Complement system proteins. Medical search

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A species of gram-negative bacteria and causative agent of severe bovine ANAPLASMOSIS. It is the most pathogenic of the ANAPLASMA species.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group onto a nitrogenous group acceptor. EC 2.7.3.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

The bacterial sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) that catalyzes the transfer of the phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to its sugar substrates (the PTS sugars) concomitant with the translocation of these sugars across the bacterial membrane. The phosphorylation of a given sugar requires four proteins, two general proteins, Enzyme I and HPr and a pair of sugar-specific proteins designated as the Enzyme II complex. The PTS has also been implicated in the induction of synthesis of some catabolic enzyme systems required for the utilization of sugars that are not substrates of the PTS as well as the regulation of the activity of ADENYLYL CYCLASES. EC 2.7.1.-.

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II.

A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

Complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial POLYSACCHARIDES with serum MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN resulting in the activation of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. As in the classical pathway, MASPs cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Phthalic acid anhydrides. Can be substituted on any carbon atom. Used extensively in industry and as a reagent in the acylation of amino- and hydroxyl groups.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A species of mite that causes SCABIES in humans and sarcoptic mange in other animals. Specific variants of S. scabiei exist for humans and animals, but many have the ability to cross species and cause disease.

Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

A glycolipid, cross-species antigen that induces production of antisheep hemolysin. It is present on the tissue cells of many species but absent in humans. It is found in many infectious agents.

The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic cocci parasitic in the mouth and in the intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals.

A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.

A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27)

Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by MONOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; NK CELLS; and some LYMPHOCYTES. The alpha subunit is the CD11C ANTIGEN, a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. The beta subunit is the CD18 ANTIGEN.

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

An IgG autoantibody against the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE, found in serum of patients with MESANGIOCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. The binding of this autoantibody to C3bBb stabilizes the enzyme thus reduces the actions of C3b inactivators (COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; COMPLEMENT FACTOR I). This abnormally stabilized enzyme induces a continuous COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and generation of C3b thereby promoting the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX and cytolysis.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A subphylum of chordates intermediate between the invertebrates and the true vertebrates. It includes the Ascidians.

The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: "high ridge"), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Proteins synthesized by organisms belonging to the phylum ARTHROPODA. Included in this heading are proteins from the subdivisions ARACHNIDA; CRUSTACEA; and HORSESHOE CRABS. Note that a separate heading for INSECT PROTEINS is listed under this heading.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated PROTEIN C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S; (PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY); can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The process of the interaction of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS that results in an insoluble FIBRIN clot.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include, but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.

Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. III. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release response to Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans by immunoglobulins and complement. (1/3896)

In the absence of antiserum, rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) released lysosomal enzymes in response to Actinomyces viscosus (19246) but not to Streptococcus mutans (6715). Antibodies had a marked modulating influence on these reactions. PMN hydrolase release was significantly enhanced to both organisms when specific rabbit antiserum and isolated immunoglobulin G (IgG) were included in the incubations. Immune complex F(ab')2 fragments of IgG directed against S. mutans agglutinated bacteria. Immune complexes consisting of S. mutans and F(ab')2 fragments of IgG directed against this organism were not effective as bacteria-IgG complexes in stimulating PMN release. The intensity of the release response to bacteria-IgG complexes was also diminished when PMNs were preincubated with isolated Fc fragments derived from IgG. Fresh serum as a source of complement components had no demonstrable effect on PMN release either alone or in conjuction with antiserum in these experiments. These data may be relevant to the mechanisms and consequences of the interaction of PMNs and plaque bacteria in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. (+info)

Up-regulation of glomerular extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-beta expression in RF/J mice. (2/3896)

BACKGROUND: RF/J mice were first reported as a murine model of spontaneous glomerulosclerosis by Gude and Lupton in 1960, but the precise histologic characteristics and immunopathological background of this mouse have not been investigated further. METHODS: Measurements of serum levels of immunoglobulins, anti-single strand DNA (anti-ss-DNA) antibody, complement (C3), and circulating immune complex (IC) were performed. Analyses of glomerular histological and immunopathological lesions in association with the detection of mRNA expression of collagen IV, TGF-beta, matrix protein turnover related enzymes, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were also performed in young (10-week-old) and elderly (60-week-old) RF/J mice with age-matched BALB/C mice as the controls. RESULTS: High levels of serum IgA and IgG from as early as 20 weeks of age were noted in the RF/J mice. Serum anti-ss-DNA antibody of aged RF/J mice increased up to 23% of that of aged MRL-lpr/lpr mice, and serum C3 concentration significantly decreased with age, reaching lower levels than that of BALB/c mice. IgA-IC levels were significantly high compared to BALB/C mice both in the early and late stages of life, whereas IgG-IC levels were high only in mice younger than 20 weeks. Semiquantitative and quantitative analyzes of renal histopathological findings revealed significantly marked and age-related mesangial matrix expansion in RF/J mice, with increasing frequency of global glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage. On the other hand, although precise measurements of glomerular cell numbers also showed an apparent augmentation in both young and old RF/J mice compared to BALB/C mice, glomerular cellularity decreased with age in RF/J mice. Immunohistochemical study revealed massive immunoglobulin deposition from a young age in association with significantly higher accumulation of matrix proteins, such as types I and IV collagen and laminin from the early stage of life. In addition, in these glomeruli, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) was highly expressed both in young and old mice. The mRNA expression of MMP-2 was up-regulated only in the early stage of life. Although PDGF mRNA of RF/J mice was significantly up-regulated in the early stage of life, the differences between the mice disappeared in the late stage of life. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in RF/J mice, an immunopathological background inducing high serum immunoglobulin and IC levels from the early stage of life is closely related to mesangioproliferative glomerular lesions mediated by PDGF, and that development of massive extracellular matrix accumulation in glomeruli was induced by up-regulated expression of TGF-beta with inappropriate regulation of protein turnover-related enzyme production. (+info)

Assessment of complement deficiency in patients with meningococcal disease in The Netherlands. (3/3896)

The frequency of complement deficiency in 176 of 7,732 patients with meningococcal disease in the Netherlands from 1959 through 1992 was assessed. Complement deficiency was found in six patients (3%): 3 (7%) of the patients with Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C disease, 1 (2%) of the patients with N. meningitidis serogroup A disease, and 2 (33%) of the patients with infections due to uncommon serogroups and nongroupable strains of N. meningitidis. Of 91 additional patients with meningococcal infections due to uncommon serogroups, 33% also had complement deficiency. Thirty-four of the 36 complement-deficient patients with meningococcal disease who were from 33 families were 5 years of age or older. Twenty-six additional complement-deficient relatives were found. Screening individuals with meningococcal disease due to uncommon serogroups who were 5 years of age or older identified 30 of the 33 complement-deficient families. Only 27% of the complement-deficient relatives had had meningococcal disease. This risk was lower for relatives with properdin deficiency (18%) than for those deficient in the late component of complement (38%). Therefore, pedigree studies are warranted for identifying those complement-deficient persons who require vaccination for meningococcal disease. (+info)

2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages II. Dissociation of the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose on phagocytosis and ATP generation. (4/3896)

Macrophages incubated in 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG)-containing medium showed a marked decrease in cellular ATP content, and were unable to ingest IgG- and complement-coated erythrocytes via the corresponding membrane receptors for these ligands. However, the inhibitory effects of 2-dG on Fc- and C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis were not a consequence of lowered macrophage ATP levels since addition of glucose or mannose to the culture medium restored the capacity of the macrophages to ingest IgG- and C3-coated particles without increasing ATP levels. These results indicate that Fc- and C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis (opsonin dependent) differs qualitatively from the ingestion of latex and zymosan particles (opsonin independent); they suggest that the same regulatory molecules govern the responses of phagocytic cells to signals initiated by both the Fc and C3 receptors. The possibility that these molecules are regulated by glycosylation is discussed. (+info)

The induction of macrophage spreading: role of coagulation factors and the complement system. (5/3896)

Unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages, attached to either glass or plastic substrates, responded to factors generated in serum and plasma by spreading and increasing their apparent surface area up to eightfold. Two distinct and dissociable systems were involved. The first appears related to the distinct and dissociable systems were involved. The first appears related to the contact phase of blood coagulation. It is activated by glass and not plastic surfaces, depleted by kaolin adsorption, and inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor. In contrast, a separate complement-dependent system can be generated in kaolin-adsorbed plasma. Activation of the complement system can occur either by the alternate or classical pathways and generates a relatively small effector molecule which is dialyzable. These factors presumably influencing the surface membrane and underlying structures may explain the rapid spreading of activated macrophages observed after both infections and chemical peritoneal inflammatory agents. (+info)

Unexpected crucial role of residue 225 in serine proteases. (6/3896)

Residue 225 in serine proteases of the chymotrypsin family is Pro or Tyr in more than 95% of nearly 300 available sequences. Proteases with Y225 (like some blood coagulation and complement factors) are almost exclusively found in vertebrates, whereas proteases with P225 (like degradative enzymes) are present from bacteria to human. Saturation mutagenesis of Y225 in thrombin shows that residue 225 affects ligand recognition up to 60,000-fold. With the exception of Tyr and Phe, all residues are associated with comparable or greatly reduced catalytic activity relative to Pro. The crystal structures of three mutants that differ widely in catalytic activity (Y225F, Y225P, and Y225I) show that although residue 225 makes no contact with substrate, it drastically influences the shape of the water channel around the primary specificity site. The activity profiles obtained for thrombin also suggest that the conversion of Pro to Tyr or Phe documented in the vertebrates occurred through Ser and was driven by a significant gain (up to 50-fold) in catalytic activity. In fact, Ser and Phe are documented in 4% of serine proteases, which together with Pro and Tyr account for almost the entire distribution of residues at position 225. The unexpected crucial role of residue 225 in serine proteases explains the evolutionary selection of residues at this position and shows that the structural determinants of protease activity and specificity are more complex than currently believed. These findings have broad implications in the rational design of enzymes with enhanced catalytic properties. (+info)

