Complement c3. Medical search

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Important enzymes in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

Important enzymes in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 5 into COMPLEMENT 5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 5B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4b2a) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C4b2a3b.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 3 into COMPLEMENT 3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 3B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of COMPLEMENT 4B and COMPLEMENT 2A (C4b2a).

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C5B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is the complex of ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C3bBb3b.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial POLYSACCHARIDES with serum MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN resulting in the activation of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. As in the classical pathway, MASPs cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.

Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Thickening of the walls of small ARTERIES or ARTERIOLES due to cell proliferation or HYALINE deposition.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An IgG autoantibody against the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE, found in serum of patients with MESANGIOCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. The binding of this autoantibody to C3bBb stabilizes the enzyme thus reduces the actions of C3b inactivators (COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; COMPLEMENT FACTOR I). This abnormally stabilized enzyme induces a continuous COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and generation of C3b thereby promoting the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX and cytolysis.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).

Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages II. Dissociation of the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose on phagocytosis and ATP generation. (1/2484)

Macrophages incubated in 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dG)-containing medium showed a marked decrease in cellular ATP content, and were unable to ingest IgG- and complement-coated erythrocytes via the corresponding membrane receptors for these ligands. However, the inhibitory effects of 2-dG on Fc- and C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis were not a consequence of lowered macrophage ATP levels since addition of glucose or mannose to the culture medium restored the capacity of the macrophages to ingest IgG- and C3-coated particles without increasing ATP levels. These results indicate that Fc- and C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis (opsonin dependent) differs qualitatively from the ingestion of latex and zymosan particles (opsonin independent); they suggest that the same regulatory molecules govern the responses of phagocytic cells to signals initiated by both the Fc and C3 receptors. The possibility that these molecules are regulated by glycosylation is discussed. (+info)

Activation of stimulus-specific serine esterases (proteases) in the initiation of platelet secretion. I. Demonstration with organophosphorus inhibitors. (2/2484)

The effect of organophosphorus inhibitors of serine esterases (proteases) on secretion from washed rabbit platelets was examined. Five noncytotoxic stimuli were employed: collagen, thrombin, heterologous anti-platelet antibody (in the absence of complement), rabbit C3 bound to zymosan, and platelet activating factor derived from antigen-stimulated, IgE-sensitized rabbit basophils. Diisoprophyl phosphofluoridate, three series of p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonates, and a series of cyclohexyl phenylalkylphosphonofluridates were all found to be inhibitory to the platelet secretion. These are irreversible inhibitors of serine proteases but in this system were only inhibitory if added to the platelets concurrently with the stimuli. Pretreatment of either the platelets or the stimuli with the inhibitors followed by washing, was without effect on the subsequent reaction. This suggested the involvement of stimulus-activatable serine proteases in the secretory process. The concept was supported by finding that nonphosphorylating phosphonates or hydrolyzed phosphonates or phosphonofluoridates were without inhibitory action. The effect of a series of phosphonates or phosphonoflouridates in inhibiting each stimulus exhibited a unique activity-structure profile. The demonstration of such unique profiles with four series of inhibitors for each of the five stimuli was interpreted as demonstrating that a specific activatable serine protease was involved in the platelet secretory response to each stimulus. (+info)

Intestinal reperfusion injury is mediated by IgM and complement. (3/2484)

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on complement. This study examines the role of the alternative and classic pathways of complement and IgM in a murine model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Wild-type animals, mice deficient in complement factor 4 (C4), C3, or Ig, or wild-type mice treated with soluble complement receptor 1 were subjected to 40 min of jejunal ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion. Compared with wild types, knockout and treated mice had significantly reduced intestinal injury, indicated by lowered permeability to radiolabeled albumin. When animals deficient in Ig were reconstituted with IgM, the degree of injury was restored to wild-type levels. Immunohistological staining of intestine for C3 and IgM showed colocalization in the mucosa of wild-type controls and minimal staining for both in the intestine of Ig-deficient and C4-deficient mice. We conclude that intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury is dependent on the classic complement pathway and IgM. (+info)

Rainbow trout leucocyte activity: influence on the ectoparasitic monogenean Gyrodactylus derjavini. (4/2484)

The ectoparasitic monogenean Gyrodactylus derjavini from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was exposed in vitro to macrophages isolated as peritoneal exudate cells or as pronephros cells from the host. Cells colonized the parasite especially in the mannose-rich regions in the cephalic ducts where ciliated structures were abundant. Opsonization with fresh serum, in contrast to heat-inactivated serum, enhanced colonization also on other body parts. The adverse effect of the activated macrophages towards G. derjavini was associated with a heat-labile component released from these cells to the culture medium. Analysis of substances released from the cells showed reactivity for a number of enzymes, complement factor C3, interleukin (Il-1) and reactive oxygen metabolites. Chemotaxis assays with pronephric leucocytes showed chemoattractants in G. derjavini, and the respiratory burst level of macrophages was slightly elevated due to parasite exposure. It is suggested that skin leucocytes contribute to an increased level of complement factors in the trout skin during the host response, whereby a hostile microenvironment for the parasites is created. In addition, the IL-1 production could affect mucous cell secretion and hyperplasia and add to the antiparasitic action of the epithelium. Likewise, reactive oxygen metabolites and various enzymes are likely to be involved in the skin response. (+info)

Distribution of complement C3 variants in individuals with cystic fibrosis. (5/2484)

The gene frequency for slow and fast electrophoretic variants of complement C3 in Caucasian individuals with cystic fibrosis was similar to the values expected for unaffected controls, thereby ruling out a suspected differential involvement of these phenotypes with the disease. In one family, cystic fibrosis and complement C3 phenotypes segregated independently. (+info)

Third component of complement in cystic fibrosis. (6/2484)

In a study of C3 levels and phenotypes in 64 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, 92 CF parents, 64 normal siblings, and 126 healthy controls, significant elevations of mean C3 levels were found in CF patients, their parents, and in one genetic sub-group of their siblins (SS females). C3 concentration in CF patients correlated with the degree of clinical impairment as measured by Shwachman-Kulczycki (S-K) score. No significant differences were found in the prevalences of C3 phenotypes or the S and F gene frequencies among the groups studied. (+info)

Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy. (7/2484)

The occurrence of immune complexes in the serum and the level of the C3 breakdown product C3d in the plasma from patients with leprosy were studied by quantitative methods and the results were compared in various forms of the disease. These studies were performed on sixty-two samples from twenty-six patients. The serum 125I-C1q binding activity was found to be increased by more than 2 s.d., as compared to the normal values, in most of the sera from patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (80%) and uncomplicated lepromatous leprosy (82%), but also in the sera from patients with tuberculoid leprosy (58%). In vitro studies suggested that immune complexes involving mycobacterial antigens were present in leprosy sera. An increased C3d level (greater than 2s.d.) was also found in most of the plasma from patients with ENL (70%), but rarely in the plasma from patients with uncomplicated lepromatous leprosy (18%) and never in tuberculoid leprosy patients' plasma. The absence of a significant correlation between the 125I-C1q binding activity and the C3d level in leprosy patients may suggest that extravascular immune complexes are involved in the complement activation occurring in ENL. The quantitation of C3d in plasma may be of some practical interest in the early diagnosis of ENL complications of leprosy. (+info)

