Complement c7. Medical search

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Important enzymes in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

Important enzymes in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 5 into COMPLEMENT 5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 5B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4b2a) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C4b2a3b.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 3 into COMPLEMENT 3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 3B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of COMPLEMENT 4B and COMPLEMENT 2A (C4b2a).

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C5B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is the complex of ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C3bBb3b.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial POLYSACCHARIDES with serum MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN resulting in the activation of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. As in the classical pathway, MASPs cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.

Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Thickening of the walls of small ARTERIES or ARTERIOLES due to cell proliferation or HYALINE deposition.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An IgG autoantibody against the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE, found in serum of patients with MESANGIOCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. The binding of this autoantibody to C3bBb stabilizes the enzyme thus reduces the actions of C3b inactivators (COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; COMPLEMENT FACTOR I). This abnormally stabilized enzyme induces a continuous COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and generation of C3b thereby promoting the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX and cytolysis.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).

Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

Combined genetic deficiency of C6 and C7 in man. (1/83)

By routine screening of sera, a subject was discovered who showed a sub-total deficiency of C6 and C7. No clinical disease was associated with this deficiency which was transmitted through the subject's family as a single genetic characteristic, the C6 deficiency being associated with a silent allele at the structural locus. The propositus was found to have low quantities of an abnormal C6 which was both antigenically deficient and smaller in size than normal C6 (110,000 daltons compared with 140,000 daltons) and small quantities of apparently normal C7. It is concluded that the most likely explanation for this defect is that the subject has a structural mutation in his C6 gene which produces hyopsynthesis not only of C6 but also of the closely linked gene for C7. These findings suggest the possibility that C6 and C7 may function as a single genetic unit and that the primary transcript copied from the genome includes information for both proteins. (+info)

In vitro and in vivo responses of murine granulocytes to human complement-derived, haemolytically inactive C5b67 (iC5b67). (2/83)

Haemolytically inactive C5b67 (iC5b67), which was made from purified human components and decayed to a haemolytically inactive form, was evaluated as an agonist for murine leucocytes both in vitro and in vivo. In an in vitro assay, iC5b67 stimulated chemotaxis for both neutrophils purified from mouse bone marrow and splenic eosinophils of IL-5 transgenic mice. The stimulation was dose-dependent, with high dose inhibition. As with human neutrophils, iC5b67 also failed to up-regulate CR3 (CD11b/CD18) expression and to stimulate superoxide generation in murine bone marrow neutrophils, in vitro. In vivo, iC5b67 elicited an inflammatory response in a mouse model of pleuritis. A marked infiltration of neutrophils, which peaked at 4 h, was followed by an infiltration of eosinophils and mononuclear leucocytes. This inflammatory response was dose- and time-dependent. However, the protein concentration in the pleural wash fluid did not increase, indicating that iC5b67 did not induce a capillary leak. Although the infiltration of neutrophils could not be reproduced by pure C7 or human serum albumin (HSA), C5b6 did induce an influx of neutrophils. We were able to document the existence of C7, both antigenically and functionally, in pleural washes of normal mice, making it likely that the activity of C5b6 resulted from the in situ formation of C5b67 and iC5b67. The mouse model of pleuritis promises to be a useful in vivo system in which to evaluate the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of iC5b67 that have been noted in vitro. (+info)

On the mechanism of cytolysis by complement: evidence on insertion of C5b and C7 subunits of the C5b,6,7 complex into phospholipid bilayers of erythrocyte membranes. (3/83)

The doughnut hypothesis of cytolysis by complement [Mayer, M. M. (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 2954-2958] describes an annular structure made up of C5b-9 (complement factors C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) which becomes inserted in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus creating a hole. We now present initial explorations of this hypothesis. EAC1-6 and EAC1-7 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit antibody and complement factors C1 through C6 or C1 through C7, respectively), prepared with either 125I-C3 or 125I-C5 were incubated with trypsin and the release of bound 125I was measured. In the case of 125I-C3, all of the radioactivity was released by trypsin from both intermediates. With 125I-C5, trypsin released all of the 125I from EAC1-6, but only 40-55% from EAC1-7. Possible reasons for resistance of the C5b subunit in EAC1-7 to tryptic digestion are discussed; in terms of the doughnut hypothesis it would be due to shielding by lipid molecules as a consequence of insertion into the lipid bilayer. In accord with this interpretation we have also found that C5b in EAC1-7, but not in EAC1-6, resists elution by 0.3 M NaC1. Similarly, we have found that 125I-C7 in EAC1-7 resists stripping by trypsin. Hence, we now propose the hypothesis that hydrophobic polypeptide chains from the C5b and the C7 subunits of C5b,6,7 complex become inserted in the phospholipid bilayer and that subsequent reactions with C8 and C9 open a channel across the membrane. (+info)

Increased ion permeability of planar lipid bilayer membranes after treatment with the C5b-9 cytolytic attack mechanism of complement. (4/83)

The ion permeability of planar lipid bilayers, as measured electrically, was found to increase modestly upon treatment with purified complement complex C5b,6 and complement components C7 and C8. The subsequent addition C9 greatly amplified this change. No permeability changes occurred when components were added individually to the membrane, or when they were used in paired combinations, or when C5b, C7, C8, and C9 were admixed prior to addition. Thus, there is a significant parallel between the permeability changes induced in the model membrane and damage produced in biological membranes by the C5b-9 complement attack sequence. The efficiency of membrane action by C5b-9 was critically dependent on the order in whcih components were added to the membrane. There were also differences in the electrical properties of membranes treated with C5b-8 and C5b-9, though in both cases the enhanced bilayer permeability is best attributed to the formation of trans-membrane channels. Collectively, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of membrane action by complement involves the production of a stable channel across the lipid bilayer, resulting in cell death by colloid-osmotic lysis. (+info)

Isolation, characterization, and cloning of porcine complement component C7. (5/83)

Activation of the complement system through the classical, alternative, or lectin pathway results in the formation of the terminal complement complex. C7 plays an integral role in the assembly of this complex with target cell membranes. To date, only human C7 has been cloned and characterized; thus, in this study, we characterized the porcine complement component C7. Porcine C7 was isolated by affinity chromatography as a single glycoprotein with an approximate molecular mass of 90 kDa and 100 kDa under reducing and nonreducing conditions, respectively. The full-length porcine C7 cDNA was isolated, and the predicted amino acid sequence exhibited 80% identity with human C7 with conservation of the cysteine backbone and two putative N-linked glycosylation sites. Porcine C7 mRNA expression was detected in all tissues investigated, except polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes. Addition of purified porcine C7 restored the hemolytic activity of C7-depleted human sera in a dose-dependent manner. A functionally inhibitory mAb against porcine C7 attenuated the hemolytic activity of human, rabbit, or rat sera, suggesting an important conserved C7 epitope among species. These data demonstrate that porcine and human C7 are highly conserved, sharing structural and functional characteristics. (+info)

The endothelium is an extrahepatic site of synthesis of the seventh component of the complement system. (6/83)

