Complementarity Determining Regions
Three regions (CDR1; CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. Together the CDRs from the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains form a surface that is complementary to the antigen. These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL).
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Base Sequence
Models, Molecular
Base Pairing
Immunoglobulin Variable Region
That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Amino Acid Sequence
RNA, Small Nuclear
Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.
Crystallography, X-Ray
Binding Sites, Antibody
Binding Sites
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Antibody Affinity
A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.
MicroRNAs
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides in length generated from single-stranded microRNA gene transcripts by the same RIBONUCLEASE III, Dicer, that produces small interfering RNAs (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING). They become part of the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX and repress the translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of target RNA by binding to homologous 3'UTR region as an imperfect match. The small temporal RNAs (stRNAs), let-7 and lin-4, from C. elegans, are the first 2 miRNAs discovered, and are from a class of miRNAs involved in developmental timing.
Hydrogen Bonding
Immunoglobulin Light Chains
Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments
Univalent antigen-binding fragments composed of one entire IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN and the amino terminal end of one of the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS from the hinge region, linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fab contains the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGIONS, which are part of the antigen-binding site, and the first IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONSTANT REGIONS. This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.
Protein Binding
3' Untranslated Regions
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
RNA, Antisense
RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
5' Untranslated Regions
Immunoglobulin Fragments
Mutation
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
Genes, Immunoglobulin
Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).
Proteins
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Argonaute Proteins
Biodiversity
RNA, Complementary
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
Algorithms
Antibodies, Catalytic
Antibody Diversity
The phenomenon of immense variability characteristic of ANTIBODIES. It enables the IMMUNE SYSTEM to react specifically against the essentially unlimited kinds of ANTIGENS it encounters. Antibody diversity is accounted for by three main theories: (1) the Germ Line Theory, which holds that each antibody-producing cell has genes coding for all possible antibody specificities, but expresses only the one stimulated by antigen; (2) the Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that antibody-producing cells contain only a few genes, which produce antibody diversity by mutation; and (3) the Gene Rearrangement Theory, which holds that antibody diversity is generated by the rearrangement of IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION gene segments during the differentiation of the ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CELLS.
Biomass
RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
RNA, Plant
Thermodynamics
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
Conserved Sequence
Computational Biology
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
RNA Precursors
RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.
Ligands
A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Ecosystem
Protein Engineering
Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.
Protein Structure, Secondary
RNA, Ribosomal
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
RNA, Bacterial
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Chironomidae
RNA Splicing
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
Transcription, Genetic
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Gastropoda
Comamonas testosteroni
Anticodon
RNA, Transfer, Lys
Templates, Genetic
Antibody Specificity
Protein Biosynthesis
Structure-Activity Relationship
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Genetic Code
Polychaeta
Sequence Analysis, RNA
Ribosomes
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Haptens
Immunoglobulin Joining Region
A segment of the immunoglobulin heavy chains, encoded by the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES in the J segment where, during the maturation of B-LYMPHOCYTES; the gene segment for the variable region upstream is joined to a constant region gene segment downstream. The exact position of joining of the two gene segments is variable and contributes to ANTIBODY DIVERSITY. It is distinguished from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN J CHAINS; a separate polypeptide that serves as a linkage piece in polymeric IGA or IGM.
Introns
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Dimerization
Peptide Library
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
RNA Splice Sites
RNA, Small Nucleolar
Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.
Computer Simulation
RNA, Small Untranslated
DNA Primers
Immunoglobulin Idiotypes
Unique genetically-controlled determinants present on ANTIBODIES whose specificity is limited to a single group of proteins (e.g., another antibody molecule or an individual myeloma protein). The idiotype appears to represent the antigenicity of the antigen-binding site of the antibody and to be genetically codetermined with it. The idiotypic determinants have been precisely located to the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION of both immunoglobin polypeptide chains.
Molecular Mimicry
Cloning, Molecular
Ribonuclease III
Codon, Initiator
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Antibodies
RNA Caps
Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.
Surface Plasmon Resonance
A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.
Molecular Structure
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
Protein Structure, Quaternary
RNA-Induced Silencing Complex
A multicomponent, ribonucleoprotein complex comprised of one of the family of ARGONAUTE PROTEINS and the "guide strand" of the one of the 20- to 30-nucleotide small RNAs. RISC cleaves specific RNAs, which are targeted for degradation by homology to these small RNAs. Functions in regulating gene expression are determined by the specific argonaute protein and small RNA including siRNA (RNA, SMALL INTERFERING), miRNA (MICRORNA), or piRNA (PIWI-INTERACTING RNA).
Software
Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
RNA, Guide
Mutagenesis
RNA Stability
Oligonucleotides
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.
Clone Cells
A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Conservation of Natural Resources
Cell Nucleolus
Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
DNA, Complementary
Virus Replication
RNA, Fungal
Ribonuclease H
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Substrate Specificity
Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes
Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.
Temperature
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
Amino Acids
Gene Library
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Hybridomas
Endoribonucleases
Evolution, Molecular
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
Base Pair Mismatch
The presence of an uncomplimentary base in double-stranded DNA caused by spontaneous deamination of cytosine or adenine, mismatching during homologous recombination, or errors in DNA replication. Multiple, sequential base pair mismatches lead to formation of heteroduplex DNA; (NUCLEIC ACID HETERODUPLEXES).
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
HeLa Cells
Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear
RNA, Untranslated
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Models, Biological
Muramidase
A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.
Single-Chain Antibodies
Plankton
Plasmids
Nitrogen
DNA, Intergenic
Protein Stability
RNA, Catalytic
RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.
Biological Evolution
Antigen-Antibody Complex
HIV-1
Models, Genetic
Consensus Sequence
A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.
Drug Design
The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.
Alanine
Exons
Nucleotides
Surface Properties
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.
Databases, Protein
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
Crystallization
Models, Chemical
Amino Acid Motifs
Genetic Complementation Test
Poaceae
B-Lymphocytes
Gene Rearrangement
Peptide Fragments
Sequence Analysis
Immunoglobulin G
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
Mammals
DNA, Single-Stranded
Water
Chemistry, Physical
Point Mutation
Retroelements
Elements that are transcribed into RNA, reverse-transcribed into DNA and then inserted into a new site in the genome. Long terminal repeats (LTRs) similar to those from retroviruses are contained in retrotransposons and retrovirus-like elements. Retroposons, such as LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS do not contain LTRs.