Role of antibody and complement in opsonization of group B streptococci. (8/2484)

A requirement for the classic complement pathway in opsonization of group B streptococci was observed by using both a chemiluminescence and a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique. The classic pathway increased levels of opsonization for types Ia and II stock and wild strains and for some type III wild strains. In contrast, other type III wild strains and the type III stock strain had accelerated kinetics of uptake in the presence of an intact classic pathway, but the level of opsonization was unchanged from that with antibody alone. We could not demonstrate a significant role for the alternative pathway in opsonizing stock or wild strains of group B streptococci. Futhermore, electrophoretic and complement consumption analysis by hemolytic titration failed to reveal alternative pathway activation by the majority of strains of this group. Therapy aimed at supplying opsonins for these organisms will require the presence of type-specific antibody. (+info)

"The role of complement factor C3 in lipid metabolism". Molecular Immunology. 15th European Meeting on Complement in Human ... The absence of C3 has also been shown to decrease IL-2 receptor expression on T cells. Levels of complement are regulated by ... C3 convertase activity is also regulated without C3b inactivation, through complement control proteins, including decay- ... C3a formation occurs through activation and cleavage of complement component 3 in a reaction catalyzed by C3-convertase. There ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3a_(complement)

Both primary and secondary C3 deficiency are characterized by low levels or absence of C3. Complement component 3 (C3) is a ... C3 is one of over 30 complement proteins circulating in the blood. C3 circulates in an inactive form but can be activated in ... C3 is the most abundant complement component and is a particularly important complement component because there are three ways ... Complement 3 deficiency is a genetic condition affecting complement component 3 (C3). People can suffer from either primary or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_3_deficiency

Initial complement tests often include C3 and C4, but not C5 through C9. Instead, the CH50 result may play a role in diagnosis ... Terminal complement pathway deficiency is a genetic condition affecting the complement membrane attack complex (MAC). It ... Suspect terminal complement pathway deficiency with patients who have more than one episode of Neisseria infection. ... Lint TF, Zeitz HJ, Gewurz H (November 1980). "Inherited deficiency of the ninth component of complement in man". J. Immunol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_complement_pathway_deficiency

In the alternative complement pathway, C3 is cleaved by C3bBb, another form of C3-convertase composed of activated forms of C3 ... "Entrez Gene: C3 complement component 3". Sahu A, Lambris JD (Apr 2001). "Structure and biology of complement protein C3, a ... Complement component 3, often simply called C3, is a protein of the immune system. It plays a central role in the complement ... In humans it is encoded on chromosome 19 by a gene called C3. C3 plays a central role in the activation of the complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_3

In the classical and lectin pathways of complement activation, formation of the C3-convertase and C5-convertases requires ... a fragment of complement component C2 produced during C3 convertase formation". Acta Crystallographica D. 65 (Pt 3): 266-274. ... making the C3 convertase C4b2b, whereas older sources refer to the larger fragment of C2 as C2a, making the C3 convertase C4b2a ... Complement C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is part of the classical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_2

All three pathways converge at a step in which complement protein C3 is cleaved into proteins C3a and C3b, which results in a ... Complement component 4A Complement component 4B HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype Complement system Complement deficiency Sekar A, ... Complement component 4 (C4), in humans, is a protein involved in the intricate complement system, originating from the human ... "The internal thioester and the covalent binding properties of the complement proteins C3 and C4". Protein Science. 6 (2): 263- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_4

... components of the alternative-pathway C3 convertase of complement". The Biochemical Journal. 253 (3): 667-75. doi:10.1042/ ... Complement factor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFB gene. This gene encodes complement factor B, a component ... "Entrez Gene: CFB complement factor B". Ambrus JL, Peters MG, Fauci AS, Brown EJ (March 1990). "The Ba fragment of complement ... The active subunit Bb is a serine protease that associates with C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Bb is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_factor_B

C3a - the other fragment C3 is cleaved into along with C3b Liszewski, M. Kathryn; Atkinson, John P. (2015-06-10). "Complement ... Formation of a C3 convertase functions as a positive feedback loop, so as more C3b is cleaved, more C3 convertases are formed, ... For example, the uncontrolled cleavage of C3b is associated with the disease C3 glomerulopathy, in which deposits of C3 in the ... inactivate the complement component. Given the C3 is constantly being turned over in the alternative pathway and its ability to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3b

Complement (C3)-activation phagocytosis by lung macrophages. J Immunol. 1978; 120:1305-1312. 40. Handin RI, Stossel TP. Effect ... The opsonic fragment of third component of human complement (C3). J Exp Med. 1975; 141:1329-1347. 28. Hartwig JH, Stossel TP. ... Genetic defects affecting complement and host resistance to infection. In: Dayton DH, Bellanti JA, eds. The Phagocytic Cell in ... Solubilization of C3 fragments deposited on crosslinked dextran gel beads. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1979; 14:384-394. 50. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stossel

The C3 Nephritic Factor autoantibody stabilizes C3-convertase, which may lead to an excessive activation of complement.: 553 ... "What is C3 Glomerulopathy?". National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre. Retrieved 2021-02-04. COUSER, W (1 May 1999). " ... Circulating immune complexes may activate the complement system, leading to inflammation and an influx of inflammatory cells.: ... Type 2 MPGN is a subgroup of C3 glomerulopathy, a newly proposed diagnosis which also encompasses C3 Glomerulonephritis (C3GN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis

Fu YW, Zhu CK, Zhang QZ (May 2019). "Molecular characterization and expression analysis of complement components C3 and C9 in ... Complement component 9 (C9) is a MACPF protein involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. ... C9 is one member of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), which also includes complement components C5b, C6, C7 and C8 ... Complement+9 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_9

"Complement C3 (Blood)-Health Encyclopedia-University of Rochester Medical Center". www.urmc.rochester.edu. Archived from the ... Weinstein A, Bordwell B, Stone B, Tibbetts C, Rothfield NF (February 1983). "Antibodies to native DNA and serum complement (C3 ... SLE is associated with low C3 levels in the complement system. Apoptosis is increased in monocytes and keratinocytes Expression ... Serum components like complement factors, CRP, and some glycoproteins are, furthermore, decisively important for an efficiently ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus

Depression of C3 occurs in autoimmune disorders as the complement system is activated and the C3 becomes bound to immune ... Decreased beta-1 protein occurs in acute or chronic inflammation.[citation needed] Beta-2 comprises C3 (complement protein 3). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_protein_electrophoresis

"Antibodies to native DNA and serum complement (C3) levels. Application to diagnosis and classification of systemic lupus ... Presence of high DNA-binding and low C3 levels have been shown to have extremely high predictive value (94%) for the diagnosis ... Unlike anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE, these antibodies do not fix complement. Although they are most commonly found in drug ... Binding to these antigens within the kidney could cause inflammation and complement fixation, resulting in kidney damage. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinuclear_antibody

