Complementarity determining regions. Medical search

Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Polypeptide chains, consisting of 211 to 217 amino acid residues and having a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa. There are two major types of light chains, kappa and lambda. Two Ig light chains and two Ig heavy chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) make one immunoglobulin molecule.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.

Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.

The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.

Partial immunoglobulin molecules resulting from selective cleavage by proteolytic enzymes or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A family of RNA-binding proteins that has specificity for MICRORNAS and SMALL INTERFERING RNA molecules. The proteins take part in RNA processing events as core components of RNA-induced silencing complex.

The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Ordered rearrangement of B-lymphocyte variable gene regions of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS, thereby contributing to antibody diversity. It occurs during the first stage of differentiation of the IMMATURE B-LYMPHOCYTES.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Antibodies that can catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions. They are characterized by high substrate specificity and share many mechanistic features with enzymes.

The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.

Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A family of nonbiting midges, in the order DIPTERA. Salivary glands of the genus Chironomus are used in studies of cellular genetics and biochemistry.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of SNAILS and slugs. The former have coiled external shells and the latter usually lack shells.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic rods formerly called Pseudomonas testosteroni. It is differentiated from other Comamonas species by its ability to assimilate testosterone and to utilize phenylacetate or maleate as carbon sources.

The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying lysine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. It includes also the genus Myxicola infundibulum.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response.

A segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chains, encoded by the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES in the J segment where, during the maturation of B-LYMPHOCYTES; the gene segment for the variable region upstream is joined to a constant region gene segment downstream. The exact position of joining of the two gene segments is variable and contributes to ANTIBODY DIVERSITY. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN J CHAINS; a separate polypeptide that serves as a linkage piece in polymeric IGA or IGM.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.

Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Short RNA, about 200 base pairs in length or shorter, that does not code for protein.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.

The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

An endoribonuclease that is specific for double-stranded RNA. It plays a role in POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL RNA PROCESSING of pre-RIBOSOMAL RNA and a variety of other RNA structures that contain double-stranded regions.

A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A multicomponent, ribonucleoprotein complex comprised of one of the family of ARGONAUTE PROTEINS and the "guide strand" of the one of the 20- to 30-nucleotide small RNAs. RISC cleaves specific RNAs, which are targeted for degradation by homology to these small RNAs. Functions in regulating gene expression are determined by the specific argonaute protein and small RNA including siRNA (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING), miRNA (MICRORNA), or piRNA (PIWI-INTERACTING RNA).

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

Ordered rearrangement of T-cell variable gene regions coding for the beta-chain of antigen receptors.

Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.

Abnormal immunoglobulins characteristic of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.

The protection, preservation, restoration, and rational use of all resources in the total environment.

Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A ribonuclease that specifically cleaves the RNA moiety of RNA:DNA hybrids. It has been isolated from a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms as well as RETROVIRUSES.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'-end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rRNA processing in the nucleolus (see RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEOLAR).

RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A form of antibodies consisting only of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains (FV FRAGMENTS), connected by a small linker peptide. They are less immunogenic than complete immunoglobulin and thus have potential therapeutic use.

Community of tiny aquatic PLANTS and ANIMALS, and photosynthetic BACTERIA, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Complexes of RNA-binding proteins with ribonucleic acids (RNA).

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.

Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A large family of narrow-leaved herbaceous grasses of the order Cyperales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Food grains (EDIBLE GRAIN) come from members of this family. RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, SEASONAL can be induced by POLLEN of many of the grasses.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The ordered rearrangement of gene regions by DNA recombination such as that which occurs normally during development.

Animals that have no spinal column.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.

The pattern of any process, or the interrelationship of phenomena, which affects growth or change within a population.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.

Characterization of T-cell repertoire of the bone marrow in immune-mediated aplastic anemia: evidence for the involvement of antigen-driven T-cell response in cyclosporine-dependent aplastic anemia. (1/723)

To determine whether the antigen-driven T-cell response is involved in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia (AA), we examined the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) size distribution of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain (BV) subfamilies in the bone marrow (BM) of untreated AA patients. AA patients who did not respond to immunosuppressive therapy and those who obtained unmaintained remission early after cyclosporine (CyA) or antithymocyte globulin (ATG) therapy exhibited essentially a normal CDR3 size pattern. In contrast, five patients who needed continuous administration of CyA to maintain remission exhibited a skewed CDR3 size pattern in a number (>40%) of BV subfamilies suggestive of clonal predominance. The skewing of CDR3 size distribution became less pronounced in one of the CyA-dependent patients when the patient achieved unmaintained remission after a 4-year therapy with CyA, whereas it persisted longer than 7 years in the other patient requiring maintenance therapy. Sequencing of BV15 cDNA for which the CDR3 size pattern exhibited apparent clonal predominance in all CyA-dependent patients showed high homology of the amino acid sequence of the CDR3 between two different patients. These findings indicate that antigen-driven expansion of T cells is involved in the pathogenesis of AA characterized by CyA-dependent recovery of hematopoiesis. (+info)

A peptide derived from a polyreactive monoclonal anti-DNA natural antibody can modulate lupus development in (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. (2/723)

In lupus-prone (NZBxNZW)F1 (B/W) mice, elevated levels of polyreactive autoantibodies bearing the D23 idiotype (Id), characteristic of natural antibodies, were detected before and after the appearance of pathological anti-DNA antibodies. While these D23 Id+ antibodies were able to regulate anti-DNA antibodies in the early stage of the disease, we found that during disease evolution they had lost their normal ability to regulate anti-DNA antibodies and furthermore could participate in the lupus-like syndrome. To explore further the role of the D23 Id+ antibodies, we injected young B/W mice with a peptide corresponding to the VH CDR3 region of the D23 monoclonal natural antibody (mNAb). High levels of monospecific antipeptide, as well as polyreactive antibodies, were induced. Among them, the most markedly enhanced antibody population was DNA-reactive immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). Compared with controls, these immunized mice had a delayed 50% survival rate and proteinuria developed later. Furthermore, IgG1 able to react with IgG2a anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies derived from B/W mice were also produced after peptide immunization. Thus, a peptide corresponding to the CDR3 of the D23 mNAb antibody might play a role in the regulation of murine lupus. (+info)

Polyclonal expansion of TCRBV2- and TCRBV6-bearing T cells in patients with Kawasaki disease. (3/723)

We examined T-cell receptor (TCR) usage, cytokine production and antibody responses to superantigens in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) to facilitate a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of KD. The mean percentage of VB2- or VB6. 5-bearing T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with acute-phase KD was significantly higher than that of patients in the convalescent phase of KD or in healthy donors. Expansion of VB2- or VB6.5-bearing T cells was polyclonal because DNA sequences in the complementarity determining region 3 of VB2- and VB6.5-positive cDNA clones were all different from each other. The plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were elevated in the acute phase of KD. We previously reported that streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SPEC) was a potent stimulator of VB2- and VB6.5-positive T cells and, furthermore, serum levels of anti-SPEC antibodies were significantly higher in patients with acute and convalescent KD than in age-matched controls. The results of the present study, together with those of our previous report, suggest that SPEC induces activation and polyclonal expansion of VB2- and VB6.5-positive T cells, and that SPEC-induced activation of T cells may lead to the pathogenesis of KD. (+info)

Evolution of antigen-specific T cell receptors in vivo: preimmune and antigen-driven selection of preferred complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) motifs. (4/723)