The level of the terminal complement components secreted by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was measured by a sensitive ELISA which allows the detection of 30-50 pg/ml of these components. C7 was the only terminal component detected in measurable amounts in the cell supernatant. The mean value was 11 ng/106 cells at 96 h and was slightly higher than that of C3 (9 ng/106 cells). HUVEC and serum C7 analysed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot exhibited the same electrophoretic mobility. A proportion of C7 secreted by HUVEC was incorporated into the terminal complement complex (TCC) assembled spontaneously in the supernatant of cells cultured in C7-deficient human serum, and was not detected by the standard ELISA for C7 measurement. By adding the amount of C7 present in the TCC to that of free C7, the total amount of the component released by HUVEC was calculated to be approximately 35 ng/106 cells. Further TCC was produced following complement activation of the cell supernatant through the alternative pathway. Synthesis of C7 by HUVEC was confirmed by inhibition experiments in the presence of cycloheximide and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of C7 mRNA expression. Addition of IL-1alpha and tumour necrosis factor-alpha to the cell culture stimulated the secretion of C3, but had no effect on the synthesis of C7. By contrast, interferon-gamma had only a marginal effect on the production of C3, but markedly down-regulated the synthesis of C7 as assessed both by ELISA and RT-PCR. (+info)

Hereditary deficiency of the seventh component of complement. (7/83)

Deficiency of the seventh component of complement has been found in the serum of a 42-yr-old Caucasian woman who has Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. Partial deficiency was found in the serum of the patient's parents and children, indicating a pattern of inheritance of autosomal codominance. Transfusion experiments indicated that exogenous C7 had a 91-h halk-life in the patient. There was no evidence for C7 synthesis after transfusion. No C7 inhibitors were detected in the patient's serum. The patient's serum was found to support the activation of complement by both the classical and properdin pathways to the C7 stage. The addition of C7 to the patient's serum permitted it to support hemolytic reactions initiated by either pathway. No defects could be detected in plasma or whole blood coagulation. The patient's serum was deficient in opsonizing unsensitized yeast particles in serum and in the generation of chemotactic factor by antigen-antibody complexes and endotoxin. Both deficiencies were corrected by the addition of C7. These observations suggest a key role for C7 for in vitro yeast phagocytosis and chemotaxis generation. However, the patient's lack of infections indicates a relatively minor role for C7 in human resistance to infection. (+info)

Hypochlorite-induced alterations to canine serum complement. (8/83)

Changes in the concentration of the components of complement produced by NaOC1 both in vitro and in vivo are recorded. C1, C4 and C7 are particularly sensitive to this oxidizing agent, although all components decrease at high concentrations of NaOC1. Following oxidation, complement componenets return rapidly to normal. Data are presented to indicate that part of this repair mechanism is due to the action of reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and part is due to the synthesis of the individual components. The unique sensitivity of complement components to oxidation make this treatment of potential value in suppressing the inflammatory response. (+info)

Another complement protein, C6, binds to C5b. The C5bC6 complex is bound by C7. This junction alters the configuration of the ... MAC is composed of a complex of four complement proteins (C5b, C6, C7, and C8) that bind to the outer surface of the plasma ... The MAC is composed of the complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8 and several C9 molecules. A number of proteins participate in ... ISBN 978-0-323-54943-1. Media related to Complement membrane attack complex at Wikimedia Commons Complement+Membrane+Attack+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_membrane_attack_complex

C9 is one member of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), which also includes complement components C5b, C6, C7 and C8 ... MAC formation starts with the assembly of a tetrameric complex with the complement components C6, C7, C8, and C5b. The final ... Complement component 9 (C9) is a MACPF protein involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. ... Complement+9 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_9

... and complement components C6 and C7". Immunogenetics. 56 (2): 89-106. doi:10.1007/s00251-004-0665-2. ISSN 0093-7711. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_protein

... then H would be the complement graph of C7. A graph homomorphism from G to H is then a schedule assigning courses to time slots ... An L(2,1)-coloring is a homomorphism into the complement of the path graph that is locally injective, meaning it is required to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_homomorphism

... is a protein involved in the complement system of the innate immune system. C7 is part of the membrane ... Terminal complement pathway deficiency Complement+C7 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... This junction alters the configuration of the protein molecules, exposing a hydrophobic site on C7 that allows the C7 to insert ... Human Complement component C7) at the PDBe-KB. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000112936 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_7

Complement proteins C6-C9 all contain a MACPF domain and assemble into the membrane attack complex. C6, C7 and C8β appear to be ... proteins of the complement system (C6, C7, C8α, C8β and C9) and perforin (PF). Members of this protein family are pore-forming ... 3OJY Complement regulatory proteins such as CD59 function as MAC inhibitors and prevent inappropriate activity of complement ... "Nonsense mutation in exon 4 of human complement C9 gene is the major cause of Japanese complement C9 deficiency". Hum. Genet. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACPF

... complement complex (C5-C6-C7), interleukin 5, and histamine (though this has a narrow range of concentration). Harm resulting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilia

C6 C7 C8 C9 Complement pathway inhibitors C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - ... system Complement system Classical complement pathway Mannan-binding lectin pathway Alternate complement pathway Complement ... see complement proteins section) Collectins Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) Surfactant protein A (SP-A) Surfactant protein D (SP-D ... Classical complement pathway C1Q complex - C1R / C1S C4 - C4a C2 Mannan-binding lectin pathway MASP1 / MASP2 Mannan-binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology

C7, and C8. (While C9 is part of the MAC, and deficiencies have been identified, it is not required for cell lysis.) People ... Terminal complement pathway deficiency is a genetic condition affecting the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). It ... Initial complement tests often include C3 and C4, but not C5 through C9. Instead, the CH50 result may play a role in diagnosis ... Suspect terminal complement pathway deficiency with patients who have more than one episode of Neisseria infection. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_complement_pathway_deficiency

The C5b then recruits and assembles C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9 molecules to assemble the membrane attack complex. This creates ... Polymorphisms of complement component 3, complement factor B, and complement factor I, as well as deletion of complement factor ... The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability ... Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system

C5b binds sequentially to C6, C7, C8 and then to multiple molecules of C9 to form membrane attack complex. Since C3b is free ... cells from complement-mediated damage. CFHR5 (Complement Factor H-Related protein 5) is able to bind to act as a cofactor for ... there are several different kinds of regulatory proteins that disrupt the complement activation process: Complement Receptor 1 ... The alternative pathway is a type of cascade reaction of the complement system and is a component of the innate immune system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_complement_pathway

The binding of C5 is influenced by C6 and C7, components which are thought to act subsequent to it in the complement sequence. ... The complement component C5 can be also activated by fluid phase C5 convertase. C5 is activated by CVFBb in the presence of ... The target of C5 convertase is complement protein C5. C5 is a two-chain (α, β) plasma glycoprotein (Mr = 196,000). C5 and C3 ... In these respects, the mode of action of C5 is completely analogous to that of the other components of complement. The C5 step ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5-convertase