C3: In terms of deficiency of C3, it has been found that 17 mutations in the C3 gene cause problems with C3. This rare ... "Complement Deficiencies. What are complement deficiencies?". patient.info. Retrieved 31 December 2017. "Complement Deficiencies ... Disorders of the proteins that act to activate the complement system (such as C3) can lead to an underactive response, causing ... Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis usually has low C3. The mechanism of complement deficiency consists of: C2: In regard ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_deficiency

It also secretes proteases to degrade complement proteins such as C3. It can bind to thrombin that decreases the fibrin ... It can also recruit complement regulators such as Factor H, C4b-binding protein, factor H-like binding protein, and vitronectin ... They also bind to several human proteins such as complement proteins, thrombin, fibrinogen, and plasminogen using surface ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospirosis

... low C3 serum complement levels, and the presence of a C3 nephritic factor. C3 nephritic factor is a serum immunoglobulin G that ... due to complement activation and consumption of C3). Low C3 levels may impair complement-mediated phagocytosis and bacterial ... Around 83% of APL patients had low complement 3 (C3) levels and the presence of polyclonal immunoglobulin C3 nephritic factor. ... C3 nephritic factor induces the lysis of adipocytes that secrete adipsin, a product identical to complement factor D. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barraquer–Simons_syndrome

April 2011). "Staphylococcus aureus Metalloprotease Aureolysin Cleaves Complement C3 To Mediate Immune Evasion". Journal of ... C3 is another major target of aureolysin. The active site has a high affinity for C3 and will cleave it into C3a and C3b ... Of all the proteases, aureolysin is the most effective against the complement cascade. In all three pathways of complement ... The aureolysin derived C3a and C3b are further degraded by host complement inhibitor factor H and I. In the lectin pathway, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureolysin

Close Up curriculum complements Common Core (C3) Framework. The Washington High School Program aims to build students' sense of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Up_Foundation

Like complement factor H, CFHR5 is able to bind to complement C3. A mutation in CHFR5 was found in patients with the disease ... The mutated form of the protein found in patients with this disease has impaired ability to bind to complement C3, suggesting ... Complement factor H-related protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFHR5 gene. CFHR5 is structurally related ... "Entrez Gene: CFHR5 complement factor H-related 5". McRae JL, Duthy TG, Griggs KM, et al. (2005). "Human factor H-related ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFHR5

Vorup-Jensen T, Jensenius JC, Thiel S (August 1998). "MASP-2, the C3 convertase generating protease of the MBLectin complement ... MASP-2 is involved in the complement system. MASP-2 is very similar to the C1s molecule, of the classical complement pathway, ... The Ra-reactive factor (RARF) is a complement-dependent bactericidal factor that binds to the Ra and R2 polysaccharides ... Petersen SV, Thiel S, Jensenius JC (2001). "The mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation: biology and disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP2_(protein)

Complement 3 (C3) through its interaction with factors B and D (adipsin) generates C3a. In the human body, C3a is rapidly ... Complement peptide C5a, C4a, and C3a receptors". Pharmacol. Rev. 65 (1): 500-43. doi:10.1124/pr.111.005223. PMID 23383423. ... "Plasma Acylation Stimulating Protein Concentration and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue C3 mRNA Expression in Nondiabetic and Type 2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylation_stimulating_protein

Suppose its complement in the plane has countably many connected components C1, C2, C3, ... and suppose: the diameter of Ci ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpiński_carpet

Deposition of complement protein C3 (and sometimes Cq1) may also be seen in HCDD. Early treatment is recommended in MIDD to ... Deposition of complement protein C3 (and sometimes C1q) may also be seen in LHCDD. Heavy Chain Deposition Disease (HCDD) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_Immunoglobulin_Deposition_Disorder

The discovery of C3 like molecules in a diverse range of species suggests that the complement pathway in particular the ... Similar to the complement protein C3 in function, TEP1 acts as an opsonin which facilitates extensive parasite killing. TEP1 ... Studies have shown that TEP1 is structurally and functionally homologous to the human complement protein C3. TEP1 is now known ... The structure of TEP1 and its vertebrate homologue - complement protein C3- is mostly conserved. However, there are some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioester-containing_protein_1

It appears together with clusterin and complement C3, markers of complement-mediated inflammatory reactions. Also Fibroblast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis_biomarkers

Diagnostic techniques: antibodies (IgG) precipitate complement (C3) in the lamina lucida of the basement membrane. Circulating ... IgG, C3 deposition at BM creating smooth line in immunofluorescent analysis. The management depends upon the severity of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane_pemphigoid

... interference with complement C3 and C4 measurement". Immunol. Invest. 28 (4): 269-276. doi:10.3109/08820139909060861. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_undetermined_significance

Hourcade D (2006). "The Role of Properdin in the Assembly of the Alternative Pathway C3 Convertases of Complement". J Biol Chem ... This protein binds to bacterial cell walls and dying human cells to stabilize the C3 and C5-convertase enzyme complexes to form ... Properdin is protein that in humans is encoded by the CFP (complement factor properdin) gene. Properdin is plasma glycoprotein ... It binds to preformed alternative pathway C3-convertases. Properdin also inhibits the Factor H - mediated cleavage of C3b by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properdin

"Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by human monocyte complement receptors and complement component C3". J. ... CR3 and CR4 have been shown to be 87% homologous via sequence analysis of human cDNA of the α chains; however, the complement ... Wagner C, Hänsch GM, Stegmaier S, Denefleh B, Hug F, Schoels M (April 2001). "The complement receptor 3, CR3 (CD11b/CD18), on T ... Macrophage-1 antigen (hereafter complement receptor 3 or CR3) (CD11b/CD18) is a human cell surface receptor found on B and T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage-1_antigen

They have a complement of 18 including one officer. They mount two 20 mm modèle F2 guns and two 12.7 mm (0.5 in) machine guns. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaland_de_débarquement_d'infanterie_et_de_chars

The reserve complements the Salto Encantado Provincial Park and the Cuñá Pirú Municipal Nature Park. It would be part of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_del_Arroyo_Cuña-Pirú_Reserve

Colón's band featured a raw, aggressive, all-trombone sound that was well received by salsa fans, and Lavoe complemented the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Héctor_Lavoe

"ESP32-C3 Family Datasheet V0.4" (PDF). Espressif Systems. 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020. "Introducing ESP32-C3". Espressif ( ... jal has a 20-bit signed (two's complement) offset. The offset is multiplied by 2, then added to the PC to generate a relative ... In November 2020 Espressif announced their ESP32-C3, a single-core, 32-bit, RISC-V (RV32IMC) based MCU. Fraunhofer IPMS was the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V

... binds to complement protein C3 and its activation fragment C3b with high affinity, thereby regulating the ... Pegcetacoplan is the first treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria that binds to and inhibits complement protein C3. ... cleavage of C3 and the generation of downstream effectors of complement activation. Pegcetacoplan is indicated to treat adults ... Patients with PNH have greater and uninhibited complement activity, which may leads to intravascular (inside blood vessels) or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegcetacoplan

Giraffe uses Agile Multi-Beam (AMB), which includes an integrated Command, control and communication (C3) system. This enables ... and S-band frequencies-to complement its existing surface radar portfolio. Giraffe is a family of G/H (formerly C-band) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraffe_radar

... including performing diagnostic cardiac catheterizations involving simultaneous echocardiography complemented by related ... https://source.wustl.edu/2022/07/kovacs-elected-to-hungarian-academy-of-sciences/#:~:text=S%C3%A1ndor%20J.,the%20Hungarian% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sándor_J._Kovács

Bouvé's strongest programs, pharmacy and physical therapy, were complemented by six other signature programs: athletic training ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University_Bouvé_College_of_Health_Sciences

In 1977, a three-door hatchback version appeared to complement the existing two-door booted car. This shape was also not unique ... which also famously influenced the 1968 Chevrolet Corvette C3 (both Chevrolet and Opel had General Motors as their parent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Manta

Furthermore, recent data indicate that the serum component, C3, directly contributes to disease since mice deficient in the C3 ... Morrison TE, Fraser RJ, Smith PN, Mahalingam S, Heise MT (2007). "Complement contributes to inflammatory tissue destruction in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_River_virus

Stables, east of service quarters complement the set. Apart from the wooden stables, Hôtel de Brie by its stone construction, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hôtel_de_Blossac

p. C3. ProQuest 571983901. "The Castle Garden Aquarium". The Buffalo Commercial. December 12, 1896. p. 7. Archived from the ... West Battery was intended to complement the three-tiered Castle Williams, the East Battery, on Governors Island. The fort was ... As part of this plan, an amphitheater would have been constructed in the southern end of Battery Park, complementing Castle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Clinton

Today his criticisms read like an underhanded complement. There are superficial people whom Grandville amuses, but as for me, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ignace_Isidore_Gérard_Grandville

... the French air complement had been increased to 16 Super Étendards, 6 Mirage 2000 D, 5 Rafales, and two Hawkeye AWACS. From ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Héraclès

The programme is based in Nice and Berlin, and is complemented by a study trip to Brussels. The Master in Global Economic ... Face-to-face workshops that complement the virtual activities take place in different European capitals such as Berlin, Rome, ... and it is complemented by a study trip to European and international organisations in Europe. In Istanbul, the process of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_International_de_Formation_Européenne

The ships have a complement of 223 sailors including 13 officers. The Santa María class is propelled by a controllable pitch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_María-class_frigate

... fiction documentary where Alice's looking glass reflects a mischievous fantasy where the roles were reversed and complemented ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Françoise_Romand

In 1985, WYMT-TV was built as a complement to WKYT-TV. Financial troubles at Kentucky Central led to its takeover by the state ... p. C3. Retrieved November 20, 2022 - via Newspapers.com. Prather, Paul (March 30, 1987). "Ralph Gabbard programmed for success ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKYT-TV

... a theatre and alternative arts programme as an alternative complement to the mainstream Edinburgh Festival. In 2004, the Forest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Café

It complemented the defense the defense provided by the Fort São Francisco to the city of Chaves, on the hill to the north, by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_São_Neutel

Together, MBL, C4b and C2a are known as the C3 convertase. C3 is cleaved into its a and b subunits, and C3b binds the ... Complement receptors, collectins, ficolins, pentraxins such as serum amyloid and C-reactive protein, lipid transferases, ... Once bound to the ligands MBL and Ficolin oligomers recruit MASP1 and MASP2 and initiate the lectin pathway of complement ... "/"self turned nonself" type pathogen pattern are also identified and destroyed (e.g. by complement fixation or other cytotoxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

... complement the architectural complex. Deployed along a two-kilometer avenue, it has driveways and grandstands on the sides, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paseo_Los_Próceres

... the first Baháʼí to visit many of these countries where she gave lectures about the religion as part of her plan to complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith_in_North_America

"Diminutive Rio 2016 cauldron complemented by massive kinetic sculpture". Dezeen. Retrieved 11 August 2016. Guia da Arquitetura ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelária_Church

... complemented by blue Motte style seats. The bevelled white ceramic tiles cover the side walls, the tympans and the outlets of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagram_(Paris_Métro)

Similarly, his Fulbright scholarship allowed him to enrich the bases of his research, which was complemented by his ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Héctor_Herrera_Cajas

... possibly complemented by a historical introduction. A booklet with the contributions of the speakers is distributed on the day ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincaré_Seminars

From their study of 58 patients, they found that immunoglobin M (IgM), complement, and fibrinogen were in the blood vessels of ... that activation of macrophages and fibroblasts are involved in the pathogenesis of GA and that fibrin and the rare IgM and C3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma_annulare

Complementing his interest in the foundations of general relativity and, more generally, of physics, Ehlers researched the ... where Newtonian gravity is complemented by terms of ever higher order in 1 / c 2 {\displaystyle 1/c^{2}} in order to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jürgen_Ehlers

Complement C3 is a blood test that measures the activity of a certain protein. ... C3 and C4 are the most commonly measured complement components.. A complement test may be used to monitor people with an ... C3 complement (beta-1c-globulin) - serum. In: Chernecky CC, Berger BJ, eds. Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures. 6th ed ... For example, people with active lupus erythematosus may have lower-than-normal levels of the complement proteins C3 and C4. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003539.htm

Rabbit Complement C3 produced in Rabbit plasma having a molecular mass of 185 kDa. ... Complement C3, C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 1, C3, CPAMD1. ... Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface due to its thioester reaction with water ... C3 is central to the activation of all 3 pathways of complement activation. Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/c3-rabbit

Our study suggests that complement C3 or downstream complement activation fragments may play an important role in Aβ plaque ... Complement C3 is elevated in Alzheimers disease (AD), colocalizing with neuritic plaques, and appears to contribute to ... Aging, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Animals, Astrocytes, Cognitive Dysfunction, Complement C3, Cytokines, Gliosis, ... Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP/PS1 mice.. ...

https://www.broadinstitute.org/publications/broad144161

The primary complement pathway consists of recognition (Clq, Clr, Cls), activation (C4, C2, C3), and attack (C5, C6, C7, C8, C9 ... complement activation initiates the reactant sequence at C3,. bypassing C1, C4, and C2.. ... C3 deficiency and in those patients with low levels of C3 secondary to. the absence of C3b activator.. ... C3 activation involves cleavage by C3 convertase into C3a and C3b.. When immune complexes are not involved, the alternate ...

https://www.mayocliniclabs.com/test-catalog/overview/8174

... which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b ... which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b ... which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b ... which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b ...

https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/emstaphylococcus-aureusem-proteins-sbi-and-efb-recruit-human-plas

Complement C3 Inhibitor Pegcetacoplan for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized Phase ... Complement C3 Inhibitor Pegcetacoplan for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized Phase ... Complement C3 Inhibitor Pegcetacoplan for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration : A Randomized Phase ... Complement C3 Inhibitor Pegcetacoplan for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration : A Randomized Phase ...

