a wealth of research-based approaches to comprehension instruction. (worldcat.org)
Offers research-based guidelines for reading comprehension instruction in grades K-9. (worldcat.org)
This book is essential reading for those who are new to teaching or who want to enhance their comprehension instruction. (worldcat.org)
RRSG focused on reading comprehension wherein the highest priorities for research are: (1) Instruction: How can we best promote the development of proficient reading and prevent reading comprehension difficulties? (rand.org)
2) Teacher preparation and professional development: How can we prepare teachers to deliver effective comprehension instruction? (rand.org)

Teachers and parents can use reading worksheets to help students identify themes, improve reading comprehension, critically think about lessons or the mora. (reference.com)

Written and designed to be included in the updated 2016 Second Edition, this new lesson book, Content Literacy (Primary), provides support for teaching comprehension across the curriculum including building knowledge and understanding. (heinemann.com)
For a comprehensive overview of the Comprehension Toolkit series including sample lessons, a new Summer School Literacy Guide , free nonfiction short texts in Spanish (K-2), lists of alternative . (heinemann.com)
This is a trade book pack of corresponding books for the new Content Literacy (Primary ) lesson book that is now a part of The Comprehension Toolkit series second edition. (heinemann.com)
Interactive, online reading programs are beneficial for children who are struggling with reading comprehension, word recognition or literacy as a whole. (reference.com)

In addition, tests of reading comprehension are broad measures that, by themselves, do not usually help teachers pinpoint difficulties in individual students. (ldonline.org)
To round out the overview on Reading Comprehension, let's look at some ideas about how to address those common RC difficulties. (kaptest.com)
In the three studies, the Simple View of Reading has been used as a theoretical framework and children who exhibited different kinds of comprehension related difficulties have been identified at different ages. (diva-portal.org)
Reading comprehension deficits were late emerging across studies in children with comprehension difficulties. (diva-portal.org)
It provides a detailed examination of the characteristics of children who have reading comprehension difficulties, and examines ways in which comprehension can be supported and improved. (routledge.com)
4. Comprehension difficulties: why do some children fail to understand text? (routledge.com)
Some children may have difficulties reading due to a learning disability in reading comprehension, role models who may not read much or speak English, inex. (reference.com)

School Improvement Network video shows how to increase student reading comprehension with RATE method. (prweb.com)
Truly effective educators increase student reading comprehension through methods like these that engage students to help them make connections with the things they learn and do inside and outside of school. (prweb.com)
School Improvement Network, the leader in educator effectiveness resources, today announced a new strategy to increase student reading comprehension using the newly developed RATE method. (prweb.com)

I am drawn to Gardner's work because I see clearly the value of using a wide variety of methods to cultivate my middle-grades students' comprehension of the content I teach. (educationworld.com)
While the pictograph is an excellent tool for building vocabulary, the storyboard is an exceptional strategy for reflecting students' comprehension of specific content. (educationworld.com)
That is, students who score highly on one measure of reading comprehension also tend to score highly on other measures, whereas those who do poorly on one test tend to have difficulty on other measures as well. (ldonline.org)
Similarly, reading comprehension assessments that require students to write answers to open-ended questions as do some state-mandated assessments may be tapping components of writing as well as reading. (ldonline.org)
A federal study of supplemental programs that are intended to improve students' reading comprehension has found that only one of the three programs examined actually did so. (edweek.org)
It concludes that ReadAbout, a computer-based program by Scholastic Inc., improved students' comprehension of social studies texts when the teacher had a previous year's experience with the program. (edweek.org)
ReadAbout showed no statistically significant effect, however, on tests measuring students' comprehension of reading more generally, or of science texts, or for students whose teachers were in their first year of using the program. (edweek.org)
The findings from the first year of the study, released last May, concluded that none of the programs studied significantly improved students' comprehension, and that one had a negative effect. (edweek.org)
The researchers wanted to know if teachers' previous year's experience with the programs helped students' reading comprehension. (edweek.org)
Our findings do not support the hypothesis that these four supplemental reading-comprehension curricula improve students' reading comprehension, except when ReadAbout teachers have had one prior year of experience using the ReadAbout curriculum," the study says. (edweek.org)
Kristin DeVivo, Scholastic Education's vice president of research and validation, said that the study might not have measured students' reading comprehension fully because the test of general reading comprehension the researchers used, the Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation, or GRADE, isn't designed specifically to capture their understanding of nonfiction text. (edweek.org)
We can build our students' knowledge base in support of reading comprehension in many ways. (readingrockets.org)
Designed to enlarge students' reading interests, teach them to skim, and develop their reading speed and power of comprehension, Reading Comprehension Skill Sheets feature 42 timed reading exercises followed by a 10-question comprehension quiz. (christianbook.com)
In order to help students comprehend better through digital media, ed tech products are beginning to be created, allowing students to use print methods of comprehension (writing notes and highlighting important text) on a digital format. (educationnews.org)
"When we comprehend, we add to and enhance our store of knowledge" The Comprehension Toolkit Series from Stephanie Harvey and Anne Goudvis (available in K-2 and 3-6 sets) has all of the language, teaching moves, and re-usable resources to build students' reading comprehension in ways that are visible and audible and helps to show evidence of. (heinemann.com)
In Charlotte's Web Veritas Press Comprehension Guide, students complete comprehension and critical thinking questions along with multiple activities per chapter, which include a guide to create your very own drawing and project, the differences between scripture and legends, and more. (christianbook.com)
Here are some ideas for keeping students involved in what they are reading, helping them improve their concentration and reading comprehension. (educationworld.com)
3 in 4 of teachers said students reading below grade level demonstrated increased reading comprehension and retention. (prnewswire.com)
Lexile levels and comprehension scores increased among students who read large print text, even when reading large print books above their reading level. (prnewswire.com)