Antigen (Ag)-driven selection of helper T cells (Th) in normal animals has been difficult to study and remains poorly understood. Using the major histocompatibility complex class II- restricted murine response to pigeon cytochrome c (PCC), we provide evidence for both preimmune and Ag-driven selection in the evolution of Ag-specific immunity in vivo. Before antigenic challenge, most Valpha11(+)Vbeta3(+) Th (70%) express a critical complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) residue (glutamic acid at TCR-alpha93) associated with PCC peptide contact. Over the first 5 d of the primary response, PCC-responsive Valpha11(+)Vbeta3(+) Th expressing eight preferred CDR3 features are rapidly selected in vivo. Clonal dominance is further propagated through selective expansion of the PCC-specific cells with T cell receptor (TCR) of the "best fit." Ag-driven selection is complete before significant emergence of the germinal center reaction. These data argue that thymic selection shapes TCR-alpha V region bias in the preimmune repertoire; however, Ag itself and the nongerminal center microenvironment drive the selective expansion of clones with preferred TCR that dominate the response to Ag in vivo. (+info)

Composite low grade B-cell lymphomas with two immunophenotypically distinct cell populations are true biclonal lymphomas. A molecular analysis using laser capture microdissection. (5/723)

Low grade B-cell lymphomas comprise several well defined, clinically and immunophenotypically distinct disease entities. Composite lymphomas showing phenotypic characteristics of more than one of these tumor subtypes in the same site are rare, and both common and separate clonal origins of the two tumor parts have been reported for cases studied by molecular methods. We describe the detailed immunohistochemical and molecular findings in three cases with features of composite low grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). All three neoplasms contained morphologically distinct but interwoven compartments of different cell types, which exhibited discordant expression of several markers, including CD5, CD10, CD43, and cyclin D1. According to their morphology and phenotypes, they were classified as mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma (Case 1), follicular lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma (Case 2), and mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (Case 3). PCR analysis of DNA obtained from whole tissue sections failed to reveal evidence for biclonality in any of the cases. We therefore isolated cell populations with different antigen expression patterns by laser capture microdissection and analyzed them by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements and oncogene rearrangements. Sequence analysis revealed unrelated clonal rearrangements in each of the two tumor parts in all three cases, suggesting distinct clonal origins. In addition, Case 1 showed a bcl-2 rearrangement present only in the follicular lymphoma part. Our findings suggest that low grade B-NHL with two distinct morphological and immunophenotypic patterns in the same anatomical site are frequently biclonal. This is in keeping with current classification schemes, which recognize subtypes of low grade B-NHL as separate disease entities. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates the power of laser capture microdissection in revealing molecular microheterogeneity in complex neoplasms. (+info)

Astrocytoma infiltrating lymphocytes include major T cell clonal expansions confined to the CD8 subset. (6/723)

Anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma are frequent and malignant brain tumors that are infiltrated by T lymphocytes. Whether these cells result from non-specific inflammation following blood-brain barrier disruption or an antigen-driven specific immune response is unknown. In this study, an in-depth characterization of TCR diversity in tumor and blood RNA biopsies was performed in a series of 16 patients with malignant astrocytoma. Whilst there was no obvious restriction of the AV and BV gene segment usage, complementarity-determining region 3 size analysis and sequencing of amplified TCR transcripts revealed multiple T cell oligoclonal expansions in all astrocytomas analyzed. Unique T cell clones were present in different adjacent areas of a given tumor, but never detected in the blood. Quantification of the number of TCR clonal transcripts per microg of tumor RNA indicated that certain T cell clonal expansions may represent at least 300 cells/10(6) tumor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the in vivo expanded clones were almost exclusively confined to the CD8(+) subset. Overall, these data suggest that spontaneous antigen-driven immune responses may be elicited against human astrocytoma despite the immunosuppressive microenvironment generated by the brain and the tumor itself. However, the ultimate failure of the immune system to control tumor growth could be the consequence of a deficient CD4 T(h) component of the response. This observation could have important consequences for the development of immunotherapies for astrocytoma patients. (+info)

Characterisation of T cell clonotypes that accumulated in multiple joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (7/723)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether identical T cell clonotypes accumulate in multiple rheumatoid joints, the clonality of T cells that had infiltrated into synovial tissue (ST) samples simultaneously obtained from multiple joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was analysed. METHODS: T cell receptor (TCR) beta gene transcripts, amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from ST and peripheral blood lymphocytes of five RA patients, were subjected to single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of accumulated T cell clonotypes found in one joint of a patient were found in multiple joints in the same patient. Furthermore, identical amino acid sequences were found in TCR beta junctional regions of these clonotypes from different patients with at least one HLA molecule match. CONCLUSIONS: The T cell clonotypes accumulating in multiple rheumatoid joints may be involved in the perpetuation of polyarthritis by reacting to antigens common to these multiple joints. (+info)

Selection at multiple checkpoints focuses V(H)12 B cell differentiation toward a single B-1 cell specificity. (8/723)

Phosphatidyl choline (PtC)-specific B cells segregate to the B-1 subset, where they comprise up to 10% of the B-1 repertoire. About half express V(H)12 and Vkappa4/5H and are restricted in V(H)CDR3. We have previously reported that anti-PtC V(H)CDR3 is enriched among V(H)12-expressing cells by selective elimination of pre-B cells. We report here a bias for Vkappa4/5H expression among V(H)12-expressing B cells, even among those that do not bind PtC and are not B-1. This is due in part to an inability of V(H)12 to associate with many light (L) chains but must also be due to a selective advantage in survival or clonal expansion in the periphery for Vkappa4/5H-expressing cells. Thus, the bias for Vkappa4/5H expression is independent of PtC binding, and, as segregation to B-1 occurs after Ig gene expression, it precedes segregation to the B-1 subset. In 6-1 mice, splenic B-1 cells reside in follicles but segregate to follicles distinct from those that contain B-2 cells. These data indicate that selection at multiple developmental checkpoints ensures the co-expression of an anti-PtC V(H)CDR3 and L chain in a high frequency of V(H)12 B cells. This focus toward specificity for PtC facilitates the development of a large anti-PtC B-1 repertoire. (+info)

These regions correspond to the complementarity-determining regions; the sites involved in antigen recognition on the ... The TSM process implies an "in-frame DNA reader" whereby DNA and RNA deaminases at transcribed regions are guided in their ... During B cell division the immunoglobulin variable region DNA is transcribed and translated. The introduction of mutations in ... Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_hypermutation

... each have distinctly formed complementarity-determining regions. Allergen - A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

The complementarity determining regions of the heavy chain are shown in red (PDB: 1IGT) ... In summary, the Fab region of the antibody determines antigen specificity while the Fc region of the antibody determines the ... Each heavy chain has two regions, the constant region and the variable region. The constant region is identical in all ... These loops are referred to as the complementarity determining regions (CDRs). The structures of these CDRs have been clustered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Humanized antibodies are almost completely human; only the complementarity determining regions of the variable regions are ... Changes in the Fc region can alter an antibody's ability to engage Fc receptors and, by extension, will determine the type of ... Anti-PD-1 drugs contain not only an Fab region that binds PD-1 but also an Fc region. Experimental work indicates that the Fc ... Antibodies are formed of a binding region (Fab) and the Fc region that can be detected by immune system cells via their Fc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy

"Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse". Nature. 321 (6069): 522-525. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_science

"Humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies via grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome complementarity-determining regions: ... The region (residues 296-359) consisting of 64 amino acids at the N-terminus of cell surface mesothelin has been identified as ... depending on the assay used and thus that normal levels must be determined anew when new assays are introduced. Increase of ... including a poorly immunogenic region (the YP218 site) at the C terminus of human mesothelin. The rabbit antibodies have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelin

They named "HV4" and "LV4" in rabbit Fvs, non-complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops that are structurally close to the ... "Humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies via grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome complementarity-determining regions: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_hybridoma

... despite the non-human origin of some of its complementarity-determining region (CDR) segments responsible for the ability of ... "Humanization of an anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody by complementarity-determining region grafting based on computer-assisted ... mouse variable region spliced to human constant region). Thereafter the chimera might be further humanized by the selective ... That is, since the CDR portions of the variable region are essential to the ability of the antibody to bind to its intended ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanized_antibody