Population Dynamics
Defective Viruses
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Macromolecular Substances
Catalysis
Genes
Characterization of T-cell repertoire of the bone marrow in immune-mediated aplastic anemia: evidence for the involvement of antigen-driven T-cell response in cyclosporine-dependent aplastic anemia. (1/723)
To determine whether the antigen-driven T-cell response is involved in the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia (AA), we examined the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) size distribution of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain (BV) subfamilies in the bone marrow (BM) of untreated AA patients. AA patients who did not respond to immunosuppressive therapy and those who obtained unmaintained remission early after cyclosporine (CyA) or antithymocyte globulin (ATG) therapy exhibited essentially a normal CDR3 size pattern. In contrast, five patients who needed continuous administration of CyA to maintain remission exhibited a skewed CDR3 size pattern in a number (>40%) of BV subfamilies suggestive of clonal predominance. The skewing of CDR3 size distribution became less pronounced in one of the CyA-dependent patients when the patient achieved unmaintained remission after a 4-year therapy with CyA, whereas it persisted longer than 7 years in the other patient requiring maintenance therapy. Sequencing of BV15 cDNA for which the CDR3 size pattern exhibited apparent clonal predominance in all CyA-dependent patients showed high homology of the amino acid sequence of the CDR3 between two different patients. These findings indicate that antigen-driven expansion of T cells is involved in the pathogenesis of AA characterized by CyA-dependent recovery of hematopoiesis. (+info)A peptide derived from a polyreactive monoclonal anti-DNA natural antibody can modulate lupus development in (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. (2/723)
In lupus-prone (NZBxNZW)F1 (B/W) mice, elevated levels of polyreactive autoantibodies bearing the D23 idiotype (Id), characteristic of natural antibodies, were detected before and after the appearance of pathological anti-DNA antibodies. While these D23 Id+ antibodies were able to regulate anti-DNA antibodies in the early stage of the disease, we found that during disease evolution they had lost their normal ability to regulate anti-DNA antibodies and furthermore could participate in the lupus-like syndrome. To explore further the role of the D23 Id+ antibodies, we injected young B/W mice with a peptide corresponding to the VH CDR3 region of the D23 monoclonal natural antibody (mNAb). High levels of monospecific antipeptide, as well as polyreactive antibodies, were induced. Among them, the most markedly enhanced antibody population was DNA-reactive immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). Compared with controls, these immunized mice had a delayed 50% survival rate and proteinuria developed later. Furthermore, IgG1 able to react with IgG2a anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies derived from B/W mice were also produced after peptide immunization. Thus, a peptide corresponding to the CDR3 of the D23 mNAb antibody might play a role in the regulation of murine lupus. (+info)Polyclonal expansion of TCRBV2- and TCRBV6-bearing T cells in patients with Kawasaki disease. (3/723)
We examined T-cell receptor (TCR) usage, cytokine production and antibody responses to superantigens in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) to facilitate a better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of KD. The mean percentage of VB2- or VB6. 5-bearing T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with acute-phase KD was significantly higher than that of patients in the convalescent phase of KD or in healthy donors. Expansion of VB2- or VB6.5-bearing T cells was polyclonal because DNA sequences in the complementarity determining region 3 of VB2- and VB6.5-positive cDNA clones were all different from each other. The plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were elevated in the acute phase of KD. We previously reported that streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SPEC) was a potent stimulator of VB2- and VB6.5-positive T cells and, furthermore, serum levels of anti-SPEC antibodies were significantly higher in patients with acute and convalescent KD than in age-matched controls. The results of the present study, together with those of our previous report, suggest that SPEC induces activation and polyclonal expansion of VB2- and VB6.5-positive T cells, and that SPEC-induced activation of T cells may lead to the pathogenesis of KD. (+info)Evolution of antigen-specific T cell receptors in vivo: preimmune and antigen-driven selection of preferred complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) motifs. (4/723)
Antigen (Ag)-driven selection of helper T cells (Th) in normal animals has been difficult to study and remains poorly understood. Using the major histocompatibility complex class II- restricted murine response to pigeon cytochrome c (PCC), we provide evidence for both preimmune and Ag-driven selection in the evolution of Ag-specific immunity in vivo. Before antigenic challenge, most Valpha11(+)Vbeta3(+) Th (70%) express a critical complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) residue (glutamic acid at TCR-alpha93) associated with PCC peptide contact. Over the first 5 d of the primary response, PCC-responsive Valpha11(+)Vbeta3(+) Th expressing eight preferred CDR3 features are rapidly selected in vivo. Clonal dominance is further propagated through selective expansion of the PCC-specific cells with T cell receptor (TCR) of the "best fit." Ag-driven selection is complete before significant emergence of the germinal center reaction. These data argue that thymic selection shapes TCR-alpha V region bias in the preimmune repertoire; however, Ag itself and the nongerminal center microenvironment drive the selective expansion of clones with preferred TCR that dominate the response to Ag in vivo. (+info)Composite low grade B-cell lymphomas with two immunophenotypically distinct cell populations are true biclonal lymphomas. A molecular analysis using laser capture microdissection. (5/723)
Low grade B-cell lymphomas comprise several well defined, clinically and immunophenotypically distinct disease entities. Composite lymphomas showing phenotypic characteristics of more than one of these tumor subtypes in the same site are rare, and both common and separate clonal origins of the two tumor parts have been reported for cases studied by molecular methods. We describe the detailed immunohistochemical and molecular findings in three cases with features of composite low grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). All three neoplasms contained morphologically distinct but interwoven compartments of different cell types, which exhibited discordant expression of several markers, including CD5, CD10, CD43, and cyclin D1. According to their morphology and phenotypes, they were classified as mantle cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma (Case 1), follicular lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma (Case 2), and mantle cell lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (Case 3). PCR analysis of DNA obtained from whole tissue sections failed to reveal evidence for biclonality in any of the cases. We therefore isolated cell populations with different antigen expression patterns by laser capture microdissection and analyzed them by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangements and oncogene rearrangements. Sequence analysis revealed unrelated clonal rearrangements in each of the two tumor parts in all three cases, suggesting distinct clonal origins. In addition, Case 1 showed a bcl-2 rearrangement present only in the follicular lymphoma part. Our findings suggest that low grade B-NHL with two distinct morphological and immunophenotypic patterns in the same anatomical site are frequently biclonal. This is in keeping with current classification schemes, which recognize subtypes of low grade B-NHL as separate disease entities. Furthermore, our analysis demonstrates the power of laser capture microdissection in revealing molecular microheterogeneity in complex neoplasms. (+info)Astrocytoma infiltrating lymphocytes include major T cell clonal expansions confined to the CD8 subset. (6/723)
Anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma are frequent and malignant brain tumors that are infiltrated by T lymphocytes. Whether these cells result from non-specific inflammation following blood-brain barrier disruption or an antigen-driven specific immune response is unknown. In this study, an in-depth characterization of TCR diversity in tumor and blood RNA biopsies was performed in a series of 16 patients with malignant astrocytoma. Whilst there was no obvious restriction of the AV and BV gene segment usage, complementarity-determining region 3 size analysis and sequencing of amplified TCR transcripts revealed multiple T cell oligoclonal expansions in all astrocytomas analyzed. Unique T cell clones were present in different adjacent areas of a given tumor, but never detected in the blood. Quantification of the number of TCR clonal transcripts per microg of tumor RNA indicated that certain T cell clonal expansions may represent at least 300 cells/10(6) tumor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the in vivo expanded clones were almost exclusively confined to the CD8(+) subset. Overall, these data suggest that spontaneous antigen-driven immune responses may be elicited against human astrocytoma despite the immunosuppressive microenvironment generated by the brain and the tumor itself. However, the ultimate failure of the immune system to control tumor growth could be the consequence of a deficient CD4 T(h) component of the response. This observation could have important consequences for the development of immunotherapies for astrocytoma patients. (+info)Characterisation of T cell clonotypes that accumulated in multiple joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (7/723)
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether identical T cell clonotypes accumulate in multiple rheumatoid joints, the clonality of T cells that had infiltrated into synovial tissue (ST) samples simultaneously obtained from multiple joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was analysed. METHODS: T cell receptor (TCR) beta gene transcripts, amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from ST and peripheral blood lymphocytes of five RA patients, were subjected to single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of accumulated T cell clonotypes found in one joint of a patient were found in multiple joints in the same patient. Furthermore, identical amino acid sequences were found in TCR beta junctional regions of these clonotypes from different patients with at least one HLA molecule match. CONCLUSIONS: The T cell clonotypes accumulating in multiple rheumatoid joints may be involved in the perpetuation of polyarthritis by reacting to antigens common to these multiple joints. (+info)Selection at multiple checkpoints focuses V(H)12 B cell differentiation toward a single B-1 cell specificity. (8/723)
Phosphatidyl choline (PtC)-specific B cells segregate to the B-1 subset, where they comprise up to 10% of the B-1 repertoire. About half express V(H)12 and Vkappa4/5H and are restricted in V(H)CDR3. We have previously reported that anti-PtC V(H)CDR3 is enriched among V(H)12-expressing cells by selective elimination of pre-B cells. We report here a bias for Vkappa4/5H expression among V(H)12-expressing B cells, even among those that do not bind PtC and are not B-1. This is due in part to an inability of V(H)12 to associate with many light (L) chains but must also be due to a selective advantage in survival or clonal expansion in the periphery for Vkappa4/5H-expressing cells. Thus, the bias for Vkappa4/5H expression is independent of PtC binding, and, as segregation to B-1 occurs after Ig gene expression, it precedes segregation to the B-1 subset. In 6-1 mice, splenic B-1 cells reside in follicles but segregate to follicles distinct from those that contain B-2 cells. These data indicate that selection at multiple developmental checkpoints ensures the co-expression of an anti-PtC V(H)CDR3 and L chain in a high frequency of V(H)12 B cells. This focus toward specificity for PtC facilitates the development of a large anti-PtC B-1 repertoire. (+info)
Complementarity-determining region
Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors ... Complementarity+determining+regions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) PyIgClassify -- ... Framework region Hypervariable region Abbas AK and Lichtman AH (2003). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (5th ed.). Saunders, ... these regions are sometimes referred to as hypervariable regions. Within the variable domain, CDR1 and CDR2 are found in the ...
Somatic hypermutation
These regions correspond to the complementarity-determining regions; the sites involved in antigen recognition on the ... The TSM process implies an "in-frame DNA reader" whereby DNA and RNA deaminases at transcribed regions are guided in their ... During B cell division the immunoglobulin variable region DNA is transcribed and translated. The introduction of mutations in ... Somatic hypermutation involves a programmed process of mutation affecting the variable regions of immunoglobulin genes. Unlike ...
Antigen
... each have distinctly formed complementarity-determining regions. Allergen - A substance capable of causing an allergic reaction ...
Antibody
These loops are referred to as the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), since their shape complements that of an antigen ... or complementarity-determining regions (CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3). CDRs are supported within the variable domains by conserved ... multi-level conformational clustering of antibody complementarity-determining regions". PeerJ. 2 (e456): e456. doi:10.7717/ ... The distinctive features of each class are determined by the part of the heavy chain within the hinge and Fc region. The ...
Cancer immunotherapy
Humanized antibodies are almost completely human; only the complementarity determining regions of the variable regions are ... Changes in the Fc region can alter an antibody's ability to engage Fc receptors and, by extension, will determine the type of ... Anti-PD-1 drugs contain not only an Fab region that binds PD-1 but also an Fc region. Experimental work indicates that the Fc ... Antibodies are formed of a binding region (Fab) and the Fc region that can be detected by immune system cells via their Fc ...
1986 in science
"Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse". Nature. 321 (6069): 522-525. ...
Mesothelin
"Humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies via grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome complementarity-determining regions: ... The region (residues 296-359) consisting of 64 amino acids at the N-terminus of cell surface mesothelin has been identified as ... depending on the assay used and thus that normal levels must be determined anew when new assays are introduced. Increase of ...