https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/complement-c3-inhibitor-pegcetacoplan-for-geographic-atrophy-seco

Order Guinea Pig Complement C3 ELISA kit 01010451703 at Gentaur Complement C3 ...

https://kamiyabio.com/shop-catalog/3332-kamiya/3729-complement-c3-elisa-kit

Our findings confirm that both excessive C3 consumption and the low C3 activation rate may be observed among complement ... Our findings confirm that both excessive C3 consumption and the low C3 activation rate may be observed among complement ... Our findings confirm that both excessive C3 consumption and the low C3 activation rate may be observed among complement ... Our findings confirm that both excessive C3 consumption and the low C3 activation rate may be observed among complement ...

https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/a-quantitative-measurement-of-complement-c3-activation-in-severel

ASO titre and serum complement (C3) in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.. Authors: Shroff, K J. Ravichandran, R. Acharya, ... ASO titre and serum complement (C3) in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1984 Jan; 30(1 ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/115151?locale=ar

Pegcetacoplan (Empaveli) binds to complement protein C3 and its activation fragment C3b, thereby regulating C3 cleavage and ... Pegcetacoplan targets complement protein C3, and can control both intravascular and extravascular hemolysis. ... Complement Inhibition. Three monoclonal antibodies that target complement have been approved for use in PNH. Eculizumab and ... Inhibitors of complement Factor D or B are also being studied. [33] Yuan et al reported that two novel small-molecule ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/207468-81313/how-is-anemia-managed-in-paroxysmal-nocturnal-hemoglobinuria-pnh

C3) Test in Bareilly from Thyrocare @ Rs 500, Free Home Sample Collection, Certified Labs and Online Reports ... Complement C3 test is used to check how well your complement system is working. This test helps to determine the deficiency of ... Besides, your doctor may suggest this test to monitor a chronic condition of your complement system. Complement C3 test price ... Thyrocare COMPLEMENT 3 (C3) Book Now, Pay Later You will get a payment link before sample collection. You can also make the ...

https://www.diagnosticcentres.in/health-checkup-packages/complement-3-c3/bareilly

Compstatins: the dawn of clinical C3-targeted complement inhibition. *Christina Lamers,. *Dimitrios C. Mastellos, ... The approval of pegcetacoplan, a C3 inhibitor of the compstatin family, in 2021 served as critical validation of C3-targeted ... first for a few rare complement dysregulation diseases but recently also for more common diseases where complement contributes ... Evidence implicating complement in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) has accumulated over the past decade ...

https://www.cell.com/trends/pharmacological-sciences/issue?pii=S0165-6147

Surface mediated immune complement activation can be detected by a variety of antibody utilizing methods such as ELISA, ... Complement Activation / drug effects* * Complement C3 / metabolism * Complement C3a / metabolism * Complement System Proteins ... fondaparinux and sodium citrate affected the binding of anti-complement factor 3c (anti-C3c) on a model complement activator ... Surface mediated immune complement activation can be detected by a variety of antibody utilizing methods such as ELISA, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18006286/

C3 Test in Karim-nagar with Home Sample Collection from Apollo Diagnostics at the best price. Expert Technicians, Certified ... Complement Level - C3 Test In Karim-nagar. C3 is known as an acute phase reactant. A decreased levels of C3 is found among ... About 90% of complement components are synthesized in the liver and are acute-phase proteins. C3 activation involves cleavage ... About 90% of complement components are synthesized in the liver and are acute-phase proteins. C3 activation involves cleavage ...

https://www.apollodiagnostics.in/karim-nagar/test/complement-level-c3

More information The complement is a term that describes 20... ... in the control of patients with a very low total complement ... The measurement of the C3 component of the serum complement is used ... The measurement of the C3 component of the serum complement is used in the control of patients with a very low total complement ... The measurement of C3 component of the complement is performed by taking a blood sample which can be done:. *At Diagnostiki ...

https://eshop.athenslab.gr/en/diagnostic-tests/complement-component-c3-serum-457

C3) test at Home on lowest price in India, Find Pathology labs for SERUM test for COMPLEMENT 3 (C3) ... Now is the time to schedule your C3 blood test online with Mediyaar. Complement 3 (C3) Test Price in India:. A Complement 3 (C3 ... The Complement 3 (C3) blood Test assesses complement C3 levels and compares them to those of other complement system components ... C3) COMPLEMENT 3 (C3) is a health checkup package which includes important parameters.. Get tested for COMPLEMENT 3 (C3) at ...

https://www.mediyaar.com/blood-test/complement-3-c3.html/

NJ2004EV/C3 NJ2004EV/C3 Single Row Full Complement Cylindrical Roller Bearing Description of the code. ... NJ2004EV/C3 Single Row Full Complement Cylindrical Roller Bearing Technical Articles. SKF IMPORTED PRICE LIST. SKF IMPORTED ... NJ2004EV/C3 Single Row Full Complement Cylindrical Roller Bearing SPECIFICATIONS. *. 170 Million N/A Minimum Buy Quantity used ... NJ2004EV/C3 Single Row Full Complement Cylindrical Roller Bearing MODELS. Need a CAD or 3D Model? ...

https://zsjto.com/nj-218-bearing/nj2004ev-c3-single-row-full-complement-cylindrical-roller-bearing.html

Complement C3. 81-157 mg/dL. NA. NA. NA. 74. NA. Complement C4. 13-39 mg/dL. NA. NA. NA. 22. NA. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/10/21-1155-t1

Low total hemolytic complement and C3 complement. Patients usually have decreased urine output. Urine examination often reveals ...

https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-hcp/post-streptococcal.html

SPINREACT

https://www.spinreact.com/fr/liste-de-produits/immunochimie/immunoturbidimetrie-proteines-seriques.html

2013 Mediation of a non-proteolytic activation of complement component C3 by phospholipid vesicles ... as evidenced by the use of complement inhibitors. In summary, we have shown that C3 is activated both by convertase-dependent ... conformationally changed C3 molecules on the liposomes. These changes were characterized by Western blotting with C3 monoclonal ... In addition, we demonstrated that DMPC liposomes bound to or were phagocytized by granulocytes in a complement-dependent manner ...

https://www.3t-analytik.de/2013-mediation-non-proteolytic-activation-complement-component-c3-phospholipid-vesicles

In skin the keratinocyte is the major cell type, it is known to produce two soluble complement components, C3 and factor B. In ... C3 and factor B proteins were measured in culture supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and C3 and factor B ... Synthesis of complement components C3 and factor B in human keratinocytes is differentially regulated by cytokines. ... Synthesis of complement components C3 and factor B in human keratinocytes is differentiall ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-10620119

