Complement fixation tests. Medical search

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A disease of cattle caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA leading to abortion in late pregnancy. BRUCELLA ABORTUS is the primary infective agent.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are cattle and other bovidae. Abortion and placentitis are frequently produced in the pregnant animal. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected.

Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.

Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that causes BRUCELLOSIS. Its cells are nonmotile coccobacilli and are animal parasites and pathogens. The bacterium is transmissible to humans through contact with infected dairy products or tissue.

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

A mitosporic fungal genus which causes COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS.

A bright bluish pink compound that has been used as a dye, biological stain, and diagnostic aid.

Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.

Infection resulting from inhalation or ingestion of spores of the fungus of the genus HISTOPLASMA, species H. capsulatum. It is worldwide in distribution and particularly common in the midwestern United States. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

A bacterial vaccine for the prevention of brucellosis in man and animal. Brucella abortus vaccine is used for the immunization of cattle, sheep, and goats.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (LUNG) and BRONCHI, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE in humans. In SHEEP, it is caused by MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE. In CATTLE, it may be caused by MYCOPLASMA DISPAR.

Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.

The classic form of typhus, caused by RICKETTSIA PROWAZEKII, which is transmitted from man to man by the louse Pediculus humanus corporis. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of intense headache, malaise, and generalized myalgia followed by the formation of a macular skin eruption and vascular and neurologic disturbances.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of non-viral primary atypical pneumonia in man.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.

An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETII. It is characterized by a sudden onset of FEVER; HEADACHE; malaise; and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (ANIMALS, DOMESTIC).

A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that is widely distributed in TICKS and various mammals throughout the world. Infection with this genus is particularly prevalent in CATTLE; SHEEP; and GOATS.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

A mitosporic Onygenales fungal genus causing HISTOPLASMOSIS in humans and animals. Its single species is Histoplasma capsulatum which has two varieties: H. capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii. Its teleomorph is AJELLOMYCES capsulatus.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to FUNGAL ANTIGENS.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A species of gram-negative bacteria parasitic on HORSES and DONKEYS causing GLANDERS, which can be transmitted to humans.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A species of the genus BRUCELLA whose natural hosts are sheep and goats. Other mammals, including humans, may be infected. In general, these organisms tend to be more virulent for laboratory animals than BRUCELLA ABORTUS and may cause fatal infections.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.

Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.

Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

A genus of the family CHLAMYDIACEAE whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

A species of gram-negative bacteria that grows preferentially in the vacuoles of the host cell. It is the etiological agent of Q FEVER.

The process in certain BACTERIA; FUNGI; and CYANOBACTERIA converting free atmospheric NITROGEN to biologically usable forms of nitrogen, such as AMMONIA; NITRATES; and amino compounds.

Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Large, hoofed mammals of the family EQUIDAE. Horses are active day and night with most of the day spent seeking and consuming food. Feeding peaks occur in the early morning and late afternoon, and there are several daily periods of rest.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Antibodies which elicit IMMUNOPRECIPITATION when combined with antigen.

The technique of using FIXATIVES in the preparation of cytologic, histologic, or pathologic specimens for the purpose of maintaining the existing form and structure of all the constituent elements.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

Antibodies found in adult RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients that are directed against GAMMA-CHAIN IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The study of serum, especially of antigen-antibody reactions in vitro.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

Complement fixation titers in cattle following intranasal inoculation of Hemophilus somnus. (1/1682)

Five bulls were inoculated intranasally with a live culture of Hemophilus somnus originally isolated from a clinical case of Hemophilus septicemia. Preinoculation and postinoculation blood samples were taken at weekly intervals for nine weeks for measuring complement fixation titers and daily postinoculation temperatures were taken for one week. Three animals had transient fever and slight lethargy was observed in two animals had a transitory rise in complement fixation titers in the second to fifth weeks postexposure while one animal which had been seronegative on preinoculation testing produced little serological response to the organism. The experiment demonstrated that the nasal instillation of young cattle using an originally pathogenic H. somnus isolate is capable of stimulating only transitory complement fixation antibody titer. (+info)

Complement fixing hepatitis B core antigen immune complexes in the liver of patients with HBs antigen positive chronic disease. (2/1682)

One hundred and fifty-two biopsies from serologically HBsAg positive and negative patients with liver disease were studied in immunofluorescence: for the presence of the surface (HBs) and the core (HBc) antigenic determinants foeterminants of the hepatitis B virus, of immunoglobulins and complement (C) deposits, and for the capacity to fix human C. Circumstantial evidence is presented suggesting that HBc immune-complexes are a relevant feature in the establishment and progression of chronic HBSAg liver disease. C fixation by liver cells was shown in all HBC positive patients with chronic hepatitis; an active form was present in every case, except two with a persistent hepatitis, an inverse ratio of HBc to C binding fluorescence being noted between active chronic hepatitis and cirrhotic patients. HBc without C fixation was observed in only three patients in the incubation phase of infectious hepatitis. IgG deposits were often found in HBc containing, C fixing nuclei. No C binding or IgG deposits were observed in acute self-limited type B hepatitis, in serologically positive patients with normal liver or minimal histological lesions, with and without HBs cytoplasmic fluorescence in their biopsy, or in serologically negative individuals. (+info)

Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. (3/1682)

The serum dilution neutralization test was evaluated for serological diagnosis of California group arbovirus infections and identification of virus isolates. The technical advantages and the degree of subtype specificity of the serum dilution neutralization test over the hemagglutination inhibition test and the complement fixation test were demonstrated with paired specimens from human cases, single human survey sera, and sentinel rabbit sera. Twenty-one virus isolates from various geographical areas of the United States were also used to evaluate the efficacy of the serum dilution neutralization test for specific virus identification. (+info)

Chagas' disease diagnosis: comparative analysis of parasitologic, molecular, and serologic methods. (4/1682)

During the course of chronic chagasic infection, low parasitemia levels prevent parasite detection by current techniques such as hemoculture and xenodiagnosis. Since serologic tests have sensitivity but lack specificity, molecular assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been proposed as alternative tools for parasite detection in individuals with chronic Chagas' disease. A variable degree of PCR efficiency has been reported in the literature and illustrates the need for further evaluation of large numbers of chagasic patients. In this study, we compared an optimized PCR technique with hemoculture and complement-mediated lysis (CoML) in 113 individuals from or living in endemic areas of Brazil who had conventional serologic results that were either positive, negative, or inconclusive. The PCR amplification yielded positive results in 83.5% (66 of 79) of individuals with positive serology, 47.6% (10 of 21) with negative serology, and 46.2% (6 of 13) with inconclusive serology. Of 10 patients with negative serology and positive PCR result, eight (80%) had positive CoML, indicating that they could have been chagasic but were not mounting immune responses. The PCR results were also positive for all individuals who had positive hemoculture, for 37 individuals with negative hemoculture and positive serology, and for two of six individuals with inconclusive serology and negative hemoculture. Thirteen individuals living in nonendemic areas who had negative serology were used as a negative control group: 100% had negative PCR results. Our results show that the optimized PCR protocol used here was very sensitive in detecting the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic chagasic patients. The PCR and CoML results were well correlated in all of the groups studied, which suggests that our PCR protocol may be effective in the evaluation of cure in patients who receive anti-parasite treatment. (+info)

Inhibition of K cell function by human breast cancer sera. (5/1682)