Rabbit hybridoma
They named "HV4" and "LV4", non-complementarity-determining region (CDR) loops that are structurally close to the antigen and ... "Humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies via grafting combined Kabat/IMGT/Paratome complementarity-determining regions: ...
Humanized antibody
... despite the non-human origin of some of its complementarity-determining region (CDR) segments responsible for the ability of ... "Humanization of an anti-CD34 monoclonal antibody by complementarity-determining region grafting based on computer-assisted ... In this case, a mouse variable region is spliced to a human constant region. The chimera can then be further humanized by ... That is, since the CDR portions of the variable region are essential to the ability of the antibody to bind to its intended ...
MRNA display
However, they have demonstrated that two of the five consensus mutations were within the complementarity determining regions ( ... The T7 promoter region allows large-scale in vitro T7 transcription to transcribe the DNA library into an mRNA library, which ... The ribosomal binding site in the 5'-untranslated region (5' UTR) is designed according to the in vitro translation system to ...
2F5 antibody
... between Antibody 2F5 Neutralization of HIV-1 and Hydrophobicity of Its Heavy Chain Third Complementarity-Determining Region". ... The region DKW of the core epitope must be in a β-turn conformation and have the correct side-chain positions for 2F5 to bind ... 2F5 recognizes an epitope in the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41. 2F5 then binds to this epitope and its ... 2F5 binds to the variable regions of env and neutralizes the virus before it infects target cells. 2F5 recognizes a core ...
Paratope
Each paratope is made up of six complementarity-determining regions - three from each of the light and heavy chains - that ... In cows, an extra-long complementarity-determining region is considered to have an essential role in diversifying paratopes. ... It is a small region at the tip of the antibody's antigen-binding fragment and contains parts of the antibody's heavy and light ...
Catch bond
Leverage Vbeta Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) and Hydrophobic Patch in Mechanosensing Thymic Self-ligands". Journal ... Ju L, Dong JF, Cruz MA, Zhu C (November 2013). "The N-terminal flanking region of the A1 domain regulates the force-dependent ... "Force-regulated in situ TCR-peptide-bound MHC class II kinetics determine functions of CD4+ T cells". Journal of Immunology. ... "Mechano-regulation of Peptide-MHC Class I Conformations Determines TCR Antigen Recognition". Molecular Cell. 73 (5): 1015-27 e7 ...
Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
Evidence for the involvement of multiple complementarity determining region (CDR)-like loops in receptor domain I". The Journal ... 5'-flanking region of the Pigr gene contains a response element to glucocorticoids. This class of hormones increases the steady ... Cleavage occurs at the junction of the transmembrane region of the receptor and domain 5. pIgRs are capable of capturing IgA ... The quite long intracellular domain of the receptor, along with the transmembrane region, is responsible for the transduction ...
T-cell receptor
The variable domain of both the TCR α-chain and β-chain each have three hypervariable or complementarity-determining regions ( ... The Constant region is proximal to the cell membrane, followed by a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail, while ... Each chain is composed of two extracellular domains: Variable (V) region and a Constant (C) region, both of Immunoglobulin ... The intersection of these specific regions (V and J for the alpha or gamma chain; V, D, and J for the beta or delta chain) ...
Dostarlimab
IgG4 monoclonal antibody that was derived from a mouse antibody which was humanized via Complementarity Determining Region (CDR ... as determined by an FDA-approved test, that has progressed on or following prior treatment with a platinum-containing regimen. ... as determined by an FDA-approved test, that have progressed on or following prior treatment and who have no satisfactory ...
Idiotype
The variable region of antigen receptors of T cells (TCRs) and B cells (immunoglobulins) contain complementarity-determining ... They define the surface and properties of the variable region, determining the antigen specificity and therefore the idiotope ... He also defined the "paratope" to be that part of an antibody variable region that binds to an antigen. The best developed ... Antibody idiotype is determined by: Gene rearrangement Junctional diversity P-nucleotides (palindromic nucleotides at sites of ...
Theralizumab
The complementarity-determining regions of 5.11A1 were cloned into the framework of human IgG and combined with IgG1 (TGN1112) ... The molecule was genetically engineered by transfer of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from heavy and light ... Humanised variable regions were subsequently recombined with a human gene coding for the IgG4 gamma chain and with a human gene ... region. According to a report by TeGenero, the F(ab)2 is not able to generate the required stimulation. Unlike the related ...
Fragment antigen-binding
The variable domain contains the paratope (the antigen-binding site), comprising a set of complementarity-determining regions, ... The fragment antigen-binding region (Fab region) is a region on an antibody that binds to antigens. It is composed of one ... Conversely, the enzyme pepsin cleaves below the hinge region, so the result instead is a F(ab')2 fragment and a pFc' fragment. ... Heavy and light chains, variable and constant regions of an antibody. An antibody digested by papain yields three fragments: ...
Nest (protein structural motif)
... complementarity determining regions) bound to a carboxylate side chain. These have been engineered to give rise to monoclonal ... Their occurrence in cation and anion-binding regions of proteins". Journal of Molecular Biology. 315 (15): 183-191. doi:10.1006 ... successive residues gives rise to anion-binding sites that occur commonly and are found often at functionally important regions ...
Complementarity
... psychology The principle that the International Criminal Court is a court of last resort Complementarity-determining region, ... Look up complementarity or complementary in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Complementarity may refer to: Complementarity ( ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Complementarity. If an internal link led you here, you may ... molecular biology), a property of nucleic acid molecules in molecular biology Complementarity (physics), the principle that ...
Affilin
... whereas the binding regions of antibodies, called complementarity-determining regions, are flexible loops. Historically, ... In both types, the binding region is typically located in a beta sheet structure, ... a process creating regions capable of binding different antigens, depending on which amino acids are exchanged. ...
Eculizumab
It is an immunoglobulin G-kappa (IgGκ) consisting of human constant regions and murine complementarity-determining regions ... per person per year price and Pharmac's economic analysis determined the price would need to be halved before the drug was cost ... grafted onto human framework light and heavy chain variable regions. The compound contains two 448-amino acid heavy chains and ...
Inotuzumab ozogamicin
The antibody, originally called G5/44, was created by grafting the complementarity-determining regions and some framework ...
Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies
... everything is replaced except the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), the three loops of amino acid sequences at the ... If the constant region is replaced with the human form, the antibody is termed chimeric and the substem used was -xi-. Part of ... Group 2 has the stem -bart for full-length antibodies artificial, which contain one or more engineered regions (at least one ... Finally, group 4 assigns the stem -ment for monospecific antibody fragments without an Fc region. Other antibody parts (such as ...
Elizabeth Press
... now known as complementarity-determining region 3. Her research also pointed to evidence that at least two genes are involved ... Her studies on antibodies were important in determining the chain structure, and particularly the observation that more than ... Press's work provided the first evidence that immunoglobulin heavy chains had variable regions similar to those observed in ...
CDR2
... can refer to Complementarity-determining region 2 on antibodies CDR2 (gene), cerebellar degeneration-related protein 2, a ...
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
... one study identified the preferential presence of the TCR-V-b and complementarity-determining region 3 in T-cell receptors ... studies to date have not clearly determined if they are a cause or merely a consequence of T cell-mediated tissue injury. ...
Meir Wilchek
... today called the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Affinity therapy, or immunotoxins is a biorecognition-based ...
Arthur M. Lesk
They discovered the "canonical-structure model" for the conformation of the complementarity-determining regions of antibodies, ... each peptide plane is determined for Ribbon Diagrams and β-sheets; and spline fit is used for curved sheets. Hidden-line ... "Conformations of immunoglobulin hypervariable regions". Nature. 342 (6252): 877-883. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..877C. doi:10.1038/ ...
Conservation biology
Compile data on the biodiversity of the planning region Identify conservation goals for the planning region Review existing ... Monitoring an indicator species is a measure to determine if there is a significant environmental impact that can serve to ... November 2007). "Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity". ... The value of ecosystem services on one New Zealand island has been imputed to be as great as the GDP of that region. This ...
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
However, it is possible to create a mixture of smaller probes that are specific to a particular region (locus) of DNA; these ... The mixture of probe sequences determines the type of feature the probe can detect. Probes that hybridize along an entire ... fluorescent probes that bind to only particular parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity ... Bacterial FISH probes are often primers for the 16s rRNA region. FISH is widely used in the field of microbial ecology, to ...
Nucleic acid structure prediction
The biggest problem is to determine the structure of regions between double stranded helical regions. Also RNA molecules often ... In vivo, DNA structures are more likely to be duplexes with full complementarity between two strands, while RNA structures are ... A common problem for researchers working with RNA is to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule given only a ... However, in the case of RNA much of the final structure is determined by the secondary structure or intra-molecular base ...
DNA-binding domain
They contain a central region of tandem 33-35 residue repeats and each repeat region encodes a single DNA base in the TALE's ... Within the repeat it is residue 13 alone that directly contacts the DNA base, determining sequence specificity, while other ... but even non-sequence-specific recognition involves some sort of molecular complementarity between protein and DNA. DNA ... The larger helix typically contains the DNA-binding regions. HMG-box domains are found in high mobility group proteins which ...
International Criminal Court
Fatou Bensouda invoked the principle of complementarity in the situation between Russia and Georgia in the Ossetia region. ... The amount payable by each state party is determined using the same method as the United Nations: each state's contribution is ... The principle of complementarity means that the Court will only prosecute an individual if states are unwilling or unable to ... "Beyond Complementarity: The International Criminal Court and National Prosecutions, a View from Haiti, Brian Concannon 32 ...
MicroRNA
Individual regions within an miRNA gene face different evolutionary pressures, where regions that are vital for processing and ... This complementarity was proposed to inhibit the translation of the lin-14 mRNA into the LIN-14 protein. At the time, the lin-4 ... Studies to determine what role pluripotent stem cells play in adipogenesis, were examined in the immortalized human bone marrow ... A mutation in the seed region of miR-96 causes hereditary progressive hearing loss. A mutation in the seed region of miR-184 ...
Participatory monitoring
Gray, M.; Kalpers, J. (2005). "Ranger based monitoring in the Virunga-Bwindi Region of East-Central Africa: a simple data ... determined on the basis of relative contributions of local stakeholders and professional researchers,. and supported by ... "Commonalities and complementarities among approaches to conservation monitoring and evaluation". Biological Conservation. 169: ... Scientist-executed monitoring is often costly and hard to sustain, especially in those regions of the world where financial ...
CM chondrite
Burbine, T (2016). "Advances in determining asteroid chemistries and mineralogies". Chemie der Erde. 76 (2): 181. Bibcode: ... "Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 35 (6): 1309-20. ... "Volatile fractionation in the early solar system and chondrule/matrix complementarity". PNAS. 102 (39): 13755-60. Bibcode: ... but from an arid region, and considered reasonably unaltered Nogoya- 1879; Boriskino- 1930; Murray- 1950; Murchison- 1969; ...
Plant virus
The chosen insect vector of a plant virus will often be the determining factor in that virus's host range: it can only infect ... 2001). "In vivo analysis of the TSWV cap-snatching mechanism: single base complementarity and primer length requirements". The ... untranslated regions of viral mRNA. Some viruses (e.g. tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)) have RNA sequences that contain a "leaky" ... although he did not determine that the RNA was the infectious material. However, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in ...
Mergers and acquisitions
Deloitte determines most companies do not do their due diligence in determining whether a M&A is the correct move due to these ... For the dimension strategic management, the six strategic variables: market similarity, market complementarities, production ... "M&A Statistics - Worldwide, Regions, Industries & Countries". Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA). ... The valuation methods described above represent ways to determine value of a company independently from how the market ...
Democratic capitalism
He also proposes that the prominence of democratic capitalism in a society is strongly determined by the religious concepts ... This saw the advancement of democratic capitalism throughout the European region. The South African Competition Act of 1998 ... According to political scientist Wolfgang Merkel, democracy and capitalism coexisted with more complementarity at this time ... as determined by decisions reached through democratic politics. It is marked by democratic elections, freedom, and rule of law ...