Phagocytosis of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (7/3896)

Capsulated bacteria exhibit serum (complement) resistance and resistance to phagocytosis, which result in disseminated infections. Vibrio cholerae O139 strains possess a thin capsule and have been found to be partially serum resistant in a previous study. In the present study, compared to a standard capsulated Klebsiella pneumoniae strain, which showed total resistance to killing by phagocytosis, V. cholerae O139 strains were shown to be only partially resistant, with most strains showing <40% survival. These findings may explain the relative rarity of V. cholerae O139 bacteremia in cholera caused by this organism. (+info)

Intestinal reperfusion injury is mediated by IgM and complement. (8/3896)

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on complement. This study examines the role of the alternative and classic pathways of complement and IgM in a murine model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Wild-type animals, mice deficient in complement factor 4 (C4), C3, or Ig, or wild-type mice treated with soluble complement receptor 1 were subjected to 40 min of jejunal ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. Compared with wild types, knockout and treated mice had significantly reduced intestinal injury, indicated by lowered permeability to radiolabeled albumin. When animals deficient in Ig were reconstituted with IgM, the degree of injury was restored to wild-type levels. Immunohistological staining of intestine for C3 and IgM showed colocalization in the mucosa of wild-type controls and minimal staining for both in the intestine of Ig-deficient and C4-deficient mice. We conclude that intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on the classic complement pathway and IgM. (+info)

There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

There are two main types of MD:

1. Dry Macular Degeneration (DMD): This is the most common form of MD, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by the gradual accumulation of waste material in the macula, which can lead to cell death and vision loss over time.
2. Wet Macular Degeneration (WMD): This type of MD is less common but more aggressive, accounting for about 10% of cases. It occurs when new blood vessels grow underneath the retina, leaking fluid and causing damage to the macula. This can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated.

The symptoms of MD can vary depending on the severity and type of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Blurred vision
* Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appearing wavy)
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Difficulty adjusting to bright light
* Blind spots in central vision

MD can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.

There is currently no cure for MD, but there are several treatment options available to slow down the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. These include:

* Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help prevent the growth of new blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the macula.
* Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive drug and low-intensity laser to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels in the macula.
* Vitamin supplements: Certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene, have been shown to slow down the progression of MD.
* Laser surgery: This can be used to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in the macula and improve vision.

It is important for individuals with MD to receive regular monitoring and treatment from an eye care professional to manage their condition and prevent complications.

The term "immune complex disease" was first used in the 1960s to describe a group of conditions that were thought to be caused by the formation of immune complexes. These diseases include:

1. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): an autoimmune disorder that can affect multiple organ systems and is characterized by the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints and can lead to joint damage.
3. Type III hypersensitivity reaction: a condition in which immune complexes are deposited in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
4. Pemphigus: a group of autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against desmosomal antigens.
5. Bullous pemphigoid: an autoimmune disease that affects the skin and is characterized by the formation of large blisters.
6. Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disorder that affects the nervous system, causing muscle weakness and fatigue.
7. Goodpasture's syndrome: a rare autoimmune disease that affects the kidneys and lungs, characterized by the presence of immune complexes in the glomeruli of the kidneys.
8. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed and waste products accumulate in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure.

Immune complex diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and exposure to certain drugs or toxins. Treatment options for these diseases include medications that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, and plasmapheresis, which is a process that removes harmful antibodies from the blood. In some cases, organ transplantation may be necessary.

In conclusion, immune complex diseases are a group of disorders that occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage. These diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, kidneys, lungs, and nervous system. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and its severity, but may include medications that suppress the immune system and plasmapheresis.

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The symptoms of HUS include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Pale or yellowish skin
* Easy bruising or bleeding

If you suspect that someone has HUS, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and order blood tests to diagnose the condition. Treatment for HUS typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition, such as stopping certain medications or treating an infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as kidney failure.

Preventative measures to reduce the risk of developing HUS include:

* Practicing good hygiene, especially during outbreaks of diarrheal illnesses
* Avoiding certain medications that are known to increase the risk of HUS
* Maintaining a healthy diet and staying hydrated
* Managing any underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure or diabetes.

The term "systemic" refers to the fact that the disease affects multiple organ systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, and nervous system. LES is a complex condition, and its symptoms can vary widely depending on which organs are affected. Common symptoms include fatigue, fever, joint pain, rashes, and swelling in the extremities.

There are several subtypes of LES, including:

1. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): This is the most common form of the disease, and it can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender.
2. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE): This subtype typically affects the skin, causing a red, scaly rash that does not go away.
3. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: This form of the disease is caused by certain medications, and it usually resolves once the medication is stopped.
4. Neonatal lupus erythematosus: This rare condition affects newborn babies of mothers with SLE, and it can cause liver and heart problems.

There is no cure for LES, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and prevent flares. Treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and antimalarial drugs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the disease.

It is important for people with LES to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and prevent complications. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with LES can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Here are some key points to define sepsis:

1. Inflammatory response: Sepsis is characterized by an excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infection. This can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.
2. Systemic symptoms: Patients with sepsis often have systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and confusion. They may also experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
3. Organ dysfunction: Sepsis can cause dysfunction in multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This can lead to organ failure and death if not treated promptly.
4. Infection source: Sepsis is usually caused by a bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. The infection can be localized or widespread, and it can affect different parts of the body.
5. Severe sepsis: Severe sepsis is a more severe form of sepsis that is characterized by severe organ dysfunction and a higher risk of death. Patients with severe sepsis may require intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation.
6. Septic shock: Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is severe circulatory dysfunction due to sepsis. It is characterized by hypotension, vasopressor use, and organ failure.

Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are critical to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes. The Sepsis-3 definition is widely used in clinical practice to diagnose sepsis and severe sepsis.

Reperfusion injury can cause inflammation, cell death, and impaired function in the affected tissue or organ. The severity of reperfusion injury can vary depending on the duration and severity of the initial ischemic event, as well as the promptness and effectiveness of treatment to restore blood flow.

Reperfusion injury can be a complicating factor in various medical conditions, including:

1. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Reperfusion injury can occur when blood flow is restored to the heart muscle after a heart attack, leading to inflammation and cell death.
2. Stroke: Reperfusion injury can occur when blood flow is restored to the brain after an ischemic stroke, leading to inflammation and damage to brain tissue.
3. Organ transplantation: Reperfusion injury can occur when a transplanted organ is subjected to ischemia during harvesting or preservation, and then reperfused with blood.
4. Peripheral arterial disease: Reperfusion injury can occur when blood flow is restored to a previously occluded peripheral artery, leading to inflammation and damage to the affected tissue.

Treatment of reperfusion injury often involves medications to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further complications. In some cases, experimental therapies such as stem cell transplantation or gene therapy may be used to promote tissue repair and regeneration.

Symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

1. Swelling of the face, lips, tongue, and throat
2. Difficulty breathing or swallowing
3. Abdominal cramps
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Rapid heartbeat
6. Feeling of impending doom or loss of consciousness

Anaphylaxis is diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms, medical history, and physical examination. Treatment for anaphylaxis typically involves administering epinephrine (adrenaline) via an auto-injector, such as an EpiPen or Auvi-Q. Additional treatments may include antihistamines, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy.

Prevention of anaphylaxis involves avoiding known allergens and being prepared to treat a reaction if it occurs. If you have a history of anaphylaxis, it is important to carry an EpiPen or other emergency medication with you at all times. Wearing a medical alert bracelet or necklace can also help to notify others of your allergy and the need for emergency treatment.

In severe cases, anaphylaxis can lead to unconsciousness, seizures, and even death. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

Shock refers to a severe and sudden drop in blood pressure, which can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. There are several types of shock, including hypovolemic shock (caused by bleeding or dehydration), septic shock (caused by an overwhelming bacterial infection), and cardiogenic shock (caused by a heart attack or other cardiac condition).

Septic refers to the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in the bloodstream, which can cause a range of symptoms including fever, chills, and confusion. Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to organ failure and death if left untreated.

Septic shock is a specific type of shock that occurs as a result of sepsis, which is the body's systemic inflammatory response to an infection. Septic shock is characterized by severe vasopressor (a medication used to increase blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), and it can lead to multiple organ failure and death if not treated promptly and effectively.

In summary, shock refers to a drop in blood pressure, while septic refers to the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in the bloodstream. Septic shock is a specific type of shock that occurs as a result of sepsis, and it can be a life-threatening condition if not treated promptly and effectively.