... engineered transcription factors Complement component 7, protein encoded by the C7 gene in humans Coccinella septempunctata ("C ... C7, C07 or C-7 may refer to: C-7 Caribou, a military transport aircraft AEG C.VII, a World War I German armed reconnaissance ... "C7" (song), a song by Japanese band GO!GO!7188 C7 Sport, a defunct pay-TV service in Australia C7, the C (musical note) three ... Brazil Colt Canada C7 rifle or Diemaco C7, a Canadian derivative of the M16 C7, an international standard paper size (81×114 mm ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C7

Subsequent interactions between C5b and other terminal components C6, C7, C8, and C9 form the membrane attack complex or the ... Alternative complement pathway - another complement system pathway Lectin pathway - another complement system pathway Noris, ... The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune ... Activation of the complement pathway through the classical, lectin or alternative complement pathway is followed by a cascade ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_complement_pathway

Cases may also arise with complement alone or with IgA, IgM or a combination of these three antibody classes and complement. ... C7, C8, C9) either can form the membrane attack complex (MAC) or can bind the antibody, aiding phagocytosis by macrophages (C3b ... Antibodies are produced against the RBCs, which leads to complement activation. Complement fragments, such as C3a, C4a and C5a ... IgM is a potent activator of the classical complement pathway, thus, AIHA involving IgM is characterized by complement-mediated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia

... set complement for complement, empty set as 0, X α {\displaystyle X^{\alpha }} as the unit, and ⊆ {\displaystyle \subseteq } ... C7) If κ ≠ λ {\displaystyle \kappa \neq \lambda } , then c κ ( d κ λ ⋅ x ) ⋅ c κ ( d κ λ ⋅ − x ) = 0 {\displaystyle c_{\kappa ... C7) If κ {\displaystyle \kappa } and λ {\displaystyle \lambda } are different variables, then ∃ κ . ( κ = λ ∧ x ) ∧ ∃ κ . ( κ ... It necessarily validates the axioms C1-C7 of a cylindric algebra, with ∪ {\displaystyle \cup } instead of + {\displaystyle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindric_algebra

Complement deficiencies are the result of a lack of any of these proteins. They may predispose to infections but also to ... C7 deficiency (idem, vasculitis) C8a deficiency C8b deficiency C9 deficiency (Neisserial infections) C1-inhibitor deficiency ( ... Cherubism COPA defect Otulipenia/ORAS The complement system is part of the innate as well as the adaptive immune system; it is ... MASP2 deficiency Complement receptor 3 deficiency Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) deficiency Membrane attack complex inhibitor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_primary_immunodeficiencies

The C1 complement complex binds to these antibodies resulting in its activation via cross proteolysis. This activated C1 ... C5b associates with C6, C7, C8, and C9, all of which form a complex that results in a pore through the pathogen's membrane. ... C3b is the larger of two elements formed by the cleavage of complement component 3, and is considered an important part of the ... The key to the success of the complement system in clearing antigens is regulating the effects of C3b to pathogens alone and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3b

... complement c5b MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.550 - complement c6 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.650 - complement c7 MeSH D12.776.124.486. ... complement c1 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.270 - complement c1q MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.280 - complement c1r MeSH D12.776. ... complement c2 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.500 - complement c2a MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.750 - complement c2b MeSH D12.776. ... complement c3c MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.250.260.750 - complement c3d MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.350 - complement c4 MeSH D12.776. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124)

Complement decay-accelerating factor (Antigen CD55) belongs to the Cromer blood group system and is associated with Cr(a), Dr(a ... C7, CD46, CD55, CFB, CFH, CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR3, CFHR4, CFHR5, CR1, CR1L, CR2, CSMD1, CSMD2, CSMD3, CSPG3, DAF, F13B, FHR4, ... Complement receptor type 1 (C3b/C4b receptor) (Antigen CD35) belongs to the Knops blood group system and is associated with Kn( ... Complement components may activate B cells through CD21. CD21 is part of a large signal-transduction complex that also involves ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi_domain

C5b recruits C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9s. C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 form the membrane attack complex (MAC). This is another large ... Complement receptors, collectins, ficolins, pentraxins such as serum amyloid and C-reactive protein, lipid transferases, ... Once bound to the ligands MBL and Ficolin oligomers recruit MASP1 and MASP2 and initiate the lectin pathway of complement ... "/"self turned nonself" type pathogen pattern are also identified and destroyed (e.g. by complement fixation or other cytotoxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

Contents A B C Ca-Cu D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z External links C C2 C3 C4 C5 H C7 C8 C9 C10 C15 C20 Webelements ... This is a list of common chemical compounds with chemical formulae and CAS numbers, indexed by formula.This complements ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae

"Like a Prayer" starts with a Dm-C/D-Gm/D-Dm chord progression in the opening chorus, and a Dm-C/E-C7-B♭-F/A sequence in the ... which is complemented by percussion instruments. It then leads to a gospel oriented phase, with virtually no instrumentation - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Prayer_(song)

Cartridge, Ball, C77: 5.56×45mm FN SS109 equivalent used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada. ... Round, 5.56mm Tracer, L1A1/A2 [Red tip]: Tracer round complement to L2A1/A2, produced by Radway Green. Cartridge, 5.56mm Blank ... Cartridge, Tracer, C78: 5.56×45mm FN SS110 equivalent used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Made by General Dynamics Canada. ... Cartridge, Blank, C79 [Crimped tip]: 5.56×45mm blank cartridge used in the C7, C8 and C9 type weapons. Also made by General ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.56×45mm_NATO

A standard complement of face buttons, Start/+, Select/Back/- and Home/Guide buttons and a d-pad are also present for ... or C7-B8). This applies to the "base" octave (red and yellow keys); the other keys also shift in relation to this, making the ... The drum kit controller designed for use with Rock Band features four drum pads and a kick pedal, as well as a complement of ... and a complement of standard buttons.[a] The Guitar Hero World Tour kit also features a MIDI-in port, allowing users to connect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_game_accessories

"Colt C7-geweer". defensie.nl (in Dutch). Ministry of Defence. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2021. "Glock 17-pistool". defensie ... The mess dress uniform is worn during formal occasions, such as a dinner or a ball and consists of a smoking, complemented with ... The basic infantry weapons of the Korps Mariniers are the Colt Canada C7 assault rifle, Colt Canada C8 carbine and Glock 17 ... Marine with Colt Canada C7 during the Capacity Building Mission Iraq (CBMI). DMV Anaconda off-road vehicle during tests before ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Marine_Corps

... (C7) Front Audi S6 (C7) Rear Interior Engine bay S6 with Adaptive cruise control radars Audi S6 Avant (C7) Audi ... A new Audi S6, now officially known as the Audi S6 quattro appeared in 1999, to complement its A6 platform-mate. It was ... The Audi S6 4.0 TFSI quattro and its mechanical twin S7 were launched as a 2013 models, a year after the C7 Audi A6 and Audi A7 ... The S6 5.2 FSI was discontinued after the 2011 model year, shortly before the release of the 2012 Audi A6 (C7). For the sprint ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_S6