Nucleic acid structure
Base pairing in RNA occurs when RNA folds between complementarity regions. Both single- and double-stranded regions are often ... The sugar pucker which determines the shape of the a-helix, whether the helix will exist in the A-form or in the B-form, occurs ... A nucleic acid sequence is the order of nucleotides within a DNA (GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule that is determined by a series ... Pseudoknots are formed when nucleotides from the hairpin-loop pair with a single stranded region outside of the hairpin to form ...
Gary Ruvkun
... untranslated region of that mRNA. This was an indication that miRNA regulation via 3' UTR complementarity may be a common ... The Search for Extraterrestrial Genomes, or SETG, project has been developing a small instrument that can determine DNA ... When Ambros and Ruvkun compared the sequence of the lin-4 miRNA and the lin-14 3' untranslated region, they discovered that the ... untranslated region. In a key breakthrough, the Ambros lab discovered that lin-4 encodes a very small RNA product, defining the ...
Palestina Canton
The flora of the canton is determined mainly by rice, and complementarity teak, less cocoa, mango, tobacco, among others ... The town of Palestina is located within the Ecuadorian mainland, which, in turn, is situated in the coastal region or Litoral ...
Islamic ethics
These faculties determine the fate in the Akhira. The Quran says: We have bound every human's destiny to their neck. And on the ... Convergence and Complementarity (PDF), Al-Akhawayn University, archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008, retrieved ... Muhammad surveyed the natural resources in the region-the wadis (riverbeds); the rich, black volcanic soil; the high rangelands ... Muslims believe Allah determined certain aspects of their lives for which they are not accountable (e.g., their place of birth ...
Ondokuz Mayıs University
The final list of students is decided by adding up a pre-determined percentage of the YGS score and the local exam (aptitude ... Serving the inhabitants of the entire Black Sea region, both faculties provide treatment in all areas of health and dental care ... based on mutual understanding and complementarity among European countries. This process, which is rapidly growing and which ... the students are accepted to the undergraduate programmes according to the score of one of the international exams determined ...
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
Also, MOG was shown to dimerize in solution, and the shape complementarity index is high at the dimer interface, suggesting a " ... The crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was determined by x-ray diffraction at a resolution of 1.45 ... MOG's cDNA coding region in humans have been shown to be "highly homologous" to rats, mice, and bovine, and hence highly ... "Physical mapping of the human and mouse MOG gene at the distal end of the MHC class Ib region". Immunogenetics. 42 (5): 386-91 ...
Asteroidal water
A low obliquity helps; while the tropics take solar insolation, two polar regions see little sunlight and can help maintain a ... In 1979, an asteroid was found and given the provisional designation 1979 VA, until its orbit could be determined to a ... "Volatile fractionation in the early solar system and chondrule/matrix complementarity". Proceedings of the National Academy of ...
Dominance hierarchy
... the status of a male Canada goose is determined by the rank of his family. Although dominance is determined differently in each ... One of the areas that has been linked with this behavior is the prefrontal cortex, a region involved with decision making and ... The interpersonal complementarity hypothesis suggests that obedience and authority are reciprocal, complementary processes. ... A 2016 study determined that higher status increased reproductive success amongst men, and that this did not vary by type of ...
Mihai Olos
His knowledge of the region, seen also his articles on folk art and the folklore published in the local press made of Mihai ... determined to learn and discover all the secrets hidden in the world of books. Even if this period changed his orientation from ... because the critic's firm conviction was that the complementarity of the folkloric elements and modernism in Brâncuşi's work ... with the oldest codex of written language found in a monastery from the region. Mihai, the second son of a Romanian family, was ...
Structural alignment
The size of each AFP and the maximum gap size are required input parameters but are usually set to empirically determined ... "Thousands of corresponding human and mouse genomic regions unalignable in primary sequence contain common RNA structure". ... "Ligand Binding Site Detection by Local Structure Alignment and Its Performance Complementarity". Journal of Chemical ... Dynamic programming applied to each resulting matrix determines a series of optimal local alignments which are then summed into ...
Wave packet
For example, if an electron wave packet is initially localized in a region of atomic dimensions (i.e., 10−10 m) then the width ... the time evolution of every function ψ0 is determined by this propagation kernel K, ψ t ( x ) = ∫ ψ 0 ( y ) 1 2 π i t e i ( x ... According to the principle of complementarity, the wave-like and particle-like characteristics never manifest themselves at the ... If the packet is strongly localized, more frequencies are needed to allow the constructive superposition in the region of ...
Diversity of the T cell receptor ß chain complementarity-determining region 3 in peripheral blood of neonates with sepsis: an...
Melanoma-Targeted Chemothermotherapy and In Situ Peptide Immunotherapy through HSP Production by Using Melanogenesis Substrate,...
DeCS - Termos Novos
Structural Repertoire of HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the CD4 Supersite in 14 Donors - PubMed
Complementarity Determining Regions Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... Structures determined here are shown as solid squares. Notably, newly determined structures - 8ANC131, VRC13, VRC16, and HJ16 ... To determine a common reference frame for calculations of angular difference, antibody-gp120 structures were first aligned to a ... Numbers in the table correspond to the number of heavy chain sequences retrieved from heavy chain transcripts determined by NGS ...
Science Clips - Volume 9, Issue 32, August 15, 2017
Sequence analysis indicated that the mAbs shared 100% amino acid identity in their complementarity determining regions (CDR). A ... We sought to determine how fast PSA concentrations decline during the first 10 h after exposure to semen. STUDY DESIGN: Women ... METHODS: First, we determined the technical abilities and needs of middle-aged and older adults with serious mental illnesses ... At the climate region level, consistently elevated but not statistically significant estimates were observed for at least 2 ...
Biomarkers Search
DailyMed - TYSABRI- natalizumab injection
Natalizumab contains human framework regions and the complementarity-determining regions of a murine antibody that binds to α4- ... Determine every six months whether patients should continue on treatment and, if so, authorize treatment for another six months ... The anti-JCV antibody status was determined using an anti-JCV antibody test (ELISA) that has been analytically and clinically ... Clinical studies of TYSABRI did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and over to determine whether they ...
Oxidative and Nitrative Stress in Opisthorchis viverrini-Infected Hamsters: An Indirect Effect after Praziquantel Treatment in:...