Sera from breast cancer patients and from female controls were tested for inhibition of lysis of antibody-coated target cells by human leukocytes (K cells). Sera from 39% of breast cancer patients, but from only 8% of controls, inhibited lysis by more than 30%. This inhibition was unrelated to the stage of the disease, the patient's age or whether the patient was pre- or post-operative. Inhibition was apparently not due to anti-HLA antibodies and did not correlate with the IgG level or anti-complementary activity of the serum. On fractionation by gel-filtration, inhibitory activity was found in fractions of higher molecular weight than IgG. As no IgG could be detected in these fractions, inhibition is probably not due to immune complexes containing IgG antibody. The inhibitory factor may well contribute to the immunosuppressed status of a proportion of breast cancer patients. (+info)

Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy. (6/1682)

The occurrence of immune complexes in the serum and the level of the C3 breakdown product C3d in the plasma from patients with leprosy were studied by quantitative methods and the results were compared in various forms of the disease. These studies were performed on sixty-two samples from twenty-six patients. The serum 125I-C1q binding activity was found to be increased by more than 2 s.d., as compared to the normal values, in most of the sera from patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (80%) and uncomplicated lepromatous leprosy (82%), but also in the sera from patients with tuberculoid leprosy (58%). In vitro studies suggested that immune complexes involving mycobacterial antigens were present in leprosy sera. An increased C3d level (greater than 2s.d.) was also found in most of the plasma from patients with ENL (70%), but rarely in the plasma from patients with uncomplicated lepromatous leprosy (18%) and never in tuberculoid leprosy patients' plasma. The absence of a significant correlation between the 125I-C1q binding activity and the C3d level in leprosy patients may suggest that extravascular immune complexes are involved in the complement activation occurring in ENL. The quantitation of C3d in plasma may be of some practical interest in the early diagnosis of ENL complications of leprosy. (+info)

Studies on the immunogenicity of protamines in humans and experimental animals by means of a micro-complement fixation test. (7/1682)

A complement fixation study with human, monkey and rabbit sera, using purified sperm nuclear basic proteins as antigens, led to the following conclusions. (1) Protamines, the sperm-specific basic nuclear proteins, may be immunogenic in mammalians. (2) Antibodies detected in the indirect immunofluorescence test on human swollen sperm heads in sera from infertile and vasectomized men, are directed primarily against human protamines. (3) The results obtained suggested that differences in the immunization site and/or in the configuration of the immunizing protamine, may lead to the formation of antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants. Autoimmunity to protamines, following vasectomy or in infertile men, is accompanied by the formation of antibodies cross-reacting with common antigenic determinants present in protamines of other species. Induction of immunity to protamines by means of immunization with protamines-RNA complexes (in rabbits), or protamine-insulin complexes (in humans), leads to the formation of antibodies reacting more specifically with the immunizing protamine, showing only slight cross-reaction with other protamines. (4) The histone-like fraction present in mature human spermatozoa is composed mainly of histone fraction H2B. (+info)

Detection of core antibody in hepatitis B infection. (8/1682)

Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is found on the decoated Dane particle and on a morphologically similar particle detected mainly in the nucleus of hepatocytes of patients with hepatitis B. HBcAg prepared from the liver of a chimpanzee infected with hepatitis B virus was used to test human serum for core antibody (anti-HBc) by complement fixation. Anti-HBc was found in serum collected from patients with hepatitis B in both the acute and convalescent stages, from carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and from patients with chronic liver or renal disease who were carriers of HBsAg. It was not found in patients with hepatitis A or infectious mononucleosis, or in healthy persons who were not carriers of HBsAg. (+info)

These tests include ELISAs and complement fixation tests. Lebombo virus Pata virus African horse sickness virus (Serotypes 1-9 ... The serogroups are differentiated on the basis of a fourfold or greater difference in antibody based tests. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbivirus

Alternatively diagnosis can be made by complement fixation tests. As of 2012[update], commercial blood tests included ELISA and ... doi:10.1016/0035-9203(84)90283-9. Kinkel HF, Dittrich S, Bäumer B, Weitzel T (2012). "Evaluation of eight serological tests for ... an Indirect immunofluorescence test, but these have low sensitivity ranging from 21% to 71%. The main cause of schistomiasis is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma_haematobium

Many traditional serological tests such as hemagglutination or complement fixation employ this principle. Such tests can ... This means that the patient's serum gives a positive indirect Coombs test at any dilution down to 1/16 (1 part serum to 15 ... For example, the indirect Coombs test detects the presence of anti-Rh antibodies in a pregnant woman's blood serum. A patient ... 32 may be below the cut-off for one test but above for another.. ... since it took a greater dilution to abolish the positive test. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody_titer

These tests include: detecting complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescence assays, radioimmunoassays ... While these tests are not required in US, an estimated 75-90% of the blood supply is currently tested for Chagas, including all ... Attempts to test Darwin's remains at Westminster Abbey by using modern PCR techniques were met with a refusal by the Abbey's ... "Infectious Disease Testing". American Red Cross. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010. "Chagas' ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease

Complement fixation assay. The complement fixation test was modified to assay Antiserum mediated RBC lysis. Chromium release ... A series of tests on cultured cells revealed that, within the "LA" group, a donor tissue might have some antigens but not ... By testing different anti-sera from recipients they were able to uncover some with unique reactivities. As a result, scientists ... To work around this problem a 'workshop' number "w#" was often assigned while testing continued to determine which series the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_naming_of_human_leukocyte_antigens

Ante mortem diagnosis may be made with the use of dermal sensitivity testing or complement fixation tests. Muscle biopsy is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcocystis

However, some authors note that such complement-fixation tests are insensitive and should not be used for diagnosis. Dr. Clare ... Blood samples were obtained and tested for LCMV antibodies. Of the 82 workers that were tested, seven had definite serologic ... Serologic testing is not recommended for pet rodents, as it has been unreliable in detecting antibodies in animals with active ... The island of Vir in Croatia is one of the biggest described endemic places of origin of LCMV in the world, with IFA testing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytic_choriomeningitis

Previous methods of diagnosis included HI, complement fixation, neutralization tests, and injecting the serum of infected ... This study also found using immune response tests that birds and humans in the region appeared to have been exposed to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyasanur_Forest_disease

Antiechinococcus antibodies can be detected with serodiagnostic tests - indirect fluorescent antibody, complement fixation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinococcus

Bacterial culture, immunofluorescent antibody testing (IFAT), complement fixation test and haemagglutination can all be used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_hyorhinis

The available tests include the tube-precipitin (TP) assays, complement fixation assays, and enzyme immunoassays. TP antibody ... Inmates Should Be Tested for Valley Fever Immunity". California HealthLine. Shehab, Ziad M. (2010). "Coccidioidomycosis". ... Presently, Meridian Bioscience manufactures the so-called EIA test to diagnose the Valley fever, which however is known for ... and a serum precipitin test was developed by Charles E. Smith that was able to detect an acute form of the infection. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis

Double diffusion in agar gel and complement fixation test, are amongst the most commonly used tests in serodiagnosis. Culture ... which might provide a basis for the development of a diagnostic test. Tests targeting the presence of serum antibodies to P. ... A number of serologic tests have been employed for the diagnosis of paracoccidioidomycosis. ... "Rapid and reliable method for production of a specific Paracoccidioides brasiliensis immunodiffucsion test antigen". J. Clin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis

Electron microscopy, PCR, complement fixation, antibody fluorescence, neutralization test, and haemagglutination can be used to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterovirus_E

... direct and indirect fluorescent antibody tests, complement fixation tests (CFT), indirect haemagglutination test (IHA), ELISA ... Other procedures used for diagnosis include growth inhibition disc tests (GI), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_caprine_pleuropneumonia

... cells such as erythrocytes in advance of performing an immunological test such as a complement-fixation test or a Coombs test. ... to appropriate biological entities such as erythrocytes or particles made of gelatin or latex for passive aggregation tests. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitization_(immunology)

Serological testing is most commonly performed with an ELISA or complement fixation, and viral isolation can also be attempted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_stomatitis_virus