Among the companies offering free tests of reading comprehension as of 2015 are PearsonLongman.com, a program of Pearson Education, TestPrepReview.com, GraduatesHotline.com and MajorTests.com. (reference.com)

and in still others, comprehension involves drawing inferences from what is read. (springer.com)
reading such passages outside of the GMAT, you read for general comprehension, absorb details passively with the expectation that you will see those details again if they are important to the purpose of the passage, make inferences unconsciously, and bring in all the outside knowledge you have, in order to maximize your understanding. (kaptest.com)
In a typical comprehension lesson, a teacher focuses on a supposed skill or strategy, like making inferences or determining an author's purpose. (forbes.com)
There are specific characteristics that determine how successfully an individual will comprehend text, including prior knowledge about the subject, well-developed language, and the ability to make inferences from methodical questioning & monitoring comprehension like: "Why is this important? (wikipedia.org)

Theories of Semantic Memory: Approaches to Knowledge and Sentence Comprehension Edward J. Shoben 13. (routledge.com)

In noting these concerns about existing comprehension tests, I do not mean to suggest that these tests have no utility. (ldonline.org)

Measures identifying such processes could be enormously helpful in diagnosing and remediating comprehension problems. (ldonline.org)

When it comes to teaching comprehension, our work is never done! (readingrockets.org)
Great books are central to teaching comprehension. (utoronto.ca)

In search applications, machine comprehension will give a precise answer rather than a URL that contains the answer somewhere within a lengthy web page. (microsoft.com)
Moreover, machine comprehension models can understand specific knowledge embedded in articles that usually cover narrow and specific domains, where the search data that algorithms depend upon is sparse. (microsoft.com)

But what prospective teachers learn about comprehension in those courses is dangerously inaccurate. (forbes.com)
There has been an increasing emphasis on the importance of reading comprehension in recent years but despite this there is very little written on this vital topic accessible to trainee and practicing teachers. (routledge.com)

However, many scientific investigators of reading agree that further work on measures of reading comprehension is essential, including development of comprehensive systems of assessment that pinpoint key strengths and weaknesses in individual youngsters. (ldonline.org)
Assessment of key component abilities, such as those mentioned above, is essential in order to interpret reading comprehension performance and facilitate instructional planning. (ldonline.org)
3) Assessment: How can we develop an assessment system for reading comprehension that includes the design of valid and reliable measures of self-regulated, strategic reading that are sensitive to instructional interventions? (rand.org)

Listening comprehension: various language laboratory exercises to ensure a thorough understanding of the message. (uclouvain.be)

Multiple projects at Microsoft, including Deep Learning for Machine Comprehension , have also set their sights on MRC. (microsoft.com)