However, they have demonstrated that two of the five consensus mutations were within the complementarity determining regions ( ... The T7 promoter region allows large-scale in vitro T7 transcription to transcribe the DNA library into an mRNA library, which ... The ribosomal binding site in the 5'-untranslated region (5' UTR) is designed according to the in vitro translation system to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_display

... between Antibody 2F5 Neutralization of HIV-1 and Hydrophobicity of Its Heavy Chain Third Complementarity-Determining Region". ... The region DKW of the core epitope must be in a β-turn conformation and have the correct side-chain positions for 2F5 to bind ... 2F5 recognizes an epitope in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41. 2F5 then binds to this epitope and its ... 2F5 binds to the variable regions of env and neutralizes the virus before it infects target cells. 2F5 recognizes a core ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2F5_antibody

Each paratope is made up of six complementarity-determining regions - three from each of the light and heavy chains - that ... In cows, an extra-long complementarity-determining region is considered to have an essential role in diversifying paratopes. ... It is a small region at the tip of the antibody's antigen-binding fragment and contains parts of the antibody's heavy and light ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paratope

Leverage Vbeta Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) and Hydrophobic Patch in Mechanosensing Thymic Self-ligands". Journal ... Ju L, Dong JF, Cruz MA, Zhu C (November 2013). "The N-terminal flanking region of the A1 domain regulates the force-dependent ... "Force-regulated in situ TCR-peptide-bound MHC class II kinetics determine functions of CD4+ T cells". Journal of Immunology. ... "Mechano-regulation of Peptide-MHC Class I Conformations Determines TCR Antigen Recognition". Molecular Cell. 73 (5): 1015-27 e7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_bond

The variable domain of both the TCR α-chain and β-chain each have three hypervariable or complementarity determining regions ( ... The Constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail, while ... Each chain is composed of two extracellular domains: Variable (V) region and a Constant (C) region, both of Immunoglobulin ... The residues in these variable domains are located in two regions of the TCR, at the interface of the α- and β-chains and in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell_receptor

Evidence for the involvement of multiple complementarity determining region (CDR)-like loops in receptor domain I". The Journal ... 5'-flanking region of the Pigr gene contains a response element to glucocorticoids. This class of hormones increases the steady ... Cleavage occurs at the junction of the transmembrane region of the receptor and domain 5. pIgRs are capable of capturing IgA ... The quite long intracellular domain of the receptor, alongside with the transmembrane region, is responsible for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeric_immunoglobulin_receptor

The variable domain of both the TCR α-chain and β-chain each have three hypervariable or complementarity-determining regions ( ... The Constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail, while ... Each chain is composed of two extracellular domains: Variable (V) region and a Constant (C) region, both of Immunoglobulin ... The intersection of these specific regions (V and J for the alpha or gamma chain; V, D, and J for the beta or delta chain) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_receptor

The variable region of antigen receptors of T cells (TCRs) and B cells (immunoglobulins) contain complementarity-determining ... They define the surface and properties of the variable region, determining the antigen specificity and therefore the idiotope ... He also defined the "paratope" to be that part of an antibody variable region that binds to an antigen. The best developed ... Antibody idiotype is determined by: Gene rearrangement Junctional diversity P-nucleotides (palindromic nucleotides at sites of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiotype

The complementarity-determining regions of 5.11A1 were cloned into the framework of human IgG and combined with IgG1 (TGN1112) ... The molecule was genetically engineered by transfer of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from heavy and light ... Humanised variable regions were subsequently recombined with a human gene coding for the IgG4 gamma chain and with a human gene ... region. According to a report by TeGenero, the F(ab)2 is not able to generate the required stimulation. Unlike the related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theralizumab

The variable domain contains the paratope (the antigen-binding site), comprising a set of complementarity-determining regions, ... The antigen-binding fragment (Fab) is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens. It is composed of one constant and one ... Conversely, the enzyme pepsin cleaves below the hinge region, so the result instead is a F(ab')2 fragment and a pFc' fragment. ... Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody. An antibody digested by papain yields three fragments: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragment_antigen-binding

One end of the Ig domain has a section called the complementarity-determining region that is important for the specificity of ... It is believed that the structure of variable subgenes of Ig and the surface immunoglobulin determine the propensity of chronic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily

... complementarity determining regions) bound to a carboxylate side chain. These have been engineered to give rise to monoclonal ... Their occurrence in cation and anion-binding regions of proteins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 315 (15): 183-191. doi:10.1006 ... successive residues gives rise to anion-binding sites that occur commonly and are found often at functionally important regions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest_(protein_structural_motif)

... whereas the binding regions of antibodies, called complementarity-determining regions, are flexible loops. Historically, ... In both types, the binding region is typically located in a beta sheet structure, ... a process creating regions capable of binding different antigens, depending on which amino acids are exchanged. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affilin

It is an immunoglobulin G-kappa (IgGκ) consisting of human constant regions and murine complementarity-determining regions ... per person per year price and Pharmac's economic analysis determined the price would need to be halved before the drug was cost ... grafted onto human framework light and heavy chain variable regions. The compound contains two 448-amino acid heavy chains and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eculizumab

The antibody, originally called G5/44, was created by grafting the complementarity-determining regions and some framework ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inotuzumab_ozogamicin

They discovered the "canonical-structure model" for the conformation of the complementarity-determining regions of antibodies, ... each peptide plane is determined for Ribbon Diagrams and β-sheets; and spline fit is used for curved sheets. ... "Conformations of immunoglobulin hypervariable regions". Nature. 342 (6252): 877-883. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..877C. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Lesk

... now known as complementarity-determining region 3. Her research also pointed to evidence that at least two genes are involved ... Her studies on antibodies were important in determining the chain structure, and particularly the observation that more than ... Press's work provided the first evidence that immunoglobulin heavy chains had variable regions similar to those observed in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Press

... can refer to Complementarity-determining region 2 on antibodies CDR2 (gene), cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDR2

... one study identified the preferential presence of the TCR-V-b and complementarity-determining region 3 in T-cell receptors ... studies to date have not clearly determined if they are a cause or merely a consequence of T cell-mediated tissue injury. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_reaction_with_eosinophilia_and_systemic_symptoms

... today called the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Affinity therapy, or immunotoxins is a biorecognition-based ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Wilchek

... immunoglobulin variable region MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.680.650.500.180 - complementarity determining regions MeSH D12.776. ... immunoglobulin variable region MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.797.180 - complementarity determining regions MeSH D12.776.377.715. ... complementarity determining regions MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.525 - hemolysins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.573 - immune ... sex-determining region y protein MeSH D12.776.664.235.400.800 - tcf transcription factors MeSH D12.776.664.235.400.800.500 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region. FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to ... The mixture of probe sequences determines the type of feature the probe can detect. Probes that hybridize along an entire ... uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity ... However, it is possible to create a mixture of smaller probes that are specific to a particular region (locus) of DNA; these ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

The chosen insect vector of a plant virus will often be the determining factor in that virus's host range: it can only infect ... 2001). "In vivo analysis of the TSWV cap-snatching mechanism: single base complementarity and primer length requirements". The ... untranslated regions of viral mRNA. Some viruses (e.g. tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)) have RNA sequences that contain a "leaky" ... although he did not determine that the RNA was the infectious material. However, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_virus

It can also be shown that the singular region contains all the mass of the black hole solution.[82] The singular region can ... If there are other stars orbiting a black hole, their orbits can be used to determine the black hole's mass and location. Such ... Black hole complementarity. *Black Hole Initiative. *Black holes in fiction. *Black hole starship ... A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing-not even particles and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole?site=new-jersey-car-insurance-rate-increase

The RBS in prokaryotes is a region upstream of the start codon. This region of the mRNA has the consensus 5'-AGGAGG-3', also ... Richer complementarity results in higher initiation efficiency.[6] It is worth noting that this only holds up to a certain ... The identification of RBSs is used to determine the site of translation initiation in an unannotated sequence. This is referred ... The level of complementarity of the mRNA SD sequence to the ribosomal ASD greatly affects the efficiency of translation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_binding_site