"Reiter Complement Fixation Test" for syphilis. Nevertheless, the eponym Reiter's syndrome was used for the disease he described ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Reiter_(physician)

... complement fixation test). The bacteria can be recovered from the person only during the first three weeks of illness, ... This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction. Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertussis

Alternatively diagnosis can be made by complement fixation tests, As of 2012[update] commercial serological tests have included ... Kinkel HF, Dittrich S, Bäumer B, Weitzel T (2012). "Evaluation of eight serological tests for diagnosis of imported ... Historically, antimonials and trichlorphon were tested against visceral Schistosome infection in cattle. Antimony affects ... Exposure to any Schistosoma eggs or cercariae can cause false positive serological test results for individual Schistosoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma_bovis

... specification of a content format for structuring metadata about web sites Marine Commando Force Micro-Complement-Fixation Test ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCF

He attributed the development of the test to earlier findings of Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou (complement fixation reaction) ... Wassermann developed a complement fixation test for the diagnosis of syphilis in 1906, just one year after the causative ... The Wassermann test remains a staple of syphilis detection and prevention in some areas, although it has often been replaced by ... The so-called "Wassermann test" allowed for early detection of the disease (despite its nonspecific symptoms), and thus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_von_Wassermann

Some tests include complement fixation to Colorado tick virus, immunofluorescence for Colorado tick fever, and some other ... A combination of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory tests can confirm the likelihood of having CTF. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_tick_fever

... so Fairley developed a complement fixation test for the disease along the lines of the Wassermann test. He studied its ... where Fairley worked on developing a test for echinococcosis along the lines of the test that he had already developed for ... In London he encountered patients with filariasis and devised a test to diagnose the disease at an early stage; but when he ... The LHQ Medical Research Unit used human test subjects, all volunteers drawn from the Australian Army, including a small but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_Fairley

These studies became the basis for complement-fixation testing methods that enabled the development of serological tests for ... The same technique is used today in serologic testing for countless other diseases. With Octave Gengou, he isolated Bordetella ... but which are now known as complement). Four years later, in 1899, he described a similar destructive process involving ... complement, "hemolysis", in which foreign red blood cells are ruptured or "lysed" following exposure to immune serum. In 1900, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bordet

A microtechnique for application of the SN test has been described. Immunodiffusion, a modified direct complement-fixation test ... Tests The HI test is frequently used for detection and quantitation of humoral antibody for PPV. Antibody sometimes can be ... Moreover, levels of antibody too low to be detected by the HI test may be detected by the SN test. The primary significance of ... Parameters of the HI test have been studied in detail. The SN test is occasionally used for detection and quantitation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine_parvovirus

... neutralization test), and CF (complement fixation test) tests and in-house-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for total ... Nevertheless, clinics in Brazil may not have adequate testing reliability as they rely on symptoms rather than PCR viral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropouche_fever

... tests for California serogroup virus infections performed by most state diagnostic laboratories were complement-fixation test ... The test is automatically done on all samples testing positive or equivocal for La Crosse Virus IgM antibodies by ELISA. In ... JCV-antibody testing has only been available at the CDC and the New York State Department of Health. The CDC has used plaque ... JCV disease most likely has a broader distribution, but is unidentified and under-reported, because testing is not considered ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Canyon_virus

This is the principle of the complement fixation test. Recent research has suggested that the complement system is manipulated ... Polymorphisms of complement component 3, complement factor B, and complement factor I, as well as deletion of complement factor ... The end result of this complement activation or complement fixation cascade is stimulation of phagocytes to clear foreign and ... Diagnostic tools to measure complement activity include the total complement activity test.[citation needed] The presence or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system

... complement fixation, polymerase chain reaction, neutralization test, and hemagglutination-inhibition test. Vector control ... "Arbovirus Antibodies Test". Medical Health Tests. March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013. Huang, C.; Slater, B.; Campbell, W ... "Arboviral Diagnostic Testing". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved April 17, 2013. " ... Seawright, G. L.; Harding, G.; Thomas, F. C.; Hanson, R. P. (1974). "Microculture Plaque Neutralization Test for California ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus

The complement fixation test is an immunological medical test that can be used to detect the presence of either specific ... The basic steps of a complement fixation test are as follows: Serum is separated from the patient. Patients naturally have ... Complement Fixation Tests at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) http://medmicro.atwebpages.com ... To negate any effects this might have on the test, the complement proteins in the patient's serum must be destroyed and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_test

Fixation of alleles most likely occurs through Muller's ratchet, when an asexual population's genome accumulates deleterious ... However, killing another male's cubs, upon the takeover, allows the new selected gene complement of the incoming alpha male to ... "Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest" ... "Fixation probability and time in subdivided populations". Genetics. 164 (2): 767-79. PMC 1462574. PMID 12807795 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_breeding

Binding to these antigens within the kidney could cause inflammation and complement fixation, resulting in kidney damage. ... Anti-DFS70 antibody tests are available as CE-marked tests. Until now, no FDA cleared assay is available.[48] ... The ANA test detects the autoantibodies present in an individual's blood serum. The common tests used for detecting and ... The presence of ANAs in blood can be confirmed by a screening test. Although there are many tests for the detection of ANAs, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_antibody

... "fixation" occurs. Shortly after fixation, the embryo proper (so called up to about 35 days) will become visible on trans-rectal ... Test breedings have been done with draft horse stallions bred to small mares with no increase in the number of difficult births ... The stallion should be chosen to complement the mare, with the goal of producing a foal that has the best qualities of both ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding

... and Complement fixation test are methods of identifying different kinds of parasites by detecting the presence of their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_parasitology

Complement activation (fixation), in which antibodies that are latched onto a foreign cell encourage complement to attack it ... Product safety testing : Sterility (bacteria and fungi), In vitro and in vivo testing for adventitious viruses, Murine ... these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Second, some complement ... Preclinical pharmacology and toxicity testing : Preclinical safety testing of antibody is designed to identify possible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Gel immunodiffusion is commonly used in endemic areas, diagnoses 95% of cases with high specificity.[10] Complement fixation ... negative as well as negative autoantibody tests.[9]There is insufficient data to support the benefits of above drugs to treat ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioidomycosis

These tests include: detecting complement fixation, indirect hemagglutination, indirect fluorescence assays, radioimmunoassays ... While these tests are not required in US, an estimated 75-90% of the blood supply is currently tested for Chagas, including all ... "Infectious Disease Testing". American Red Cross. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.. ... Attempts to test Darwin's remains at Westminster Abbey by using modern PCR techniques were met with a refusal by the Abbey's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaga's_disease

This is the principle of the complement fixation test.. Modulation by infectionsEdit. Recent research has suggested that the ... complement factor B, and complement factor I, as well as deletion of complement factor H-related 3 and complement factor H- ... The end result of this complement activation or complement fixation cascade is stimulation of phagocytes to clear foreign and ... Diagnostic tools to measure complement activity include the total complement activity test.[citation needed] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system

infinitival complements. Du solls net esou vill Kaffi drénken. (lit. "You should not so much coffee drink."). *infinitival ... The tests are administered by the Institut National des Langues Luxembourg.[24] ... 637-41: "Arrêté ministériel du 5 juin 1946 portant fixation d'un système officiel d'orthographe luxembourgeois"". Archived from ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish_language

The variables for the proposed tests will be the frequency of the disturbance mechanism which will be either 2.5 Hz, 5 Hz, or ... The complement of microgravity research experiments is divided between two Mission-Peculiar Experiment Support Structures ( ... Freezer and the fixation hardware. Investigators in Ukraine and the United States selected the experiments as a model for ... The Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) provides a test of theories of the influence of boundaries on matter by measuring the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-87