... are proteins that interact with components of the complement system. The complement system is ... Complement control proteins also play a role in malignancy. Complement proteins protect against malignant cells- both by direct ... There are many other RCA proteins that do not fall into this family. Most CCPs prevent activation of the complement system on ... Gialeli C, Gungor B, Blom AM (October 2018). "Novel potential inhibitors of complement system and their roles in complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_control_protein

The β band consists of transferrin, low-density lipoproteins, and complement system proteins. The γ band is where the ... AL amyloidosis These are characterized by the presence of any abnormal protein that is involved in the immune system, which are ... in the serum protein electrophoresis because there will be an excess of production of one protein. There are two large classes ... Paraproteinemias may be categorized according to the type of monoclonal protein found in blood:[citation needed] Light chains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy

... complement is a group of proteins that forms part of the innate immune system. Complement levels are frequently reduced in ... Both the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system may be involved. Emboli to the brain ... Increased amounts of protein in the urine may cause edema (swelling) of the skin (a combination of symptoms known as nephrotic ... If vasculitis is suspected, complement levels may be determined as reduced levels are often encountered in vasculitis; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_embolism

C3a and C5a, proteins produced from the complement system, attract neutrophils to the vessels. Once activated, neutrophils then ... The immune system senses these altered proteins as foreign and produces antibodies in efforts to eliminate them from the body. ... immune complexes deposit in vessel walls leading to activation of the complement system. ... Additional symptoms depend on the cause of the vasculitis and if other organ systems are involved. For example, if the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis

Complement component 8 is a protein involved in the complement system. It is part of the membrane attack complex (MAC). A ... Protein pages needing a picture, Genes on human chromosome 1, Genes on human chromosome 9, Complement system, All stub articles ... "Structure of human C8 protein provides mechanistic insight into membrane pore formation by complement". The Journal of ... Complement+C8 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Articles with short description, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C8_complex

... is a protein involved in the complement system. It is part of the membrane attack complex which can ... Complement component 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C6 gene. ... Müller-Eberhard HJ (1988). "Molecular organization and function of the complement system". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57: 321-47. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: complement component 6 C6 complement C6 (Homo sapiens (human)) Gene ID: 729". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 24 November ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_6

The complement system is a system of serum proteins that react with antigen-antibody complexes. If this reaction occurs on a ... complement proteins in the patient's serum must be destroyed and replaced by a known amount of standardized complement proteins ... A known amount of standard complement proteins are added to the serum. (These proteins are frequently obtained from guinea pig ... The complement proteins will react with these complexes and be depleted. Thus when the sRBC-antibody complexes are added in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_test

About 50 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including serum proteins, and cell membrane receptors. ... The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability ... The complement system is regulated by complement control proteins, which are present at blood plasma and host cell membrane. ... Polymorphisms of complement component 3, complement factor B, and complement factor I, as well as deletion of complement factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system

... is an immunodeficiency of absent or suboptimal functioning of one of the complement system proteins. ... Plasma levels/regulatory proteins (lab study) Disorders of the proteins that act to inhibit the complement system (such as C1- ... Disorders of the proteins that act to activate the complement system (such as C3) can lead to an underactive response, causing ... "Complement Deficiencies. What are complement deficiencies?". patient.info. Retrieved 31 December 2017. "Complement Deficiencies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_deficiency

... may refer to: Complement factor I, a protein of the complement system. Fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_I

... are serine proteases involved in the complement system. Types include: MASP1 ... characterization of a novel serine protease involved in activation of the complement system by mannose-binding protein". ... in the lectin pathway of complement and beyond". Immunological Reviews. 274 (1): 98-111. doi:10.1111/imr.12460. ISSN 1600-065X ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose-binding_protein-associated_serine_protease

... (C4BP) is a protein complex involved in the complement system where it acts as inhibitor. C4BP has an ... streptococcal M-proteins, gonococcal porins, Outer membrane protein A from E. coli, Ubiquitous surface protein 1 and 2 from ... Complement+C4b-Binding+Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Articles with ... and necrotic cells is mediated by the Gla domain of protein S and does not affect the ability of C4BP to inhibit complement. A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4b-binding_protein

So humoral immunity in forms of IgG and complement proteins is the human immune system's response against bacterial capsules. ... In particular, these macrophages are activated when bacteria are bound by IgG antibodies (IgG1 or IgG3) or the complement ... These types of antibodies and complement are immune substances called opsonizers, molecules that bind to the surface of ... The spleen contains many macrophages (part of the reticuloendothelial system), which are immune cells that phagocytose (eat) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwhelming_post-splenectomy_infection

... is a protein involved in the complement system of the innate immune system. C7 is part of the membrane ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Genes on human chromosome 5, Complement system, All ... Terminal complement pathway deficiency Complement+C7 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... This junction alters the configuration of the protein molecules, exposing a hydrophobic site on C7 that allows the C7 to insert ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_7

The C1 complex (complement component 1, C1) is a protein complex involved in the complement system. It is the first component ... 2001). "The complement system and innate immunity". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland ... The antibodies IgM or certain subclasses of IgG complexed with antigens are able to initiate the complement system: a single ... C1q can also be activated in other ways, for example by binding to pentraxins such as C-reactive protein or directly to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1_complex

... , often simply called C3, is a protein of the immune system. It plays a central role in the complement ... "Entrez Gene: C3 complement component 3". Sahu A, Lambris JD (Apr 2001). "Structure and biology of complement protein C3, a ... C3 plays a central role in the activation of the complement system. Its activation is required for both classical and ... Lachmann P (Dec 1975). "Genetics of the complement system". Journal of Medical Genetics. 12 (4): 372-7. doi:10.1136/jmg.12.4. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_3

... is involved in the alternative complement pathway of the complement system where it cleaves factor B. The protein ... A complement system protein at 2.0 A resolution". Journal of Molecular Biology. 235 (2): 695-708. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1021. ... Finally, the encoded protein has a high level of expression in fat, suggesting a role for adipose tissue in immune system ... The encoded protein is a component of the alternative complement pathway best known for its role in humoral suppression of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_D

"CSMD1 is a novel multiple domain complement-regulatory protein highly expressed in the central nervous system and epithelial ... it is believed that the gene product of CSMD1 functions as a Complement control protein. It is a potential tumour suppressor, ... CSMD1 protein expression was found to be reduced in patients with invasive breast cancer. Functional studies showed that CSMD1 ... CSMD1 CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSMD1 gene. CSMD1 contains 14 N-terminal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSMD1

A test used to measure levels of a protein group of the immune system called complement within blood. If complement is found in ... The human immune system typically produces both T cells and B cells that are capable of being reactive with self-protein, but ... In autoimmunity, the patient's immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In chronic inflammatory diseases, ... C-reactive protein, a protein made in the liver, generally increases with inflammation, and may be high in autoimmune disease. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease

... blood proteins and phagocytic cells. In addition, complement serum proteins, which are a part of the innate immune system, work ... An important element of immune systems in various animals is the protein tristetraprolin (TTP). This plays a key anti- ... The avian immune system is divided into two types of immunity, the innate and adaptive ones. The innate immune system includes ... The avian immune system is the system of biological structures and cellular processes that protects birds from disease. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_immune_system

IgG activates all the classical pathway of the complement system, a cascade of immune protein production that results in ... IgG antibodies are large globular proteins made of four peptide chains; two identical γ (gamma) heavy chains of about 50 kDa ... 2001). "Ch3 Antigen Recognition by B-Cell and T-cell Receptors". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5th ed ... However, both human and mouse antibodies have different abilities to fix complement and to bind to Fc receptors.[citation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G

... (C9) is a MACPF protein involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. ... C9 is one member of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), which also includes complement components C5b, C6, C7 and C8 ... Complement+9 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the ... C9 was found to be the most strongly under expressed serum protein in men who achieved longevity, compared to men who did not. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_9

There are three different pathways that activate this system however, they all result in the activation of complement protein 3 ... "The complement system and innate immunity". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th Edition. "gonorrhea , ... gonorrhoeae requires defense mechanisms to protect itself against the complement system (or complement cascade), whose ... The Opa proteins interact with the immune system, as do the porins. Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is an endotoxin that provokes an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae

... is a protein fragment that is part of the complement system, a component of the vertebrate immune system. iC3b is produced ... Complement factor I can further cleave iC3b into a protein fragment known as C3d. Robbins Basic Pathology 8th ed 2007. R Cotran ... v t e (Complement system, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ... Complement receptors on white blood cells are able to bind iC3b, so iC3b functions as an opsonin. Unlike intact C3b, iC3b ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC3b

The protein also translocates to the nucleus in response to treatment with complement system proteins, and can associate with ... or by sublytic levels of complement system proteins that result in activation of the cell cycle. The encoded protein localizes ... Regulator of cell cycle RGCC (RGCC) also known as response gene to complement 32 protein (RGC-32) is a protein that in humans ... "Entrez Gene: RGC32 response gene to complement 32". Fosbrink M, Niculescu F, Rus H (2005). "The role of c5b-9 terminal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_of_cell_cycle_RGCC

... (C4), in humans, is a protein involved in the intricate complement system, originating from the human ... Complement component 4A Complement component 4B HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype Complement system Complement deficiency Sekar A, ... All three pathways converge at a step in which complement protein C3 is cleaved into proteins C3a and C3b, which results in a ... "Diversity in intrinsic strengths of the human complement system: serum C4 protein concentrations correlate with C4 gene size ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_4

Complement system Mannan-binding lectin MASP2 (protein) GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000127241 - Ensembl, May 2017 "Human ... protein associated with pattern recognition molecules of the complement system and regulating the lectin pathway of complement ... This protein is directly involved in complement activation because MASP-1 activates MASP-2 by cleaving (cutting off a piece) a ... MASP-1 is involved in the lectin pathway of the complement system and is responsible for activating MASP-2 and MASP-3. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP1_(protein)

... activated complement C1s, complement C overbar 1r, C1s) is a protein involved in the complement system. C1s is part of the C1 ... Sim RB (1981). "The human complement system serine proteases C1r and C1s and their proenzymes". Methods in Enzymology. 80 Pt C ... Müller-Eberhard HJ (1988). "Molecular organization and function of the complement system". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 57: ... Complement system, EC 3.4.21, All stub articles, Human chromosome 12 gene stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1s

