Complement c6. Medical search

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Important enzymes in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

Important enzymes in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 5 into COMPLEMENT 5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 5B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4b2a) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C4b2a3b.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 3 into COMPLEMENT 3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 3B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of COMPLEMENT 4B and COMPLEMENT 2A (C4b2a).

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C5B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is the complex of ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C3bBb3b.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial POLYSACCHARIDES with serum MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN resulting in the activation of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. As in the classical pathway, MASPs cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.

Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Thickening of the walls of small ARTERIES or ARTERIOLES due to cell proliferation or HYALINE deposition.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An IgG autoantibody against the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE, found in serum of patients with MESANGIOCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. The binding of this autoantibody to C3bBb stabilizes the enzyme thus reduces the actions of C3b inactivators (COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; COMPLEMENT FACTOR I). This abnormally stabilized enzyme induces a continuous COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and generation of C3b thereby promoting the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX and cytolysis.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).

Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

Combined genetic deficiency of C6 and C7 in man. (1/127)

By routine screening of sera, a subject was discovered who showed a sub-total deficiency of C6 and C7. No clinical disease was associated with this deficiency which was transmitted through the subject's family as a single genetic characteristic, the C6 deficiency being associated with a silent allele at the structural locus. The propositus was found to have low quantities of an abnormal C6 which was both antigenically deficient and smaller in size than normal C6 (110,000 daltons compared with 140,000 daltons) and small quantities of apparently normal C7. It is concluded that the most likely explanation for this defect is that the subject has a structural mutation in his C6 gene which produces hyopsynthesis not only of C6 but also of the closely linked gene for C7. These findings suggest the possibility that C6 and C7 may function as a single genetic unit and that the primary transcript copied from the genome includes information for both proteins. (+info)

Reaction of an activated complex of guinea-pig complement components, C56, with unsensitized erythrocytes and with erythrocytes carrying C3b molecule. (2/127)

During the interaction of guinea-pig complement intermediate cells, EAC423, with guinea-pig C5 and C6, an activated complex of C5 and C6, C56, was demonstrated in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. C56 also was eluted from EAC42356 which had been generated by the interaction of EAC423 with C5 and C6. Both preparations of C56 showed quite similar characteristics and were not distinguished from one another. Both were capable of reacting with unsensitized erythrocytes (E) in the presence of C7 to form EC567. Further, they were able to react with EAC43 in the absence of C7 to form EAC43568 but did react with EAC43 pretreated with C3b inactivator, dithiothreitol or N-bromosuccinimide. These results indicate that guinea-pig C56 generated on EAC423 has a tendency to dissociate into the fluid phase. Nevertheless, the dissociated C56 can bind again to intact C3b molecule on the cells. The ability of cell-bound C3b to combine with C56 may lead to localization of C56 to the cell membrane carrying C3b, resulting in acceleration of attachment of C567 to the membrane. This assumption could be supported by the finding that the replacement of E by EAC43 increased the susceptibility of the cells to lytic action of complement induced by cobra venom factor. Thus, a new function of cell-bound C3b as localizing C56 to the membrane of sensitized cells was indicated. (+info)

C6 produced by macrophages contributes to cardiac allograft rejection. (3/127)

The terminal components of complement C5b-C9 can cause significant injury to cardiac allografts. Using C6-deficient rats, we have found that the rejection of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I-incompatible PVG.R8 (RT1.A(a)B(u)) cardiac allografts by PVG.1U (RT1.A(u)B(u)) recipients is particularly dependent on C6. This model was selected to determine whether tissue injury results from C6 produced by macrophages, which are a conspicuous component of infiltrates in rejecting transplants. We demonstrated that high levels of C6 mRNA are expressed in isolated populations of macrophages. The relevance of macrophage-produced C6 to cardiac allograft injury was investigated by transplanting hearts from PVG. R8 (C6-) donors to PVG.1U (C6-) rats which had been reconstituted with bone marrow from PVG.1U (C6+) rats as the sole source of C6. Hearts grafted to hosts after C6 reconstitution by bone marrow transplantation underwent rejection characterized by deposition of IgG and complement on the vascular endothelium together with extensive intravascular aggregates of P-selectin-positive platelets. At the time of acute rejection, the cardiac allografts contained extensive perivascular and interstitial macrophage infiltrates. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrated high levels of C6 mRNA in the macrophage-laden transplants. C6 protein levels were also increased in the circulation during rejection. To determine the relative contribution to cardiac allograft rejection of the low levels of circulating C6 produced systemically by macrophages, C6 containing serum was passively transferred to PVG.1U (C6-) recipients of PVG.R8 (C6-) hearts. This reconstituted the C6 levels to about 3 to 6% of normal values, but failed to induce allograft rejection. In control PVG.1U (C6-) recipients that were reconstituted with bone marrow from PVG.1U (C6-) donors, C6 levels remained undetectable and PVG.R8 cardiac allografts were not rejected. These results indicate that C6 produced by macrophages can cause significant tissue damage. (+info)

Complement membrane attack complex (C5b-9) mediates interstitial disease in experimental nephrotic syndrome. (4/127)

Accumulating evidence suggests that the generation of complement activation products from filtered complement components in urine with nonselective proteinuria leads to tubulointerstitial disease, resulting in progressive loss of renal function. To elucidate the role of C5b-9 in complement-mediated effects on renal tubular cells exposed to proteinuric urine, equivalent levels of proteinuria were induced (using the aminonucleoside of puromycin) in normocomplementemic and genetically C6-deficient piebald viral glaxo (PVG) rats. Semiquantitative histologic analysis revealed that complement-sufficient animals developed more severe tubulointerstitial disease than did C6-deficient rats. Amelioration of tubulointerstitial damage in C6-deficient animals was confirmed by studies with three independent markers of tubular damage, i.e., vimentin, osteopontin, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. More tubular epithelial cells expressed osteopontin (an early marker of tubular injury) in normocomplementemic rats, compared with C6-deficient rats, at both days 7 and 12. Staining of vimentin in the tubules, near areas of tubular damage, was increased in normocomplementemic rats at day 12, and more proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive tubular cells were observed at day 12 in complement-sufficient animals. The tubulointerstitial damage in complement-sufficient rats was also associated with greater accumulation of extracellular matrix (fibronectin) at day 12. These studies document for the first time an important role for C6, and therefore C5b-9, in the pathogenesis of nonimmunologic tubulointerstitial injury induced by proteinuria. These findings suggest that C5b-9 formation resulting from proteinuria contributes to the loss of nephron function by damaging the tubulointerstitium and that prevention of C5b-9 formation in tubules could slow the deterioration of renal function. (+info)

Function of the factor I modules (FIMS) of human complement component C6. (5/127)

In order to elucidate the function of complement component C6, truncated C6 molecules were expressed recombinantly. These were either deleted of the factor I modules (FIMs) (C6des-748-913) or both complement control protein (CCP) modules and FIMs (C6des-611-913). C6des-748-913 exhibited approximately 60-70% of the hemolytic activity of full-length C6 when assayed for Alternative Pathway activity, but when measured for the Classical Pathway, C6des-748-914 was only 4-6% as effective as C6. The activity difference between C6 and C6des-748-913 for the two complement pathways can be explained by a greater stability of newly formed metastable C5b* when produced by the Alternative Pathway compared with that made by the Classical Pathway. The half-lives of metastable C5b* and the decay of (125)I-C5b measured from cells used to activate the Alternative Pathway were found to be about 5-12-fold longer than those same parameters derived from cells that had activated the Classical Pathway. (125)I-C5 binds reversibly to C6 in an ionic strength-dependent fashion, but (125)I-C5 binds only weakly to C6des-FIMs and not at all to C6des-CCP/FIMs. Therefore, although the FIMs are not required absolutely for C6 activity, these modules promote interaction of C6 with C5 enabling a more efficient bimolecular coupling ultimately leading to the formation of the C5b-6 complex. (+info)

On the mechanism of cytolysis by complement: evidence on insertion of C5b and C7 subunits of the C5b,6,7 complex into phospholipid bilayers of erythrocyte membranes. (6/127)