Survey: accurate fixation and orientation of the guns, historically this involved specialists within field artillery units and ... Later versions introduced induction fuze setting and testing instead of physically placing a fuze setter on the fuze. The ... complementing the clinometers for indirect laying in elevation which already existed. Despite conservative opposition within ... The Global Positioning System (GPS) provided a smaller and cheaper means of quick and accurate fixation for target acquisition ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artilleryman

Complement fixation test. *Immunocytochemistry. *Immunohistochemistry *Direct fluorescent antibody. *Epitope mapping. *Skin ... A radioallergosorbent test (RAST) is a blood test using radioimmunoassay test to detect specific IgE antibodies, to determine ... Allergy Blood Testing - Lab Tests Online. *Radioallergosorbent+Test at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... However, skin testing techniques have improved. Most skin testing does not involve needles and typically skin testing results ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAST_test

... complement fixation test).[35] The bacteria can be recovered from the person only during the first three weeks of illness, ... In 1925 Danish physician Thorvald Madsen was the first to test a whole-cell vaccine on a wide scale.[72] Madsen used the ... This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain reaction.[5] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whooping_cough

Complement fixation test. *Immunocytochemistry. *Immunohistochemistry *Direct fluorescent antibody. *Epitope mapping. *Skin ... As with all assays, empirical testing is required to determine which method is optimal for a given application. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoprecipitation

Fixation on trust results in folly. Dependence on the strength of courage results in violence. Excessive discipline and ... Testing a dual attachment model". Organizational Behavior & Human Performance. 30 (1): 109-131. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(82)90236- ... engage in behaviors that complement subordinates' environments and abilities in a manner that compensates for deficiencies and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership

A latex fixation test, also called a latex agglutination assay or test (LA assay or test), is an assay used clinically in the ... Singer JM, Edberg SC, Selinger M, Amram M (1979). "Quality control of the latex-fixation test". Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 72 (4): ... Complement fixation test. *Immunocytochemistry. *Immunohistochemistry *Direct fluorescent antibody. *Epitope mapping. *Skin ... Latex+fixation+test at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_fixation_test

She and Nate become close friends, with Nate confiding to her his fears about his and Brenda's unborn child after blood tests ... Bettina's brash personality and Ruth's reserved nature complement each other and they form a strong friendship. She prides ... Billy has a strong fixation on Brenda's life and their relationship at times bordered on incest. ... After two weeks of Durrell testing the waters and Keith's patience, Keith believes it is time for the brothers to go. David ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Chenowith

區分不同類型的腦膜炎還需要幾種其他的特殊檢測方法。乳膠凝集試驗（英語：Latex fixation test）可能由於肺炎鏈球菌、腦膜炎雙球菌、流感嗜血桿

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/脑膜炎

They can be confirmed using virus isolation, complement fixation, ELISA, immunodiffusion or histopathology (following ... The other four tests detect group antigens.[15] Maternal antibodies[edit]. Maternal antibodies have displayed protection ... Confirming infection of avian reovirus can be detected through an ELISA test by using and observing the expression of σC and σB ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_reovirus

4) through the process of biological nitrogen fixation. Prior to the advent of the Haber-Bosch process, an energy-intensive ... The same was true when scientists tested seeding rates on legumes and oats; a higher density of seeds planted per acre ... pointing toward the need for detailed information on specific cover crop types and management practices to best complement a ... Jensen, E. S.; Hauggaard-Nielsen, H. (2003). "How can increased use of biological N-2 fixation in agriculture benefit the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_crops

Complement fixation test. *Immunocytochemistry. *Immunohistochemistry *Direct fluorescent antibody. *Epitope mapping. *Skin ... Furthermore, autofluorescence may be due to the nature of the tissue or the fixation method. These aspects of IHC tissue prep ... This requires proper tissue collection, fixation and sectioning. A solution of paraformaldehyde is often used to fix tissue, ... There are commercially available immunohistochemical tests, Dako HercepTest, Leica Biosystems Oracle[16] and Ventana Pathway.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemical_staining

Anticoccidioidal complement fixation IgG titers of 1:16 or higher. *Absence of dermal hypersensitivity to coccidioidal antigens ... Blood or urine tests are administered, which aim to discover Coccidioides antigens. However, because the Coccidioides creates a ... Susceptibility testing of Coccidioides species in one report revealed uniform susceptibility to most antifungal agents, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis

ComplementingEdit. Accurate interpretation of messages is made easier when nonverbal and verbal communication complement each ... Their scores were the highest of any subgroup.[89] Rape victims were next tested. It was reported that women who had been raped ... The length of a gaze, the frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate are all important cues in ... In some subjects tested for ability to read nonverbal cues, intuitive paradigms were apparently employed while in others a ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication

"Hiring a DNA Testing Company Genealogy". Family Search. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2016. Retrieved 2016- ... Nass, M. M. K.; Nass, S (1963). "Intramirochondrial Fibers With DNA Characteristics: I. Fixation and Electron Staining ... "Do mitochondrial DNA and metabolic rate complement each other in determination of the mammalian maximum longevity?". ... Garlicki, Debbie (11 March 1998). "DNA Tests Got Rorrer Life In Jail". The Morning Call. "Judge allows DNA in Samantha Runnion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

... complement 3A - complement 5A - complement factor B - complement membrane attack complex - complement receptor - complex - ... Ames test - amide - amine - amino - amino acid - amino acid receptor - amino acid sequence - amino acid sequence homology - ... Carbon fixation - Carboxylic acid - carcinoembryonic antigen - carrier - carrier protein - CAS registry number - casein - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibodies and more recently chemiluminescence. Some serological tests are not limited to ... Serological tests may also be used in forensic serology, specifically for a piece of evidence (e.g., linking a rapist to a ... In such cases, tests for antibodies will be consistently negative. Serological methods are diagnostic methods that are used to ... Serology blood tests help to diagnose patients with certain immune deficiencies associated with the lack of antibodies, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology

... the first complement fixation with a bacteria-free virus, the first report of wound botulism, geotrichum mycemia, nasal ... carriage of Clostridium tetani, antibiotic cure of rhinoscleroma, antibiotic sensitivity testing of Coccidiodes immitis, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida_Holmes_Mattman

The test was positive in 88.9% of the children and 89.3% of the adults. The titers obtained for the two age groups did not ... Summary Complement fixation tests with a purified extract of adult Schistosoma mansoni were performed by a quantitative ... Quantitative Complement Fixation Test in Schistosomiasis Mansoni * Authors: J. Pellegrino, J. L. Pedreira de Freitas ... Complement fixation tests with a purified extract of adult Schistosoma mansoni were performed by a quantitative technique with ...

http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1961.10.537

Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Evaluation of the comparative accuracy of the complement fixation test, Western ... The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for ... The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for ... The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for ...

https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/evaluation-of-the-comparative-accuracy-of-the-complement-fixation

... and to test by ELISA for a rise in antibodies against OC43 and 229E. Complement fixation tests are insensitive; other tests are ... Nucleic acid hybridization tests (including PCR) are now being introduced.. Control. Treatment of common colds is symptomatic; ... Direct hybridization and polymerase chain reaction tests for viral nucleic acid have been developed and, particularly with the ...

http://www.doctorsenroute.com/coronaviruses/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=coronaviruses

Other rats were pretreated with complement factor C5a receptor antagonist and tested following ch14.18 injection. The mutation ... Anti-GD2 with an FC point mutation reduces complement fixation and decreases antibody-induced allodynia. Pain. 2010 Apr;149(1): ... Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of Anti-GD,sub,2,/sub, with an FC point mutation reduces complement fixation and ... Anti-GD2 with an FC point mutation reduces complement fixation and decreases antibody-induced allodynia. / Sorkin, Linda S.; ...