Reading Comprehension passages appearing on the GRE ® Verbal Reasoning measure are drawn from a wide variety of disciplines and sources. (ets.org)
It's 'quick fix' is to teach children how to spot the clues in comprehension passages to pick up those top 'inference' marks. (platekompaniet.no)
What makes Reading Comprehension passages more challenging? (kaptest.com)

This course will cover a broad range of topics that fall into the general category of comprehension and analysis of software systems, with the hope of shedding light on some of the above questions. (ubc.ca)
Reading Comprehension (also known as Critical Reading) questions test your ability to understand a passage and answer question on the basis of what is stated and implied in the passage. (tutor.com)
Simple recall questions help you gauge your child's reading comprehension. (scholastic.com)
Teacher actions should model explicitly how to respond to inferential comprehension questions. (uoregon.edu)

Research on the comprehension of graphics complements the scientific investigation of cognitive processes in text comprehension, which has contributed much to our understanding of human cognition and learning. (google.com)
Research in cognitive psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence - the three disciplines that have the most direct application to an understanding of the mental processes in reading - is presented in this multilevel work, originally published in 1980, that attempts to provide a systematic and scientific basis for understanding and building a comprehensive theory of reading comprehension. (routledge.com)
The major focus is on understanding the processes involved in the comprehension of written text. (routledge.com)
Constructive Processes in Prose Comprehension and Recall Rand J. Spiro 11. (routledge.com)

Measures of reading comprehension can be individually administered, such as tests given in typical psychoeducational evaluations to determine eligibility for special education services, or group administered, such as state-mandated assessments of reading, in which children with learning disabilities typically participate. (ldonline.org)
What about reading comprehension assessments. (wrightslaw.com)
What assessments specifically for reading comprehension can be used to regularly to monitor progress throughout the school year? (wrightslaw.com)
This entry was posted in Autism , Reading , Tests & Assessments and tagged Assessments , autism , DRP , Jamestown Reading Navigator , Reading Comprehension , Reading Tests by Sue Whitney . (wrightslaw.com)

Reading comprehension tests versus academic reading: What are second language readers doing? (springer.com)
Each subsystem performs a specific task in the complex process of language comprehension and production. (mpi.nl)
The most research-based and proven reading comprehension program on the planet is only useful when the comprehension issue is at the print level of language. (wrightslaw.com)
When comprehension of spoken language is an issue, a reading comprehension program will not address the underlying issue, which would need to be addressed through language therapy. (wrightslaw.com)
If your son has good language comprehension and is 2 years behind in reading comprehension, then this program might be appropriate. (wrightslaw.com)
If reading comprehension is held back by language comprehension, then it needs to be addressed at the language level. (wrightslaw.com)
Inferencing ability and language comprehension occur at a level prior to reading. (wrightslaw.com)
The aim of the present thesis was to examine the cognitive and language profile in children with poor reading comprehension using a longitudinal perspective. (diva-portal.org)
Altogether, more than 1000 twin pairs have been examined between the ages 5 and 15 years using well known predictors of reading, along with decoding, spelling, reading comprehension and oral language measures. (diva-portal.org)
The results across studies indicated a robust oral language deficit in all subtypes displaying comprehension problems. (diva-portal.org)
The authors consider comprehension of different units of language: understanding single words, sentences, and connected prose and outline what readers (and listeners) have to do to successfully understand an extended text. (routledge.com)

The Classroom Bundle for The Primary Comprehension Toolkit, second edition has everything needed to implement The Primary Comprehension Toolkit, second edition for grades K-2 - the strategy and lesson books, the Teacher's Guide , the short nonfiction texts, and the online resources all included in the Toolkit - plus the 16 engaging books selected by the authors. (heinemann.com)
The Classroom Bundle for The Intermediate Comprehension Toolkit, second edition has everything needed to implement The Intermediate Comprehension Toolkit, second edition for grades 3-6 - the strategy and lesson books, the Teacher 's Guide , the short nonfiction texts, and the online resources all included in the Toolkit - plus . (heinemann.com)

Pragmatics and Reading Comprehension Jerry L. Morgan and Georgia M. Green 6. (routledge.com)