The doughnut hypothesis of cytolysis by complement [Mayer, M. M. (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 2954-2958] describes an annular structure made up of C5b-9 (complement factors C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) which becomes inserted in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus creating a hole. We now present initial explorations of this hypothesis. EAC1-6 and EAC1-7 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit antibody and complement factors C1 through C6 or C1 through C7, respectively), prepared with either 125I-C3 or 125I-C5 were incubated with trypsin and the release of bound 125I was measured. In the case of 125I-C3, all of the radioactivity was released by trypsin from both intermediates. With 125I-C5, trypsin released all of the 125I from EAC1-6, but only 40-55% from EAC1-7. Possible reasons for resistance of the C5b subunit in EAC1-7 to tryptic digestion are discussed; in terms of the doughnut hypothesis it would be due to shielding by lipid molecules as a consequence of insertion into the lipid bilayer. In accord with this interpretation we have also found that C5b in EAC1-7, but not in EAC1-6, resists elution by 0.3 M NaC1. Similarly, we have found that 125I-C7 in EAC1-7 resists stripping by trypsin. Hence, we now propose the hypothesis that hydrophobic polypeptide chains from the C5b and the C7 subunits of C5b,6,7 complex become inserted in the phospholipid bilayer and that subsequent reactions with C8 and C9 open a channel across the membrane. (+info)

High prevalence of complement component C6 deficiency among African-Americans in the south-eastern USA. (7/127)

Complement component C6 is a part of the membrane attack complex that forms a pore-like structure in cell membranes following complement activation. Deficiency of terminal complement components including C6 predisposes individuals to infection with Neisseriae. Using polymerase chain reaction/single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis followed by DNA sequencing, we screened genomic DNA from 200 randomly chosen blacks and an equal number from whites for three loss-of-function C6 mutations. Ten blacks and two whites were found to be heterozygous for one of the mutations. Two of the mutations, 1195delC and 1936delG, were found exclusively in black individuals. A third previously undescribed mutation, 878delA, was found at equal frequency among the two groups. The difference between the two groups was significant (P = 0.027), indicating that C6 deficiency due to these three mutations is more common among blacks than whites in the local area, principally Jefferson County, Alabama. In addition, three previously undescribed point mutations, two of which result in amino acid substitutions, were identified within exon 6. A review of the county health department records over the past 6 years revealed a higher incidence of meningococcal meningitis in blacks due to serogroups Y and W-135 which paralleled the difference in the estimated prevalence of C6 deficiency. Among black residents of the county (n = 235 598) there were 15 cases of meningitis due to these two serogroups, compared with two cases in the white population (n = 422 604) (P = 0.002). We conclude that C6 deficiency is more common among blacks than whites in the south-eastern United States, with a frequency approaching 1 in 1600 black individuals. (+info)

Increased ion permeability of planar lipid bilayer membranes after treatment with the C5b-9 cytolytic attack mechanism of complement. (8/127)

The ion permeability of planar lipid bilayers, as measured electrically, was found to increase modestly upon treatment with purified complement complex C5b,6 and complement components C7 and C8. The subsequent addition C9 greatly amplified this change. No permeability changes occurred when components were added individually to the membrane, or when they were used in paired combinations, or when C5b, C7, C8, and C9 were admixed prior to addition. Thus, there is a significant parallel between the permeability changes induced in the model membrane and damage produced in biological membranes by the C5b-9 complement attack sequence. The efficiency of membrane action by C5b-9 was critically dependent on the order in whcih components were added to the membrane. There were also differences in the electrical properties of membranes treated with C5b-8 and C5b-9, though in both cases the enhanced bilayer permeability is best attributed to the formation of trans-membrane channels. Collectively, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of membrane action by complement involves the production of a stable channel across the lipid bilayer, resulting in cell death by colloid-osmotic lysis. (+info)

There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

The term "systemic" refers to the fact that the disease affects multiple organ systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, and nervous system. LES is a complex condition, and its symptoms can vary widely depending on which organs are affected. Common symptoms include fatigue, fever, joint pain, rashes, and swelling in the extremities.

There are several subtypes of LES, including:

1. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): This is the most common form of the disease, and it can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender.
2. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE): This subtype typically affects the skin, causing a red, scaly rash that does not go away.
3. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: This form of the disease is caused by certain medications, and it usually resolves once the medication is stopped.
4. Neonatal lupus erythematosus: This rare condition affects newborn babies of mothers with SLE, and it can cause liver and heart problems.

There is no cure for LES, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and prevent flares. Treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and antimalarial drugs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the disease.

It is important for people with LES to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and prevent complications. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with LES can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an autoimmune disorder that causes GNM without any identifiable cause. Secondary membranous nephropathy, on the other hand, is caused by systemic diseases such as lupus or cancer.

The symptoms of GNM can vary depending on the severity of the disease and may include blood in the urine, proteinuria, edema, high blood pressure, and decreased kidney function. The diagnosis of GNM is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and renal biopsy.

Treatment for GNM is aimed at slowing the progression of the disease and managing symptoms. Medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and blood pressure-lowering drugs may be used to treat GNM. In some cases, kidney transplantation may be necessary.

The prognosis for GNM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the underlying cause. In general, the prognosis for IMN is better than for secondary membranous nephropathy. With proper treatment, some patients with GNM can experience a slowing or stabilization of the disease, while others may progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

The cause of GNM is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder that leads to inflammation and damage to the glomerular membrane. Genetic factors and environmental triggers may also play a role in the development of GNM.

There are several risk factors for developing GNM, including family history, age (GMN is more common in adults), and certain medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes.

The main complications of GNM include:

1. ESRD: Progression to ESRD is a common outcome of untreated GNM.
2. High blood pressure: GNM can lead to high blood pressure, which can further damage the kidneys.
3. Infections: GNM increases the risk of infections due to impaired immune function.
4. Kidney failure: GNM can cause chronic kidney failure, leading to the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant.
5. Cardiovascular disease: GNM is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke.
6. Malnutrition: GNM can lead to malnutrition due to decreased appetite, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Bone disease: GNM can cause bone disease, including osteoporosis and bone pain.
8. Anemia: GNM can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
9. Increased risk of infections: GNM increases the risk of infections due to impaired immune function.
10. Decreased quality of life: GNM can significantly decrease a person's quality of life, leading to decreased mobility, pain, and discomfort.

It is important for individuals with GNM to receive early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent or delay the progression of these complications.

The symptoms of glomerulonephritis can vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease, but may include:

* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
* Reduced kidney function
* Swelling in the legs and ankles (edema)
* High blood pressure

Glomerulonephritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as staphylococcal or streptococcal infections
* Autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
* Allergic reactions to certain medications
* Genetic defects
* Certain diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and sickle cell anemia

The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as urinalysis, blood tests, and kidney biopsy.

Treatment for glomerulonephritis depends on the underlying cause of the disease and may include:

* Antibiotics to treat infections
* Medications to reduce inflammation and swelling
* Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup in the body
* Immunosuppressive medications to suppress the immune system in cases of autoimmune disorders
* Dialysis in severe cases

The prognosis for glomerulonephritis depends on the underlying cause of the disease and the severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the disease may progress to end-stage renal disease, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant. With proper treatment, however, many people with glomerulonephritis can experience a good outcome and maintain their kidney function over time.

Arteriolosclerosis is often associated with conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries. It can also be caused by other factors such as smoking, high cholesterol levels, and inflammation.

The symptoms of arteriolosclerosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Decreased blood flow to organs or tissues
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Pain in the affected limbs or organs

Arteriolosclerosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, angiography, or blood tests. Treatment for the condition may include lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary modifications, medications to control risk factors such as hypertension and high cholesterol, and in some cases, surgical intervention to open or bypass blocked arterioles.

In summary, arteriolosclerosis is a condition where the arterioles become narrowed or obstructed, leading to decreased blood flow to organs and tissues and potentially causing a range of health problems. It is often associated with other conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, and can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests. Treatment may include lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors, as well as surgical intervention in some cases.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are several types of lupus nephritis, each with its own unique characteristics and symptoms. The most common forms include:

* Class I (mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis): This type is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells in the glomeruli (blood-filtering units of the kidneys).
* Class II (active lupus nephritis): This type is characterized by widespread inflammation and damage to the kidneys, with or without the presence of antibodies.
* Class III (focal lupus nephritis): This type is characterized by localized inflammation in certain areas of the kidneys.
* Class IV (lupus nephritis with crescentic glomerulonephritis): This type is characterized by widespread inflammation and damage to the kidneys, with crescent-shaped tissue growth in the glomeruli.
* Class V (lupus nephritis with sclerotic changes): This type is characterized by hardening and shrinkage of the glomeruli due to scarring.

Lupus Nephritis can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
* Hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Reduced kidney function
* Swelling (edema)
* Fatigue
* Fever
* Joint pain

Lupus Nephritis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and kidney biopsy. Treatment options for lupus nephritis include medications to suppress the immune system, control inflammation, and prevent further damage to the kidneys. In severe cases, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

There are three main forms of ACH:

1. Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): This is the most common form of ACH, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by mutations in the CYP21 gene, which codes for an enzyme that converts cholesterol into cortisol and aldosterone.
2. Non-classic CAH (NCAH): This form of ACH is less common than classic CAH and is caused by mutations in other genes involved in cortisol and aldosterone production.
3. Mineralocorticoid excess (MOE) or glucocorticoid deficiency (GD): These are rare forms of ACH that are characterized by excessive production of mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) or a deficiency of glucocorticoids (such as cortisol).