Brown states the complement as 99 and Johnston states the complement of Canadian ships at 112 (7 officers and 105 ratings). Mk ... In October, Copper Cliff switched to group C-7 and remained on escort duty for the remainder of the war. In June 1945, Copper ... The ships had a complement of 120. The ships were powered by two Admiralty three-drum boilers which created 2,750 indicated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hever_Castle

The C7 chord depicted above would be denoted as cO7. In addition to the calculation of consonance values for single chords, ... This view is complemented by a quantitative computation of consonance (or rather dissonance) values. For this purpose Vogel ... On the contrary, they can be seen as complementing each other: While Vogel's theory focuses on local relations of tones and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogel's_Tonnetz

The producers of the film were seeking a car that would complement the film's atmosphere. General Motors suggested the then- ... because of its supercharged V8 from the Corvette C7 Z06 with 10 less horsepower and a top speed of 200 mph (322 km/h). It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_CTS

In 1985, WYMT-TV was built as a complement to WKYT-TV. Financial troubles at Kentucky Central led to its takeover by the state ... p. C-7. Retrieved November 20, 2022 - via Newspapers.com. Hewlett, Jennifer (September 11, 1996). "Ralph Gabbard: Nationally ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKYT-TV

p. C7. ISSN 1197-2823. Rickitt, Richard (2000). Special Effects: The History and Technique. Billboard Books. p. 147. ISBN 0- ... Hand-drawn scenes in the film were complemented by computer animation, which was used to create elements such as flocks of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FernGully:_The_Last_Rainforest

It is innervated by the anterior interosseus branch of the median nerve (C7-C8) It is a persistence of one of the former ... highly functional adaptation be followed by a series of more complex ones that complement it. With Homo habilis, an advanced ... It is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve (C7-C8). The extensor pollicis longus (EPL) originates on the dorsal ... It is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve (C7-C8). The extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) originates on the ulna ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumb

The C-130 could carry more cargo than any of the types his nation would receive with 5 times the cargo capacity of a C-7 or ... 164 By May 1969 the full complement of 54 A-37B jets was on hand and assigned to the 524th, 520th, and 516th Fighter Squadrons ... The USAF would accelerate the delivery of 14 RC-47s, 23 AC-119K gunships, 23 EC-47s, 28 C-7 transports and 14 C-119Gs modified ... The RVNAF 33rd and 53rd Tactical Wings were established flying C-123 Providers, C-47s and C-7 Caribous.: 218-9 As C-119 pilots ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam_Air_Force

p. C7. "Can't Hide No-Hitter From Fans-Erskine". The Miami News. Associated Press. June 5, 1960. p. 2C. "No Major Changes Loom ... which prompted Baltimore police to complement his private security for Game 7. ABC hardly showed many baseball games during the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Major_League_Baseball_on_ABC

PSAP Complement component 4, partial deficiency of; 120790; C1NH Complement factor H deficiency; 609814; HF1 Complement factor ... C6 C7 deficiency; 610102; C7 Caffey disease; 114000; COL1A1 Campomelic dysplasia with autosomal sex reversal; 114290; SOX9 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

... which ends at the Aravaca station providing a fast entry into Madrid though the C-7 or C-10 commuter lines and arriving in only ... the 8400 series are the newest train type to enter service on the Madrid Metro on line 6 since 2010 to complement the older ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Metro

By virtue of J1a, it is a complemented lattice whose upper bound is . By J0, is the corresponding lower bound and identity ... C7' in LoF, enables an algorithm, sketched in LoFs proof of T14, that transforms an arbitrary primary algebra formula to an ... His notation was isomorphic to that of LoF: concatenation read as conjunction, and "non-(X)" read as the complement of X. ... A primary algebra variable indicates a location where one can write the primitive value or its complement . Multiple instances ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_Form

It was complemented with ten additional artillery pieces. It also featured a caponier battery, built in the October 1864. Fort ... Civil War Engineering and Navigation www.usace.army.mil/usace-docs/misc/un22/c-7.pdf pg. 109-113 Civil War Engineering and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War_fortifications_in_Louisville

3 p. 2; Hartford Courant, June 8, 1930 p. C7; Modesto News-Herald, June 14, 1930 p. 13 (gives authorship to local distributor ... The artistic aim here was to clarify, complement, and accurately interpret the written text. His contributions to short stories ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin_(illustrator)

The AGM-114 Hellfire missile underwent test firings at the Site C-7 Hellfire range on Range 72 from 1980. Upgraded Hellfire ... This brought the Squadron's strength to 17 officers and 114 airmen (out of the 550th's total complement of 201 officers and 816 ... Seven Flying Fortresses were joined by another seven in November 1948, bringing the squadron complement up to 14 mother and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Eglin_Air_Force_Base

Its derivatives C7 or C7.GAT, are often used for their superior binding affinity and specificity. C7.GAT has been used to ... Further, to test specificity to the 5' nucleotide, the full complement of the four 5'-ANN-3', 5'-CNN-3', 5'-GNN-3'. 5'-TNN-3' ... investigate the 5'-ANN-3' and 5'-CNN-3' families of sequences since the third finger of C7 defines a guanine or thymine in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_finger_chimera

Complementing the album's atmospheric sound, the lyrics were left open to interpretation, providing what the band called a " ... p. C7. Retrieved 26 November 2019. Flanagan (1996), pp. 232-233, 239 Philips, Chuck (4 June 1993). "U2 Record Deal Rocks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2

p. C7. Alternate Link via ProQuest. Winski, Joseph (June 22, 1978). "Jewel won't seek any mergers--now". Chicago Tribune. p. C7 ... The acquisition of both Osco and Turn Style allowed Jewel to expand into non-food related retailing that would complement their ... p. C7. Alternate Link via ProQuest. Key, Janet (February 1, 1981). "Jewel is severing a part of its roots". Chicago Tribune. pp ... p. C7. Alternate Link via ProQuest. "Star Market Co. To Make Exchange Offer to Brigham's". Boston Globe. November 8, 1961. p. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel-Osco

C1-C7. Retrieved May 14, 2020 - via Newspapers.com. Lussenhop, Jessica (August 2, 2012). "Romanik's Interlude: An ex-con finds ... carrying the Fox Sports Radio lineup around the clock as a complement to KFNS's predominantly local lineup. All three stations ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQQZ

C7-00, C6-01, X7-00, E6-00) Version 3.08 (15 November 2011) and 3.07: supported on Symbian^3 Version 3.06 (2 December 2010): ... highly accurate mapped data of private test tracks provides these cars with a highly accurate navigation system to complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Technologies

Levels of complement components C2, C3, C6, C7, C8, and H factor were greatly elevated. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/10/08-0118_article