The complement component 1q (or simply C1q) is a protein complex involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate ... The antibodies IgM and all IgG subclasses except IgG4 are able to initiate the complement system. C1q is a 400 kDa protein ... Activation of the C1 complex initiates the classical complement pathway of the complement system. ... C1q is a subunit of the C1 enzyme complex that activates the serum complement system. C1q comprises 6 A, 6 B and 6 C chains. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1q

... is a G protein-coupled receptor protein involved in the complement system. The receptor binds to complement component C3a, ... Sim RB, Laich A (October 2000). "Serine proteases of the complement system". Biochemical Society Transactions. 28 (5): 545-50. ... C3AR1+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human C3AR1 genome location and ... Roglic A, Prossnitz ER, Cavanagh SL, Pan Z, Zou A, Ye RD (February 1996). "cDNA cloning of a novel G protein-coupled receptor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3a_receptor

... binds to complement protein C3 and its activation fragment C3b with high affinity, thereby regulating the ... Complement system, Immunosuppressants). ... hemoglobinuria that binds to and inhibits complement protein C3 ... Patients with PNH have greater and uninhibited complement activity, which may leads to intravascular (inside blood vessels) or ... cleavage of C3 and the generation of downstream effectors of complement activation. Pegcetacoplan is indicated to treat adults ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegcetacoplan

The digestive system of a lord was held to be more discriminating than that of his rustic subordinates and demanded finer foods ... Milk was an important source of animal protein for those who could not afford meat. It would mostly come from cows, but milk ... Equally common, and used to complement the tanginess of these ingredients, were (sweet) almonds. They were used in a variety of ... The two-meal system remained consistent throughout the late Middle Ages. Smaller intermediate meals were common, but became a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_cuisine

Cells containing the protein complement desired are grown. Proteins are then extracted from the mixture and digested with a ... Wu CC, MacCoss MJ (June 2002). "Shotgun proteomics: tools for the analysis of complex biological systems". Current Opinion in ... including low-abundance proteins like transcription factors and protein kinases. They were also able to identify 131 proteins ... aberrant proteins, and membrane proteins. Shotgun proteomics emerged as a method that could resolve even these proteins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_proteomics

mtDNA is packaged with proteins which appear to be as protective as proteins of the nuclear chromatin. Moreover, mitochondria ... The heavy strand is rich in guanine and encodes 12 subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system, two ribosomal RNAs (12S ... Lehmann G, Segal E, Muradian KK, Fraifeld VE (April 2008). "Do mitochondrial DNA and metabolic rate complement each other in ... InterMitoBase: an annotated database and analysis platform of protein-protein interactions for human mitochondria. (apparently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

Common cold Common mesentery Common variable immunodeficiency Compartment syndrome Complement component 2 deficiency Complement ... protein defect of Cystinosis Cystinuria Cystinuria-lysinuria Cytochrome C oxidase deficiency Cytomegalic inclusion disease ... sprue Cenani-Lenz syndactylism Cennamo-Gangemi syndrome Central core disease Central diabetes insipidus Central nervous system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(C)

... proteins and peptide fragments, expression systems, cells, and antibodies, for the field of plant disease The comparability ... it is non-interactive it does not exceed the sound recording performance complement it is accompanied by information on the ... This system eliminated any uncertainty of pitch. d'Arezzo also developed a system of clefs, which became the basis for the clef ... d'Arezzo expanded this system to four lines, and initiated the idea of ledger lines by adding lines above or below these lines ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_payment

... a series of studies show that it also benefits the farmer's diet by integrating fish protein. The use of rice-fish systems has ... During the main growing season, supplementary feeds complement the plankton and benthos culture and are used once or twice a ... Rice-fish systems are only one type of integrated rice-field system: 19 other models exist, for example rice-crayfish, rice- ... This might be caused by the need to invest when starting the system. Indeed, starting rice-fish systems seems to be less common ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice-fish_system

First, biogenesis of proteins in the Type V Secretion System (T5SS). Second, it is thought to target the protein to the inner ... They do this by aiding complement resistance. The stalk protein domain is also alternatively named the internal passenger ... Protein pages needing a picture, Protein families, Protein domains, Virulence factors, Gram-negative bacteria, Secretion, ... YadA bacterial adhesin protein domain Type V secretion system Virulence factor Cell adhesion Outer membrane Gram negative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin

The virions (virus particles) themselves contain their genome in a protein capsid 700 Å in diameter. They are characterised by ... Morrison TE, Fraser RJ, Smith PN, Mahalingam S, Heise MT (2007). "Complement contributes to inflammatory tissue destruction in ... and it can last in the system of the host for up to 20 years. The virus is suspected to be enzootic in populations of various ... "Geographic Information Systems used to describe the link between the risk of Ross River virus infection and proximity to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_River_virus

... part of the innate immune system, by regulating the amplification phase. When CD55 is absent, the complement system attacks red ... CHAPLE syndrome is caused by mutations of the complement regulator CD55 gene leading to a loss of protein expression. CHAPLE ... The protein CD55 (also called decay-accelerating factor) helps to regulate the complement cascade, ... CHAPLE stands for "CD55 deficiency with hyper-activation of complement, angiopathic thrombosis, and severe protein-losing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD55_deficiency

... antigenic variation of the VlsE surface protein, inactivating key immune components such as complement, and hiding in the ... peripheral nervous system, and central nervous system. B. Burgdorferi does not produce toxins. Therefore, many of the signs and ... The immune system takes some time to produce antibodies in quantity. After Lyme infection onset, antibodies of types IgM and ... Lyme disease can affect several body systems and produce a broad range of symptoms. Not everyone with Lyme disease has all of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

Most molecules including the proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that make up the majority of life have no unpaired electrons ... Thus, steric effects are often contrasted and complemented by electronic effects, implying the influence of effects such as ... Electronic effects can be transmitted throughout a pi-system allowing their influence to extend further than induction. ... electronegativity of the connected atoms but also affected by the position of electron lone pairs with respect to the pi-system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_effect

... "for study of the immune system" 1919 Jules Bordet (1870-1961), "for discovery of the complement system in the immune system" ... Michael Heidelberger (1888-1991), showed that antibodies are proteins George Heist (1886-1920) Leonard Herzenberg (1931-2013) ... "for the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self" 1972 Gerald Maurice ... crystallography of HLA proteins Ian Wilson (biologist) Ernst Witebsky (1901-1969), isolation and partial characterization of A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_immunologists

The release of heme leads to the production of bilirubin and depletion of plasma proteins, such as albumin, haptoglobin, and ... Intravascular hemolysis may occur when red blood cells are targeted by autoantibodies, leading to complement fixation, or by ... The macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system in these organs engulf and destroy structurally-defective red blood cells, or ... exploring hemoglobin and hemin scavengers as a novel class of therapeutic proteins". Blood. American Society of Hematology. 121 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis

This family of proteins is greatly expanded in plants, and constitutes a core component of plant immune systems. Three RLR ... Complement receptors, collectins, ficolins, pentraxins such as serum amyloid and C-reactive protein, lipid transferases, ... They are proteins expressed, mainly, by cells of the innate immune system, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, ... 2014). "The Xanthomonas Ax21 protein is processed by the general secretory system and is secreted in association with outer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

Modest or no power for equipment and a human life support system whose design may be marginal to support a full complement of ... protein. MHC is the most abundant protein expressed in striated muscle; and this structural / regulatory protein serves as the ... Atrogin and MURF are E3 ligases that are responsible for ubiquinating target proteins to mark them for degradation in a system ... Concomitantly, a decrease occurs in the activity of key protein kinase enzyme systems (constituting the PI3kinase/akt/mTOR ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_effects_in_space

... including glycoside hydrolases and starch binding proteins. The genome also contains large numbers of genes encoding proteins ... Its complement of enzymes for hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds is among the largest known in prokaryotes, and it is thought to be ... involved in sensing and responding to the extracellular environment, such as sigma factors and two-component systems. The B. ... It is 6.26 megabases in length, but has a relatively small number of distinct genes, due to many genes coding for proteins that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron

... and the proteins (or peptides): fractalkine (CX3CL1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), complement components C3a and C5a, split tyrosyl ... In most mammalian systems, however, this is not the case. In the human thymus, for example, a dying thymocyte is likely to be ... The ribosomal protein S19 has been suggested as a possible find me signal. Apoptosis causes a dimerization of S19, inducing a ... PANX1 is a four pass transmembrane protein that forms large pores in the plasma membrane of a cell, allowing molecules up to 1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find-me_signals

... s are highly protein bound and therefore have a low volume of distribution. The protein bound nature of the loop ... Without such a concentrated medulla, water has less of an osmotic driving force to leave the collecting duct system, ultimately ... has been suggested to complement the action of loop diuretics in resistance cases but limited evidence are available to support ... This stimulates the release of renin, which through renin-angiotensin system, increases fluid retention in the body, increases ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_diuretic

... nerve tissue protein - nerve tissue protein S 100 - nervous system - neurobiology - neurofilament protein - neurokinin A - ... complement 3A - complement 5A - complement factor B - complement membrane attack complex - complement receptor - complex - ... protein - protein biosynthesis - Protein Data Bank - protein design - protein expression - protein folding - protein isoform - ... protein P16 - protein P34cdc2 - protein precursor - protein structure prediction - protein subunit - protein synthesis - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

Protein synthesis and protein degradation decline with age in skeletal and heart muscle, as would be expected, since DNA damage ... An enzyme system is present in oocytes that normally accurately repairs DNA double-strand breaks. This repair system is ... "Do mitochondrial DNA and metabolic rate complement each other in determination of the mammalian maximum longevity?". ... found numerous changes in protein expression in rat skeletal muscle with age, including lower levels of several proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