https://scholars.uthscsa.edu/en/publications/anti-gdsub2sub-with-an-fc-point-mutation-reduces-complement-fixat

CSF coccidioides complement fixation is a test that checks for infection due to the fungus coccidioides in the cerebrospinal ( ... CSF coccidioides complement fixation is a test that checks for infection due to the fungus coccidioides in the cerebrospinal ( ... There, it is examined for coccidioides antibodies using a laboratory method called complement fixation. This technique checks ... For this reason, this test may be repeated several weeks after the first test. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003526.htm

... is a blood test that checks for infection due to bacteria called C burnetii, which causes Q fever. ... The complement fixation test to Coxiella burnetii (C burnetii) ... complement fixation test; C burnetii - complement fixation test ... The complement fixation test to Coxiella burnetii (C burnetii) is a blood test that checks for infection due to bacteria called ... Complement fixation (Cf) - serum. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003520.htm

... based on the fixing of a known quantity of complement to the antigen being tested and the specific antibody that combines with ... a test for diagnosing an infectious disease by detecting the presence of antibody in the blood, ... Origin of complement-fixation test. First recorded in 1910-15. Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged ... complement fixation test. complement fixation test. noun. med a serological test for detecting the presence of a specific ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/complement--fixation--test

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_fixation_test

DIAGNOSIS OF EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS BY COMPLEMENT-FIXATION TEST Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/94/2440/330

... is a blood test that checks for infection due to bacterium called C burnetii, which causes Q... ... The complement fixation test to Coxiella burnetii (C burnetti) ... Complement fixation test to C burnetii. Complement fixation ... test to C burnetii. Definition. The complement fixation test to Coxiella burnetii (C burnetti) is a blood test that checks for ... How the Test is Performed. A blood sample is needed.. The sample is sent to a laboratory. There, a method called complement ...

https://www.scripps.org/articles/2672-complement-fixation-test-to-c-burnetii

The complement fixation test is an immunological test wherein the binding of the complement is observed to detect the presence ... The complement fixation test is a two-step process. The antibody from the patient serum and the antigen are mixed with fresh ... However, ELISA and PCR methods are now preferred over complement fixation test as serological method for clinical diagnosis. ... Retrieved from "https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/index.php?title=Complement_fixation_test&oldid=99558" ...

https://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cf_test

... haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests*. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 38 (‎4)‎, 547 - 563. ... haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests*. ...

http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/266580

Results on 303 cases tested for amebiasis with this method show that an amebic complement fixation test can be useful in ... modification of the Kolmer-Wassermann complement fixation method, for the detection of Endamoeba histolytica antibodies is ... Results on 303 cases tested for amebiasis with this method show that an amebic complement fixation test can be useful in ... A Micro-Kolmer technique, modification of the Kolmer-Wassermann complement fixation method, for the detection of Endamoeba ...

http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1952.1.717

If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...

https://sti.bmj.com/content/10/4/249

If patients could recognise themselves, or anyone else could recognise a patient from your description, please obtain the patients written consent to publication and send them to the editorial office before submitting your response [Patient consent forms] ...

https://jcp.bmj.com/content/21/3/394.responses

Clapp (1955) showed the complement fixation test (C.F.T.) for Brucella ovis in sheep to be well correlated to bacteriological ... This paper outlines the method of automation and its correlation with the manual test. Access to the full text of this article ... His observations were confirmed by Biberstein and McGowan (1958) who found the agglutination test to be less reliable than the ... and in the light of experience gained during the New Zealand Bovine Brucellosis Testing Scheme with automated serology, the ...

http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/34120

... test is based on the use of complement, a biological substance present in the sera of normal animals. Its great value is its ... The complement fixation test is based on the use of complement, a biological substance present in the sera of normal animals. ... render the complement fixation test rather difficult and time consuming. An actual test requires 2 days to complete. It is this ... In the Molecular and Serological Analysis Group a specially standardized complement fixation test, the Laboratory Branch ...

https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/LAB/serology_cf.shtm

... was screened by the Complement Fixation test (CF) in sera from asymptomatic goats and animals with mild respiratory symptoms. ... The CF registered 251 positive goats (30.35%) and 576 (69.65%) negative; the test showed high sensitivity (93.33%) and ... the CF proved to be a good diagnosis test, this study determined that 30% of the goat population showed antibody titers against ... capri in Goats with the Complement Fixation Test. José L. Corona-Vargas1, Myrna A. Vicencio-Mallén1, Frida Salmerón-Sosa1, ...

https://file.scirp.org/Html/4-2270831_72189.htm

... été recherchée par les tests de fixation du complément (CF) et des anticorps fluorescents (IFA). Deux séries déchantillons ... A group of animals tested within 4 months of importation gave 60.4% positive reactions by IFA and 62.5% by CF toB. equi; 6.3% ... The discrepancy between the results obtained by the 2 serological tests was probably due to the greater sensitivity of the IFA ... test and the faster decay of the antibodies detectable by the CF test. La présence danticorps contreBabesia equi etBabesia ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-comparison-of-the-complement-fixation-and-tests-a-Donnelly-Joyner/802d3968e2dbab57d9cb33817f68a5f53dd2859b

... and for the micro-complement-fixation test (CFT) for bovine anaplasmosis were studied. Sera were obtained from 14 recently ... Aliquots of sera were tested with and without phenol (0.25% final concentration). Phenol adversely affected the CAT by causing ... Effects of adding phenol to sera used for the card-agglutination test (CAT) ... Effects of adding phenol to sera used for the card-agglutination test (CAT) and for the micro-complement-fixation test (CFT) ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effects-of-phenol-on-card-agglutination-and-comple-Amerault-Rose/0e9a568c4e9399a3a60a047f825e261dcffdb7be

Platelets Count Test. Fragility Test. Urine Culture. ??? :????? ??? ????????? ( Insulin). ??? : ???????? ????????? Sex Hormones ... Complement fixation test ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST ?????? ... Foam test, strip test And Ictotest for bilirubin Dr. Dr. ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? [Biochemistry & Hormones]. 4. 09-25-2009 ... The Complement System 2 Portrait. ?? ??????? ???????? [Immunology & Serology]. 6. 01-16-2011 07:24 PM. ...

http://www.aama-a.com/vb/showthread.php?t=4585

Complement fixation test, Gel diffusion test, infectious disease, Leptospirosis, Liver function test, liver infection, Nasal ... ammonia Appetite Loss blood test chronic infection coma dark urine Diarrhea disease DNA Fatigue fever Headache Hepatic ... Tagged as : Acute form, Animal inoculation test, canine health specialist, Canine Hepatitis, ... discharge, Neutralization test, Sore throat, Swollen lymph nodes, toxic, vaccinations, Warfarin poisoning. ...

http://chronichepatitis.org/tag/complement-fixation-test/

... complement fixation test; Coxiella burnetii - complement fixation test; C burnetii - complement fixation test. The complement ... This is why the test is called "fixation.". Complement. Complement is a blood test that measures the activity of certain ... Complement fixation (Cf) - serum. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed. St ... Complement fixation test to C burnetii. Q fever - ... Tests for Complement fixation test to C burnetii. *Complement ...

http://hhsnj.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=117&isarticlelink=false&pid=1&gid=003520

Diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum by complement-fixation test. With G.W. Rake and M.F. Shaffer. GM 5223. Binding: Paperback ... Complement Fixation Test in Lymphogranuloma Venereum.. 3 pages (pp. 410-413) IN: Proceedings of the Society for Experimental ... Diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum by complement-fixation test. With G.W. Rake and M.F. Shaffer. GM 5223.. Binding: ...