... complement C6 / complement C7 / complement C9 / 塩基変異 / ダイレクイ・シークェンシング / 補体欠損遺伝子. ... Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in C6, C7 and C9 genes of the human complement system have been analyzed by PCR-based ... Publications] NISHIMUKAI H. et al.: Single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 9 of the human complement C7 gene (in Japanese)Jpn ... SNPs in the C7 gene are as follows. (i) Nt1166G→C in exon 9. This SNP was analyzed by PCR-RFLP with restriction enzyme DdeI. ...

https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12670397/

C7 is looking to complement the Granit Point II data center buildout by expanding their market opportunity via new revenue ... And C7 Data Centers is making a move into service provider territory. Theyre partnering with fellow Utah company Veracity ... Colo Bytes: Switch, Vantage, Telx, C7. October 22nd, 2014 by Rob Powell · Leave a Comment ...

https://www.telecomramblings.com/2014/10/colo-bytes-switch-vantage-telx-c7/

Complement proteins C7 and CFH control the stemness of liver cancer cells via LSF-1. Cancer Lett. 2016;372:24-35. ... While the complement system was once regarded as an effective anti-cancer defense, significant work in recent years has ... Complement activation via a C3a receptor pathway alters CD4(+) T lymphocytes and mediates lung cancer progression. Cancer Res. ... The role of complement in tumor growth. In Tumor Microenvironment and Cellular Stress: Signaling, Metabolism, Imaging, and ...

https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-019-1058-3

Complement C7 is a novel risk gene for Alzheimers disease in Han Chinese Zhang, DFF, Y.: Xu, M.: Wang, G.: Wang, D.: Li, J.: ...

https://adni.loni.usc.edu/news-publications/publications/?q=&size=1730&page_no=174

The complement system plays an important part in defense against pyogenic organisms. ... The complement system is part of the innate immune system. ... Prevalence of hereditary properdin, C7 and C8 deficiencies in ... encoded search term (Complement Deficiencies) and Complement Deficiencies What to Read Next on Medscape ... Botto M, Kirschfink M, Macor P, Pickering MC, Wurzner R, Tedesco F. Complement in human diseases: Lessons from complement ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/135478-189981/which-medications-in-the-drug-class-antibiotics-are-used-in-the-treatment-of-complement-deficiencies

... which may be influenced by the striking neonatal deficiency of complement system proteins or enhanced neonatal production of ... The complement system, antibodies, and anti-microbial proteins and peptides can directly interact with potential pathogens, ... The complement system, antibodies, and antimicrobial proteins and peptides (APPs), can directly interact with potential ... C5b triggers the assembly of a membrane-attack complex that utilizes complement system proteins C6, C7, C8, and C9, to damage ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00457/full

Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for quantitative measurement of Human C7 (Complement Component 7) in samples from Serum, ... Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Human Complement component C7 in samples from serum, ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Complement Component 3a from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Complement Component 4 from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell ...

https://biologiayctma.com/transcriptomics-for-understanding-plant-growth-and-useful-biology/

COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8- ... COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8- ... Complement Complex C5b 9 Complement Complex C5b-9 Complement Complex, Terminal Complex, Terminal Complement Cytolytic Terminal ... Complement Complex C5b 9. Complement Complex C5b-9. Complement Complex, Terminal. Complex, Terminal Complement. Cytolytic ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=24583&filter=ths_exact_term&q=COMPLEJO+DE+ATAQUE+A+MEMBRANA

C7 - Complement component 7 Active Synonym false false 3744809012 C7 - complement component 7 Active Synonym false false ... Complement component C7 (substance). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Complement component C7 (substance). ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=29776002

C7 is expressed on endothelial cells as a trap for the assembling terminal complement complex and may exert anti-inflammatory ... Since DECs are the only ECs, which under physiological conditions, are able to synthesize the complement component C1q [13], an ... We have previously shown that DECs are the only ECs able to express the complement protein C1q under basal physiologic ... Bossi, F.; Peerschke, E.I.; Ghebrehiwet, B.; Tedesco, F. Cross-talk between the complement and the kinin system in vascular ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/7/1604

Complement system regulators in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY. ... Clusterin inhibits complement-mediated cytolysis, by preventing binding of C5b-C7 complexes to the membrane of the target cells ... Complement system regulators. Unless otherwise stated all data on this page refer to the human proteins. Gene information is ... APOJ , apolipoprotein J , complement lysis inhibitor, SP-40,40 , sulfated glycoprotein 2; SGP-2 ...

https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=1069&objId=3195

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes store large amounts of terminal complement components C7 and C6, which may be released on ... Complement Activation in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. J Clin Immunol, 40 (3), 515-523. DOI 10.1007/s10875-020-00766-x, PubMed ... The analysis of the complement activation product SC5 b-9 is applicable in neonates in spite of their profound C9 deficiency. J ... Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) stimulates monocyte production of complement factor 3. Arch Virol, 142 (4), 689-98 ...

https://ous-research.no/home/paediatrics/Staff/8034

Complement component C6 (P13671) (SMART). OMIM:217050: C6 deficiency ; Combined C6/C7 deficiency. ... Now a number of proteins involved in the complement pathway (properdin, C6, C7, C8A, C8B, C9) [ (PUBMED:2459396) ] as well as ... Crystal Structure of human Complement Component C6. 3vdj. Crystal structure of circumsporozoite protein aTSR domain, R32 native ... Properdin is a serum glycoprotein that up-regulates the alternative pathway of complement by stabilizing the C3b-Bb complex. It ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=TSP1&START=667&END=742&E_VALUE=7.61e-10&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=WASWGSWSKCSNNCGGGVQSRRRSCENGNSCPGCGVVRSRGWGAGSGETYSPGGVGGSEATLTPKEFKTCNPEACP

Economic instruments complement institutional, regulatory, technical and other kinds of tools used in water management. They ... Economic Instruments - Using value and prices for efficiency and equity (C7). Changing the behaviour of water users towards ...

https://www.gwp.org/en/learn/iwrm-toolbox/Management-Instruments/Economic-Instruments/

... compared with cells treated with either human serum depleted of complement component C7 (C7dHS) or medium alone. Sublytic C5b-9 ... compared with cells treated with either human serum depleted of complement component C7 (C7dHS) or medium alone. Sublytic C5b-9 ... compared with cells treated with either human serum depleted of complement component C7 (C7dHS) or medium alone. Sublytic C5b-9 ... compared with cells treated with either human serum depleted of complement component C7 (C7dHS) or medium alone. Sublytic C5b-9 ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/jnk1-activation-mediates-c5b-9-induced-p0-mrna-instability-and-p0

Levels of complement components C2, C3, C6, C7, C8, and H factor were greatly elevated. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample ...