In some situations, comprehension means nothing more than being able to recall facts presented in a text. (springer.com)
A trading relationship between reading skill and domain knowledge in children's text comprehension. (springer.com)
But there's no evidence that this system of leveled reading boosts comprehension, and studies have found that kids can learn more from a text above their supposed level-if a teacher helps them understand it. (forbes.com)
Reading comprehension is the ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. (wikipedia.org)
Reading comprehension is the level of understanding of a text/message. (wikipedia.org)
Underlying most of the contributions is the assumption that skilled reading comprehension requires a coordination of text with context in a way that goes far beyond simply chaining together the meanings of a string of decoded words. (routledge.com)
Text Comprehension in Middle Aged Adults: Is There Anything Wrong? (cambridge.org)

Ultimately, to succeed at GRE reading comprehension, how you read is just as important as what you read. (ets.org)
and response format, or how children are expected to demonstrate comprehension of what they have read. (ldonline.org)
See how they read: Comprehension monitoring of L1 and L2 readers. (springer.com)
The ultimate aim of reading is not the process but to understand what we read and comprehension can take place at many different levels. (routledge.com)
Veritas Press Literature Guides are designed to be used in the "grammar stage" of the classical education model, and will help your student(s) to increase comprehension on a literal and inferential level, build vocabulary, identify Biblical values in the literature being read, identify different genres of writing, and improve writing abilities. (christianbook.com)
This will prepare your brain for what you are about to read and increase your reading comprehension as well as your efficiency when you actually read. (liberty.edu)

The generator comprehensions syntax is non-standard and removed starting with Firefox 58. (mozilla.org)
The generator comprehension syntax was a JavaScript expression which allowed you to quickly assemble a new generator function based on an existing iterable object. (mozilla.org)
An easy way to understand generator comprehension syntax, is to compare it with the generator function. (mozilla.org)

The contribution of cognitive nonlinguistic factors important for comprehension (attention, short-term memory, and mental control) was tested via standard neuropsychological tasks. (cambridge.org)

Understanding those relationships leads to a better comprehension of the overall story," says DiNapoli. (scholastic.com)

Ms. Raya's lesson plan for her fourth grade class provides a good example of how self-questioning can be practiced to improve reading comprehension in all content areas. (ldonline.org)

Reading comprehension games and activities at websites such as TurtleDiary.com are helpful as well, especially for young readers. (reference.com)

The strategy, released as part of School Improvement Network's weekly publication, 'Strategy of the Week,' shows a Tennessee teacher demonstrating the method and its impact on student reading comprehension. (prweb.com)
But there's another aspect of reading-comprehension-that is equally crucial, and teacher training in that area is even more problematic. (forbes.com)
True, compared to phonics, teacher-education programs are more likely to say they cover reading comprehension. (forbes.com)
In 2006, only 15% of teacher-training programs taught comprehension. (forbes.com)
Teacher actions should model how to respond to a literal comprehension question. (uoregon.edu)

Unlike letter-name knowledge or phonics, comprehension can never be mastered. (readingrockets.org)
In fact, at the end of the article he states that memorisation is a vital step in reaching comprehension - one must have knowledge of a topic before they can be in a position to explain it to someone else. (lifehacker.com.au)

6. Can we train or improve reading comprehension skill? (routledge.com)
Try these ideas to expand learning and to improve reading comprehension. (colorincolorado.org)

Schwartz S. (1984) A Theoretically Based Comprehension Measure. (springer.com)

Comprehension is only as strong as the student's focus while reading. (selfgrowth.com)

Syntactic Aspects of Reading Comprehension A.W.F. Huggins and Marilyn Jager Adams 5. (routledge.com)
Comprehension of six syntactic structures was tested across four age groups. (cambridge.org)

The first part defines reading comprehension based on extant voluminous literature. (springer.com)
In an article on HackCollege, Geoffrey Koester covers not only the benefits of memorisation and comprehension, but defines exactly what is involved in each process . (lifehacker.com.au)

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Inquiry into the potential value of an information pamphlet on consent to surgery to improve surgeon-patient communication. (1/1546)

The basis of informed consent for BMT patients. (2/1546)

Impact of therapeutic research on informed consent and the ethics of clinical trials: a medical oncology perspective. (3/1546)

Genetically determined obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome: the ethics and legality of treatment. (4/1546)

Sterilisation of incompetent mentally handicapped persons: a model for decision making. (5/1546)

Can the written information to research subjects be improved?--an empirical study. (6/1546)

The family rule: a framework for obtaining ethical consent for medical interventions from children. (7/1546)

Infectious health care workers: should patients be told? (8/1546)

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Comprehension

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