The symptoms of ACH can vary depending on the specific form of the disorder and the age at which it is diagnosed. In classic CAH, symptoms typically appear in infancy and may include:

* Premature puberty (in girls) or delayed puberty (in boys)
* Abnormal growth patterns
* Distended abdomen
* Fatigue
* Weight gain or obesity
* Easy bruising or bleeding

In NCAH and MOE/GD, symptoms may be less severe or may not appear until later in childhood or adulthood. They may include:

* High blood pressure
* Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
* Weight gain or obesity
* Fatigue
* Mood changes

If left untreated, ACH can lead to serious complications, including:

* Adrenal gland insufficiency
* Heart problems
* Bone health problems
* Increased risk of infections
* Mental health issues (such as depression or anxiety)

Treatment for ACH typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the balance of hormones in the body. This may involve taking medications such as cortisol, aldosterone, or other hormones to replace those that are deficient or imbalanced. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove an adrenal tumor or to correct physical abnormalities.

With proper treatment, many individuals with ACH can lead healthy, active lives. However, it is important for individuals with ACH to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and prevent complications. This may involve regular check-ups, hormone level monitoring, and lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise.

Proteinuria is usually diagnosed by a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (P/C ratio) or a 24-hour urine protein collection. The amount and duration of proteinuria can help distinguish between different underlying causes and predict prognosis.

Proteinuria can have significant clinical implications, as it is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and malnutrition. Treatment of the underlying cause can help reduce or eliminate proteinuria.

There are two main types of MD:

1. Dry Macular Degeneration (DMD): This is the most common form of MD, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by the gradual accumulation of waste material in the macula, which can lead to cell death and vision loss over time.
2. Wet Macular Degeneration (WMD): This type of MD is less common but more aggressive, accounting for about 10% of cases. It occurs when new blood vessels grow underneath the retina, leaking fluid and causing damage to the macula. This can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated.

The symptoms of MD can vary depending on the severity and type of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Blurred vision
* Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appearing wavy)
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Difficulty adjusting to bright light
* Blind spots in central vision

MD can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.

There is currently no cure for MD, but there are several treatment options available to slow down the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. These include:

* Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help prevent the growth of new blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the macula.
* Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive drug and low-intensity laser to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels in the macula.
* Vitamin supplements: Certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene, have been shown to slow down the progression of MD.
* Laser surgery: This can be used to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in the macula and improve vision.

It is important for individuals with MD to receive regular monitoring and treatment from an eye care professional to manage their condition and prevent complications.

There are several types of disease susceptibility, including:

1. Genetic predisposition: This refers to the inherent tendency of an individual to develop a particular disease due to their genetic makeup. For example, some families may have a higher risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer or heart disease due to inherited genetic mutations.
2. Environmental susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to exposure to environmental factors such as pollutants, toxins, or infectious agents. For example, someone who lives in an area with high levels of air pollution may be more susceptible to developing respiratory problems.
3. Lifestyle susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking, lack of exercise, or poor diet. For example, someone who smokes and is overweight may be more susceptible to developing heart disease or lung cancer.
4. Immune system susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to an impaired immune system. For example, people with autoimmune disorders such as HIV/AIDS or rheumatoid arthritis may be more susceptible to opportunistic infections.

Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals who are at risk of developing certain diseases and provide preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression. Additionally, genetic testing can help identify individuals with a high risk of developing certain diseases, allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment.

In summary, disease susceptibility refers to the predisposition of an individual to develop a particular disease or condition due to various factors such as genetics, environment, lifestyle choices, and immune system function. Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals at risk and provide appropriate preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression.

There are several symptoms of RA, including:

1. Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet
2. Swollen and warm joints
3. Redness and tenderness in the affected areas
4. Fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite
5. Loss of range of motion in the affected joints
6. Firm bumps of tissue under the skin (rheumatoid nodules)

RA can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise and physical therapy can also be helpful in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

There is no cure for RA, but early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms. With proper management, many people with RA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.

Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.

Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:

1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.

Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."

The disorder is caused by mutations in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. These mutations result in the production of abnormal hemoglobins that are unstable and prone to breakdown, leading to the release of free hemoglobin into the urine.

HP is classified into two types based on the severity of symptoms:

1. Type 1 HP: This is the most common form of the disorder and is characterized by mild to moderate anemia, occasional hemoglobinuria, and a normal life expectancy.
2. Type 2 HP: This is a more severe form of the disorder and is characterized by severe anemia, recurrent hemoglobinuria, and a shorter life expectancy.

There is no cure for HP, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and prevent complications. These may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, and medications to reduce the frequency and severity of hemoglobinuria episodes.

The term "immune complex disease" was first used in the 1960s to describe a group of conditions that were thought to be caused by the formation of immune complexes. These diseases include:

1. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): an autoimmune disorder that can affect multiple organ systems and is characterized by the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints and can lead to joint damage.
3. Type III hypersensitivity reaction: a condition in which immune complexes are deposited in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
4. Pemphigus: a group of autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against desmosomal antigens.
5. Bullous pemphigoid: an autoimmune disease that affects the skin and is characterized by the formation of large blisters.
6. Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disorder that affects the nervous system, causing muscle weakness and fatigue.
7. Goodpasture's syndrome: a rare autoimmune disease that affects the kidneys and lungs, characterized by the presence of immune complexes in the glomeruli of the kidneys.
8. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed and waste products accumulate in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure.

Immune complex diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and exposure to certain drugs or toxins. Treatment options for these diseases include medications that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, and plasmapheresis, which is a process that removes harmful antibodies from the blood. In some cases, organ transplantation may be necessary.

In conclusion, immune complex diseases are a group of disorders that occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage. These diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, kidneys, lungs, and nervous system. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and its severity, but may include medications that suppress the immune system and plasmapheresis.

Another complement protein, C6, binds to C5b. The C5bC6 complex is bound by C7. This junction alters the configuration of the ... MAC is composed of a complex of four complement proteins (C5b, C6, C7, and C8) that bind to the outer surface of the plasma ... The MAC is composed of the complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8 and several C9 molecules. A number of proteins participate in ... ISBN 978-0-323-54943-1. Media related to Complement membrane attack complex at Wikimedia Commons Complement+Membrane+Attack+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_membrane_attack_complex

The C5b macromolecular cleavage product can form a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for ... Identification of the C5b-binding domain in complement C6". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (30): 18041-51. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84676- ... Complement component 5 is involved in the complement system. It is cleaved into C5a and C5b: C5a plays an important role in ... Complement component 5 is the fifth component of complement, which plays an important role in inflammatory and cell killing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_5

"Entrez Gene: complement component 6 C6 complement C6 (Homo sapiens (human)) Gene ID: 729". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 24 November ... Complement component 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C6 gene. Complement component 6 is a protein involved in ... Complement+C6 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Articles with short description, ... 2005). "Nucleotide sequence analyses of human complement 6 (C6) gene suggest balancing selection". Ann. Hum. Genet. 69 (Pt 3): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_6

Complement proteins C6-C9 all contain a MACPF domain and assemble into the membrane attack complex. C6, C7 and C8β appear to be ... proteins of the complement system (C6, C7, C8α, C8β and C9) and perforin (PF). Members of this protein family are pore-forming ... 3OJY Complement regulatory proteins such as CD59 function as MAC inhibitors and prevent inappropriate activity of complement ... "Nonsense mutation in exon 4 of human complement C9 gene is the major cause of Japanese complement C9 deficiency". Hum. Genet. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MACPF

C5 is activated by CVFBb in the presence of complement component C6 and the C5b6 complex is formed. However, when C6 is added ... The binding of C5 is influenced by C6 and C7, components which are thought to act subsequent to it in the complement sequence. ... The target of C5 convertase is complement protein C5. C5 is a two-chain (α, β) plasma glycoprotein (Mr = 196,000). C5 and C3 ... In these respects, the mode of action of C5 is completely analogous to that of the other components of complement. The C5 step ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5-convertase

C9 is one member of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), which also includes complement components C5b, C6, C7 and C8 ... MAC formation starts with the assembly of a tetrameric complex with the complement components C6, C7, C8, and C5b. The final ... Complement component 9 (C9) is a MACPF protein involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. ... Complement+9 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_9

... and complement components C6 and C7". Immunogenetics. 56 (2): 89-106. doi:10.1007/s00251-004-0665-2. ISSN 0093-7711. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_protein

... complement complex (C5-C6-C7), interleukin 5, and histamine (though this has a narrow range of concentration). Harm resulting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilia

C6 C7 C8 C9 Complement pathway inhibitors C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - ... system Complement system Classical complement pathway Mannan-binding lectin pathway Alternate complement pathway Complement ... see complement proteins section) Collectins Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) Surfactant protein A (SP-A) Surfactant protein D (SP-D ... Classical complement pathway C1Q complex - C1R / C1S C4 - C4a C2 Mannan-binding lectin pathway MASP1 / MASP2 Mannan-binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology

C6, C7, and C8. (While C9 is part of the MAC, and deficiencies have been identified, it is not required for cell lysis.) People ... Terminal complement pathway deficiency is a genetic condition affecting the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). It ... Initial complement tests often include C3 and C4, but not C5 through C9. Instead, the CH50 result may play a role in diagnosis ... Suspect terminal complement pathway deficiency with patients who have more than one episode of Neisseria infection. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_complement_pathway_deficiency

The C5b then recruits and assembles C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9 molecules to assemble the membrane attack complex. This creates ... Polymorphisms of complement component 3, complement factor B, and complement factor I, as well as deletion of complement factor ... The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability ... Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system

C5b binds sequentially to C6, C7, C8 and then to multiple molecules of C9 to form membrane attack complex. Since C3b is free ... cells from complement-mediated damage. CFHR5 (Complement Factor H-Related protein 5) is able to bind to act as a cofactor for ... there are several different kinds of regulatory proteins that disrupt the complement activation process: Complement Receptor 1 ... The alternative pathway is a type of cascade reaction of the complement system and is a component of the innate immune system, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_complement_pathway

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C6

Subsequent interactions between C5b and other terminal components C6, C7, C8, and C9 form the membrane attack complex or the ... Alternative complement pathway - another complement system pathway Lectin pathway - another complement system pathway Noris, ... The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune ... Activation of the complement pathway through the classical, lectin or alternative complement pathway is followed by a cascade ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_complement_pathway

Cases may also arise with complement alone or with IgA, IgM or a combination of these three antibody classes and complement. ... C6, C7, C8, C9) either can form the membrane attack complex (MAC) or can bind the antibody, aiding phagocytosis by macrophages ... Antibodies are produced against the RBCs, which leads to complement activation. Complement fragments, such as C3a, C4a and C5a ... IgM is a potent activator of the classical complement pathway, thus, AIHA involving IgM is characterized by complement-mediated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Stadtbahn

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duality_(Peter_Leitch_and_John_Hicks_album)

She had a complement of fifty officers and enlisted men. Commander Schenck arrived off Qui Nhơn of July 30 and prepared to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Qui_Nhơn

C6 is given when C5 is not completed or misbehaving occurs. In the wake of the coronavirus, the academy has altered the ... The system also complements the school curriculum, where in many cases, students in Years 9 and 10 and 11 are in the same ... The school previously used a system of escalating "Consequences" as a framework for School discipline, ranging from C1 to C6 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwood_Academy_Acklam

The personnel complement for the station was two officers and 23 enlisted men. After commissioning on 2 September 1966 the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Côn_Sơn_Island

The performance version of the C6 Audi A6, the S6 uses the Volkswagen Group C6 platform, and is available in saloon/sedan and ... A new Audi S6, now officially known as the Audi S6 quattro appeared in 1999, to complement its A6 platform-mate. It was ... Yet, in a 2007 track test by Road & Track, the C6 S6 went from 0-60 mph (0-97 km/h) in 5.1 seconds, while it covered the ... The engine in the C6 S6 is an Odd firing all-aluminium alloy 5,204 cubic centimetres (317.6 cu in) Fuel Stratified Injection ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_S6

Complement deficiencies are the result of a lack of any of these proteins. They may predispose to infections but also to ... C6 deficiency (idem) C7 deficiency (idem, vasculitis) C8a deficiency C8b deficiency C9 deficiency (Neisserial infections) C1- ... Cherubism COPA defect Otulipenia/ORAS The complement system is part of the innate as well as the adaptive immune system; it is ... MASP2 deficiency Complement receptor 3 deficiency Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) deficiency Membrane attack complex inhibitor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_primary_immunodeficiencies

C5b associates with C6, C7, C8, and C9, all of which form a complex that results in a pore through the pathogen's membrane. ... The C1 complement complex binds to these antibodies resulting in its activation via cross proteolysis. This activated C1 ... C3b is the larger of two elements formed by the cleavage of complement component 3, and is considered an important part of the ... The key to the success of the complement system in clearing antigens is regulating the effects of C3b to pathogens alone and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3b

p. C6. OCLC 44317395. "Gilles Zolty" (sound recording), Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada, AMICUS No. 38356950, retrieved 29 ... Harrison, Tom (1 May 1997). "More Waste is good: It complements the affair it used to compete with". The Province. Vancouver: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Zolty

... complement c5b MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.550 - complement c6 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.650 - complement c7 MeSH D12.776.124.486. ... complement c1 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.270 - complement c1q MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.280 - complement c1r MeSH D12.776. ... complement c2 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.500 - complement c2a MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.750 - complement c2b MeSH D12.776. ... complement c3c MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.250.260.750 - complement c3d MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.350 - complement c4 MeSH D12.776. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124)

... her voice reaches C6 and trembles. Throughout the song, her vocals are restrained and incorporate the melisma technique. The ... and opined that the strings and piano melodies effectively complement Ellis-Bextor's vocals. Michael Cragg of The Guardian ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Blood_(Sophie_Ellis-Bextor_song)

Unlike her 8-inch guns, the preserved USS Olympia (C-6) retains her Driggs-Schroeder 6-pounders. She is at the Independence ... However, USS Texas, a second class battleship commissioned in 1895, carried a mixed 6-pounder complement of ten Driggs- ... C-6), Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia Three 6 pounder QF Gun 1892 on recoil mounts, Yacht Club Argentino, Buenos ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_6-pounder_Hotchkiss

Complement decay-accelerating factor (Antigen CD55) belongs to the Cromer blood group system and is associated with Cr(a), Dr(a ... C6, C7, CD46, CD55, CFB, CFH, CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR3, CFHR4, CFHR5, CR1, CR1L, CR2, CSMD1, CSMD2, CSMD3, CSPG3, DAF, F13B, FHR4, ... Complement receptor type 1 (C3b/C4b receptor) (Antigen CD35) belongs to the Knops blood group system and is associated with Kn( ... Complement components may activate B cells through CD21. CD21 is part of a large signal-transduction complex that also involves ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi_domain

The purine nitrogenous bases are characterized by their single amino group (-NH2), at the C6 carbon in adenine and C2 in ... which are called base complements, connect the two strands of the helix and are often compared to the rungs of a ladder. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobase

The resistance of a genospecies of Lyme disease spirochetes to the bacteriolytic activities of the alternative complement ... a whole-cell sonicate enzyme immunoassay followed by a VlsE C6 peptide enzyme immunoassay". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 53 (6 ... inactivating key immune components such as complement, and hiding in the extracellular matrix, which may interfere with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

C5b recruits C6, C7, C8 and multiple C9s. C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 form the membrane attack complex (MAC). This is another large ... Complement receptors, collectins, ficolins, pentraxins such as serum amyloid and C-reactive protein, lipid transferases, ... Once bound to the ligands MBL and Ficolin oligomers recruit MASP1 and MASP2 and initiate the lectin pathway of complement ... "/"self turned nonself" type pathogen pattern are also identified and destroyed (e.g. by complement fixation or other cytotoxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

Immediately prior to delivering the mate, the winning side typically plays a queen sacrifice on c3 or c6 to set up the mating ... coordination The quality of multiple pieces working together, mutually supporting and complementing one another. corr. An ... d5 5.exd5 Na5 6.Bb5+ c6 [the main line]; 4...d5 5.exd5 Nd4 [the Fritz Variation]; and 4...d5 5.exd5 b5 [the Ulvestad Variation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess

Exchanging knights on c6 would have been silly for Kasparov, as it would have brought a black pawn to c6, giving the World Team ... By this point in the game, several chess clubs had begun posting daily analysis to complement what was available on the ... Black's queen was safe on the light squares with White's light-squared bishop off and preferred to develop the knight to c6. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_the_World

PSAP Complement component 4, partial deficiency of; 120790; C1NH Complement factor H deficiency; 609814; HF1 Complement factor ... C5 C6 deficiency; 612446; C6 C7 deficiency; 610102; C7 Caffey disease; 114000; COL1A1 Campomelic dysplasia with autosomal sex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_OMIM_disorder_codes