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/10/08-0118_article

Learn about the three pathways lead to complement activation and some of their key inhibitors. ... C5b sequentially associates with C6, C7 and C8 to form a complex which attaches on the outer surface of the pathogens plasma ... Inhibitors of the complement syste. The complement cascade is tightly controlled to protect host cells from indiscriminate ... The complement system is a heat-labile component of blood that confers bactericidal properties. The functions of complement ...

https://www.abcam.com/pathways/complement-cascade-and-its-inhibitors

In this setting, 1% of C7 reestablished detectable CH50 activity (23% of normal values)21 and ,5% of functional C5 ... complement hemolytic activity assay, complement system proteins, eculizumab, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, hemolysis ... complement hemolytic activity assay, complement system proteins, eculizumab, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, hemolysis ... Residual complement activity is complement mediated using this assay as shown with plasma from a PNH patient receiving ...

https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/125/5/775/34068/Assessing-complement-blockade-in-patients-with

We also clarified the molecular mechanisms: SplB cleaves the human complement proteins C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 as well ... SplB further cleaved the components of the terminal complement pathway, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9. In contrast, the important ... Overshooting of the complement system due to dysregulation can result in the two prototypes of primary complement mediated ... Genetic variants within complement factor H (CFH), a major alternative complement pathway regulator, are associated with the ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Skerka,+Christine

The complement C7 variant rs3792646 is associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a Han Chinese population. Neurobiology ... Query Trace: Sclerosis and C7[original query]. Use of a genetic isolate to identify rare disease variants: C7 on 5p associated ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Sclerosis+and+C7&Mysubmit=Search

This product recognizes complement component 8 (C8), a 151 kDa member of the complement C6/C7/C8/C9 family, present in blood ... C8 is a terminal component of the complement system, part of both the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), and important ... Defects in the alpha chain of C8 can result in complement C8 deficiency type I. Furthermore, C8 deficiencies can cause ...

https://www.raybiotech.com/mouse-anti-human-c8/

In contrast, genes encoding complement protein C7 that had relatively high expression had significantly lower expression in the ... Similarly genes encoding complement proteins (C3), apolipoprotein E (APOE), the genes IGF2 and SAA1 were significantly higher. ... The expression of the complement C3 was lower in Suffolk compared to Fur ewes. Previous studies have detected the expression of ... A co-operative interaction between Neisseria gonorrhoeae and complement receptor 3 mediates infection of primary cervical ...

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-022-08603-8

Complement Ther Med. 2017 Apr;31:71-81. C19. Hempel S, Graham GD, et al. A systematic review of the effects of modifiable risk ... C7. Loy BD, Fling BW, et al. Effects of lipoic acid on walking performance, gait, and balance in secondary progressive multiple ... Complement Ther Med. 2019 Apr;43:188-195. E3. Green E, Huynh A, et al. Systematic Review of Yoga and Balance: Effect on Adults ... Complement Ther Med. 2017 Apr;31:100-108. G2. Zou L, Wang H, et al. Tai chi for health benefits in patients with multiple ...

https://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=99744adb-4d1c-491b-af5f-aafc5521ac7b&chunkiid=21789

Available in any C7 Stingray/Z06/Grand Sport color to complement or match your exterior paint. Installation is easy, just ... C7 Corvette Stingray/Z06/Grand Sport 2014-2019 Custom Painted Drivers Door Button Bezel. New list: ... C7 Corvette 2014-2019 Hydro Carbon Fiber Pedestal w/ Black Cup for Gauge Pods - 3-3/8 Inch ... C7 Corvette Stingray/Z06/Grand Sport 2014-2019 Custom Painted Drivers Door Button Bezel. ...

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While the design is hardly original, the C5 looks quite good and its clean lines are complemented by a solid specification ... The Galaxy C7 is basically a larger version of the Galaxy C5, featuring a 5.7-inch AMOLED Full HD screen, a Snapdragon 625 ... Update: and Galaxy C7) Dressed to impress: Samsung launches the mid-range Galaxy C5. Samsungs latest smartphone leaked ... Other specs appear to remain the same, and the Galaxy C7 will start from around $400. ...

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The complements are activated in the following order: Ag-Ab complex-C1 C4 C2 C3 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9. This process occurs on the ... Complement. Complement are serum proteins which when activated react in an orderly manner with each other to cause immunologic ... IgG is capable of fixing complement with order of efficacy being IgG3, IgG1 and IgG2. IgG4 cannot bind complement in the ... IgM is highly efficient in binding complement. A single molecule of IgM can bind complement while two molecules of IgG (lgG ...

https://www.jaypeedigital.com/eReader/chapter/9789350901847/ch1

Complement component 7(C7) is one of the five terminal complement proteins that, upon activation of either the classical or the ... A Case of Hereditary C7 Deficiency Associated with Meningococcal Meningitis Hyun Woo We, Won Duck Kim, Sun Ju Lee, Dong Seok ... The complement system is composed of more than 25 different proteins and is usually divided into classical and alternative ...

https://e-cep.org/articles/search_result.php?term=author&f_name=Dong%20Seok&l_name=Lee

... and the role of the complement pathway in TA-TMA development. ... When you activate complement, break down C5 into C5a and C5b, ... which joins to C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form a complex known as C5b-9, you have 2 things that are bad in terms of setting up a ... Now you have marked activation of the lectin pathway and the complement pathway and the alternative pathway of complement in ... of the TA-TMAs involve complement activation and set off a TMA that is most reminiscent of another major complement-associated ...

https://www.onclive.com/view/overview-of-transplant-associated-thrombotic-microangiopathy-ta-tma

The complement system, antibodies, and anti-microbial proteins and peptides can directly interact with potential pathogens, protecting against systemic infection. (frontiersin.org)
The ontogeny of plasma factors can be viewed in the context of a lower effectiveness of immune responses to infection and immunization in early life, which may be influenced by the striking neonatal deficiency of complement system proteins or enhanced neonatal production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, among other ontogenic differences. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, several classes of proteins, including immunoglobulins (Igs), the complement system, and anti-microbial proteins and peptides (APPs), aid in the innate response to invading microorganisms and display age-dependent maturation (Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Lower levels of complement proteins and anti-microbial proteins and peptides contribute to neonatal susceptibility to infection, while elevated levels of adenosine, adiponectin, and adrenomedullin in neonatal blood may influence immune cell polarization. (frontiersin.org)
The complement system is composed of more than 25 different proteins and is usually divided into classical and alternative pathways. (e-cep.org)
Complement component 7(C7) is one of the five terminal complement proteins that, upon activation of either the classical or the alternative pathway, interacts sequentially to form a large protein-protein complex, called membrane attack complex(MAC). (e-cep.org)
Of all the lectin proteins, only MBL has been shown to have the ability to activate the complement system. (medscape.com)
The soluble membrane assault complicated (sMAC, a.ok.a., sC5b-9 or TCC) is generated on activation of complement and incorporates the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 along with the regulatory proteins clusterin and/or vitronectin. (bioinfor.me)
Genes that encode the proteins of complement components or their isotypes are distributed throughout different chromosomes, with 19 genes comprising 3 significant complement gene clusters in the human genome. (medscape.com)
The important components of this system are various cell membrane-associated proteins such as complement receptor 1 (CR1), complement receptor 2 (CR2), and decay accelerating factor (DAF). (medscape.com)
Prominent deposition of complement proteins C3 and C9 in brains of MRL/ lpr mice was indicative of complement activation and was significantly reduced by Crry. (aai.org)