Here, we show that complement-coordinated elimination of synapses participated in NPSLE in MRL/lpr mice, a lupus-prone murine ... Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP/PS1 mice. Sci. Transl. Med. 9, eaaf6295 ( ... 1l, m), complement C3 deposition in the kidneys of MRL/lpr mice was significantly increased at 16 weeks (Fig. 1l, n). Thus, ... 3d) and the classical complement pathway (KEGG term the complement and coagulation cascades, Fig. 2c). In the above category ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-021-00867-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=f3315543-a0fe-402e-8108-67dbd0f21d4e

C3G IC-MPGN C3 Glomerulopathy C3 Glomerulonephritis Complement 3 Glomerulopathy Complement 3 Glomerulopathy (C3G) Complement 3 ... Serum C3 below the LLN during screening.. *Presence of an active urine sediment during screening, as evidenced by hematuria ... Presence of C3 nephritic factor within 6 months of screening, based on central lab results or medical history. ... Phase III Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of Pegcetacoplan in Patients With C3 Glomerulopathy or Immune-Complex ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05067127?term=pegcetacoplan&cond=c3g&draw=2&rank=2

The Complement C4 and Complement C3 proteins, which play an important role in eliminating certain infections, can be used as ... Testing for Lupus with Randox Complement C4 and Complement C3. Another condition which can affect newborn babies is neonatal ... Early diagnosis is therefore imperative, and the Randox Complement C4 and Complement C3 tests can help to diagnose babies with ... Our specific reagents for neonatal health include, G-6-PDH, IgE, Bilirubin, Copper, Complement C4 & C3, IgA , CRP and CRP full ...

https://www.randox.com/tag/jaundice/

A new cluster of complement component genes, including C4BP, C3bR, and FH, is described. Family segregation data indicate that ... Human genes for three complement components that regulate the activation of C3 are tightly linked. S Rodriguez de Cordoba, S ... A physical map of the human regulator of complement activation gene cluster linking the complement genes CR1, CR2, DAF, and ... Human genes for three complement components that regulate the activation of C3 are tightly linked.. J Exp Med 1 May 1985; 161 ( ...

https://rup.silverchair.com/jem/article/161/5/1189/23593/Human-genes-for-three-complement-components-that

C3 and C4 complement levels in AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD and in MOGAD. J Neuroimmunol 2021;360:577699.. PMID: 34464830 ...

https://m.amedeo.com/34464830

The specificity of WM1 antibody against C3 was established by its capacity to inhibit a standard C3 hemolytic assay and to ... C3) was produced by fusing P3-X63-Ag8 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with purified C3. ... By this means, C3 was identified as a secreted product of human primary fibroblasts, transformed fibroblasts and D98/AH-2, a ... The immunoprecipitation technique was used to screen for the presence of C3 in the culture supernatants of various cell lines. ...

https://www.stemcells.ox.ac.uk/publications/487552

... and total classical complement activity in COVID-19 patients at the time of admission and clinical outcome ... showed that complement C3 cannot predict disease progression [24]. Our findings are also contrary to that of Dheirs et al. who ... also indicated decreased complement C3 levels are associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients [6]. Java and colleagues ... Fang S., Wang H., Lu L., Jia Y., Xia Z. Decreased complement C3 levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with ...

https://iimmun.ru/iimm/article/view/2075

Rarely, people may inherit deficiency of some complement proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Complement C3 deficiency protects against neurodegeneration in aged plaque-rich APP/PS1 mice. (broadinstitute.org)
We examined the effects of C3 deficiency on cognition, Aβ plaque deposition, and plaque-related neuropathology at later AD stages in these mice. (broadinstitute.org)
C3 deficiency also protected APP/PS1 mice against age-dependent loss of synapses and neurons. (broadinstitute.org)
Severe recurrent bacterial infections occur in patients with homozygous C3 deficiency and in those patients with low levels of C3 secondary to the absence of C3b activator. (mayocliniclabs.com)
This test helps to determine the deficiency of C3 protein, and also helps to monitor the usefulness of autoimmune treatment. (diagnosticcentres.in)
This evaluation is useful for diagnosing C3 deficiency and to investigate patient with an undetectable total complement level (CH50). (apollodiagnostics.in)

The levels of C3, C4, and CH50 were determined through the immunoturbidimetric method and single-radial-haemolysis plates, respectively, on serum samples obtained from patients at the time of admission or those in the control group. (iimmun.ru)
Our results indicate that C3, C4 and CH50 levels were markedly lower in COVID-19 patients than in the control group. (iimmun.ru)
In general, it seems that serum level of C3, C4, and CH50 at admission may predict disease progression or adverse clinical outcome in COVID-19 patients. (iimmun.ru)
1%, a von Willebrand factor risen to 142%, no anomaly regarding the complement system (C3/C4/CH50), a negative rheumatoid factor, a normal prothrombin time and finally a normal fibrinogen activity. (lww.com)

C3 is central to the activation of all 3 pathways of complement activation. (prospecbio.com)
Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface due to its thioester reaction with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. (prospecbio.com)
Our study suggests that complement C3 or downstream complement activation fragments may play an important role in Aβ plaque pathology, glial responses to plaques, and neuronal dysfunction in the brains of APP/PS1 mice. (broadinstitute.org)
C3 activation involves cleavage by C3 convertase into C3a and C3b. (mayocliniclabs.com)
When immune complexes are not involved, the alternate method of complement activation initiates the reactant sequence at C3, bypassing C1, C4, and C2. (mayocliniclabs.com)
A decrease in C3 levels to the abnormal range is consistent with disease activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (mayocliniclabs.com)
Thus, S. aureus Sbi and Efb comprise platforms to recruit plasmin(ogen) together with C3 and its activation product C3b for efficient degradation of these complement components in the local microbial environment and to protect S. aureus from host innate immune reactions. (bath.ac.uk)
Assessment of C3 activation/degradation and its synthetic rate was performed by means of the C3 activation index (reflecting C3d to C3B ratio). (elsevier.com)
The C3 activation index did not correlate with the extent of the injury but was higher in survivors than in nonsurvivors. (elsevier.com)
The C3 activation index was increased during sepsis, whereas C3B levels were decreased. (elsevier.com)
In a few cases, a low C3 activation index observed even during septic episodes may suggest decreased C3 conversion rate. (elsevier.com)
Our findings confirm that both excessive C3 consumption and the low C3 activation rate may be observed among complement alterations following burn trauma. (elsevier.com)
Surface mediated immune complement activation can be detected by a variety of antibody utilizing methods such as ELISA, fluorescence- or radiolabelling techniques, QCM, and ellipsometry. (nih.gov)
upon activation, the complement results in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) which releases peptides called anaphylatoxins. (apollodiagnostics.in)
Component C3 is one of the nine essential constituents of all complement proteins and is involved in both the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation that function in humoral immune responses. (athenslab.gr)
Activation of complement functions occurs during phagocytic activity, destruction of microorganisms, and inflammatory response. (athenslab.gr)
This test evaluates the integrity of successive complement activation processes and increases during acute phase responses and in inflammatory processes. (athenslab.gr)
In summary, we have shown that C3 is activated both by convertase-dependent cleavage, preferentially in the fluid phase, by mechanisms which are not well elucidated, and also by contact activation intoC3(H2O) on the DMPC surface. (3t-analytik.de)
In particular, this contact activation has implications for the therapeutic regulation of complement activation during liposome treatment. (3t-analytik.de)
Human genes for three complement components that regulate the activation of C3 are tightly linked. (silverchair.com)
Therefore, when C3 is cleaved upon complement activation, the C3a fragment does not bind to the synapse, rather it is a chemotactic factor that helps recruit microglia to eat the synapse. (alzforum.org)
Antibody-independent complement activation by cardroom cotton dust. (cdc.gov)
The alternative pathway was identified as the source for complement activation. (cdc.gov)
The authors suggest that the higher concentration of endotoxin in the untreated dust cannot account for the total complement consumed, even though endotoxin activation of the alternative pathway has been documented. (cdc.gov)
Cotton dust inhalation in vivo may induce airway changes mediated by complement activation. (cdc.gov)
A study was conducted to determine the effects of silage extracts on human complement activation in-vitro, and to report the in-vivo changes in complement components C3 and C4 in farm ers exposed to airborne silage dust. (cdc.gov)
An acute, febrile illness of short duration has recently been identified in farm ers unloading the contents of silos, and it has been theorized that complement activation may play a role as the initiator or contributor to this syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Chelation of the serum to block the classical pathway indicated that the alternate pathway of complement activation was involved. (cdc.gov)
As part of the innate immunity, the complement system orchestrates a cascade of biochemical reactions that result in pathogen elimination and in activation of the adaptive immune response [ 1 , 2 ]. (frontiersin.org)
Activation of all three pathways converges on the cleavage of complement protein C3 into C3b and C3a [ 6 ]. (frontiersin.org)
A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION . (bvsalud.org)
Activation of the complement cascade enhances motility of leukemic cells by downregulating expression of HO-1. (edu.pl)
Anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are the strongest modulators produced by the complement cascade and can trigger cell activation and inflammatory signaling when binding to C3aR (C3a receptor) and C5aR (C5a receptor), which are considered emerging targets for therapeutic intervention in many diseases because the overexpression of C5aR and C3aR have shown to associated with many inflammatory conditions and neurological disorders. (quickeningnews.com)