Adiponectin (adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa) is a cytokine produced by adipose tissue and its deficiency is ... In T-cadherin deficient C6 glioma cell lines, its overexpression results in growth suppression involving p21CIP1/WAF1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cadherin

p. C6. Retrieved September 13, 2009. 'A lot of times people will ask three times if I'm Phil Cox. I know I've lost business ... Later, a tuition-free elementary school division opened to complement the college. In 1844, the school's elementary division ... p. C6. Retrieved August 9, 2007. "News from the Long Blue Line". St. Xavier High School Magazine. St. Xavier High School. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Xavier_High_School_(Ohio)

Combined then grew into owning other television and radio stations and owned a full complement of seven by 1974, when it merged ... p. C6. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021. Malone, Michael (July 27, 2007). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPNX

p. C6. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020. Edwards, Benj (August 12, 2010). "Apple's Cube ... Alongside the Cube, Apple introduced a new mouse, keyboard, and displays to complement the machine. The machine's size and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Mac_G4_Cube

Concourse C, which opened on August 14, 2014, consists of six gates: C1-C6. It is used by Southwest and United. Former ... The current complement of personnel is over 300 full-time personnel, including military and civilian employees. This expands to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham–Shuttlesworth_International_Airport

... and complemented by steering wheel button controls. Ford initially anticipated that over 85% of Fiesta orders would include ... driving a Chevrolet Corvette C6 in the Festival Place Basingstoke shopping mall, to participating in an amphibious beach ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fiesta_(sixth_generation)

C2 to C6 in scientific pitch notation), so within the relatively narrow compass of almost every organ of the time. The pieces ... It also complements the preceding chorale prelude by following an Italian style with a contrasting French one. Although still ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavier-Übung_III

... complement factor h MeSH D12.776.377.715.182.338 - hemopexin MeSH D12.776.377.715.182.580 - plasminogen MeSH D12.776.377.715. ... cytochromes c6 MeSH D12.776.422.220.453.040 - aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylases MeSH D12.776.422.220.453.040.050 - aniline ... complement c3 nephritic factor MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.390 - immunoconglutinins MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.480 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)

Car, July 2007 Long Term Test "Honda Legend Versus the Citroen C6 - Driven To Write". "Driving.ca - Road test: 2009 Acura RL". ... Side impact airbags now complemented the dual front airbags as standard equipment. The steering wheel can be automatically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Legend

p. C6 - via Google. "PNC Predecessor Banks: Provident National Corporation". Archived from the original on 2019-02-16. ... The acquisition significantly boosted its presence in Colorado and Texas, complemented its presence in Alabama and Florida, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services

The 3-speed C6 automatic was offered from 1987 to 1990, phased out in favor of the overdrive-equipped 4-speed AOD (1990 only) ... a windshield designed to complement the contour of the roll bar, walnut appliques on the rear side panels and exposed chrome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Bronco

There are often multiple bands or steps for each Level (e.g. Level B - 6 steps, Level C - 6 steps, Level D - 4 steps). For ... Practice Track faculty members are scholar-practitioners with professional skills and expertise in industry to complement the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_ranks

p. C6. "Metro OK's contract for design for bus tunnel". The Seattle Times. July 19, 1985. p. B5. Retrieved August 16, 2015 - ... The study suggested that a double-decked tunnel with automated guideway transit to complement bus service, running from Union ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Seattle_Transit_Tunnel

FN Herstal official site Modern Firearms Video of the Canadian C6 GPMG C6 tracer fire Canadians exercise with the C6 Video of ... with the machine gun serving as a complement to the FN FAL battle rifle. The MAG first entered production in 1958, and it is ... One C6 machine gun is assigned to each Rifle platoon. The C6 GPMG is also mounted on a variety of vehicles, including the G- ... Since then, it has been used in the Canadian Forces with the designation the C6 GPMG, it is used primarily as a platoon level ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_MAG

C1, C6. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022 - via Newspapers.com. Feran, Tom (September 10 ... WUAB added an 11:30 a.m. newscast in October 1997, both as a complement to WOIO's established noon newscast and to help ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUAB

And the complex contains one of the world's only six-sided immersive virtual reality labs (C6), as well as the 240 seat 3D- ... In 2010, the Biorenewables Research Laboratory opened in a LEED-Gold certified building that complements and helps replace labs ... The building's design specifically complements the designs of the major buildings surrounding the University's Central Campus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University

A large AN/FPS-85 Space Track Radar was constructed at Site C-6, ~35 miles (56 km) E of Eglin main base, from October 1962, ... This brought the Squadron's strength to 17 officers and 114 airmen (out of the 550th's total complement of 201 officers and 816 ... Seven Flying Fortresses were joined by another seven in November 1948, bringing the squadron complement up to 14 mother and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Eglin_Air_Force_Base

p. C-6,C-13. Preface to 3rd edition says 1st edition 1989; 2nd edition 2000; Amendment 1 2004; 3rd edition 2015. All sections ... complemented by more from Barossa Valley vineyards. Promotions manager Kevin Parker said that activities in the functions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonyfell,_South_Australia

... the legends relating to the origins of the nation are complemented by other legends of heroes in order to constitute the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trần_Hưng_Đạo

Complementing the pronounced styling of the nose, designers tossed the understated round fog lights, opting for larger ... which it shared with the Audi B7 A4 and Audi C6 A6. The top-of-the-line W12 version debuted that year. The advantage of the W12 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A8

Terminal complement protein (C6-8) deficiencies are associated with severe infections with Neisseria meningitidis and N. ... Complement System Defects Defects in the complement system occur less frequently than other PI diseases. They are associated ... The most common defect, C2 deficiency, is an autosomal-recessive inherited defect in the gene for the complement protein C2. ... complement a set of serum proteins that binds antigen-antibody complexes to kill microorganisms ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5301a1.htm

Levels of complement components C2, C3, C6, C7, C8, and H factor were greatly elevated. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/14/10/08-0118

Crystal Structure of human Complement Component C6. 4a5w. Crystal structure of C5b6. ... Crystal Structure of Human Complement Component C8. 3p5c. The structure of the LDLR/PCSK9 complex reveals the receptor in an ... Solution structure of the tenth complement type repeat of human megalin. 2m7p. RXFP1 utilises hydrophobic moieties on a ... NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF COMPLEMENT-LIKE REPEAT CR3 FROM THE LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR-RELATED PROTEIN (LRP). EVIDENCE ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=LDLa&START=3624&END=3661&E_VALUE=4.9e-13&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=DEMDCVIECKEDQFQCKNKAYCIPIRWLCDGIYDCVDG

Complement component C5 and C6 mutation screening indicated in meningococcal disease in South Africa. SAMJ, S. Afr. med. j., ...

http://www.scielo.org.za/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=article%5Edlibrary&format=iso.pft&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&indexSearch=AU&exprSearch=ORREN,+A

9. Role of C3a receptors, C5a receptors, and complement protein C6 deficiency in collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. ... Overexpression of the anaphylatoxin receptors, complement anaphylatoxin 3a receptor and complement anaphylatoxin 5a receptor, ... 6. The Complement C3a. Ren W; Liu Y; Wang X; Piao C; Ma Y; Qiu S; Jia L; Chen B; Wang Y; Jiang W; Zheng S; Liu C; Dai N; Lan F ... Role of complement anaphylatoxin receptors in a mouse model of acute burn-induced pain.. Morgan M; Deuis JR; Woodruff TM; Lewis ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=34505065&mod=related&page=1&from=&outid=&proj=

... complement C4B (Chido blood group); C4BPA, complement component 4 binding protein alpha; C6, complement C6; C7 complement C7; ... Abbreviations: APC2, APC regulator of WNT signaling pathway 2; BMP4/7, bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7; C2, complement C2; ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=32222998

The complement system plays an important part in defense against pyogenic organisms. ... The complement system is part of the innate immune system. ... Meningococcal septicaemia in a C6-deficient patient and effects ... Cases of complement deficiency have helped defined the role of complement in host defense. [4] A registry of complement ... The complement system is part of the innate immune system. The complement system plays an important part in defense against ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/886128-overview

Six patients had inherited complement deficiencies, two had immune-mediated conditions associated with complement deficiency ( ... complement deficiency is rare among IMD cases and includes inherited disorders of the late complement pathway, immune-mediated ... IMD due to capsular group Y predominates in patient with inherited complement deficiency, whilst those on Eculizumab therapy ... Cultures were available for 7 of 11 episodes among those with inherited complement deficiencies/immune-mediated conditions and ...

https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4146-5

Immunoconcept india offers a wide selection of high-quality and reliable complements ELISA kits for in vitro diagnostics and ... Human Complement C6 ELISA Kit is a product that can be used to measure the level of Complement C6 in human samples such as ... Human Complement C1 ELISA Kit is a product that can be used to measure the level of Complement C1 in human samples such as ... Human Complement C1r ELISA Kit is a product that can be used to measure the level of Complement C1r in human samples such as ...

https://immunoconceptindia.co/complements-elisa-kits

COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8- ... COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8- ... Complement Complex C5b 9 Complement Complex C5b-9 Complement Complex, Terminal Complex, Terminal Complement Cytolytic Terminal ... Complement Complex C5b 9. Complement Complex C5b-9. Complement Complex, Terminal. Complex, Terminal Complement. Cytolytic ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=24583&filter=ths_exact_term&q=COMPLEJO+DE+ATAQUE+A+MEMBRANA

It is encoded by gene C6.. Entry Term(s). C6 Complement Complement 6 Complement Component 6 Pharm Action. Immunologic Factors. ... It is encoded by gene C6.. Terms. Complement C6 Preferred Term Term UI T624014. Date12/14/2004. LexicalTag NON. ThesaurusID NLM ... C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. ... C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. ...