On dry matter basis, the grains have a protein content between 18-23%. The protein is composed like protein in most legumes, ... Thanks to nitrogen fixation, other crops included in an intercropping system with E. edulis benefit from higher nitrogen ... The amino acid pattern of the seeds of Erythrina edulis forms a good complement to cereals and tubers. To use the grains in ... Basul is a legume and so it produces protein-rich beans covered in pods which can be used for human or animal nutrition. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrina_edulis

... accumulate around neurons at the site of infection and complement protein is also highly expressed at the site of infection. ... Her lab has focused on two main mechanisms with which the immune system signals to and interacts with the central nervous ... Further, this protein was expressed at even higher levels in MS patients in brain regions more affected by MS. Another goal of ... A complement-microglial axis drives synapse loss during virus-induced memory impairment. Vasek MJ, Garber C, Dorsey D, Durrant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_S._Klein

Using a tissue culture system containing a mixture of both leukocytes and endothelial cells, he pioneered studies in both ... Abramson, S.B., Belmont, H.M., Hopkins, P., Buyon, J., Winchester, R. and Weissmann, G. Complement activation and vascular ... and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase). He was responsible for the codiscovery of liposomes in 1965 and credited with ... Goldstein, I.M., Roos, D., Kaplan, H., and Weissmann, G., Complement and immunoglobulins stimulate superoxide production by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Weissmann

... coli target DNA based on the sgRNA complement. Cas9 is able to initiate a double strand break and the λ-red system is able to ... Exo is a globular, trimeric protein that forms a ring shape with a hollow center that positions the linear DNA for cleavage. ... Because the system uses a plasmid that expresses the exo and gam genes from the λ-red system it is able to use oligonucleotide ... The λ-red system has also been optimized for scarless recombination; however, this is a two-step system consisting of selection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-SCAR_(Scarless_Cas9_Assisted_Recombineering)_Genome_Editing

Rainfall below 700 mm (28 in) per year needs be complemented with, for example, a drip irrigation system. This should water the ... Chestnuts depart from the norm for culinary nuts, as they have little protein or fat; their calories come chiefly from ... Most chestnut wood production is done by coppice systems, cut on a 12-year rotation to provide small timber which does not ... Raw chestnuts are 60% water and contain 44 grams of carbohydrates, 2 grams of protein, one gram of fat, supplying 200 calories ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut

... are categorized mainly as anti-inflammatory primarily working without inducing inflammation or activating the complement system ... The main concern with bank milk is that it has lost many immune cells, commensal microbiota and bio-active proteins during the ... Some researches have proposed that the mammary gland and milk production evolved as a part of the human innate immune system, ... Human milk immunity is the protection provided to the immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_milk_immunity

The fruits of the Cavendish bananas are eaten raw, used in baking, fruit salads, and to complement foods. The outer skin is ... Erbentraut, Joseph (December 16, 2015). "The 'Extinction' Of Bananas Shows Us Why Our Food System Needs Help". HuffPost. ... Van de Wouw, Angela P.; Idnurm, Alexander (2019). "Biotechnological potential of engineering pathogen effector proteins for use ... under one system of cultivar classification. Another classification includes: 'Double', 'Dwarf Cavendish', 'Extra Dwarf ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_banana

Gelatin, a protein produced from collagen extracted from boiled bones, connective tissues, and other animal products, has been ... "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13. Archived from ... to complement the add-ins that cooks across the country were combining in these aspics and salads. Popular Jell-O recipes often ... Pure alcohol cannot be heated sufficiently to break down these proteins, as it evaporates. Vodka or rum is commonly used in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jell-O

The first of these proteins to be studied were the viral fusion proteins, which allow an enveloped virus to insert its genetic ... Alternatively, SNARE-inspired model systems can be used to induce membrane fusion of lipid vesicles. In those systems membrane ... "A simple fluorescent method to determine complement-mediated liposome immune lysis". Journal of Immunological Methods. 15 (3): ... Even once the role of SNAREs or other specific proteins is illuminated, a unified understanding of fusion proteins is unlikely ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer_fusion

Results of search for su:{Complement system proteins} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available ... Complement and infectious diseases / author, Douglas P. Fine. by Fine, Douglas P. ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BComplement%20system%20proteins%7D

Significance of Complement Regulatory Protein Tetraspanins in the Male Reproductive System Significance of Complement ... Curr Protein Pept Sci Assunto da revista: Bioquímica Ano de publicação: 2023 Tipo de documento: Artigo País de afiliação: Índia ... Curr Protein Pept Sci Assunto da revista: Bioquímica Ano de publicação: 2023 Tipo de documento: Artigo País de afiliação: Índia ... Regulatory Protein Tetraspanins in the Male Reproductive System and Fertilization. Jangid, Pooja; Rai, Umesh; Bakshi, Amrita; ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/resource/pt/mdl-36718968

... especially the complement and the apoptosis cascade. Although possible crossroads between both systems have been proposed, ... Complement System Proteins / immunology* * Granzymes / immunology* * Humans * Multiple Trauma / immunology* * Signal ... the complement and apoptosis system. The present data suggest a new form of interaction between the complement and the ... especially the complement and the apoptosis cascade. Although possible crossroads between both systems have been proposed, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21948366/

Complement proteins are part of the complement system. This system helps the immune system fight disease-causing substances. ... A complement blood test measures the amount or activity of complement proteins in the blood. ... Complement proteins are part of the complement system. This system is made up of a group of proteins that work with the immune ... If the test shows that your complement protein levels are not normal or that the proteins arent working with the immune system ...

https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/complement-blood-test/

... were studied with respect to their effects on the rat serum complement system, in vitro as well as in vivo. Of the three drugs ... Adding MASP1 to the lectin pathway-Leprosy association puzzle: Hints from gene polymorphisms and protein levels. Weinschutz ... Interaction of anti-leprosy drugs with the rat serum complement system A Sahu 1 , K Saha, A Kashyap, A K Chakrabarty ... Interaction of anti-leprosy drugs with the rat serum complement system A Sahu et al. Immunopharmacology. 1988 May-Jun. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3134310

MeSH Terms: Adult; Animals; Autoimmunity*; Complement Activation; Complement System Proteins/immunology*; Female; Humans; ... Title: Contribution of the innate immune system to autoimmune myocarditis: a role for complement. ... We show here that complement is critical for the induction of experimental autoimmune myocarditis and that it acts through ... These findings provide a mechanism by which activated complement, a key product of the innate immune response, modulates the ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=482749

The complement system plays an important part in defense against pyogenic organisms. ... The complement system is part of the innate immune system. ... Genes that encode the proteins of complement components or ... The complement system is part of the innate immune system. The complement system plays an important part in defense against ... Deficiency of any of these regulatory proteins results in a state of overactivation of the complement system, with damaging ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/886128-overview

Complement factors H and I (CFH and CFI) are proteins that inhibit the complement system and keep it from attacking the bodys ... The system consists of nine complement component proteins, called C1, C2, C3, and so on up to C9. When activated, these ... The complement system is a large group of proteins that work together to trigger inflammatory and immune responses that defend ... solidifies a link between AMD and genes encoding the complement system, a set of proteins that plays a central part in immune ...

https://www.nei.nih.gov/about/news-and-events/news/three-studies-point-same-risk-gene-age-related-macular-degeneration

Neuromyelitis optica is an autoimmune disorder that affects the nerves of the eyes and the central nervous system, which ... the complement system. , which is a group of immune system proteins that work together to destroy pathogens, trigger ... The aquaporin-4 protein is found in several body systems but is most abundant in tissues of the central nervous system. ... The aquaporin-4 protein (AQP4), a normal protein in the body, plays a role in neuromyelitis optica. ...

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/neuromyelitis-optica

Interaction of C-reactive protein complexes with the complement system II. Consumption of guinea pig complement by CRP ... Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein ... C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactive protein. The association between CRP as an acute phase response protein and ... Yasojima K, Schwab C, McGeer EG and McGeer PL: Generation of C-reactive protein and complement components in atherosclerotic ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2020.8840

ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).. Terms. Complement System Proteins Preferred Term Term UI ... and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).. Entry Term(s). Complement Complement Protein Complement Proteins Hemolytic Complement Pharm ... Complement System Proteins [D12.776.124.486.274] * Anaphylatoxins [D12.776.124.486.274.024] * Complement Activating Enzymes [ ... Complement System Proteins Preferred Concept UI. M0004915. Registry Number. 9007-36-7. Scope Note. Serum glycoproteins ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003165

Summarize how the proteins in a complement system function to destroy extracellular pathogens ... The immune system comprises both innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate immunity occurs naturally because of genetic ... The innate immune system developed early in animal evolution, roughly a billion years ago, as an essential response to ... Both the innate and adaptive levels of the immune response involve secreted proteins, receptor-mediated signaling, and ...

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/introduction-to-the-innate-immune-response/

C1r is a key enzyme in the complement system, a series of proteins that enhance the immune systems ability to clear infections ... The C1r gene mutation carried by this family leads to a C1r protein that does not function normally, and lower total complement ... Earlier research by NIH and others showed that individuals with eczema have a different complement of skin bacteria than those ... Such knowledge may one day be translated into clinical strategies to stimulate the bodys own signaling system to repair large ...

https://www.niams.nih.gov/about/budget/fy2019/congressional-justification

The C1 esterase inhibitor protein is required to control the complement and contact systems, collections of proteins in the ... Patients with low levels of this protein have excessive activity of these two systems, which leads to the symptoms of ... is a copy of the C1 esterase inhibitor protein and works in the same way as the natural human protein. When it is given during ... Ruconest is used in patients with hereditary angioedema that is linked to naturally low levels of a protein called C1 esterase ...