The complement system can be activated via immune complexes, and the alternative pathway (properdin pathway), which is activated primarily by foreign bodies such as microorganisms. (mayocliniclabs.com)
[ 33 ] Yuan et al reported that two novel small-molecule inhibitors of Factor D, which is a component of the alternative complement pathway, show potential as oral agents for treating PNH. (medscape.com)
18 Genetic or pharmacologic blockade of the complement pathway can prevent synaptic stripping and alleviate multiple age- and inflammation-related disorders. (nature.com)
Not only did we show that the classical cascade mediated synapse pruning, we showed that the classical complement pathway became reactivated again as the earliest sign of pathology in the neurodegenerative disease glaucoma. (alzforum.org)
The researchers provide further evidence for the role of C3 and complement in neuronal function and dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease as well as the complement pathway as a potential therapeutic target in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. (alzforum.org)
The versatile response of the complement system emerges from its three pathways known as alternative, classical, and lectin, that are either constitutively active in the fluid phase (alternative and classical pathway [ 3 - 5 ]) or initiate upon sensing danger-associated molecular patterns on pathogens (classical and lectin pathways). (frontiersin.org)
Meningococcal disease is particularly common among individuals with component deficiencies in the final common complement pathway (C3, C5-C9), many of whom experience multiple episodes of infection (2). (cdc.gov)

Complement C3 is a blood test that measures the activity of a certain protein. (medlineplus.gov)
This protein is part of the complement system. (medlineplus.gov)
Complement C3, C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 1, C3, CPAMD1. (prospecbio.com)
The staphylococcal proteins surface immunoglobulin-binding protein (Sbi) and extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein (Efb) bind C3/C3b simultaneously with plasminogen. (bath.ac.uk)
Eculizumab and ravulizumab are humanized monoclonal antibodies that target terminal complement protein C5. (medscape.com)
Complement C3 is a blood test that reveals how strong a certain protein is. (mediyaar.com)
Complement protein insufficiency can be inherited in rare cases. (mediyaar.com)
In the complement system, C3 protein is the most significant and plentiful protein. (mediyaar.com)
A rabbit antiserum raised against human complement C3a protein. (quidel.com)
C3a, along with C3b, is a cleavage product of complement protein C3. (quidel.com)
The evaluation also revealed normal or negative tests for antinuclear antibody (ANA) and antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens (ENA), antiphospholipid antibody panel, complement levels (C3, C4), serum and urine protein electrophoresis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) screening, viral hepatitis panel, and tests for cryoglobulins and cold agglutinins. (medscape.com)

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The complement system is a group of nearly 60 proteins that are in blood plasma or on the surface of some cells. (medlineplus.gov)
There are nine major complement proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
When the complement system is turned on during inflammation, levels of complement proteins may go down. (medlineplus.gov)
For example, people with active lupus erythematosus may have lower-than-normal levels of the complement proteins C3 and C4 . (medlineplus.gov)
The cascade activates the complement proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
About 90% of complement components are synthesized in the liver and are acute-phase proteins. (apollodiagnostics.in)
The complement is a term that describes 20 specific serum proteins belonging to the globulins which in combination with the antigen-antibody complexes induce lysate-sensitized red blood cells with the antibody contained in the complex. (athenslab.gr)
The complement system consists of almost 60 proteins found in blood plasma and on the surfaces of certain cells. (mediyaar.com)
C3 and factor B proteins were measured in culture supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and C3 and factor B transcripts in harvested cells by reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction . (bvsalud.org)
Cytokine induced upregulation of C3 and factor B proteins was always associated with the upregulation of levels of C3 and factor B mRNA . (bvsalud.org)
These data further suggest that the organization of genes for functionally related proteins in clusters may be a rule for the complement system. (silverchair.com)
The complex between complement system proteins C5b and C6 is the cornerstone for the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC, also known as C5b6789 n ). (frontiersin.org)
Without PIG-A, important proteins cannot connect to the cell surface and protect the cell from substances in the blood called complement. (diseasesdic.com)

A monoclonal antibody that inhibits C3, pegcetacoplan, was approved in 2021 for treatment of PNH. (medscape.com)
Control C3a-des arg ELISA measurements show that the lowered antibody surface binding was not a result of complement depletion in serum. (nih.gov)
A monoclonal antibody against human complement component C3: the production of C3 by human cells in vitro. (ox.ac.uk)
A monoclonal antibody (WM1) against the third component of human complement (C3) was produced by fusing P3-X63-Ag8 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with purified C3. (ox.ac.uk)
The specificity of WM1 antibody against C3 was established by its capacity to inhibit a standard C3 hemolytic assay and to immunoprecipitate C3 from human serum in the presence of S. aureus bacteria. (ox.ac.uk)
Indirect binding assays indicate that the antibody is directed the C3c portion of C3. (ox.ac.uk)