Properdin is a serum glycoprotein that up-regulates the alternative pathway of complement by stabilizing the C3b-Bb complex. (embl.de)
the classical pathway initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of foreign bodies and the alternative and lectin pathways that provide an antibody-independent mechanism for complement activation, induced by the presence of bacteria and other micro-organisms. (abcam.com)
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are involved in the initial step of the lectin pathway of complement activation. (abcam.com)
Following these cleavage events, complement pathway activation continues as in the classical pathway. (abcam.com)
aHUS can be due to either genetic or acquired abnormalities, with most abnormalities affecting the alternative complement pathway. (bvsalud.org)
Jeffrey Laurence, MD, provides an overview of transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), the associated risk factors, and the role of the complement pathway in TA-TMA development. (onclive.com)
MBL then activates MASP2, which is an important enzyme in the cascade of a part of a complement system known as the lectin pathway. (onclive.com)
The reason why this is so critical is because when activated, the lectin pathway itself can also then turn on the alternative pathway of complement. (onclive.com)
Now you have marked activation of the lectin pathway and the complement pathway and the alternative pathway of complement in this system. (onclive.com)
The clinical history of patients with classic pathway deficiencies varies slightly from other complement-deficient patients. (medscape.com)
The complement system can be activated via immune complexes, and the alternative pathway (properdin pathway), which is activated primarily by foreign bodies such as microorganisms. (mayocliniclabs.com)
The complement cascade consists of 3 separate pathways that converge in a final common pathway. (medscape.com)
Lectins activate the lectin pathway in a manner similar to the antibody interaction with complement in the classical pathway. (medscape.com)
and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY ). (bvsalud.org)

Peerschke EI, Yin W, Alpert DR, Roubey RA, Salmon JE, Ghebrehiwet B. Serum complement activation on heterologous platelets is associated with arterial thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies. (medscape.com)
C5b-9 induced a threefold increase in both JNK1 activity and c-jun mRNA within 20 and 30 min, respectively, compared with cells treated with either human serum depleted of complement component C7 (C7dHS) or medium alone. (elsevier.com)
Interestingly, we observed that low FHR2 levels in the patient's serum could induce complement activation, as well as C5b-9 deposition on human endothelial cells, and affected cell morphology. (bvsalud.org)
This product recognizes complement component 8 (C8), a 151 kDa member of the complement C6/C7/C8/C9 family, present in blood serum. (raybiotech.com)
Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX . (bvsalud.org)

Cephalosporins are often used for treatment of N meningitidis infection in patients with complement deficiency. (medscape.com)
Skattum L, van Deuren M, van der Poll T, Truedsson L. Complement deficiency states and associated infections. (medscape.com)
Molecular basis of complement factor I deficiency in Tunisian atypical hemolytic and uremic syndrome Patients. (medscape.com)
Arnold DF, Roberts AG, Thomas A, Ferry B, Morgan BP, Chapel H. A novel mutation in a patient with a deficiency of the eighth component of complement associated with recurrent meningococcal meningitis. (medscape.com)
C5 Complement Deficiency in a Saudi Family, Molecular Characterization of Mutation and Literature Review. (medscape.com)
Defects in the alpha chain of C8 can result in complement C8 deficiency type I. Furthermore, C8 deficiencies can cause recurring bacterial infections, in particular from Neisseria meningitides . (raybiotech.com)
Cases of complement deficiency have helped defined the role of complement in host defense. (medscape.com)
A North African study of molecular basis of complement factor I deficiency in atypical hemolytic and uremic syndrome patients suggested that the Ile357Met mutation may be a founding effect. (medscape.com)

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. (bvsalud.org)
Learn about the three pathways lead to complement activation and some of their key inhibitors. (abcam.com)
Complement pathways and deficiencies. (medscape.com)

P0 mRNA expression is reduced following exposure of Schwann cells to sublytic C5b-9, the terminal activation complex of the complement cascade. (elsevier.com)
Sialic acids as the terminal caps of the cellular glycocalyx play an essential role in self-recognition and were shown to modulate complement processes via interaction between α2,3-linked sialic acids and complement factor H. Previously, it was suggested that low molecular weight α2,8-linked polysialic acid (polySia avDP20) interferes with complement activation, but the exact molecular mechanism is still unclear. (bvsalud.org)
The vast majority, if not exclusively, of the TA-TMAs involve complement activation and set off a TMA that is most reminiscent of another major complement-associated TMA: atypical HUS [hemolytic uremic syndrome]. (onclive.com)
When immune complexes are not involved, the alternate method of complement activation initiates the reactant sequence at C3, bypassing C1, C4, and C2. (mayocliniclabs.com)
at the same time, the inflammation promoted by complement activation can result in cellular damage when not kept in check. (medscape.com)
Activation of complement can be started either via adaptive or innate immune recognition. (pediagenosis.com)
Nevertheless, excessive complement activation can cause unpleasant side-effects (see Fig. 36). (pediagenosis.com)
The role of complement activation in the brains of MRL/ lpr lupus mice was determined using the potent C3 convertase inhibitor, CR1-related y (Crry), administered both as an overexpressing Crry transgene and as Crry-Ig. (aai.org)
Complement activation releases inflammatory mediators that can induce apoptosis. (aai.org)
Complement activation products either directly and/or indirectly through TNFR1, ICAM-1, inducible NO synthase, and AMPA-GluR, all of which were altered in MRL/ lpr mouse brains, have the potential to induce such apoptosis. (aai.org)

Grumach AS, Kirschfink M. Are complement deficiencies really rare? (medscape.com)
Complement deficiencies in systemic lupus erythematosus. (medscape.com)
Complement genetics, deficiencies, and disease associations. (medscape.com)
The 3 major sequelae of complement deficiencies, based on the pathophysiology of each defect, are (1) defects that result in inadequate opsonization, (2) defects in cell lysis, and (3) the association of complement deficiencies with immune complex diseases. (medscape.com)
Deficiencies in the complement cascade can lead to overwhelming infection and sepsis. (medscape.com)
Complement deficiencies are said to comprise between 1 and 10% of all primary immunodeficiencies. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] A registry of complement deficiencies has been established as a means to promote joint projects on treatment and prevention of diseases associated with defective complement function. (medscape.com)
This article outlines some of the disease states associated with complement deficiencies and their clinical implications. (medscape.com)
Deficiencies in complement predispose patients to infection via 2 mechanisms: (1) ineffective opsonization and (2) defects in lytic activity (defects in MAC). (medscape.com)
Specific complement deficiencies are also associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune disease, such as SLE. (medscape.com)
Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. (studystack.com)

C1 is the first molecule in the classical complement cascade and comprises C1q and two molecules of C1r and C1s respectively. (abcam.com)
The complement protein C3b, along with its cleavage product C3bi, is a potent agent of opsonization in the complement cascade. (medscape.com)
New studies point to the complex interplay between the complement cascade and adaptive immune response, and complement is also being studied in association with ischemic injury as a target of therapy. (medscape.com)