When these magnetic patterns were mapped over a wide region, the ocean floor showed a zebra-like pattern: one stripe with ... Where the plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes ... Since that time many theories were proposed to explain this apparent complementarity, but the assumption of a solid Earth made ... Reconstruction is used to establish past (and future) plate configurations, helping determine the shape and make-up of ancient ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics

Wave-particle duality is an example of the principle of complementarity in quantum physics.[23][24][25][26][27] An elegant ... A field in physics is "a region or space in which a given effect (such as magnetism) exists."[46] Other effects that manifest ... So the two photons come out purple. If the experimenter now performs some experiment that determines whether one of the photons ... This is a typical feature of quantum complementarity: a quantum particle acts as a wave in an experiment to measure its wave- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics

From the first law of black-hole mechanics, this determines the multiplicative constant of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, ... This area relationship was generalized to arbitrary regions via the Ryu-Takayanagi formula, which relates the entanglement ... Black hole complementarity. *Black hole information paradox. *Black-hole thermodynamics. *Bousso's holographic bound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics

See also: Complementarity-determining region and Framework region. See also[edit]. *Cambridge Reference Sequence ... A highly polymorphic nuclear or mitochondrial DNA region. A hypervariable region (HVR) is a location within nuclear DNA or the ... HVR1 is considered a "low resolution" region and HVR2 is considered a "high resolution" region. Getting HVR1 and HVR2 DNA tests ... Human mitochondrial genome showing hypervariable regions I to III (green boxes) located in the control region (CR; grey box). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervariable_region

Wages determined in this model are different according to the productivity of countries. The model is therefore more suitable ... Golub, S. S. (1995) Comparative and absolute advantage in the Asia-Pacific region (No. 95-09). Federal Reserve Bank of San ... Matsuyama, K. (2000). "A Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods under Nonhomothetic Preferences: Demand Complementarities, ... The results of the H-O model are that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade_theory

Interpersonal complementarityEdit. The interpersonal complementarity hypothesis suggests that obedience and authority are ... the status of a male Canada goose is determined by the rank of his family. Although dominance is determined differently in each ... a region of the female wasp brain responsible for the synthesis and secretion of JH, are naturally more dominant.[26] In an ... Determining the outcome of conflictEdit. Patterns of animal conflict reveal important insights into the evolution of behavior ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy

Benzer S. FINE STRUCTURE OF A GENETIC REGION IN BACTERIOPHAGE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1955 Jun 15;41(6):344-54. PMID ... that the amino acid sequence of a protein is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene determining the protein. Thus, ... and his belief that a complementarity principle, perhaps like that needed for understanding quantum mechanics, would be the key ... Benzer S. "Adventures in the rII region" in Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology (2007) Edited by John Cairns, Gunther S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_group

De sünnere Verännerlichkeit vun de Antigenbinnensteed (Complementarity Determining Region, kort: CDR) maakt de Organismus över ... hinge region) liggen andelen vun de sworen Keden dat Fragment, dat an de Antigenen anbinnt (Fab) un enzymaatsch. mit Help vun ...

https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikörper

Sequence complementarity between BC1 and regions of various neuron-specific mRNAs also suggest a role for BC1 in targeted ... However, it was not determined if the protein products were required for pluripotency. Peptides encoded by human lncRNAs have ... Morey C, Navarro P, Debrand E, Avner P, Rougeulle C, Clerc P (February 2004). "The region 3' to Xist mediates X chromosome ... September 2007). "Ultraconserved regions encoding ncRNAs are altered in human leukemias and carcinomas". Cancer Cell. 12 (3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_non-coding_RNA

The infinite potential walls of the box determine the values of C, D, and k at x = 0 and x = L where ψ must be zero. Thus, at x ... Bohr, N. (1948). On the notions of complementarity and causality, Dialectica 2: 312-319. "As a more appropriate way of ... For example, it allows one to compute the probability of finding an electron in a particular region around the nucleus at a ... But what the system actually does is not determined ..." *^ Messiah, A. (1961). Quantum Mechanics, volume 1, translated by G.M ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_physics

He or she must be brought before a court within at most ten days, for the court to determine whether the detention is necessary ... However, the minister of civil defence or local mayor may lift the state of emergency after an initial review of the region's ... Concordance and Complementarity of the Various Norms of International Law (cf. "Question of Human Rights and State of Emergency ... In regards to Emergency Management, regions (usually on a local government area basis) that have been affected by a natural ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_emergency

At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres. The main function of these regions is to ... Cell-free fetal DNA is found in the blood of the mother, and can be sequenced to determine a great deal of information about ... As a result of this base pair complementarity, all the information in the double-stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated ... Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein- or RNA-coding genes can be identified by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna

Introns make up 26% and intergenic regions 47% of the genome. Many genes are arranged in clusters and how many of these are ... In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode C. briggsae was also determined, allowing researchers to study the ... "The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14". Cell. 75 (5): 843-54. ... The male then probes the region with his spicules to locate the vulva, inserts them, and releases sperm.[22] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans

In biology, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. The ... Preorganised active site complementarity to the transition stateEdit. This theory is a little similar to the Lock and Key ... This specificity is determined by the arrangement of amino acids within the active site and the structure of the substrates. ... The easiest way to distinguish between them is to check whether the reaction rate is determined by the concentrations of the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site

The "black morph" variety is generally rare,[2][4][5] except along the coastal regions of South Africa, including the Cape ... Competition with Egyptian geese Alopochen aegyptiaca overrides environmental factors in determining productivity of Black ... "Pair complementarity influences reproductive output in the polymorphic black sparrowhawkAccipiter melanoleucus". Journal of ... winter rainfall region), or other possible sources of stress in their newly urbanised environments. This is probably due to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_sparrowhawk

Together the sira and hadith constitute the sunnah and are validated by isnad ("backing") to determine the likely truth of the ... Convergence and Complementarity (PDF), Al-Akhawayn University, archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008, retrieved ... though logic continued to be studied in some Islamic regions such as Persia and the Levant. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy

... region to region. Typical Presbyterian Church USA Order of Worship would look like this. This is taken from Madison Avenue ... The purpose of A Formula of Agreement is to elucidate the complementarity of affirmation and admonition as the basic principle ... The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA) determines and approves ecumenical statements, agreements, and maintains ... Presbyteries are organized within a geographical region to form a synod. Each synod contains at least three presbyteries, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_USA

Described as Taiji (the "Great Pole"), they represent the polarity and complementarity that enlivens the cosmos.[84] They can ... Do, Thien (2003). Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region. Anthropology of Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978- ... It determines fate, as written in Zhou texts: "on the doer of good, heaven sends down all blessings, and on the doer of evil, ... On the contrary, the revival of folk religions in the Delta region is serving as a countervailing re-embedding force from the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion

Complementarity Determining Region，CDR），也叫做高變區。喬西亞（Chothia）等人[23]，以及後來的諾斯等人[24]對互補決定區的結構進行了歸類。在免疫網絡理論中，每個抗體的互補決定區又被稱為獨特型或者基因型。適 ... Y形結構的基座的作用是調節免疫細胞的活動，該區域被稱為Fc區(Fragment crystallizable region，可結晶區域片段)，由兩條重鏈組成。根據抗體

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/抗体

It was determined to be hydrogen emission lines that had been red shifted, indicating the object was moving away from the Earth ... Arthur M. Wolfe and Geoffrey Burbidge noted in 1970 that the large velocity dispersion of the stars in the nuclear region of ... The rate of light variations of the source, dubbed a quasi-stellar object, or quasar, suggested the emitting region had a ... January 1995). "Evidence for a black hole from high rotation velocities in a sub-parsec region of NGC4258". Nature. 373 (6510 ...

https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/سیاه‌چاله_کلان‌جرم?match=en