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003183

Human Complement C5a produced in Human plasma having a molecular mass of 10.4 kDa. ... The C5b macromolecular cleavage product forms a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for ... Complement Component C5a (C5a) is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. Complement C5 is ... Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. C5a ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/complement-c5a

Human Complement 6 (C6) Purified Protein. HC615-R-100 100 ug. EUR 416.4 ... Human C3d Complement Purified Protein. Human C3d Complement Purified Protein To Order Contact us: [email protected]. Anti- ... Description: The complement component proteins, C2, C3, C4 and C5, are potent anaphylatoxins that are released during ... Description: The complement component proteins, C2, C3, C4 and C5, are potent anaphylatoxins that are released during ...

https://www.wlsolutions.be/human-c3d-complement-purified-protein/

Clinical implications of C6 complement component deficiency. Rauscher, Christine K; Fajt, Merritt L; Bryk, Jodie; Petrov, ... Conclusion: C6 deficiency is the most common terminal complement component deficiency and can present later in age with N. ... Complement dysregulation is related to different glomerular pathologies. Patients with complement dysregulation have high ... Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Complemento C6/deficiência , Complemento C6/genética , Doenças da Deficiência Hereditária de ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=mh:Doen%C3%A7as+da+Defici%C3%AAncia+Heredit%C3%A1ria+de+Complemento/complica%C3%A7%C3%B5es

... orgf c6 gene,c6 gene,C1413014,complement component 6,gngm branch of superior segmental bronchus,branch of superior segmental ... blor c6 part of right longus colli,c6 part of right longus collus,C1182843,c6 part of right longus colli,bpoc het/safb gene,het ... gngm c6 segment of esophagus,c6 segment of esophagus,C0925185,c6 zone of esophagus,bpoc plasma thromboplastin component,plasma ... gngm c6 segment of anterior longitudinal ligament,c6 segment of anterior longitudinal ligament,C0819836,c6 segment of anterior ...

https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LSG/Projects/CSpell/docs/designDoc/UDF/Dictionary/Sources/DinaData/umls_anatomy_merged.txt

C6, C8, and C9 as part of the terminal complement pathway of the innate immune system. The protein encoded by this gene ... This protein initiates membrane attack complex formation by binding the C5b-C6 subcomplex and inserts into the phospholipid ... This gene encodes a serum glycoprotein that forms a membrane attack complex together with complement components C5b, ... This gene encodes a serum glycoprotein that forms a membrane attack complex together with complement components C5b, C6, C8, ...

https://pharos.nih.gov/targets/C7

The C5b macromolecular cleavage product can form a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for ... Recombinant Human Complement Component C5a是ChemWhat品牌授权产品并通过沃尔森销售，下面是ChemWhat上的该产品链接 Recombinant Human Complement Component C5a ... Complement C5, also named C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 4, is involved in the complement ... Complement C5 is the fifth component of complement, which plays an important role in

https://www.watson-bio.cn/recombinant-human-complement-component-c5a-rhuc5a/

... is generated on activation of complement and incorporates the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 along with the regulatory ...

https://www.bt3technologies.com/tag/lizard-brain/

This gene encodes a serum glycoprotein that forms a membrane attack complex together with complement components C5b, C6, C8, ... Complement C7. Tissue specificity. Tissue enhanced (ovary). Predicted location. Secreted to blood. Protein family. Cancer- ... This protein initiates membrane attack complex formation by binding the C5b-C6 subcomplex and inserts into the phospholipid ... and C9 as part of the terminal complement pathway of the innate immune system. The protein encoded by this gene contains a ...

https://www.antibodypedia.com/gene/709/C7

... complement C1r subcomponent-like protein (C1RL), complement component C6 (C6), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G), and ... complement C1r subcomponent-like protein (C1RL), complement component C6 (C6), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G), and ... complement C1r subcomponent-like protein (C1RL), complement component C6 (C6), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G), and ... complement C1r subcomponent-like protein (C1RL), complement component C6 (C6), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G), and ...

https://hub.tmu.edu.tw/en/publications/effects-of-caloric-restriction-with-protein-supplementation-on-pl

... is generated on activation of complement and accommodates the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 along with the ...

https://citologica.org/tag/leeches-fruit/

The complement system consists of a group of circulating proteins that have immunologic effects when they are activated. ... d) C6 and C7. e) C8 and C9. MCQ exam: answer. The correct answer is C.. C3 and C5 deficiencies are the primary complement ... Acquired deficiencies in complement proteins are more common than inherited complement disorders. Reductions in complement ... Complement deficiencies. MCQ exam: clinical scenario. MCQ exam: answer. MCQ exam: explanation. Complement deficiencies. ...

https://www.medicalnotes.info/2010/07/complement-deficiencies.html

Complement 5a, des-Arginine. Complement C5a, des-Arginine. Complement 6. Complement C6. ... Complement Inactivators. Complement Inactivator Proteins. DNA-Binding Protein, Cyclic AMP-Responsive. Cyclic AMP Response ... Complement 1s. Complement C1s. Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate-Dehydrogenase (NADP+)(Phosphorylating). Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate ... Complement. Complement System Proteins. Complement 1. Complement C1. Complement 1 Inactivators. Complement C1 Inactivator ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/rep_i2006.htm

PMID- 5165506 TI - Complement in ABO--hemolytic disease of the newborn. PMID- 5165507 TI - [Cholinergic mechanisms and oxytocin ... PMID- 5157761 TI - Physicochemical characterization of the fifth (C5), sixth (C6), seventh (C7), eighth (C8) and ninth (C9) ... PMID- 5157967 TI - Formation and function of a complement-activating enzyme generated from factors of guinea pig serum and ... anti-theta serum and complement, the NIP response was abolished. It was concluded that antigen-coated B cells could not ...

https://data.lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/public/ii/information/MBR/Download/MetaMapped_Medline/2019/MEDLINE/pubmed19n0172.txt

C6) 4.2 FSI (257KW). Experience the true potential and power of your AUDI. ... The extra power and torque that chip tuning brings is perfectly complemented by the immediate throttle response made possible ... Audi: A3 (8P), A6 (C6). VW: Golf Plus, Jetta V, Passat B6 CAGB, CBAA, CFFA. AZV, BMA, BNA, BRF. ... Audi: A3 (8P), A6 (C6). VW: Golf Plus, Jetta V, Passat B6 CAGB, CBAA, CFFA. AZV, BMA, BNA, BRF. ...

https://www.racechip.com/shop/audi/a6-c6-2004-to-2011/4-2-fsi-4163ccm-350hp-257kw-440nm.html

https://allelisakits.com/human-plin4perilipin-4-elisa-kit/

Human C6(Complement Component 6) ELISA Kit. *Human CA4(Carbonic Anhydrase IV) ELISA Kit ... Human ERCC1(Excision Repair Cross Complementing Rodent Repair Deficiency Complementation 1) ELISA Kit ... Human ERCC1(Excision Repair Cross Complementing Rodent Repair Deficiency Complementation 1) ELISA Kit ...

https://www.master-sistemisanitari-medicinenonconvenzionali.org/rat-pdcnpodocin-elisa-kit/

P0C0L4 Complement C4-A C128866 P0C0L5 Complement C4-B C21539 P01031 Complement C5 C178646 P13671 Complement Component C6 ... P00751 Complement Factor B C84326 P00746 Complement Factor D C97211 P08603 Complement Factor H C124883 Q03591 Complement Factor ... A C178161 P09871 Complement C1s Subcomponent C126958 P06681 Complement C2 C21527 P01024 Complement C3 C154099 P01024 Complement ... C178608 P07357 Complement Component C8 Alpha Chain C178614 P07358 Complement Component C8 Beta Chain C178618 P07360 Complement ...

https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/NCI_Thesaurus/Mappings/archive/NCIt-SwissProt_21.09d.txt