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ruconest

... the complement system, and hemostatic and fibrinolytic factors (including activated protein C) in inflammation, thrombosis and ... In recent years it has become clear that the immune system has a significant impact on many key systems of the blood, including ... the complement system, or inflammatory cytokines secreted by activated macrophages and lymphocytes. There is also evidence that ... The immune system may contribute to the pathogenesis of many hematologic diseases, and to adverse or beneficial outcomes of ...

https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HL-01-003.html

Find out how the human immune system works. ... The complement system, like antibodies, is a series of proteins ... There are only a handful of proteins in the complement system, and they are floating freely in your blood. Complements are ... Immune System FAQ. What is the purpose of an immune system?. The primary function of the immune system is to act as a protectio ... The complement proteins are activated by and work with (complement) the antibodies, hence the name. They cause lysing (bursting ...

https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/immune/immune-system.htm

We discuss how HIV-1 virions displaying host proteins on their surface can exhibit a myriad of altered phenotypes, with notable ... Given the broad range of biologically active host proteins acquired on the surface of HIV-1, additional studies on the ... While this mechanism might seemingly imply that host protein incorporation is a passive uptake of all cellular antigens ... Herein, we review the evidence indicating that host protein incorporation can be a selective and conserved process. ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/11/1/85/htm

Our research team aims to look at a group of complement proteins, which function as part of the immune system, during the ... By examining concentrations of complement proteins in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the week after aSAH, and comparing this ... These proteins are activated at the point of rupture and they have the potential to cause vessel spasm both directly and ... Identifying the role of the immune system in patient outcomes after subarachnoid haemorrhage ...

https://brainfoundation.org.au/research-grants/2019/cerebral-diseases-18/

These modules have been identified more than 140 times in over 20 proteins, including 12 proteins of the complement system. The ... Vaccinia Complement Protein in Complex with Heparin. 1srz. Solution structure of the second complement control protein (CCP) ... The complete amino acid sequence of the human complement system regulatory protein, factor H, has been derived from sequencing ... CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE CATALYTIC DOMAIN OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT C1S PROTEASE. 1g40. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A COMPLEMENT PROTEIN ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=CCP&START=512&END=565&E_VALUE=8.9e-8&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=CPPPPQIPNTQVIETTVKYLDGEKLSVLCQDNYLTQDPEEMMCKDGRWQSLPHC

... and complement proteins. PI diseases are characterized most notably by increased susceptibility to infection. Defects in one or ... 1) The genetic defects may affect one or more components of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, phagocytic cells, ... Meeting participants discussed the development and assessment of early recognition systems and initial laboratory tests; ... more components of the immune system also cause increased susceptibility for autoimmune diseases and an increased risk of ...

https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/events/conference/pi/pisynop.htm

Complement Complement Protein Complement Proteins Protein, Complement Proteins, Complement Proteins, Complement System ... Complement. Complement Protein. Complement Proteins. Complement, Hemolytic. Hemolytic Complement. Protein, Complement. Proteins ... Complement System Proteins - Preferred Concept UI. M0004915. Scope note. Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense ... antagonists & inhibitors:Complement Inactivator Proteins Pharm Action:. Immunologic Factors. Factores Inmunológicos. Fatores ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=22132&filter=ths_exact_term&q=PROTE%C3%8DNAS+DO+COMPLEMENTO

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003165

Complement System Proteins1. *Congresses as Topic1. *Conservation of Natural Resources1 ... National Academy of Sciences Conference on Complement1. *Papers and Proceedings of the Surgeon Generals Conference on ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.subjectGenre%5D%5B%5D=Conferences

Complement System Proteins 41% * Human ApoE protein 26% * Alzheimer disease type 2 25% ... Protein phosphatase 2A and complement component 4 are linked to the protective effect of APOE ɛ2 for Alzheimers disease. ... Dive into the research topics of Protein phosphatase 2A and complement component 4 are linked to the protective effect of APOE ...

https://scholars.houstonmethodist.org/en/publications/protein-phosphatase-2a-and-complement-component-4-are-linked-to-t/fingerprints/

As noted on a supplement page from Davidson Colleges website, "the complement system consists of a series of plasma protein ... "The complement system evolved as part of the innate immune system and plays a key role in host defenses. Dysregulation of the ... complement system can lead to serious complications in a wide range of human diseases, including paroxysmal nocturnal ... ALN-CC5 engendered an up to 98.7-percent knockdown of serum C5 and an up to 96.8-percent inhibition of complement activity in ...

https://www.drugdiscoverynews.com/preclinical-potential-8693

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein and is a regulatory part of the complement system. The encoded ... complement regulatory protein (Cd46) ELISA Kits. CD46 molecule (Cd46) ELISA Kits. CD46 molecule, complement regulatory protein ... membrane cofactor protein-like (LOC100341359) ELISA Kits. membrane cofactor protein-like (LOC103789310) ELISA Kits. AHUS2 ELISA ... which protects the host cell from damage by complement. In addition, the encoded protein can act as a receptor for the ...

https://www.antikoerper-online.de/cd/cd46-47273/cd46-elisa-kits-333/

Significance: Researchers assessed whether complement proteins, which have a critical role in the innate immune system, are ... Complement, a critical component of the innate immune system, contributes to uncontrolled inflammatory responses leading to ... Here, we investigated whether a panel of complement proteins and activation products would provide useful biomarkers for ... The results demonstrated that complement factor I (CFI) and soluble complement 5b‐9 (sC5b9) were decreased in non-survivor AH ...

https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/about-niaaa/our-work/advisory-council/directors-reports-council/niaaa-directors-report-institute-activities-157th-meeting-national-advisory-council

Complement Receptors Medicine & Life Sciences 85% * Complement System Proteins Medicine & Life Sciences 80% ... termed complement control protein repeats (CCPs), were generated. Site 1 (CCPs 1-3) alone mediated the decay acceleration of ... termed complement control protein repeats (CCPs), were generated. Site 1 (CCPs 1-3) alone mediated the decay acceleration of ... termed complement control protein repeats (CCPs), were generated. Site 1 (CCPs 1-3) alone mediated the decay acceleration of ...

https://profiles.wustl.edu/en/publications/decay-accelerating-activity-of-complement-receptor-type-1-cd35-tw

The new research, which was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, solidifies a link between AMD and genes encoding the complement system, a set of proteins that plays a central part in immune responses and inflammation. (nih.gov)
at the same time, the inflammation promoted by complement activation can result in cellular damage when not kept in check. (medscape.com)
which is a group of immune system proteins that work together to destroy pathogens, trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues. (nih.gov)
Complement activation leads to the inflammation of the optic nerve and spinal cord that is characteristic of neuromyelitis optica, resulting in the signs and symptoms of the condition. (nih.gov)
CRP is a highly sensitive marker of inflammation and tissue damage, and it is considered an acute phase protein ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Toward this goal, this initiative strongly encourages scientific collaborations among investigators with interest in cardiovascular, pulmonary or blood systems with investigators who study inflammation and immunology. (nih.gov)
The C1 esterase inhibitor protein is required to control the 'complement' and 'contact' systems, collections of proteins in the blood that fight against infection and cause inflammation. (europa.eu)
Inflammation and pus are both side-effects of the immune system doing its job. (howstuffworks.com)
As noted on a supplement page from Davidson College's website , "the complement system consists of a series of plasma protein interactions which mediate direct attack on pathogens and induce inflammation … C5 plays a significant role in vital immunological pathways as well as contributing to several human diseases. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
The production of antibodies against CNS proteins by infiltrating peripheral immune cells leads to autoimmune neurological disorders such as myasthenia gravis (MG). Inflammation resulting from damage to the BBB and infiltration of peripheral T-cells is also a pathogenic feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and causes demyelination. (tocris.com)
More detailed analyses revealed that the gene for complement component 1q (C1q), an important and evolutionarily ancient protein of the immune system, was expressed mainly by a subgroup of microglia responsible for driving inflammation, suggesting that it may contribute to lesion progression. (nih.gov)

Thus, tissue trauma is associated with early activation of both, the complement and apoptosis system. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, dapsone and clofazimine could reduce rat-serum-mediated rabbit erythrocyte haemolysis in the presence of Mg2+-EGTA, indicating that they could also affect the alternative pathway of complement activation. (nih.gov)
Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX . (nih.gov)
When CRP aggregates or binds to macromolecule ligands, the classical pathway of complement activation can be achieved through interactions with C1q ( 11 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Their studies explore how the complement system becomes activated by nanoparticles-and how to create new designs that could serve to prevent that activation and the adverse results that can occur in patients' bodies. (nih.gov)
When they returned antibodies to the blood products, complement activation occurred as before or even stronger. (nih.gov)
In all of the nanoparticles that we tested, complement activation was dependent on the binding of certain of these natural antibodies to nanoparticles," Simberg said. (nih.gov)
If a person has a high level of antibodies that can recognize a particular type of nanoparticle, this person will have a high complement activation. (nih.gov)

The classical pathway is triggered by interaction of the Fc portion of an antibody (immunoglobulin [Ig] M, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3) or C-reactive protein with C1q. (medscape.com)
Lectins activate the lectin pathway in a manner similar to the antibody interaction with complement in the classical pathway. (medscape.com)

In response to severe tissue trauma, several "molecular danger" sensing and signaling pathways are activated, especially the complement and the apoptosis cascade. (nih.gov)
The complement cascade consists of 3 separate pathways that converge in a final common pathway. (medscape.com)
Complement pathways and deficiencies. (medscape.com)