A second and increasingly popular method for ensuring convergence uses trust regions. Both line searches and trust regions are ... The choice among "Pareto optimal" solutions to determine the "favorite solution" is delegated to the decision maker. In other ... the problem of computing contact forces can be done by solving a linear complementarity problem, which can also be viewed as a ... that is to say, on some region around x. ∗. {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{\ast }}. all of the function values are greater than ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization

Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors ... Complementarity+determining+regions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) PyIgClassify -- ... Framework region Hypervariable region Abbas AK and Lichtman AH (2003). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (5th ed.). Saunders, ... these regions are sometimes referred to as hypervariable regions. Within the variable domain, CDR1 and CDR2 are found in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity-determining_region

... the H chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3H)3 is the most diverse region in the Ig molecule. Structurally, the CDR3 ... Third complementarity-determining region of mutated VH immunoglobulin genes contains shorter V, D, J, P, and N components than ... IgM heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 diversity is constrained by genetic and somatic mechanisms until two ... Restricted utilization of germ-line VH3 genes and short diverse third complementarity-determining regions (CDR3) in human fetal ...

https://www.jimmunol.org/content/172/11/6790?ijkey=751a85ab9d98c132e3e2ad2fecb351e52a206eb7&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

The V beta complementarity determining region 1 of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T cell receptor ... The V beta complementarity determining region 1 of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T cell receptor ... We investigated the role of the complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) of T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain both in antigen ... These observations demonstrate the participation of the CDR1 region in the recognition of peptide/MHC class I as well as SAg/ ...

http://jem.rupress.org/content/179/4/1087

Complementarity determining region-independent recognition of a superantigen by B-cell antigen receptors of mantle cell ... Complementarity determining region-independent recognition of a superantigen by B-cell antigen receptors of mantle cell ... Complementarity determining region-independent recognition of a superantigen by B-cell antigen receptors of mantle cell ... can be activated by complementarity determining region (CDR)-mediated interactions with a variety of autoantigens including BCR ...

http://www.haematologica.org/content/101/9/e378

The Long Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain Is Important in the Activity of the Broadly Neutralizing ... The Long Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain Is Important in the Activity of the Broadly Neutralizing ... The Long Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain Is Important in the Activity of the Broadly Neutralizing ... The Long Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain Is Important in the Activity of the Broadly Neutralizing ...

https://jvi.asm.org/content/78/6/3155?ijkey=16f06a14c035f3185c6e7a637c9ca072d886aa33&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... we describe a new combinatorial approach for the production of peptidomimetics using the complementarity-determining regions ( ... A combinatorial approach for the design of complementarity-determining region-derived peptidomimetics with in vitro anti- ... we describe a new combinatorial approach for the production of peptidomimetics using the complementarity-determining regions ( ...

http://metabolomicscentre.nl/node/1207

Dominance of hydrophobic reading frames in complementarity determining region 3 of variable heavy chain genes from a patient ... D and J elements of the IgH chains encode the complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 that constitutes a significant part of ...

https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar244

An antibody-based biomarker discovery method by mass spectrometry sequencing of complementarity determining regions. Anal ... An antibody-based biomarker discovery method by mass spectrometry sequencing of complementarity determining regions. ... An antibody-based biomarker discovery method by mass spectrometry sequencing of complementarity determining regions ...

http://www.bioinfor.com/an-antibody-based-biomarker-discovery-method-by-mass-spectrometry-sequencing-of-complementarity-determining-regions/

complementarity-determining region;. TCM,. central memory T cell;. TEM,. effector memory T cell;. DC,. dendritic cell.. ... Y-specific CD62Lhi and CD62Llo memory T cell clonotypes defined by sequence variation in the complementarity-determining region ... that determines the nature of the primary response is likely to be both established early and limited in extent. Furthermore, ... that determine the nature of the antigenic experience. The dendritic cell (DC)-derived inflammatory cytokines IL-7 and IL-15 ( ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/103/24/9184

... to Arg was modeled with the combined algorithm for antibody framework alignment and complementarity-determining region (CDR)- ... The initial interaction with a helper T cell then may determine the direction in which B cell specificity may evolve (47), the ... In addition to Arg-53, Arg residues at other sites within the CDR1, CDR2, and one unique location in the third framework region ... 4B), and annexin V-positive and negative cells were analyzed separately to determine the extent of scFv binding and PI staining ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/98/24/13826?ijkey=7cb90eec6391c0987436ecbb80de47f84600e63d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Complementarity determining regions of an anti-prion protein scFv fragment orchestrate conformation specificity and antiprion ... Complementarity determining regions of an anti-prion protein scFv fragment orchestrate conformation specificity and antiprion ... A peptide corresponding to the complementarity determining region 3 of the heavy chain (CDR3H) selectively bound PrPSc but had ... Prions, Monoclonal antibody, Conformation specificity, Complementarity determining regions, Recombinant antibodies, Retro- ...

https://eref.uni-bayreuth.de/5096/

CDR (complementarity-determining regions) These are regions of the variable (V) regions of light and heavy antibody chains that ... adjacent regions of the genome to produce a continuous nucleotide sequence across a chromosomal region. See mapping. ... crown The region at the base of the stem of cereals and forage species from which tillers or branches arise. In woody plants, ... comparative positional candidate gene A gene that is likely to be located in the same region as a DNA marker that has been ...

http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X3910E/X3910E06.htm

Complementarity determining regions‎ (6 D). *. ► Cytokines‎ (17 K, 1 S, 102 D) ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Immunology?uselang=als

Complementarity determining regions‎ (6 B). *. ► Cytokines‎ (17 C, 1 P, 98 B) ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Immunology?uselang=nl

complementarity-determining region. CLA. cutaneous lymphocyte associated. CMNR. Committee on Military Nutrition Research ... The committees task was to identify and evaluate new technologies to determine whether they could help resolve important ...

https://www.nap.edu/read/5827/chapter/43

Homologous regions of autoantibody heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) in patients with pemphigus cause ... usage and heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) regions of these cloned mAbs to establish whether there are ... However, the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) of most pathogenic, but not nonpathogenic, mAbs shared ... Randomization of the long H-CDR3 region demonstrates the importance of W for pathogenicity. To determine whether the H-CDR3 ...

https://6jgc.com.www.mobile.jci.org/articles/view/44425

TCR peptides derived mostly from the conserved complementarity determining region (CDR) and framework (Fr) regions of the TCR V ... Nonstandard abbreviations used: CDR, complementarity determining region; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Fr, ... β framework or in the CDR1/2 regions. Examination of these determinants in the Fr3 and CDR2 regions of the Vβ8.2 chain suggests ... it is clear that peptides from 2 distinct conserved regions, namely the Fr3 and CDR1/2 regions on the TCR Vβ8.2 chain, can ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/23166

DNA sequences of the third complementarity determining regions were identified. This approach is based on subcutaneous melanoma ... or YAC-1 cells was determined by standard 51Cr-release assay. B16OVA cells were subjected to hyperthermia using NPrCAP/M with ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jsc/2013/742925/

... antibodies with broad reactivity against Plasmodium falciparum antigens from two subjects living in a malaria-endemic region in ... a, Donor C. b, Donor D. Putative complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are highlighted in red. Dots indicate positions ... Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are highlighted in red. Dots indicate positions where the nucleotide of a mature ... c, Alignment of a region of antibody-encoding DNA (chromosome 14) with the corresponding region of chromosome 13 from gDNA. The ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16450?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d0d03976-068c-4b00-8464-833d0b85c339

Fab fragment and that the regions of the TCR homologous to the three immunoglobulin complementarity-determining regions (CDRs 1 ... in an alpha-beta t-cell antigen receptor repertoire due to polymorphism in the 1st complementarity-determining region of the ... regions are strongly conserved in the V alpha and V beta proteins of the alpha beta T-cell antigen receptor (TCR alpha beta). ... further evidence that conventional antigen-MHC recognition and superantigen recognition are mediated by distinct regions of the ...