Other homologous domains occur in related receptors, including the very low-density lipoprotein receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, and in proteins which are functionally unrelated, such as the C9 component of complement. (embl.de)
Genes that encode the proteins of complement components or their isotypes are distributed throughout different chromosomes, with 19 genes comprising 3 significant complement gene clusters in the human genome. (medscape.com)
The important components of this system are various cell membrane-associated proteins such as complement receptor 1 (CR1), complement receptor 2 (CR2), and decay accelerating factor (DAF). (medscape.com)
Special Complements Research Reagents are products that are used for the analysis of the complement system, a part of the immune system that consists of a series of proteins that can be activated by various stimuli. (immunoconceptindia.co)
These kits allow for the analysis of activation of key proteins and specific pathways of the complement system in serum, plasma, and other biological fluids. (immunoconceptindia.co)
Description: The complement component proteins, C2, C3, C4 and C5, are potent anaphylatoxins that are released during complement activation. (wlsolutions.be)
The absence of two glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins, CD55 and CD59, leads to uncontrolled complement activation that accounts for hemolysis and other PNH manifestations. (nih.gov)
The soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC, a.k.a., sC5b-9 or TCC) is generated on activation of complement and contains the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 together with the regulatory proteins clusterin and/or vitronectin. (promisekit.org)
Genetic data from NEI's Age Related Eye Disease Studies have suggested roles for C8 proteins, as well as other proteins higher up in the complement cascade, in AMD. (nih.gov)
Because MAC is the final step in the complement cascade, variants affecting any of the complement proteins may funnel down to alter MAC function. (nih.gov)
Deficiencies in complement proteins may be inherited or acquired (secondary). (medicalnotes.info)
Acquired deficiencies in complement proteins are more common than inherited complement disorders. (medicalnotes.info)
The complement system consists of a group of circulating proteins that have immunologic effects when they are activated. (medicalnotes.info)

9. Role of C3a receptors, C5a receptors, and complement protein C6 deficiency in collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. (nih.gov)
To describe patients with inherited and acquired complement deficiency who developed invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in England over the last decade. (biomedcentral.com)
We retrospectively identified patients with complement deficiency who developed IMD in England during 2008-2017 and retrieved information on their clinical presentation, vaccination status, medication history, recurrence of infection and outcomes, as well as characteristics of the infecting meningococcal strain. (biomedcentral.com)
Six patients had inherited complement deficiencies, two had immune-mediated conditions associated with complement deficiency (glomerulonephritis and vasculitis), and eight others were on Eculizumab therapy, five for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and three for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
In England, complement deficiency is rare among IMD cases and includes inherited disorders of the late complement pathway, immune-mediated disorders associated with low complement levels and patients on Eculizumab therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
IMD due to capsular group Y predominates in patient with inherited complement deficiency, whilst those on Eculizumab therapy develop IMD due to more diverse capsular groups including non-encapsulated strains. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to inherited deficiencies of the terminal complement pathway, a number of medical conditions and treatments can lead to acquired or secondary complement deficiency. (biomedcentral.com)
Here we describe age distribution, clinical presentation, risk of recurrence, meningococcal typing and outcome of IMD in individuals with inherited or acquired complement deficiency diagnosed in England over a ten-year period. (biomedcentral.com)
Cases of complement deficiency have helped defined the role of complement in host defense. (medscape.com)
A North African study of molecular basis of complement factor I deficiency in atypical hemolytic and uremic syndrome patients suggested that the Ile357Met mutation may be a founding effect. (medscape.com)
Mutations in this gene are associated with complement component-6 deficiency. (nih.gov)
Objective: To review the clinical characteristics, the diagnosis and the management of patients with a terminal complement component deficiency. (bvsalud.org)
Methods: Pertinent articles were selected and reviewed in relation to a case presentation of C6 deficiency. (bvsalud.org)
Results: A case of a 56-year old patient with a history of meningitis, chronic rash, and C6 deficiency was presented, followed by discussion of clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and management of terminal complement component deficiencies. (bvsalud.org)
Conclusion: C6 deficiency is the most common terminal complement component deficiency and can present later in age with N. meningitidis infections. (bvsalud.org)
Patients can be screened for terminal complement component deficiency by checking CH50. (bvsalud.org)
A patient with recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria is found to have a primary complement deficiency. (medicalnotes.info)

This protein initiates membrane attack complex formation by binding the C5b-C6 subcomplex and inserts into the phospholipid bilayer, serving as a membrane anchor. (nih.gov)
The membrane attack complex is initiated when the complement protein C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b. (promisekit.org)
Another complement protein, C6, binds to C5b. (promisekit.org)
Complement C5, also named C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 4, is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. (watson-bio.cn)
After liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, the relative plasma levels of alpha-2-macroglobulin (A2M), C4b-binding protein alpha chain (C4BPA), complement C1r subcomponent-like protein (C1RL), complement component C6 (C6), complement component C8 gamma chain (C8G), and vitamin K-dependent protein S (PROS) were significantly different between the CRPS and CR groups. (tmu.edu.tw)

Cultures were available for 7 of 11 episodes among those with inherited complement deficiencies/immune-mediated conditions and the predominant capsular group was Y (7/11), followed by B (3/11) and non-groupable (1/11) strains. (biomedcentral.com)
Individuals with primary immunodeficiencies such as the autosomal recessive terminal complement pathway deficiencies have a 7000-10,000 fold higher risk of IMD compared to the general population and more than half of these patients develop recurrent episodes of IMD [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Characterising cases of IMD in individuals with complement deficiencies is fundamental to understanding disease risk in this highly vulnerable population and developing evidence-based guidance to both prevent and rapidly treat this potentially fatal condition. (biomedcentral.com)
Deficiencies in the complement cascade can lead to overwhelming infection and sepsis. (medscape.com)
Complement deficiencies are said to comprise between 1 and 10% of all primary immunodeficiencies. (medscape.com)
[ 4 ] A registry of complement deficiencies has been established as a means to promote joint projects on treatment and prevention of diseases associated with defective complement function. (medscape.com)
This article outlines some of the disease states associated with complement deficiencies and their clinical implications. (medscape.com)
Complement pathways and deficiencies. (medscape.com)
Deficiencies in complement predispose patients to infection via 2 mechanisms: (1) ineffective opsonization and (2) defects in lytic activity (defects in MAC). (medscape.com)
Specific complement deficiencies are also associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune disease, such as SLE. (medscape.com)
Background: Terminal complement component deficiencies are risk factors for neisserial infections. (bvsalud.org)
These acquired complement deficiencies are most commonly encountered in diseases featuring autoantibodies. (medicalnotes.info)
Which two primary complement deficiencies most commonly predispose to infection by encapsulated bacteria? (medicalnotes.info)
C3 and C5 deficiencies are the primary complement deficiencies implicated here. (medicalnotes.info)
Deficiencies of the later complement components (i.e. (medicalnotes.info)

Molecular cloning of the terminal complement components C6 and C8[beta] of cartilaginous fish. (organismnames.com)
0.05) for the terminal steps of the complement cascade (complement component C6) and other bacteriolytic processes (lysozyme type II) potentially underlying increased disease susceptibility after pathogen challenge. (nih.gov)
C3d is a terminal degradation product of C3 that plays an important role in modulation of the adaptive immune response through the interaction with complement receptor type 2 (CR2). (wlsolutions.be)
Eculizumab, a first-in-class monoclonal antibody that inhibits terminal complement, is the treatment of choice for patients with severe manifestations of PNH. (nih.gov)
From NCBI Gene: This gene encodes a serum glycoprotein that forms a membrane attack complex together with complement components C5b, C6, C8, and C9 as part of the terminal complement pathway of the innate immune system. (nih.gov)

The complement cascade consists of 3 separate pathways that converge in a final common pathway. (medscape.com)
A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. (bvsalud.org)
All three pathways of the complement system (classical, lectin and alternative pathways) initiate the formation of MAC. (promisekit.org)

Complement Component C5a (C5a) is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. (prospecbio.com)

New studies point to the complex interplay between the complement cascade and adaptive immune response, and complement is also being studied in association with ischemic injury as a target of therapy. (medscape.com)
This gene encodes a component of the complement cascade. (nih.gov)
This pore is the final step in the 'complement cascade,' a part of the immune system that helps the body defend against pathogens. (nih.gov)

8. Anaphylatoxin receptor promiscuity for commonly used complement C5a peptide agonists. (nih.gov)
10. Complement C3a and C5a receptor blockade modulates regulatory T cell conversion in head and neck cancer. (nih.gov)
14. Overexpression of the anaphylatoxin receptors, complement anaphylatoxin 3a receptor and complement anaphylatoxin 5a receptor, in the nasal mucosa of patients with mild and severe persistent allergic rhinitis. (nih.gov)
17. Mobilization studies in mice deficient in either C3 or C3a receptor (C3aR) reveal a novel role for complement in retention of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in bone marrow. (nih.gov)
IgG is not very effective at activating complement and effectively binds the Fc receptor (FcR) of phagocytic cells, AIHA involving IgG is generally characterized by phagocytosis of RBCs. (findzebra.com)