https://www.argosybooks.com/details.php?record=11890

This test is based on the use of ... The complete fixation test (CFT) is used to detect the presence ... Principle of complement fixation test. It is the nature of the complement to be activated when there is formation of antigen- ... Complement Fixation Test : principle, procedure and interpretation. By Editorial Team on January 6, 2019 in Bacteriology, ... So the test is positive for presence of antibodies.. In the negative test : No Ag-Ab reaction occurs and the complement is free ...

https://laboratoryinfo.com/complement-fixation-test/

Complement Fixation Test. This animation demonstrates the complement fixation test for specific antibodies in a patients serum ... Could CBD Make You Fail a Drug Test?. This video explores the chemistry behind whether using cannabidiol (CBD)-a non- ... psychoactive compound produced by the marijuana plant-could make you fail a drug test. Credit: Reactions/American Chemical ...

https://www.accessscience.com/search?topics=Computing+%26+Information+Technology&topics=Paleontology&topics=Agriculture%2C+Forestry+%26+Soils&topics=Zoology&topics=Biology+%26+Biomedicine&start=0&%3Bstart=0&%3Bamp%3BsearchStr=Marine+ecology&types=Video+%2F+Animation&%3Bamp%3Btypes=Video+%2F+Animation&%3Bamp%3Btypes=Biography&%3Bamp%3Brows=10&%3Bamp%3BrootID=794558&rows=100

Complement Fixation Test. This animation demonstrates the complement fixation test for specific antibodies in a patients serum ...

https://www.accessscience.com/search?topics=Biology+%26+Biomedicine&topics=Botany&%3BrootID=794558&start=0&%3Bamp%3Bstart=0&%3Btopics=Paleontology&%3Bamp%3BsearchStr=Marine+ecology&types=Video+%2F+Animation&%3Bamp%3Brows=100&%3Bamp%3Btopics=Earth+Science&%3Bamp%3Btopics=Biology+%26+Biomedicine&%3Brows=100&rows=50

Comparative evaluation of indirect haemagglutination and complement fixation tests in serodiagnosis of cysticercosis. Indian ... Comparative evaluation of indirect haemagglutination and complement fixation tests in serodiagnosis of cysticercosis. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/20923

Complement-fixation test: Ascitic fluid Antigens Ntaya ArB 209 * Maximum titer of antibody/optimum titer of antigen. ... CF test - homologous = 128/16. Institut Pasteur (Dakar) Y. Robin: ArB 209 gives positive results with the following sera; Group ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Arbocat/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=41&SID=5

Cross-CF and neutralizaton test with Botambi gave the following results: COMPLEMENT- FIXATION TEST ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Arbocat/VirusDetails.aspx?ID=126&SID=5

Hemagglutination inhibition test. KFR. Complement fixation test. NIR. Indirect immunofluorescence assay. ELISA. Enzyme-linked ... Leck I, Steward J (1971) Further tests of hypothesis that influenza in pregnancy causes malformations. HSMHA Health Rep 86:265- ... Prince HE, Lapé-Nixon M (2014) Role of Cytomegalovirus IgG Avidity Testing in Diagnosing Primary CMV Infection during pregnancy ... enlinked immunosorbent assay and sensitive hemaglutination inhibition test. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 31:409-422PubMed ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.2478%2Fs11756-018-0065-y

... in diagnosing cattle brucellosis in endemic areas was assessed and RBT and FPA test agreement was compared... ... The effectiveness of Rose Bengal test (RBT) and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) ... Complement fixation test. ELISA. Enzyme linked immunossorbent assay. FPA. Fluorescence polarization assay ... FPA test interpretation was improved if a priori information, such as sex and age was used. Under the challenging disease ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11250-008-9244-0

Complement fixation tests in pertussis. J Clin Invest 1937;16:15--22. ... Other Diagnostic Tests Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) tests provide rapid results (within hours), but sensitivity (10%--50 ... licensed PCR test kit is available. The analytical sensitivity, accuracy, and quality control of PCR-based B. pertussis tests ... Although PCR testing for pertussis has been available for nearly 20 years (115), no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-- ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5704a1.htm

We investigated if a point mutation in ch14.18 antibody (hu14.18K332A) to limit complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) would ameliorate the pain behavior, while preserving antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (uthscsa.edu)
Injection of ch14.18 (1 mg/kg) into rats with C6 complement deficiency further reduced antibody-induced allodynia, while pre-treatment with complement factor C5a receptor antagonist completely abolished ch14.18-induced allodynia. (uthscsa.edu)

Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. mallei-antigen. (elsevier.com)

Development of immunotherapeutic agents with decreased complement-dependent lysis while maintaining cellular cytotoxicity may offer treatment options with reduced adverse side effects, thereby allowing dose escalation of therapeutic antibodies. (uthscsa.edu)

Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. (elsevier.com)

Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. (elsevier.com)

In vivo, allodynia was evaluated by measuring thresholds to von Frey filaments applied to the hindpaws after injection of either ch14.18 or hu14.18K332 into wild type rats or rats with deficient complement factor 6. (uthscsa.edu)
Other rats were pretreated with complement factor C5a receptor antagonist and tested following ch14.18 injection. (uthscsa.edu)
These findings showed that mutant hu14.18 K322 elicited less allodynia than ch14.18 and that ch14.18-elicited allodynia is due to activation of the complement cascade: in part, to formation of membrane attack complex, but more importantly to release of complement factor C5a. (uthscsa.edu)

The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glandersfree and 254 glanderous equids. (elsevier.com)

These standardizations, which involve titrations of sheep red blood cells, hemolysin, complement, and antigens before the test proper can be performed, render the complement fixation test rather difficult and time consuming. (tx.us)
It is this reason, as well as the fact that many of the test antigens and antisera are not available commercially, that the test is not often incorporated into the test program of the average clinical laboratory. (tx.us)
Four ELISA tests are based on recombinant antigens (TssA, TssB, BimA and Hcp1), the IDVet ELISA is based on a semi-purified fraction of B. mallei and WB makes use of a purified LPS-containing B. mallei-antigen. (elsevier.com)
agglutination test cells containing antigens to a given antibody are mixed into the solution being tested for a particular antibody, with agglutination indicative of antibody presence. (thefreedictionary.com)
It is used in typing of erythrocyte antigens and in compatibility testing (cross-match). (thefreedictionary.com)
Antigens for serological tests should be standardized against standard sera calibrated against the International Standard B. abortus serum. (fao.org)

Serologic tests include enzyme immunoassay (EIA), latex agglutination (LA), indirect fluorescent antibody, and fluorescent antibody membrane antigen assays. (aappublications.org)
For this reason, several serologic assays, including complement fixation ( 14 ), indirect hemagglutination ( 7 ), rapid card agglutination ( 23 ), latex bead agglutination ( 12 ), and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) ( 4 ) have been used to detect antibody in infected cattle. (asm.org)
However, attempts to analyze the humoral immune response of pigs to M. suis have been impeded by the poor sensitivities and specificities of current antibody assays, which comprise the complement fixation test, the indirect hemagglutination assay, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ( 2 , 12 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ). (asm.org)

Evaluation of the indirect immunofluorescence and complement fixation tests for the serodiagnosis of. (biomedsearch.com)