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Leiner's disease associated with diminished third component of complement. (medscape.com)

and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. (bvsalud.org)
Clusterin inhibits complement-mediated cytolysis, by preventing binding of C5b-C7 complexes to the membrane of the target cells. (guidetopharmacology.org)
The functions of complement include the attraction of inflammatory cells, opsonization to promote phagocytosis, immune complex clearance and direct microbial killing through the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). (abcam.com)
C5b sequentially associates with C6, C7 and C8 to form a complex which attaches on the outer surface of the pathogen's plasma membrane. (abcam.com)
C8 is a terminal component of the complement system, part of both the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), and important to MAC assembly. (raybiotech.com)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in C6, C7 and C9 genes of the human complement system have been analyzed by PCR-based methods and PCR direct-sequencing in the present study. (nii.ac.jp)
Degn SE, Jensenius JC, Thiel S. Disease-causing mutations in genes of the complement system. (medscape.com)

The complement system is a heat-labile component of blood that confers bactericidal properties. (abcam.com)
Given the role of FHRs in the complement system and the fact that this patient was a candidate for a kidney transplant, we studied the relevance of low FHR2 plasma levels through a set of functional in vitro assays. (bvsalud.org)
The complement system is an integral part of the body's immune defenses. (mayocliniclabs.com)
The complement system is part of the innate immune system. (medscape.com)
The complement system plays an important part in defense against pyogenic organisms. (medscape.com)
In addition to playing an important role in host defense against infection, the complement system is a mediator in both the pathogenesis and prevention of immune complex diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medscape.com)
These findings underscore the duality of the complement system. (medscape.com)
Knowledge about the complement system is expanding. (medscape.com)
Although the complement system is part of the body's innate, relatively nonspecific defense against pathogens, its role is hardly primitive or easily understood. (medscape.com)
An intricate system regulates complement activity. (medscape.com)
Note that, in the absence of antibody, many of the molecules that activate the complement system are carbohydrate or lipid in nature (e.g. lipopolysaccharides, mannose), suggesting that the system evolved mainly to recognize bacterial surfaces via their non-protein features. (pediagenosis.com)
The complement system is a powerful arm of innate immunity that protects tissues against invading pathogens. (aai.org)

In order to generate an antibody response, an antigen must bind to the complement receptor (CR2) on B cells and the complement protein C3d. (medscape.com)
The MBL protein can activate the C4 and C2 components of complement by forming a complex with serine proteases known as MASP1 and MASP2. (medscape.com)
Furthermore, microarray analysis revealed complement-dependent up-regulation of glutamate receptor (AMPA-GluR) expression in lupus brains, which was also validated for AMPA-GluR1 mRNA and protein. (aai.org)

The defect in persons with Leiner disease is usually attributed to a defect of the fifth component of complement (C5). (medscape.com)
However, a child was described by Sonea and associates who had Leiner disease associated with diminished C3, and another was described by Goodyear and Harper with a low level of the fourth component of complement and reduced neutrophil mobility. (medscape.com)
C3 (MW 180 000), the central component of all complement reac- tions, split by its convertase into a small (C3a) and a large (C3b) fragment. (pediagenosis.com)

CR Complement receptor. (pediagenosis.com)

SNPs in the C7 gene are as follows. (nii.ac.jp)
Distribution of R95X gene of the complement C9 in Asian and European populations'Anthropological Science. (nii.ac.jp)
Single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 9 of the human complement C7 gene (in Japanese)'Jpn J Legal Med. (nii.ac.jp)

treatment of this disease with the complement inhibitor Eculzimab/Soliris was approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2003 and by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2007. (bvsalud.org)

When you activate complement, break down C5 into C5a and C5b, which joins to C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form a complex known as C5b-9, you have 2 things that are bad in terms of setting up a positive feedback loop to continue endothelial cell injury. (onclive.com)

The same things that injure endothelial cells-infections, radiation, and mTOR and calcineurin inhibitors-can also activate complement. (onclive.com)

The aim of our work was to determine if low FHR2 plasma levels could influence complement control at the endothelial surface with a view to identifying a therapeutic approach tailored to this specific patient. (bvsalud.org)

Crry prevented the increased expression of these inflammatory molecules, indicating that the changes were complement dependent. (aai.org)

Use of a genetic isolate to identify rare disease variants: C7 on 5p associated with MS. Human molecular genetics 2009 May 18 (9): 1670-83. (cdc.gov)

Functional complement C1q abnormality leads to impaired immune complexes and apoptotic cell clearance. (medscape.com)

Some new clinical entities are linked with partial complement defects. (medscape.com)

Other specs appear to remain the same, and the Galaxy C7 will start from around $400. (androidauthority.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms10

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs101

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Combined genetic deficiency of C6 and C7 in man. (1/83)

In vitro and in vivo responses of murine granulocytes to human complement-derived, haemolytically inactive C5b67 (iC5b67). (2/83)

On the mechanism of cytolysis by complement: evidence on insertion of C5b and C7 subunits of the C5b,6,7 complex into phospholipid bilayers of erythrocyte membranes. (3/83)

Increased ion permeability of planar lipid bilayer membranes after treatment with the C5b-9 cytolytic attack mechanism of complement. (4/83)

Isolation, characterization, and cloning of porcine complement component C7. (5/83)

The endothelium is an extrahepatic site of synthesis of the seventh component of the complement system. (6/83)

Hereditary deficiency of the seventh component of complement. (7/83)

Hypochlorite-induced alterations to canine serum complement. (8/83)

Complement C3

Complement C4

Complement C4a

Complement C3a

Complement C1q

Complement C5a

Complement Activation

Complement C4b

Complement C5

Complement C3b

Complement System Proteins

Complement C6

Complement C3c

Complement C3d

Complement C2

Complement C9

Receptors, Complement

Complement C1s

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement C1r

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Complement C7

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Complement Factor B

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement Pathway, Classical

Complement C8

Complement C1

Receptors, Complement 3b

Complement Factor H

Complement C5b

Complement C2a

Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a

Complement Activating Enzymes

Complement Inactivating Agents

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins

Receptors, Complement 3d

Anaphylatoxins

Complement Fixation Tests

Complement Factor D

Complement Factor I

Complement C4b-Binding Protein

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins

Antigens, CD55

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway

Complement C2b

Antigens, CD59

Cobra Venoms

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Steroid 21-Hydroxylase

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein

Immunoglobulin G

Hemolysis

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Molecular Sequence Data

Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Antigens, CD46

Opsonin Proteins

Blood Proteins

Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic

Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Phagocytosis

Amino Acid Sequence

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

Properdin

Complement C5a, des-Arginine

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Macrophage-1 Antigen

Protein Binding

Neutrophils

Base Sequence

Kidney Glomerulus

Serum

Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative

Immunoglobulin M

Schistosoma

Genetic Complementation Test