https://vivo.scripps.edu/display/endnote117769

PREDICTING AMINO ACID PREFERENCES IN THE COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS OF AN ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN RECOGNITION INTERFACE , ... PREDICTING AMINO ACID PREFERENCES IN THE COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS OF AN ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN RECOGNITION INTERFACE ...

https://corona-2.cansar.icr.ac.uk/structure/3AUV/3d/3AUV_D

The molecular features of the TCRBV CDR3 motif were determined using GMSP analysis; the TCRBV families were cloned and ... Yang, J., He, J., Lu, H. et al. Molecular features of the complementarity determining region 3 motif of the T cell population ... Molecular features of the complementarity determining region 3 motif of the T cell population and subsets in the blood of ... T cells of different specificity express different complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) that vary in length or sequence ...

https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5876-9-210

This method was applied to some scFv fragments, characterized by heavy-chain complementarity determining regions 3 (HCDR3) of ... Light chain variable region.. Conflict of Interests. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the ... Figure 3(b) shows that the isolated VH and VL regions of these clones actually generate full antibodies. They were also tested ... Sanger sequencing of the recovered 3_2, 3_5, and 3_67 clones confirmed 100% identity of the VH regions to the HTS data for each ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/703213/

The Immunoscope method is based on an RT-PCR of the hypervariable complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), which allows the ... Nonstandard abbreviations used: ADA, adenosine deaminase; BV, β chain hypervariable region; CDR3, complementarity determining ... LTR deleted of 400 bp in the U3 region (29); U3, untranslated 3′ region of the LTR; and R, repeated region of the LTR. ... B) The activation status of the T cell population was determined using PE-conjugated α-CD25 and α-CD69 mAbs, and the relative ...

https://jci.org/articles/view/23966

T Cells Selected by Antigen Under Th2 Polarizing Conditions Favor an Elongated TCRα Chain Complementarity-Determining Region 3 ... T Cells Selected by Antigen Under Th2 Polarizing Conditions Favor an Elongated TCRα Chain Complementarity-Determining Region 3 ...

https://www.strubi.ox.ac.uk/publications/7286

Antibody paratopes are formed by hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRH3s) and variable gene-encoded CDRs. The ... Antibody paratopes are formed by hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRH3s) and variable gene-encoded CDRs. The ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31563464/

Complementarity Determining Regions / genetics * Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain * Genes, Immunoglobulin Light Chain ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18826496/?dopt=Abstract

Affinity maturation of J3 resulted in a shortened CDR2 (complementarity determining region 2). Analysis of the amino acid ... 6 A) determined for J3 (determined using 23 V genes from L. glama and 7 J genes from Lama pacos [not depicted]). The 23 unique ... J3 amino acid sequence as determined by purified pCAD51 A12 DNA and J3 germline determined based on sequence data (unpublished ... The variable regions (VHH) in these heavy chain-only Abs demonstrate comparable affinity and specificity for antigens to ...

http://jem.rupress.org/content/early/2012/05/22/jem.20112655

The instant invention provides methods for determining if a subject will benefit from treatment with a Pinl modulator based on ... an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR); and an F(ab′)2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two Fab′ ... To determine a relative expression level of a marker, the level of expression of the marker is determined for 10 or more ... For example, an antibody can be modified by deleting the constant region and replacing it with a constant region meant to ...

https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2005/0239095.html

Characterization of Variable Region Genes and Discovery of Key Recognition Sites in the Complementarity Determining Regions of ... To determine a confidence threshold for PSMs, the PEAKS-embedded target-decoy approach, "decoy fusion"6, was used to estimate ... 2A). Our further investigation found that missing or low signal-to-noise of de novo peptides in that region prevented extension ... Our further investigation found that the region of that 8-AA insertion is quite difficult to recover due to missing peptides ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31730?error=cookies_not_supported&code=638230cd-6365-49c0-8493-5281a5cef553

Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Since most sequence variation associated with immunoglobulins and T cell receptors are found in the CDRs, these regions are sometimes referred to as hypervariable regions. (wikipedia.org)
Structurally, the CDR3 H is in the center of the Ag binding site, interacting directly with the other CDRs and framework regions both from H and L chains, as well as with the Ag itself ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). (jimmunol.org)
Here, we describe a new combinatorial approach for the production of peptidomimetics using the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from gastrin17 (pyroEGPWLEEEEEAYGWMDF-NH(2)) antibodies as starting material for cyclic peptide synthesis in a microarray format. (metabolomicscentre.nl)
Consequently, it has been proposed that TCR alpha beta has a conformation similar to that of an immunoglobulin Fab fragment and that the regions of the TCR homologous to the three immunoglobulin complementarity-determining regions (CDRs 1, 2, and 3) bind to the peptide antigen-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule ligand. (scripps.edu)
Antibody paratopes are formed by hypervariable complementarity-determining regions (CDRH3s) and variable gene-encoded CDRs. (nih.gov)
All natural antibodies have six loops, called complementarity-determining regions(CDRs), performing this function. (newscientist.com)
The first and second complementarity determining regions (CDR1 and CDR2) of this Vα are shorter than the CDRs corresponding to the majority of other Vα gene families, and three-dimensional structures of CDRs of these lengths have not been described previously. (soton.ac.uk)
The majority of the plasmablast-derived antibodies contained higher numbers of variable region somatic hypermutations and evidence for selection, as demonstrated by replacement to silent ratio's (R/S) greater than 2.9 in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). (biomedcentral.com)
Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) are underlined. (unl.edu)
A minimal format antibody fragment is the single VH or VL domain carrying three hyper-variable complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), which has proven sufficient for antigen recognition [ 4 ]. (mdpi.com)
The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) sequence of the E6 TCR was determined. (cancer.gov)
The variable domain of both the TCR α-chain and β-chain each have three hypervariable or complementarity determining regions (CDRs). (wikipedia.org)

These studies indicate that H-CDR3 is critical for pathogenicity of a human autoantibody, that a small region (even 1 amino acid) can mediate pathogenicity, and that pathogenicity can be uncoupled from binding in these antibodies. (jci.org)
The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes . (wikipedia.org)
Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. (wikipedia.org)
To characterize the plasmablast B cell response to the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine, the germline usage and the variable region somatic hypermutations on these antibodies were analyzed. (biomedcentral.com)
Many groups have focused on the sequence of the V region genes of antinuclear antibodies and several features accounting for DNA binding have emerged from these sequences, especially in VH-CDR (H3). (biomedcentral.com)
The membrane-proximal region of the ectodomain of the gp41 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the target of three of the five broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies thus far isolated. (rcsb.org)
We have determined crystal structures of the antigen-binding fragment for one of these antibodies, 2F5, in complex with 7-mer, 11-mer, and 17-mer peptides of the gp41 membrane-proximal region, at 2.0-, 2.1-, and 2.2-A resolutions, respectively. (rcsb.org)

Each monoclonal antibody (mAb) sequence is a novel protein that requires de novo sequencing with no resembling proteins (for the variable regions) in the databases. (nature.com)
The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the pathogen, called an antigen , via the Fab's variable region . (wikipedia.org)
The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the "Y"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. (wikipedia.org)
Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. (wikipedia.org)
1. An isolated polynucleotide encoding a humanized antibody comprising a light chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. (google.co.uk)
NO:7 and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, wherein said humanized antibody binds prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), and wherein administration of said humanized antibody to a subject diagnosed with prostate cancer decreases tumor growth to a greater extent than treatment with the murine 1G8 monoclonal antibody. (google.co.uk)
Our recent technology development has provided a set of simple protocols that allow development of single antibody variable (V) region domains that can function inside the reducing environment of the cell. (mdpi.com)
The human sequences were derived from the constant domains of human IgG1 and the variable framework regions of the Eu myeloma antibody. (rxlist.com)
The murine sequences were derived from the complementarity-determining regions of a murine anti-Tac antibody. (rxlist.com)
Contacts are made with five complementarity-determining regions of the antibody as well as with nonpolymorphic regions. (rcsb.org)
Biochemical studies with proteoliposomes confirm the importance of lipid membrane and hydrophobic context in the binding of 2F5 as well as in the binding of 4E10, another broadly neutralizing antibody that recognizes the membrane-proximal region of gp41. (rcsb.org)
We used complementarity determining region sequences from 8708 and 8709 Fabs to generate an anti-EGFR IgG and (scFv) 2 and scFv-Fc antibody fragments. (thno.org)
Humanized antibody against a-actin, characterized by comprising the murine variable region which consists of SEQ ID NO: X and human y chain regions. (mondaq.com)
Despite good performance, the monoclonal antibody failed to detect some EPEC and EHEC isolates harboring variant amino acids within the 338-667 regions of intimin molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
This study demonstrated that the recombinant anti-intimin antibody obtained is able to recognize the conserved region of intimin (Int 388-667 ) in purified form and the EPEC isolate. (biomedcentral.com)