Peter W Schuck | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
Grafting of "abbreviated" complementarity-determining regions containing specificity-determining residues essential for ligand ... In vitro affinity maturation of a specificity-determining region-grafted humanized anticarcinoma antibody: isolation and ... Determining the Stoichiometry of a Protein-Polymer Conjugate Using Multisignal Sedimentation Velocity Analytical ... Multi-signal sedimentation velocity analysis with mass conservation for determining the stoichiometry of protein complexes. ...
MeSH Browser
Complementarity Determining Region 2 Complementarity Determining Region 3 Complementarity Determining Region I Complementarity ... Complementarity Determining Region III Complementarity-Determining Region Complementarity-Determining Region 3 Hypervariable ... Complementarity Determining Region 3 Narrower Concept UI. M0359514. Registry Number. 0. Terms. Complementarity Determining ... Complementarity Determining Region 1 Narrower Concept UI. M0359512. Registry Number. 0. Terms. Complementarity Determining ...
Sandwalk: An Intelligent Design Creationist disputes the evolution of citrate utilization in the LTEE ... Lenski responds
"Mutations in the variable, antigen-binding coding sequences (known as complementarity-determining regions (CDR)) of the ... I think weve determined that nothing is ever a problem for evolutionary theory. . Stop projecting. Of course certain ... The duplicated gene and regulatory region have a new function, and are new functionally coded elements by the definition of ... I think weve determined that nothing is ever a problem for evolutionary theory. ...
Antigen-Specific Antibody Design and Optimization with Diffusion-Based Generative Models for Protein Structures
EPO - T 0941/16 (anti-PSMA antibody/UNIVERSITÄTSKLINIKUM FREIBURG) of 16.2.2021
... complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) selected from a group of six CDR sequences. The variable heavy chain (VH) and the ... the skilled person was familiar with antibody constructs containing only three complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) that ... In determining whether or not the disclosure is sufficient, it has to be assessed whether the patent application provides the ... At the end of the oral proceedings, the board indicated that, if the binding affinity was indeed determined by the presence of ...
Figure 5 - Novel Hendra Virus Variant Detected by Sentinel Surveillance of Horses in Australia - Volume 28, Number 3-March 2022...
Human IgE repertoires and an anti-allergome resource - Forskningsoutput
- Lunds universitet
PA-14-216: B Cell Help Immunology Program for AIDS Vaccine Strategies (R01)
... long heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 and autoreactivity that can be limited by host tolerance controls. ... However, development of such a vaccine has been hindered by the poor immunogenicity of the conserved exposed regions on the HIV ... The quality of such antibody responses is likely to be a major factor in determining efficacy. An understanding of the division ... Studies examining the relative roles of different B cell subsets responding to HIV-1 envelope immunogens in determining the ...
SCOP 1.75: Domain d2dqch1: 2dqc H:1-114
Claim Construction
... each heavy chain comprising three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four framework regions, wherein portions of ... each heavy chain comprising three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four framework regions, wherein portions of ... each heavy chain comprising three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four framework regions, wherein portions of ... a sample well, a background fluid well, and a droplet well each having an upper region protruding from the top surface of the ...
NIH Research Festival 2004
Human Dectin-1 is O-glycosylated and serves as a ligand for C-type lectin receptor CLEC-2 | eLife
The nucleotide sequences of the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the immunoglobulin gene of this hybridoma were ... of other regions has not yet been determined. For example, the stalk region is missing in the short-splicing variant of Dectin- ... Instead, the non-CRD region (a stretch including the cytoplasmic, transmembrane, and stalk regions) derived from hDectin-1 ... The stalk region of hDectin-1 interacts with the CRD of hCLEC-2.. (A) Schematic representations of mDectin-1 (mD1), hDectin-1 ( ...
Maternal dendritic cells influence fetal allograft response following murine in-utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation |...
Complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) incorporates the VDJ recombination junctions, accounting for most of the repertoire ... Statistical significance was determined at α = 5.0%. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Pearson ... variation mediating specific antigen recognition [40]. CDR3 regions of naïve and antigen-experienced clonotypes are longer and ...
DeCS
Complementarity Determining Region Complementarity-Determining Region Complementarity-Determining Regions Hypervariable Region ... Complementarity Determining Region. Complementarity Determining Region 1. Complementarity Determining Region 2. Complementarity ... Complementarity Determining Region 3 Entry term(s). Complementarity Determining Region III Complementarity-Determining Region 3 ... Third Complementarity-Determining Region Third Complementarity-Determining Regions Complementarity Determining Region 1 - ...
MeSH Browser
Complementarity Determining Region 2 Complementarity Determining Region 3 Complementarity Determining Region I Complementarity ... Complementarity Determining Region III Complementarity-Determining Region Complementarity-Determining Region 3 Hypervariable ... Complementarity Determining Region 3 Narrower Concept UI. M0359514. Registry Number. 0. Terms. Complementarity Determining ... Complementarity Determining Region 1 Narrower Concept UI. M0359512. Registry Number. 0. Terms. Complementarity Determining ...
Publication Detail
... an IGHV3-23*01 target show strongly favored deaminations occurring in the antigen-binding complementarity determining regions ( ... CDR) compared to the framework regions (FW). By exhibiting consistency with B-cell SHM, our in vitro data suggest that ... Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics*; Models, Biological; Mutation/genetics; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism; RNA Polymerase II ...
Meeting Minutes - April 16, 2015 | National Institutes of Health
... an unusually long complementarity determining region 3 of the heavy chain CDRH3, and a propensity to deletion mechanisms. ... The Determined, Resilient, AIDS-free, Mentored, and Safe (DREAMS) initiative - This collaboration involves the PEPFAR, the Bill ... RV217/ECHO - This trial is a collaboration between the MHRP and the NIAID to determine the processes involved in the earliest ... The rate of HIV infection in some regions of Africa is incredibly high and effective HIV prevention agents are urgently needed ...
Structural and thermodynamic basis of epitope binding by neutralizing and nonneutralizing forms of the anti-HIV-1 antibody 4E10...
... activity of 4E10 requires solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues at the apex of the complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 ... activity of 4E10 requires solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues at the apex of the complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 ... activity of 4E10 requires solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues at the apex of the complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 ... activity of 4E10 requires solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues at the apex of the complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 ...