When specimens are obtained from a single bird, serologic testing is most useful when a) signs of disease and the history of the flock or aviary are considered and b) serologic results are compared with the white blood cell counts and liver-enzyme activities. (cdc.gov)
Ames test a strain of Salmonella typhimurium that lacks the enzyme necessary for histidine synthesis is cultured in the absence of histidine and in the presence of the suspected mutagen and certain enzymes known to activate procarcinogens. (thefreedictionary.com)
Comparison of commercial enzyme immunoassay kits with plaque reduction neutralization test for detection of measles virus antibody. (asm.org)
b) A medical provider may order, or a city or county public health laboratory may use, a coccidioides antigen enzyme immunoassay or other test in a suspected case of coccidioidomycosis. (ca.gov)
The operation reliable methods are indirect immunofluor- was conducted by the health facilities lo- escence, complement fixation, enzyme- cated in the affected region in order to col- linked immunosorbent assay and micro- lect the information about the probable agglutination, all of which are very com- cases via questionnaires. (who.int)

In the specific case of diagnosis for mycoplasmosis associated with respiratory problems in goats, the CF proved to be a good diagnosis test, this study determined that 30% of the goat population showed antibody titers against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. (scirp.org)
Diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum by complement-fixation test. (argosybooks.com)
Effectiveness of Rose Bengal test and fluorescence polarization assay in the diagnosis of Brucella spp. (springer.com)
Your doctor can make a Colorado tick fever diagnosis by doing a physical examination and performing various laboratory tests. (aarp.org)
The steps involved in the workup of a patient include naming, meshing, office testing, specific and nonspecific laboratory tests, specialty consultations, therapeutic tests, and diagnosis and treatment. (medscape.com)
Complement fixation and circumoval precipitin reactions for diagnosis and as tests of core in schistosomiasis. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, the use of a combination of antibody- and antigen-detection methods for the diagnosis of chlamydiosis is recommended, particularly when only one bird is tested. (cdc.gov)
A variety of laboratory tests for diagnosis of histoplasmosis, including fungal culture, histopathology, serologic tests, antigen detection, and molecular methods, have different sensitivities based on clinical manifestations and host status (9). (thefreelibrary.com)
Animal Testing- Diagnosis of animal diseases is not offered at TDSHS, testing is available at Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (888)-646-5623. (texas.gov)

Fedová O, Bručková M, Plesník V, Slonim D, Šejda J, Švandová E, Kubínová I (1987) Detection of postvaccination mumps virus antibody by neutralization test, enlinked immunosorbent assay and sensitive hemaglutination inhibition test. (springer.com)
However, hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and neutralization tests identified Powassan virus (POW) as the pathogen. (nih.gov)
Please provide 0.025 ml serum per hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. (criver.com)

In an area of El Salvador moderately endemic for malaria, use of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA) showed that 44% of the infants born to mothers who had IFA responses to Plasmodium vivax of 1:20 or higher during the latter part of their pregnancy had positive IFA responses of 1:10 or higher to this antigen. (biomedsearch.com)

The complement system is a system of serum proteins that react with antigen-antibody complexes. (wikipedia.org)
It is the nature of complement not to react with an antigen or an antibody alone but to enter into combination with antigen-antibody complexes. (tx.us)
The classical complement pathway typically requires antigen-antibody complexes for activation (specific immune response), whereas the alternative pathway can be activated by spontaneous C3 hydrolysis, foreign material, pathogens, or damaged cells. (wikipedia.org)

His observations were confirmed by Biberstein and McGowan (1958) who found the agglutination test to be less reliable than the C.F.T. in this respect, and stressed the usefulness of the C.F.T. in the detection of asymptomatic shedders of the organism and animals in the incubation stages of the disease. (sciquest.org.nz)
Bordet was also responsible for developing complement fixation tests,which made possible the early detection of many disease-causing bacteria in human and animal blood. (faqs.org)
and developing the complement fixation test still in use for the detection and differentiation of rickettsial diseases such as endemic and epidemic typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Q fever. (nih.gov)

On a complement fixation test, all patients with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) have complement-fixing antibody titers higher than 1:16. (medscape.com)

2) A complement fixation test to determine the immunoglobulin G titer. (ca.gov)
These tests are reliable in determining immune status in healthy persons but may not be as reliable in determining the immune status of immunocompromised persons in whom a positive but low titer may not correlate with protection. (aappublications.org)

In this study, the usefulness of the complement fixation assay was assessed to determine the serological status of nine regions. (scirp.org)
The effectiveness of Rose Bengal test (RBT) and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) in diagnosing cattle brucellosis in endemic areas was assessed and RBT and FPA test agreement was compared (n = 319). (springer.com)
Validation of a fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) performed in microplates and comparison with other tests used for diagnosing B. melitensis infection in sheep and goats. (springer.com)

Complement fixation tests with a purified extract of adult Schistosoma mansoni were performed by a quantitative technique with the sera of 216 children (10 to 15 years of age) and 84 adults (20 to 40 years of age) passing eggs of S. mansoni in their stools. (ajtmh.org)
The complement fixation test is based on the use of complement, a biological substance present in the sera of normal animals. (tx.us)
The serological profile of the goat population, from nine regions in seven states of Mexico, was screened by the Complement Fixation test (CF) in sera from asymptomatic goats and animals with mild respiratory symptoms. (scirp.org)
Effects of adding phenol to sera used for the card-agglutination test (CAT) and for the micro-complement-fixation test (CFT) for bovine anaplasmosis were studied. (semanticscholar.org)
The accuracy of the complement fixation test (CFT) which is prescribed for international trade by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), five ELISAs and a Western blot (WB) were compared for serodiagnosis of glanders using sera from 3,000 glandersfree and 254 glanderous equids. (elsevier.com)
Sera were tested using the Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. (who.int)

The manual C.F.T. places considerable demands on trained and experienced laboratory staff, and in the light of experience gained during the New Zealand Bovine Brucellosis Testing Scheme with automated serology, the test for Brucella ovis has been automated. (sciquest.org.nz)
Analysis of 506 consecutive positive serologic tests for brucellosis in Saudi Arabia. (springer.com)
The demonstration by modified acid-fast or immunospecific staining of organisms of Brucella morphology in abortion material or vaginal discharges provides presumptive evidence of brucellosis, especially if supported by serological tests. (fao.org)
Diagnostic consideration of brucellosis was confirmed by complement fixation test (CFT). (srce.hr)

The buffered Brucella antigen tests (Rose Bengal plate agglutination test and buffered plate agglutination test) are suitable for screening herds and individual animals. (fao.org)

20 Therefore, all patients with syphilis represent a critical HIV prevention opportunity and should be counseled and encouraged to undergo HIV testing. (glowm.com)
Syphilis remains a common cause of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy, despite the continued sensitivity of T. pallidum to penicillin, the widespread availability of inexpensive, accurate tests, and substantial efforts to encourage routine screening through early prenatal care. (glowm.com)

High titers may persist after treatment and complicate interpretation of subsequent tests. (cdc.gov)
Moreover, based on the genomic diversity of the phleboviruses and given the low correlation observed between complement fixation titers and genetic distance, we propose a system for classification of the Bunyaviridae based on genetic as well as serological data. (asm.org)

Effects of phenol on card-agglutination and complement-fixation tests for bovine anaplasmosis. (semanticscholar.org)
293 and Vero E6 cells were grown in Dulbecco's minimal Eagle's medium complemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, l -glutamine, and antibiotics. (asm.org)

The complement fixation test is an immunological medical test that can be used to detect the presence of either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient's serum, based on whether complement fixation occurs. (wikipedia.org)
The complement fixation test is an immunological test wherein the binding of the complement is observed to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody as a result of their interaction. (biology-online.org)
Another immunological test is the brucellin skin test, which can be used for screening unvaccinated herds, provided that a standardized allergen preparation (e.g., brucellin INRA) is available. (fao.org)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Comparative evaluation of indirect haemagglutination and complement fixation tests in serodiagnosis of cysticercosis. (who.int)
Serodiagnosis of the disease is challenging because of false-positive and false-negative test results. (elsevier.com)