In the productive repertoire, the H chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3 H ) was significantly shorter (46.7 ± 0.5 nucleotides) than in the nonproductive repertoire (53.8 ± 1.9 nucleotides) because of the tendency to select rearrangements with less TdT activity and shorter D segments. (jimmunol.org)
Located at the joining of the V H , D, and J H segments, the H chain complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3 H ) 3 is the most diverse region in the Ig molecule. (jimmunol.org)
However, the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) of most pathogenic, but not nonpathogenic, mAbs shared an amino acid consensus sequence. (jci.org)

Despite its crucial role in determining the nature and specificity of the Ag binding capability of the Ab molecule, the human CDR3 H has not yet been fully characterized. (jimmunol.org)
The variable regions (VHH) in these heavy chain-only Abs demonstrate comparable affinity and specificity for antigens to conventional immunoglobulins despite their much smaller size. (rupress.org)
Crystal structures reveal that the specificity differences are primarily mediated by complementarity-determining region H3 (CDR H3). (rcsb.org)
Specificity of scFv fragments against Cap-PCV2 and complementarity determining regions (CDR). (springer.com)
1-4 In vivo, the polyclonality of RF in rheumatoid arthritis makes it difficult to characterise qualitative properties, such as specificity or avidity, which are likely to be important in determining their pathogenicity. (bmj.com)

Within the variable domain, CDR1 and CDR2 are found in the variable (V) region of a polypeptide chain, and CDR3 includes some of V, all of diversity (D, heavy chains only) and joining (J) regions. (wikipedia.org)
Analysis of the human CDR3 H with JOINSOLVER has provided comprehensive information on the influences that shape this important Ag binding region of V H chains. (jimmunol.org)
One reason for this lack of information about the CDR3 H relates to the difficulty in analyzing the sequences of this highly diverse region. (jimmunol.org)
These are also called complementarity determining regions (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3). (news-medical.net)
CDR3 of the Vα85.33 domain is highly flexible and this is consistent with plasticity of this region of the TCR. (soton.ac.uk)
The central third complementarity-determining region (CDR3) residues of a human monoclonal anti. (biomedcentral.com)
The IMGT unique numbering for V-DOMAIN provides a standardized numbering for the CDR3-IMGT and FR4-IMGT of rearranged V-J-REGION and V-D-J-REGION ( IMGT Scientific chart ). (imgt.org)
CDR3) which consist of SEQ ID NO: X, SEQ ID NO: Y and SEQ ID NO: Z in the light chain and SEQ ID NO: A, SEQ ID NO: B and SEQ ID NO: C in the heavy chain and human y chain regions. (mondaq.com)

We investigated the role of the complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1) of T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain both in antigen/major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) and in superantigen (SAg)/MHC II complex recognition. (rupress.org)
These observations demonstrate the participation of the CDR1 region in the recognition of peptide/MHC class I as well as SAg/MHC II complexes. (rupress.org)
The results confirm the importance of the V beta CDR1 in antigen-MHC molecule recognition, supporting the Fab-like structural model of TCR alpha beta, and provide further evidence that conventional antigen-MHC recognition and superantigen recognition are mediated by distinct regions of the TCR beta chain. (scripps.edu)
The prevalence of a common point mutation, previously identified in the CDR1 gene of some ITS genotype 1 isolates, was determined for avian and human C. (thefreedictionary.com)

This method is usually straightforward in the V H and J H regions, where there are large regions of sequence similarity. (jimmunol.org)
The core epitope of 2F5, the most studied of the two MAbs, has been defined conveniently by a short linear sequence, ELDKWA, which is found at the extreme C-terminal end of the C-heptad repeat region on the ectodomain of gp41 ( 37 ). (asm.org)
A separate set of mouse experiments used adoptively transferred TCRβ transgenic lymphocytes, then analyzed H-Y-specific CD62L hi and CD62L lo memory T cell clonotypes defined by sequence variation in the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3α ( 14 ). (pnas.org)
CAAT box (also CAT box) A conserved sequence found within the promoter region of the protein-encoding genes of many eukaryotic organisms. (fao.org)
In this context, algorithms and tools are necessary for analyzing the IG and TR diversity on nucleotide as well as on amino acid sequence level, identifying highly proliferated clonotypes, determining the diversity of the cell repertoire found in a sample, comparing different states of the human immune system, and visualizing all relevant information. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, while V H 6-1 provides a framework for development of HA stem-directed bnAbs, sequence differences in CDR H3 junctional regions during VDJ recombination can alter reactivity and evolutionary pathways toward increased breadth. (rcsb.org)

The V beta complementarity determining region 1 of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted T cell receptor is involved in the recognition of peptide/MHC I and superantigen/MHC II complex. (rupress.org)
These enhanced properties of Ac-6-FP were attributable to structural alterations in MR1 that subsequently affected MAIT TCR recognition via conformational changes within the complementarity-determining region (CDR) 3? (jove.com)
The E6 TILs recognized the cells expressing E6 but not similar cells expressing only green fluorescent protein, suggesting the cells targeted a naturally processed region of E6 and that recognition might be HLA-A*02:01 restricted. (cancer.gov)

The variable domains are located on three loops known as hypervariable regions (HV-1, HV-2 and HV-3). (news-medical.net)
These mutations occur mostly at "hotspots" in the DNA, which are concentrated in hypervariable regions. (wikipedia.org)

A crystal structure of a complex of 2F5 and a peptide corresponding to its core epitope on gp41, ELDKWAS, revealed that the peptide interacts with residues at the base of the unusually long (22-residue) third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR H3) but not the apex. (asm.org)
Higher relative affinity for DOPS-β2GPI was achieved by the introduction of Arg residues into the 3H9 H chain variable region at positions previously shown to mediate DNA binding. (pnas.org)
Amino acid residues that are critical in maintaining the framework structure of immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain variable (V) regions are strongly conserved in the V alpha and V beta proteins of the alpha beta T-cell antigen receptor (TCR alpha beta). (scripps.edu)
The residues in these variable domains are located in two regions of the TCR, at the interface of the α- and β-chains and in the β-chain framework region that is thought to be in proximity to the CD3 signal-transduction complex. (wikipedia.org)

We determined here the structure of a human melanoma-specific TCR (E8) bound to the MHC molecule HLA-DR1 and an epitope from mutant triosephosphate isomerase. (biomedsearch.com)

Framework region Hypervariable region Abbas AK and Lichtman AH (2003). (wikipedia.org)
IMEX is an user-friendly and flexible framework for performing clonality experiments based on CDR and V-(D)-J rearranged regions, diversity analysis, primer efficiency, and various different visualization experiments. (biomedcentral.com)
The heavy chain variable region (VH) segments mainly used in this technology are based on a designer framework that folds inside cells without the need for the intra-chain disulphide bond and can be used as drug surrogates to determine on-target effects (target validation) and as templates for small molecule drug development. (mdpi.com)
The Complementarity Determining Regions (CDR) and the Framework Regions (FR) are parts of the variable regions of the Immunoglobulin and T cell Receptor chains. (imgt.org)
The IMGT unique numbering for V-REGION [1] has allowed to redefine the limits of the Complementarity Determining Regions and Framework Regions, designated as CDR-IMGT and FR-IMGT , respectively in IMGT. (imgt.org)