C5a has an imperative role in chemotaxis and C5b forms the 1st part of the complement membrane attack complex. (prospecbio.com)
The C5b macromolecular cleavage product forms a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for creation of the membrane attack complex, which includes supplementary complement components. (prospecbio.com)

This may be beneficial by leading to the clearance of unwanted material and dying cells in healthy brain development, but also pathogenic in the induction of neuronal cell death and production of antibodies against CNS proteins. (tocris.com)
Among the corona proteins are natural antibodies that are part of each person's unique immunologic makeup. (nih.gov)
Simberg's study found that these natural antibodies lead some people to mount an immune system attack on the nanoparticles prepared to treat their conditions. (nih.gov)
The team observed that natural antibodies, called immunoglobulins, were among other proteins that formed on the nanoparticle corona. (nih.gov)
Interestingly, the antibodies bind to the proteins in the corona, rather than to the pristine nanoparticle surface itself. (nih.gov)
The team had published previously that that a nanoparticle's corona is important for complement attack, but this is the first study that pinpoints natural antibodies as the critical player in triggering immune attacks. (nih.gov)
In another recent study, reported as a pre-print in bioRxiv, Veesler's team mapped dozens of distinct human antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 by their ability to hit viral targets outside of the well-known spike protein [4]. (nih.gov)
Such discoveries may form the basis for new and promising combinations of antibodies to treat COVID-19 that won't be disabled by concerning new variations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. (nih.gov)

Genes that encode the proteins of complement components or their isotypes are distributed throughout different chromosomes, with 19 genes comprising 3 significant complement gene clusters in the human genome. (medscape.com)
Conestat alfa is produced by 'recombinant DNA technology': it is extracted from the milk of rabbits that have been given genes that make them able to produce the human protein in their milk. (europa.eu)
For example, the present knowledge of genes controlling proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursors of gametes, is restricted in Atlantic halibut to embryonic expression of askopos ( kop ) and Tudor domain-containing protein 5 ( tdrd5 ) [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Dapsone, clofazimine and rifampicin, the three most important constituents of multidrug therapy against leprosy, were studied with respect to their effects on the rat serum complement system, in vitro as well as in vivo. (nih.gov)
ALN-CC5 engendered an up to 98.7-percent knockdown of serum C5 and an up to 96.8-percent inhibition of complement activity in non-human primates (NHPs) when administered subcutaneously on a weekly basis. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
I am very encouraged by these preclinical data showing potent and durable knockdown of serum C5 with robust inhibition of complement activity using a subcutaneously administered RNAi therapeutic. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
The encoded protein has cofactor activity for inactivation of complement components C3b and C4b by serum factor I, which protects the host cell from damage by complement. (antikoerper-online.de)

However, the latter pathway of complement consumption by these drugs seems to be insignificant because the factor-B-mediated complement-consumption system is minimal in rat sera. (nih.gov)

The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein and is a regulatory part of the complement system. (antikoerper-online.de)
Finally, the protein encoded by this gene may be involved in the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocyte during fertilization. (antikoerper-online.de)
Complement Component C5a (C5a) is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. (prospecbio.com)

This variant affects a part of the C3 protein that enables it to respond to inhibition by CFH. (nih.gov)
These new preclinical data with our recently selected development candidate for ALN-CC5 demonstrate potent C5 knockdown and robust inhibition of complement activity in NHPs with weekly subcutaneous dosing. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
We believe that these are promising results, since an over 80-percent inhibition of complement activity has been shown to be associated with clinical benefit. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

We show here that complement is critical for the induction of experimental autoimmune myocarditis and that it acts through complement receptor type 1 (CR1) and type 2 (CR2). (nih.gov)
Decay accelerating activity of complement receptor type 1 (CD35). (wustl.edu)
Dive into the research topics of 'Decay accelerating activity of complement receptor type 1 (CD35). (wustl.edu)

Although the complement system is part of the body's innate, relatively nonspecific defense against pathogens, its role is hardly primitive or easily understood. (medscape.com)
The innate immunity and the complement system consist of 11 plasma proteins produced by the liver, usually activated by pathogens and antibody complexes, which help to eliminate pathogens. (listlabs.com)

Complement and infectious diseases / author, Douglas P. Fine. (who.int)
In addition to playing an important role in host defense against infection, the complement system is a mediator in both the pathogenesis and prevention of immune complex diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] A registry of complement deficiencies has been established as a means to promote joint projects on treatment and prevention of diseases associated with defective complement function. (medscape.com)
In many different diseases, the cause is actually an immune system error. (howstuffworks.com)
Defects in one or more components of the immune system also cause increased susceptibility for autoimmune diseases and an increased risk of cancer. (cdc.gov)
The compound is currently being developed for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Complement component C5, which is largely expressed in liver cells, is a genetically and clinically validated target, and intravenous anti-C5 monoclonal antibody therapy has shown clinical activity and tolerability in several complement-mediated diseases. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Dysregulation of the complement system can lead to serious complications in a wide range of human diseases, including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and neuromyelitis optica," said Dr. Anita Hill, consultant hematologist for Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust in the United Kingdom and honorary senior lecturer at the University of Leeds . (drugdiscoverynews.com)
If these results can be extended to the clinical setting, I believe that they could represent an attractive therapeutic strategy and potential new treatment option for patients with complement-mediated diseases. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

This system is made up of a group of proteins that work with the immune system to identify and fight disease-causing substances like viruses and bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
When activated, these proteins can essentially punch holes into bacteria and destroy them. (nih.gov)
With his NIBIB grant, Simberg studies the complement system-an aspect of the immune system that originates from birth and is programmed to switch on when confronted by harmful viruses and bacteria. (nih.gov)

Although possible crossroads between both systems have been proposed, little is known about the underlying molecular interactions. (nih.gov)

If the test shows that your complement protein levels are not normal or that the proteins aren't working with the immune system as well as they should, it can be a sign of an autoimmune disease or other serious health problem. (medlineplus.gov)
If you are being treated for lupus or another autoimmune disease, increased amounts or activity of complement proteins may mean your treatment is working. (medlineplus.gov)
These findings provide a mechanism by which activated complement, a key product of the innate immune response, modulates the induction of an autoimmune disease. (nih.gov)
Specific complement deficiencies are also associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune disease, such as SLE. (medscape.com)
For example, recently completed population-based studies of lupus, an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy tissues, confirmed that women have a higher incidence of lupus than do men. (nih.gov)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by focal demyelination and axon degeneration in the central nervous system. (tocris.com)

Cases of complement deficiency have helped defined the role of complement in host defense. (medscape.com)

To that end, truncated derivatives of CR1 whose extracellular part is composed of 30 tandem repeating modules, termed complement control protein repeats (CCPs), were generated. (wustl.edu)

Curr Protein Pept Sci;24(3): 240-246, 2023. (bvsalud.org)

The system consists of nine complement component proteins, called C1, C2, C3, and so on up to C9. (nih.gov)

An intricate system regulates complement activity. (medscape.com)
Both the innate and adaptive levels of the immune response involve secreted proteins, receptor-mediated signaling, and intricate cell-to-cell communication. (lumenlearning.com)
The immune system is complex, intricate and interesting. (howstuffworks.com)

Beyond what is already known about bats' intriguing qualities, Veesler says humans still have much to discover about these flying mammals, including how their immune systems cope with such an onslaught of viral invaders. (nih.gov)

Approximately 70 percent of people with this disorder produce an immune protein called an antibody that attaches (binds) to the aquaporin-4 protein. (nih.gov)
First, the immunoglobulin binds to the protein that is part of the corona of a nanoparticle (blue), followed by binding of C3 to the antibody. (nih.gov)

1 ) The genetic defects may affect one or more components of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and complement proteins. (cdc.gov)

Complement factors H and I (CFH and CFI) are proteins that inhibit the complement system and keep it from attacking the body's own cells. (nih.gov)
Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system malfunctions and attacks the body's own tissues and organs. (nih.gov)
The primary function of the liver, kidneys, and urinary system is to expel toxins that result from the body's metabolism of food and drink 7 . (listlabs.com)

Microglia act as 'scavengers' in the CNS, removing damaged/apoptotic cells and protein plaques and tangles, through phagocytosis mediated by the complement system. (tocris.com)

In this study a new interaction interface is presented for C3a and C5a generation by the pro-apoptotic factor granzyme B. In vitro incubation of the central human complement components C3 and C5 with the serine protease granzyme B resulted in a concentration-dependent production of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. (nih.gov)
Of the three drugs only dapsone and clofazimine exhibited significant in vitro anti-complement activity and only at a very high, non-therapeutic dose of 0.24 mg/ml. (nih.gov)
On the contrary, rifampicin could not induce significant in vitro complement consumption. (nih.gov)

The complement control protein (CCP) modules (also known as short consensus repeats SCRs or SUSHI repeats) contain approximately 60 amino acid residues and have been identified in several proteins of the complement system. (embl.de)
The complement control protein (CCP) modules (also known as short consensus repeats) are defined by a consensus sequence within a stretch of about 60 amino acid residues. (embl.de)

The aquaporin-4 protein is found in several body systems but is most abundant in tissues of the central nervous system. (nih.gov)
The intent of this Request for Applications (RFA) is to stimulate research that will increase fundamental knowledge of the cellular and molecular components and mechanisms and signaling processes that regulate the immune system in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and blood tissues and are important in healthy tissue maintenance, damaged tissue repair, or disease pathogenesis. (nih.gov)

While this mechanism might seemingly imply that host protein incorporation is a passive uptake of all cellular antigens associated with the plasma membrane at the site of budding, this is not the case. (mdpi.com)