CDRs5
- Inter alia the appellant was asked to submit evidence in support of their statement that any three CDRs were sufficient to determine the binding specificity of an antibody, and that the CDR3 of the light and/or heavy variable chain of the claimed monoclonal antibody/fragment could be modified without distorting it's binding properties. (epo.org)
- En conjunto, las CDRs de las cadenas ligeras y pesadas de las inmunoglobulinas forman una superficie que es complementaria al antígeno. (bvsalud.org)
- Here, we define a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) that acquire N-glycosylation sites selectively in the Ig complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the antigen-binding sites. (diamond.ac.uk)
- Antibody engineering technology was used to optimize the sequence of the original antibody to reduce the potential immunogenicity risk, and two typical Asp isomerization hotspots in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) were removed to improve the stability. (protheragen.com)
- In addition, the structural similarities of their complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) to those of original mouse mAbs were estimated to derive the weighted interatomic root mean squared deviation (wRMSD i ) value. (tritekcorp.com)
CDR11
- Tres regiones (CDR1, CDR2 y CDR3) de secuencia de aminoácidos en la REGIÓN VARIABLE DE LAS INMUNOGLOBULINAS que son muy divergentes. (bvsalud.org)
Immunoglobulin5
- CDR2 and CDR3) of amino acid sequence in the IMMUNOGLOBULIN VARIABLE REGION that are highly divergent. (nih.gov)
- These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors ( RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL ). (nih.gov)
- Glycosylation of the surface immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region is a remarkable follicular lymphoma-associated feature rarely seen in normal B cells. (diamond.ac.uk)
- The first polypeptide of the multivalent target binding protein comprises a first scFv molecule and a first immunoglobulin-like domain which preferably comprises an immunoglobulin light chain variable region domain. (allindianpatents.com)
- The first scFv molecule and the first immunoglobulin-like domain are preferably linked via a first extra amino acid sequence which preferably comprises an immunogiob-ulin light chain constant region domain. (allindianpatents.com)
CDR31
- To investigate the diversity of peripheral blood T cell receptor (TCR) ß chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) based on immune repertoire sequencing in neonates with sepsis and the possible pathogenesis of neonatal sepsis . (bvsalud.org)
Antigens3
- The binding between antibodies and antigens is mainly determined by the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of the antibodies. (nips.cc)
- C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), a family of PRRs, mainly signal via the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), which was originally identified in the cytoplasmic regions of the signaling subunits of antigen receptors which discriminate foreign from self-antigens. (elifesciences.org)
- Thus, IgE is able to bind a total of two antigens, which occurs in variable regions of the light and heavy chains that produce unique antigen-specific binding sites. (protheragen.com)
Antibody1
- The 4E10 antibody recognizes the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein gp41 transmembrane subunit, exhibiting one of the broadest neutralizing activities known to date. (elsevier.com)
Receptors1
- PMB-104 binds to the constant region (Fc) of free IgE and prevents free IgE from binding to IgE receptors, thereby inhibiting effector cell responses to allergens. (protheragen.com)
Heavy1
- In some elderly humans, Ig heavy chain (IGH) complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) spectratyping analysis of PB B cells revealed a significant loss of diversity, which was associated with poor health status and poor survival [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein2
- Biochemical analyses revealed that Dectin-1 is a mucin-like protein as its stalk region is highly O -glycosylated. (elifesciences.org)
- They determined the 3D structure of protein complex (photosynthetic reaction center) found in particular photosynthetic bacteria. (superstarsofscience.com)
Loop2
- Zoomed top views (at right) of the HeV G and m102.4/ephrinB2 binding interface highlight specific interactions by the complementarity-determining regions of the mAb and G-H loop of the receptor ephrinB2. (cdc.gov)
- The neutralizing activity of 4E10 requires solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues at the apex of the complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 loop, but the molecular basis for this requirement has not been clarified. (elsevier.com)
Analysis2
- Diversity of the T cell receptor ß chain complementarity-determining region 3 in peripheral blood of neonates with sepsis: an analysis based on immune repertoire sequencing. (bvsalud.org)
- The watershed focuses with a command of extensive Analysis that believes administrator to determine with the license of the notice and uses previously come clearly into the reconsideration's Javascript. (1apool.com)
Study2
- In this fundamental study Dectin-1 and CLEC2 - another C-type lectin receptor expressed on platelets - interacts through an O -glycosylated ligand presented in the stalk region of Dectin-1. (elifesciences.org)
- Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between disease experience of rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease. (zt4bg.com)
Receptors2
- The constant region at the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain, called the Fc region, binds to the Fc receptors of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and the natural killer (NK) cells. (medscape.com)
- These regions are also present in other members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, for example, T-cell receptors ( RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL ). (nih.gov)
Antigen2
- Epitopes are a component of the antigen that are recognized by the immune system and determine whether the cellular or the humoral arm of the immune system shall be activated against that particular antigen. (medscape.com)
- Site-by-site comparisons for biochemical and human memory B-cell mutational spectra in an IGHV3-23*01 target show strongly favored deaminations occurring in the antigen-binding complementarity determining regions (CDR) compared to the framework regions (FW). (nih.gov)
Sequences1
- Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) is a B cell superantigen that binds to human VH3-encoded Igs independently of the D- and JH-encoded regions and light chain sequences. (nih.gov)
Responses1
- The quality of such antibody responses is likely to be a major factor in determining efficacy. (nih.gov)
Variable2
- Each chain has domains called the V (variable) region and C (constant) region. (medscape.com)
- Variable region constitutes the antibody binding region of the molecule to the different antigens as it consists of about 110 amino acids that vary widely among the different antibody molecules. (medscape.com)
Surface1
- These data indicate that SPA requires simultaneous interaction with three distinct regions of a VH3 structure, which together in three-dimensional space form an extended solvent-exposed surface. (nih.gov)
Expression1
- We localized the regions in a VH3-encoded Ab required for SPA binding by producing mutant Abs in the baculovirus expression system in which regions of a human-derived Ab known to bind SPA were exchanged with those from a mouse Ab of the J558 family, a family not associated with SPA binding. (nih.gov)