The complement system is part of the innate immune system. (medscape.com)
C3b is the larger of two elements formed by the cleavage of complement component 3, and is considered an important part of the innate immune system. (promisekit.org)
C4 (Complement C4) - Primary constituent of the complement immune system, an important arm of the innate immune system. (metabolichealing.com)

C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX . (nih.gov)
Eculizumab binds with high affinity to human complement C5 and blocks the generation of C5a and C5b-9, which prevents the formation of membrane attack complexes and activation of the pro-inflammatory pathway, thus protecting against end-organ damage [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
C5a has an imperative role in chemotaxis and C5b forms the 1st part of the complement membrane attack complex. (prospecbio.com)
The C5b macromolecular cleavage product forms a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for creation of the membrane attack complex, which includes supplementary complement components. (prospecbio.com)
and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. (bvsalud.org)
The complement membrane attack complex is a pore that inserts into the cell membrane. (nih.gov)
The C5b macromolecular cleavage product can form a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for formation of the membrane attack complex, which includes additional complement components. (watson-bio.cn)
Complement fragments, such as C3a, C4a and C5a, activate granular leukocytes (e.g., neutrophils), while other components of the system (C6, C7, C8, C9) either can form the membrane attack complex (MAC) or can bind the antibody, aiding phagocytosis by macrophages (C3b). (findzebra.com)

An Alternative Complement Pathway, Rat, Assay ELISA Kit is a type of assay kit that can measure the activity of the alternative complement pathway in rat serum or plasma samples. (immunoconceptindia.co)
Coding polymorphisms in the genes of the alternative complement pathway and abdominal aortic aneurysm. (cdc.gov)

in particular, interaction between the complement system and the meningococcus has proven to be important in the pathogenesis of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). (biomedcentral.com)

1. Complement activation promoted by the lectin pathway mediates C3aR-dependent sarcoma progression and immunosuppression. (nih.gov)
Lectins activate the lectin pathway in a manner similar to the antibody interaction with complement in the classical pathway. (medscape.com)
C4 is integral to the lectin pathway of the complement immune system, as well as the subsequent formation of C3, C5, C6, C7 and C8. (metabolichealing.com)

at the same time, the inflammation promoted by complement activation can result in cellular damage when not kept in check. (medscape.com)
sMAC is a novel complement activation macromolecule as it's comprised of a number of totally different subunits. (bioinfor.me)
The management of most disorders of the complement system featuring excessive activation focuses on the treatment of the underlying disorders. (medicalnotes.info)
Antibodies are produced against the RBCs, which leads to complement activation. (findzebra.com)
In order for intravascular AIHA to be recognizable, it requires overwhelming complement activation, therefore most AIHA is extravascular - be it IgG- or IgM-mediated. (findzebra.com)

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. (nih.gov)
Reductions in complement secondary to acquired disease processes are usually only partial and affect several complement components at once. (medicalnotes.info)

The complex is formed by up to 18 C9 subunits (purple), the C5, C6, and C7 subunits (various shades of green), and the C8-alpha, C8-beta, and C8-gamma subunits (shades of red). (nih.gov)

A Classical Complement Pathway, Mouse, Assay ELISA Kit is a type of ELISA kit that can measure the activity of the classical complement pathway in mouse serum or plasma samples. (immunoconceptindia.co)

16. Role of complement anaphylatoxin receptors in a mouse model of acute burn-induced pain. (nih.gov)
IgM also leads to phagocytosis of RBCs however, because phagocytic cells have receptors for the bound complement (rather than FcRs as in IgG AIHA). (findzebra.com)

Because these functions are closely tied to the actions of antibodies, defects in the complement system result in recurrent infections with extracellular bacteria, including encapsulated bacteria. (medicalnotes.info)
HI), complement fixation (CF), neutral- lization test, and enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay (ELISA), are commonly used in Materials and methods most laboratories for the detection of antibodies. (who.int)
Virus seeds in C6/36 cell lines were obtained greater rising of antibody titers and the cross- from the Department of Virology, Armed reaction of the antibodies to another Forces Research Institute of Medical flavivirus may occur(5). (who.int)

In our 2 patients with complement dysregulation, eculizumab was an effective and preventive therapy after renal transplant. (bvsalud.org)

IMD usually affects healthy individuals, in which a functional complement system acts as a first-line innate immune defence against invading pathogens [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The complement system plays an important part in defense against pyogenic organisms. (medscape.com)
In addition to playing an important role in host defense against infection, the complement system is a mediator in both the pathogenesis and prevention of immune complex diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medscape.com)
These findings underscore the duality of the complement system. (medscape.com)
Knowledge about the complement system is expanding. (medscape.com)
Although the complement system is part of the body's innate, relatively nonspecific defense against pathogens, its role is hardly primitive or easily understood. (medscape.com)
An intricate system regulates complement activity. (medscape.com)
Complement C4 has also been shown to function as a key modulator of synaptic and dendritic pruning in the brain and central nervous system. (metabolichealing.com)
The complement system is a major component of innate immunity and a "complement" (from which its name is derived) to antibody-triggered responses. (medicalnotes.info)

Human Complement C5a produced in Human plasma having a molecular mass of 10.4 kDa. (prospecbio.com)

15. Complement: a novel factor in basal and ischemia-induced neurogenesis. (nih.gov)

Recipient C6 rs9200 genotype is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation in a Han Chinese population. (cdc.gov)

Some new clinical entities are linked with partial complement defects. (medscape.com)
Secondary (i.e., acquired) complement defects are seldom clinically important. (medicalnotes.info)

Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. (prospecbio.com)
Complement C5 is the fifth component of complement, which plays an important role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. (watson-bio.cn)

Given that MAC is the end of the immune system's complement pathway, and because there's such a strong link between these rare variants and disease, we think that targeting it may be a more effective strategy to control AMD," Swaroop said. (nih.gov)

IgM is a potent activator of the classical complement pathway, thus, AIHA involving IgM is characterized by complement mediated lysis of RBCs. (findzebra.com)

The optimal performance of a C6 Corvette could suffer a severe impact due to reduced airflow. (jimmeyerracing.com)

Moreover, blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly and positively correlated with C6 plasma levels in both groups. (tmu.edu.tw)

Anatomy15

Organisms10

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs101

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

Combined genetic deficiency of C6 and C7 in man. (1/127)

Reaction of an activated complex of guinea-pig complement components, C56, with unsensitized erythrocytes and with erythrocytes carrying C3b molecule. (2/127)

C6 produced by macrophages contributes to cardiac allograft rejection. (3/127)

Complement membrane attack complex (C5b-9) mediates interstitial disease in experimental nephrotic syndrome. (4/127)

Function of the factor I modules (FIMS) of human complement component C6. (5/127)

On the mechanism of cytolysis by complement: evidence on insertion of C5b and C7 subunits of the C5b,6,7 complex into phospholipid bilayers of erythrocyte membranes. (6/127)

High prevalence of complement component C6 deficiency among African-Americans in the south-eastern USA. (7/127)

Increased ion permeability of planar lipid bilayer membranes after treatment with the C5b-9 cytolytic attack mechanism of complement. (8/127)

Complement C3

Complement C4

Complement C4a

Complement C3a

Complement C1q

Complement C5a

Complement Activation

Complement C4b

Complement C5

Complement C3b

Complement System Proteins

Complement C6

Complement C3c

Complement C3d

Complement C2

Complement C9

Receptors, Complement

Complement C1s

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement C1r

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Complement C7

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Complement Factor B

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement Pathway, Classical

Complement C8

Complement C1

Receptors, Complement 3b

Complement Factor H

Complement C5b

Complement C2a

Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a

Complement Activating Enzymes

Complement Inactivating Agents

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins

Receptors, Complement 3d

Anaphylatoxins

Complement Fixation Tests

Complement Factor D

Complement Factor I

Complement C4b-Binding Protein

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins

Antigens, CD55

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway

Complement C2b

Antigens, CD59

Cobra Venoms

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Steroid 21-Hydroxylase

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein

Immunoglobulin G

Hemolysis

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Molecular Sequence Data

Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Antigens, CD46

Opsonin Proteins

Blood Proteins

Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic

Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Phagocytosis

Amino Acid Sequence

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

Properdin

Complement C5a, des-Arginine

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Macrophage-1 Antigen

Protein Binding

Neutrophils

Base Sequence

Kidney Glomerulus

Serum

Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative

Immunoglobulin M

Schistosoma

Genetic Complementation Test