A complement blood test measures the amount or activity of complement proteins in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
A CH50 test (sometimes called CH100) measures the amount and activity of all the major complement proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
In a separate experiment we attempted to reconstitute the haemolytic complement activity consumed by dapsone and clofazimine by adding Crat-EDTA sera (a source of C3, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9), but at most only 12% reconstitution of haemolytic activity could be achieved. (nih.gov)
Deficiencies in complement predispose patients to infection via 2 mechanisms: (1) ineffective opsonization and (2) defects in lytic activity (defects in MAC). (medscape.com)
Patients with low levels of this protein have excessive activity of these two systems, which leads to the symptoms of angioedema. (europa.eu)
Further, comparative studies in a mouse arthritis model showed ALN-CC5 to be as effective as an anti-C5 antibody in reducing disease activity, demonstrating a necessary and sufficient role for liver-expressed C5 in localized complement-mediated disease," Dr. Akshay Vaishnaw, executive vice president and chief medical officer of Alnylam, commented in a news release. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Based on these results, we generated proteins one-fourth the size of CR1 but with enhanced decay accelerating activity for the C3 convertases. (wustl.edu)
An NIH-funded team at the University of Colorado (UC) has assembled a clearer picture of the molecular activity that occurs when nanoparticles injected into the body are marked for immune system attack. (nih.gov)
The kinetics of the hypoferraemic response and changes in levels of alternative complement activity in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, following injection of lipopolysaccharide. (elsevier.com)

The present data suggest a new form of interaction between the complement and the apoptosis system on the level of granzyme B that is capable to generate C3a and C5a independently of the established complement proteases. (nih.gov)

Immunoelectrophoretic study of mixtures of fresh rat sera and anti-leprosy drugs against specific anti-rat-C3 antisera demonstrated that dapsone and clofazimine could not cleave the C3 complement component. (nih.gov)
CAMBRIDGE, Mass.-RNAi therapeutics company Alnylam Pharmaceuticals Inc. has released preclinical results regarding its development candidate for ALN-CC5, a subcutaneously administered investigational RNAi therapeutic that targets complement component C5. (drugdiscoverynews.com)
Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. (prospecbio.com)
This process involves the fi lament aggregating protein, filaggrin , a protein component of keratohyalin granules. (criticalcaremcqs.com)

Representation of C3 molecules of complement immune system binding to antibody. (nih.gov)

The immune system comprises both innate and adaptive immune responses. (lumenlearning.com)
We have demonstrated maternal transfer of innate and adaptive immune system transcripts into Atlantic halibut embryos and their relation with future embryo developmental potential. (biomedcentral.com)
However, both innate and adaptive immune system-relevant factors are maternally transferred into teleost oocytes and present during embryonic development, before hatching [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The incorporation of biologically active host proteins into HIV-1 is a well-established phenomenon, particularly due to the budding mechanism of viral egress in which viruses acquire their external lipid membrane directly from the host cell. (mdpi.com)

The solution structure of the 16th CCP module from human complement factor H has been determined by a combination of 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and restrained simulated annealing. (embl.de)

The complement system is a large group of proteins that work together to trigger inflammatory and immune responses that defend our bodies against infection. (nih.gov)
CRP is an acute phase protein, while CVD is an inflammatory condition. (spandidos-publications.com)

Recent research has indicated that some immune system -related cell surface molecules (CD molecules from the tetraspanin superfamily) may have a role in fertilization . (bvsalud.org)

What is a complement blood test? (medlineplus.gov)
Why do I need a complement blood test? (medlineplus.gov)
You may need a complement blood test if you have symptoms of an autoimmune disorder, especially lupus. (medlineplus.gov)
You don't need any special preparations for a complement blood test. (medlineplus.gov)
Are there any risks to a complement blood test? (medlineplus.gov)
PURPOSE The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) invites research grant applications to conduct studies on the immunobiology of health and disease in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, OR blood systems. (nih.gov)
This Request for Applications (RFA), "Immunobiology of Cardiovascular, Pulmonary, and Blood Systems in Health and Disease," is related to one or more of the priority areas. (nih.gov)
By examining concentrations of complement proteins in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the week after aSAH, and comparing this with the clinical data, we may be able to predict who is most at risk in future. (brainfoundation.org.au)

The active substance in Ruconest, conestat alfa, is a copy of the C1 esterase inhibitor protein and works in the same way as the natural human protein. (europa.eu)
There are also all kinds of human ailments that are caused by the immune system working in unexpected or incorrect ways that cause problems. (howstuffworks.com)
In addition, the encoded protein can act as a receptor for the Edmonston strain of measles virus, human herpesvirus-6, and type IV pili of pathogenic Neisseria. (antikoerper-online.de)
Human Complement C5a produced in Human plasma having a molecular mass of 10.4 kDa. (prospecbio.com)
In fact, his lab at the University of Washington, Seattle, was the first to elucidate the 3D architecture of the now infamous spike protein , which coronaviruses use to gain entry into human cells [1]. (nih.gov)

A North African study of molecular basis of complement factor I deficiency in atypical hemolytic and uremic syndrome patients suggested that the Ile357Met mutation may be a founding effect. (medscape.com)
These studies demonstrate that a Cys430-Phe mutation does not prevent the de novo synthesis of the b subunit, but alters the conformation of the mutant protein sufficiently to impair its intracellular transport, resulting in its deficiency in this patient. (embl.de)

Deficiencies in the complement cascade can lead to overwhelming infection and sepsis. (medscape.com)

New studies point to the complex interplay between the complement cascade and adaptive immune response, and complement is also being studied in association with ischemic injury as a target of therapy. (medscape.com)

We thus conclude that both dapsone and clofazimine could affect the complement system, predominantly through the earlier complement components and at very high, non-therapeutic doses. (nih.gov)
The important components of this system are various cell membrane-associated proteins such as complement receptor 1 (CR1), complement receptor 2 (CR2), and decay accelerating factor (DAF). (medscape.com)

C‑reactive protein (CRP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have long been important research topics. (spandidos-publications.com)
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase reactive protein. (spandidos-publications.com)
This protein inhibits the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (wikipedia.org)

In MS, the immune system attacks myelin, a protective layer that forms around nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, leading to vision loss, muscle weakness, problems with balance and coordination, fatigue, numbness, and other debilitating symptoms. (nih.gov)

Some people have diabetes, which is caused by the immune system inappropriately attacking cells in the pancreas and destroying them. (howstuffworks.com)

Contribution of the innate immune system to autoimmune myocarditis: a role for complement. (nih.gov)
Genetic studies to date have shown that the complement system plays an important role in AMD. (nih.gov)
The aquaporin-4 protein (AQP4), a normal protein in the body, plays a role in neuromyelitis optica. (nih.gov)
The complement system evolved as part of the innate immune system and plays a key role in host defenses. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

The complement system plays an important part in defense against pyogenic organisms. (medscape.com)
That sounds gross, but it does show you something very important about your immune system. (howstuffworks.com)

Three-dimensional structure of a complement control protein module in solution. (embl.de)

For example, organ transplants are much harder than they should be because the immune system often rejects the transplanted organ. (howstuffworks.com)
For nanomedicine to achieve the envisioned breakthroughs in disease treatment, scientists must learn why the immune system often responds inhospitably to these therapies. (nih.gov)

Inside your body there is an amazing protectio-n mechanism called the immune system . (howstuffworks.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms13

Diseases11

Chemicals and Drugs94

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes24

Information Science3

Interaction of inflammatory cells and oral microorganisms. III. Modulation of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte hydrolase release response to Actinomyces viscosus and Streptococcus mutans by immunoglobulins and complement. (1/3896)

Up-regulation of glomerular extracellular matrix and transforming growth factor-beta expression in RF/J mice. (2/3896)

Assessment of complement deficiency in patients with meningococcal disease in The Netherlands. (3/3896)

2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages II. Dissociation of the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose on phagocytosis and ATP generation. (4/3896)

The induction of macrophage spreading: role of coagulation factors and the complement system. (5/3896)

Unexpected crucial role of residue 225 in serine proteases. (6/3896)

Phagocytosis of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (7/3896)

Intestinal reperfusion injury is mediated by IgM and complement. (8/3896)

Complement System Proteins

Anaplasma marginale

Complement Activation

Phosphotransferases (Nitrogenous Group Acceptor)

Complement C3

Phosphoenolpyruvate Sugar Phosphotransferase System

Complement C4

Bacterial Proteins

Complement Pathway, Classical

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement C5

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Complement C3b

Complement Factor B

Complement C1q

Complement C3a

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Receptors, Complement

Complement C2

Complement C5a

Anaphylatoxins

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Complement C4b

Complement Inactivating Agents

Complement C9

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C1

Complement Factor H

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Complement C6

Complement Activating Enzymes

Complement C3d

Complement C4a

Receptors, Complement 3b

Complement C3c

Complement Factor I

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein

Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a

Complement Factor D

Antigens, CD55

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases

Cobra Venoms

Complement C8

Complement C4b-Binding Protein

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins

Hemolysis

Complement C7

Mannose-Binding Lectin

Receptors, Complement 3d

Complement Fixation Tests

Antigens, CD59

Properdin

Antigens, CD46

Complement C1s

Complement C1r

Complement C5b

Complement C2b

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Opsonin Proteins

Collectins

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Immunoglobulin G

Lectins

Zymosan

Blood Bactericidal Activity

Phthalic Anhydrides

Phagocytosis

Immunity, Innate

Guinea Pigs

Molecular Sequence Data

Neutrophils

Immunoelectrophoresis

Amino Acid Sequence

Protein Binding

Sarcoptes scabiei

gamma-Globulins

Snake Venoms

Macular Degeneration