The complementarity-determining regions of Ibritumomab bind to the CD20 antigen on B lymphocytes. (centerwatch.com)
Unique sdAbs exhibiting nanomolar or better affinities for the recombinant proteins were obtained and most of the isolated sdAbs retained their ability to bind antigen after cycles of heating as determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). (mdpi.com)

A peptide corresponding to the complementarity determining region 3 of the heavy chain (CDR3H) selectively bound PrPSc but had lost antiprion activity. (uni-bayreuth.de)
The Constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail, while the Variable region binds to the peptide/MHC complex. (wikipedia.org)

The variable region of each immunoglobulin heavy or light chain is encoded in several pieces on the genes. (news-medical.net)
Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. (wikipedia.org)

10 . The isolated nucleic acid of claim 9 , wherein one or more canonical glycosylation sites are absent from the V1V2 region of the gp120 molecule. (google.com)

In addition, D and J elements of the IgH chains encode the complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 that constitutes a significant part of the Ig antigen binding site. (biomedcentral.com)
A light chain can be of either the lambda (IGL) or kappa (IGK) variety, whereas the heavy chain has only one possibility (IGH), and the loci encoding these three chains reside in distinct regions of the genome. (biomedcentral.com)

The average length of H3 loops for guinea pigs has not been determined. (asm.org)

Figure 1 shows the configuration of whole IgG together with single-chain Fv (scFv), which consists of heavy (H) and light (L) chain variable regions (VH and VL) joined in a single polypeptide by a flexible linker to improve its assembly inside cells. (mdpi.com)
IRDye680RD-labeled 8709 scFv-Fc and IRDye800CW-labeled nimotuzumab used in combination were able to determine the ratio of cells expressing EGFR and a deletion mutant EGFR vIII . (thno.org)
A) Binding capacity of scFv fragments to Cap-PCV2 and BSA determined by ELISA. (springer.com)

Also included is a method of achieving systemic circulation of a TNFα inhibitor in a subject comprising administering the TNFα inhibitor to the central lung region or the peripheral lung region of the subject via inhalation, such that systemic circulation of the TNFα inhibitor is achieved. (freepatentsonline.com)

11. The method of any one of claims 1- 8 , wherein the TNFα inhibitor is distributed to the peripheral lung region of the subject such that a P/C ratio of about 1.3 is achieved. (freepatentsonline.com)

One interpretation of the inability to elicit 2F5-like Abs in animals is that it may be difficult to elicit an Ab with a very long third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR H3), as is found in 2F5. (asm.org)
This gene segment was contained in a 5.0 kb EcoRI fragment isolated by a 700 bp probe 3' to the mouse heavy chain joining minigene region between the XbaI and EcoRI sites. (unl.edu)
Seal SN, Monestier M, Radic MZ: Diverse roles for the third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (H3) in the binding of immunoglobulin Fv fragments to DNA, nucleosomes and cardiolipin. (biomedcentral.com)

The capsid often determines the shape of the virus. (fao.org)

Each chain is composed of two extracellular domains: Variable (V) region and a Constant (C) region, both of Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domain forming antiparallel β-sheets . (wikipedia.org)

This region represents the germline organization of the T cell receptor beta locus. (cancerindex.org)
During B cell division the immunoglobulin variable region DNA is transcribed and translated. (wikipedia.org)
This first stage of autotransporter folding determines whether subsequent translocation can deliver the N-terminal domain to its functional form on the bacterial cell surface. (jove.com)

IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen , for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. (wikipedia.org)

2010). Despite the diversity of structures and distributions, characterised silks have certain features in common, notably, being semicrystalline materials, that is materials with regions of ordered molecular structure (crystallites) within an amorphous matrix and also, all show typically similar protein compositions, often rich in alanine, serine, and/or glycine (Sutherland et al. (wipo.int)

One of these regions is called the variable domain. (news-medical.net)

6 The last approach has identified key determinants in discontinuous loop regions of Cγ2 and Cγ3. (bmj.com)

The lengths of the FR-IMGT and CDR-IMGT are in themselves crucial information which characterize variable regions belonging to a group, a subgroup and/or a gene [2-5]. (imgt.org)

[3] [4] Each locus can produce a variety of polypeptides with constant and variable regions. (wikipedia.org)

The instant invention provides methods for determining if a subject will benefit from treatment with a Pinl modulator based on the expression of Pinl and one or more cancer associated polypeptides, e.g., her2/neu, ras, cyclin Dl, Cdk4, E2F, Myc, Jun, and Rb. (freepatentsonline.com)
The invention further provides methods for determining if a subject will benefit from treatment with one or more cancer treatments, alone or in combination with a Pinl modulator. (freepatentsonline.com)

Article 10 (IX) of the Law of Industrial Property determines that biological materials found in, or isolated from, nature are not considered to be inventions. (mondaq.com)

Anatomy8

Organisms19

Chemicals and Drugs94

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Phenomena and Processes105

Disciplines and Occupations5

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science11

Health Care7

Characterization of T-cell repertoire of the bone marrow in immune-mediated aplastic anemia: evidence for the involvement of antigen-driven T-cell response in cyclosporine-dependent aplastic anemia. (1/723)

A peptide derived from a polyreactive monoclonal anti-DNA natural antibody can modulate lupus development in (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. (2/723)

Polyclonal expansion of TCRBV2- and TCRBV6-bearing T cells in patients with Kawasaki disease. (3/723)

Evolution of antigen-specific T cell receptors in vivo: preimmune and antigen-driven selection of preferred complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) motifs. (4/723)

Composite low grade B-cell lymphomas with two immunophenotypically distinct cell populations are true biclonal lymphomas. A molecular analysis using laser capture microdissection. (5/723)

Astrocytoma infiltrating lymphocytes include major T cell clonal expansions confined to the CD8 subset. (6/723)

Characterisation of T cell clonotypes that accumulated in multiple joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (7/723)

Selection at multiple checkpoints focuses V(H)12 B cell differentiation toward a single B-1 cell specificity. (8/723)

Complementarity Determining Regions

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Models, Molecular

Base Pairing

Immunoglobulin Variable Region

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Amino Acid Sequence

RNA, Small Nuclear

Crystallography, X-Ray

Binding Sites, Antibody

Binding Sites

Protein Conformation

RNA, Ribosomal, 18S

Antibody Affinity

MicroRNAs

Hydrogen Bonding

Immunoglobulin Light Chains

Static Electricity

Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments

Protein Binding

3' Untranslated Regions

RNA, Ribosomal, 28S

RNA, Antisense

5' Untranslated Regions

Immunoglobulin Fragments

RNA, Viral

Mutation

RNA, Messenger

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta

Genes, Immunoglobulin

Proteins

Sequence Alignment

Argonaute Proteins

Biodiversity

RNA, Complementary

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain

Algorithms

Antibodies, Catalytic

Antibody Diversity

Biomass

RNA

RNA, Plant

Thermodynamics

Conserved Sequence

Computational Biology

RNA Precursors

Ligands

Ecosystem

Protein Engineering

Protein Structure, Secondary

RNA, Ribosomal

RNA, Bacterial

Antibodies, Monoclonal

DNA

Chironomidae

RNA Splicing

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic

Transcription, Genetic

Escherichia coli

Molecular Conformation

Gastropoda

Comamonas testosteroni

Anticodon

RNA, Transfer, Lys

Templates, Genetic

Antibody Specificity

Protein Biosynthesis

Structure-Activity Relationship

Plants

Epitopes

Protein Interaction Mapping

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Peptides

Genetic Code

Cell Line

Polychaeta

Sequence Analysis, RNA