Ehrlich believed that each antigen-specific amboceptor has its own specific complement, whereas Bordet believed that there is only one type of complement. (wikipedia.org)

No serological test is appropriate for all epidemiological situations. (fao.org)

To negate any effects this might have on the test, the complement proteins in the patient's serum must be destroyed and replaced by a known amount of standardized complement proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The first step is to heat the serum at 56°C to destroy patient's complement. (laboratoryinfo.com)

The complement fixation test to Coxiella burnetii ( C burnetii ) is a blood test that checks for infection due to bacteria called C burnetii, which causes Q fever . (medlineplus.gov)

When the patient antibody is absent, the complement will be able to bind to the antibody-coated sheep cells and cause hemolysis. (biology-online.org)
But when the antibody is present, the antigen-antibody complex binds to the complement, and therefore, no hemolysis will occur. (biology-online.org)
100% hemolysis was regarded with two units of complement (UC), and two hemolysis units in Triethanolamine Buffer Solution (TBS), pH 7.2. (scirp.org)
The available complement is fixed by Ag-Ab complex and no hemolysis of sheep RBCs occurs. (laboratoryinfo.com)
This free complement binds to the complex of sheep RBC and it's antibody to cause hemolysis, causing the development of pink color. (laboratoryinfo.com)

Today, serodiagnostic tests for Mycoplasma suis infections in pigs have low accuracies. (asm.org)

Clapp (1955) showed the complement fixation test (C.F.T.) for Brucella ovis in sheep to be well correlated to bacteriological findings in cases where lesions were minimal or absent. (sciquest.org.nz)

The lack of specificity of complement allows it to react with almost any antigen-antibody complex. (tx.us)
Sensitivity and specificity of tests were estimated using cut-off values recommended by the test developers. (elsevier.com)
When used with cloacal or fecal smears, the sensitivity and specificity of the test are questioned by some authorities. (cdc.gov)
The serum agglutination test is inferior to other tests in specificity and sensitivity, and is not recommended if other procedures are available. (fao.org)
coccidioidomycosis tests to ensure comparable sensitivity and specificity among laboratories, among other things. (ca.gov)

alkali denaturation test a spectrophotometric method for determining the concentration of fetal (F) hemoglobin. (thefreedictionary.com)

Sputum can be tested with DNA probes (nucleic acid hybridization). (brainscape.com)
Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from symptomatic individuals for nucleic acid testing. (health.gov.au)
The use of an expanded "gold standard" with a second NAA test that targets a different gene ( 78 , 79 ) is needed to accurately validate new nucleic acid-based techniques since culture may lack sufficient sensitivity. (asm.org)

Some of this activity, such as the production of mallein used in testing horses for glanders, was an outgrowth of operations during World War I. Another activity of the laboratories was the use of their personnel in the Medical Department's training program, particularly at the Army Medical Center. (army.mil)

CSF coccidioides complement fixation is a test that checks for infection due to the fungus coccidioides in the cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
This test checks if your central nervous system has an active infection from coccidioides. (medlineplus.gov)
If the test is positive for fungus, there may be an active infection in the central nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
Further testing may be needed to distinguish between current, previous, and long-term (chronic) infection. (medlineplus.gov)
The PHU monitored outbreak progression and provided recommendations on infection control, laboratory testing and use of antivirals. (health.gov.au)
La fièvre Q est-elle une infection émergente en Turquie? (who.int)

a test for diagnosing an infectious disease by detecting the presence of antibody in the blood, based on the fixing of a known quantity of complement to the antigen being tested and the specific antibody that combines with it. (dictionary.com)
If there is presence of antibody in the serum, the complement is fixed due to the formation of Ag-Ab complex. (laboratoryinfo.com)

1) An immunodiffusion test to determine the presence of immunoglobulin M antibody or immunoglobulin G antibody. (ca.gov)

automated reagin test (ART) a modification of the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test for use with automated analyzers used in clinical chemistry. (thefreedictionary.com)
Also reviewed are methods for recognition and prevention of false-positive and false-negative results, evaluations of new and old tests, and clinical applications. (asm.org)

Therefore, in this test procedure, unless complement is fixed by the particular antigen and antibody system in question, it will remain free to react as an indicator, resulting in a "negative" test. (tx.us)

This section provides a summary of identification, serological and other tests, vaccines and diagnostic biologicals drawn from Chapter 2.3.1 of the OIE Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines (OIE, 2000). (fao.org)

Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway , the alternative complement pathway , and the lectin pathway . (wikipedia.org)

A single testing method may not be adequate because of the diversity of reactions with immunoglobulins from the various avian species. (cdc.gov)
Brucellin preparations for the intradermal test must be free of lipopolysaccharide and must not produce non-specific inflammatory reactions or interfere with serological tests. (fao.org)

This polyclonal antiserum was evaluated by double immunodiffusion test (DIT) and counter-immune electrophoresis (CIE) against Mycoplasma bovis, Acholeplasma laidlawii and Ureaplasma diversum. (scirp.org)
Moreover,the bacteriolysis did not take place when the bacteria and the antiserum weremixed in a test tube unless fresh antiserum was used. (faqs.org)

False positive complement fixation tests with respiratory virus preparations in bird fanciers with allergic alveolitis. (bmj.com)

Four serologically distinct serotypes that are distinguishable by neutralization and complement fixation tests have been described. (uni-heidelberg.de)

FPA test interpretation was improved if a priori information, such as sex and age was used. (springer.com)
A major problem with serologic testing is the interpretation of results. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy1

Organisms19

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs41

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes11

Disciplines and Occupations1

Health Care2

Complement fixation titers in cattle following intranasal inoculation of Hemophilus somnus. (1/1682)

Complement fixing hepatitis B core antigen immune complexes in the liver of patients with HBs antigen positive chronic disease. (2/1682)

Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology. (3/1682)

Chagas' disease diagnosis: comparative analysis of parasitologic, molecular, and serologic methods. (4/1682)

Inhibition of K cell function by human breast cancer sera. (5/1682)

Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy. (6/1682)

Studies on the immunogenicity of protamines in humans and experimental animals by means of a micro-complement fixation test. (7/1682)

Detection of core antibody in hepatitis B infection. (8/1682)

Complement Fixation Tests

Brucellosis, Bovine

Histoplasmin

Immunodiffusion

Hemagglutination Tests

Antibodies, Bacterial

Brucella abortus

Brucellosis

Agglutination Tests

Brucella

Serologic Tests

Complement System Proteins

Immune Sera

Complement Activation

Complement C3

Evaluation Studies as Topic

Coccidioides

Rose Bengal

Sheep Diseases

Histoplasmosis

Brucella Vaccine

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Pneumonia, Mycoplasma

Coccidioidomycosis

Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne

Immunoglobulin M

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Cross Reactions

Epididymitis

Q Fever

Glanders

Antibodies, Viral

Coxiella

Sheep

Histoplasma

Immunoglobulin G

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests

Antigens, Bacterial

Antibodies, Fungal

Immunoelectrophoresis

Antigens, Fungal

Antigens, Viral

Complement C4

Latex Fixation Tests

Burkholderia mallei

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Brucella melitensis

Cattle

Neutralization Tests

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

Goats

Cattle Diseases

Chlamydia

Immunoenzyme Techniques

Complement C1q

Coxiella burnetii

Nitrogen Fixation

Goat Diseases

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement C5

Receptors, Complement

Complement C3b

Sensitivity and Specificity

Antibodies

Fixation, Ocular

Guinea Pigs

Rabbits

Complement C9

Complement Pathway, Classical

Antibody Formation

Horses

Complement C1

Methods

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Cytomegalovirus

Fracture Fixation

Complement C2

Complement Factor B

Radioimmunoassay