The complement cascade is a series of reactions that take place in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
The complement cascade not only is an innate immune response that enables removal of pathogens but also plays an important role in microglia-mediated synaptic refinement during brain development. (broadinstitute.org)
It had already been long known that classical complement cascade is profoundly overactivated in Alzheimer's disease brains. (alzforum.org)
So Beth and I proposed that C1q and the classical complement cascade would be a universal driver of synapse loss in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's. (alzforum.org)
I became so enthusiastic about this that four years ago I co-founded a company, Annexon Biosciences, that has made the first therapeutic that targets C1q and blocks the classical complement cascade. (alzforum.org)
have now provided further direct evidence for a role of the complement cascade component C3 in driving synapse loss in mouse models of Alzheimer's. (alzforum.org)
Because there are not yet any good drugs to block the classical complement cascade, they could only test an already-established C3aR blocking drug. (alzforum.org)
The problem with this approach is that it is very indirect, because C3aR is not required for the classical complement cascade to mediate synapse loss. (alzforum.org)
I think the critical question now is whether direct pharmacological blockers of C1q and the classical complement cascade will be neuroprotective. (alzforum.org)
The potential of cardroom cotton dust to activate in vitro the complement cascade from nonsensitized human and guinea pig sera was investigated. (cdc.gov)
Subsequently, continued propagation leads to the terminal cascade by cleavage of complement C5 to form C5b and C5a. (frontiersin.org)
CD59 and CD55 are GPI-APs that serve as important regulators of the complement cascade. (diseasesdic.com)
CD59 and CD55 act at different levels of the complement cascade. (diseasesdic.com)

C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. (bvsalud.org)
The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase. (bvsalud.org)

Efb and to a lesser extend Sbi enhance plasmin cleavage of C3/C3b, an effect which is explained by a conformational change in C3/C3b induced by Sbi and Efb. (bath.ac.uk)

The measurement of the C3 component of the serum complement is used in the control of patients with a very low total complement concentration and in the evaluation of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. (athenslab.gr)

Both dusts consumed hemolytic complement and reduced the C3 complement, but the untreated dust was much more active than the treated dust. (cdc.gov)

CD55 blocks C3 convertases, and CD59 blocks the addition of C9 into the terminal membrane attack complex. (diseasesdic.com)
Thus, the absence of CD55 and CD59 on PNH red cells allows C3 and C5 convertases to proceed unchecked and ultimately leads to increased deposition of membrane attack complexes on the red cell membrane. (diseasesdic.com)

Two monoclonal antibodies (ie, eculizumab, ravulizumab) that target the C5 complement component were approved for treatment of PNH by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2007 and 2018, respectively. (medscape.com)
Each extract was shown to consume complement component C3 in a dose dependent fashion. (cdc.gov)
Complement component C3 and risk of age-related macular degeneration. (cdc.gov)

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of pegcetacoplan, a complement C3 inhibitor, for treatment of GA. (elsevier.com)
CONCLUSIONS: Local C3 inhibition with pegcetacoplan resulted in statistically significant reductions in the growth of GA compared with sham treatment. (elsevier.com)
This is a Phase 3 study to assess the efficacy and safety of twice-weekly subcutaneous (SC) doses of pegcetacoplan compared to placebo in patients with C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) or immune-complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (IC-MPGN) on the basis of a reduction in proteinuria. (clinicaltrials.gov)

In patients with new-onset nephritis syndrome and a low C3 level, Chauvet et al report that the presence of anti-factor B autoantibodies may help distinguish new-onset PSGN from hypocomplementemic C3 glomerulopathy. (medscape.com)
I Still Don't Understand C3 Glomerulopathy! (ajkdblog.org)

In vitro and in vivo changes in human complement caused by silage. (cdc.gov)

Complement C3 is elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), colocalizing with neuritic plaques, and appears to contribute to clearance of Aβ by microglia in the brain. (broadinstitute.org)

Decreased C3 may be associated with acute glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, immune complex disease, active systemic lupus erythematosus, septic shock, and end-stage liver disease. (mayocliniclabs.com)
In most patients, increased C3 consumption occurred during the acute postburn period. (elsevier.com)
C3 is known as an acute phase reactant. (apollodiagnostics.in)

C3 attaches to bacteria and kills them directly. (medlineplus.gov)

The cover is an illustration of microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, highlighting some typical and novel drug targets including surface receptors: purinergic (blue), TREM2 (green), CSF1 (brown), fractalkine (dark blue), cannabinoid (orange), cytokine (purple), and complement (green), involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in the CNS. (cell.com)
This indicated that, as expected, cytokine -induced enhancement in C3 and factor B levels was due to an increase in synthesis rather than their possible release from intracellular stores. (bvsalud.org)
Though tumors additionally evolve to withstand NK cell-induced cytotoxicity, cytokine complement, blockade of suppressive molecules and genetic engineering of NK cells could overcome such resistance with nice promise in each strong and hematological malignancies. (ucidevcell.org)

Inhibitors of complement Factor D or B are also being studied. (medscape.com)
In the Ham test, using cells from PNH patients, the Factor D inhibitors significantly reduced complement-mediated hemolysis at concentrations as low as 0.01 μM. (medscape.com)
In the present work we investigated how the common anticoagulants heparin, dalteparin, fondaparinux and sodium citrate affected the binding of anti-complement factor 3c (anti-C3c) on a model complement activator surface, immobilised IgG, after incubation in human blood serum. (nih.gov)
Synthesis of complement components C3 and factor B in human keratinocytes is differentially regulated by cytokines. (bvsalud.org)
In skin the keratinocyte is the major cell type, it is known to produce two soluble complement components, C3 and factor B . In this study we investigated the regulation of synthesis of these components in foreskin keratinocytes by cytokines . (bvsalud.org)
Cultured keratinocytes constitutively produced C3 and factor B . Supernatant of activated mononuclear cells upregulated C3 and factor B production by 27- and 15-fold, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced production of C3 and interferon-gamma induced production of factor B were inhibited by cycloheximide . (bvsalud.org)
In conclusion, synthesis of C3 and factor B in keratinocytes is regulated by some cytokines , known to be produced by inflammatory cells and keratinocytes . (bvsalud.org)
This cluster is not linked to the major histocompatibility complex, which contains the genes for the complement components, C4, C2, and factor B, or to the C3 locus. (silverchair.com)
Our data showed a significant correlation between plasma complement factor B (CFB) and PTC development and prognosis. (researchsquare.com)
Association Between Complement Factor C2/C3/CFB/CFH Polymorphisms and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis. (cdc.gov)

2021. Dissociable effects of complement C3 and C3aR on survival and morphology of adult born hippocampal neurons, pattern separation, and cognitive flexibility in male mice . (cardiff.ac.uk)

A complement test may be used to monitor people with an autoimmune disorder . (medlineplus.gov)
However, when proper regulation of the complement system is compromised, MAC also attacks host tissues and contributes to several complement-mediated autoimmune diseases. (frontiersin.org)

These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. (prospecbio.com)
Developing anaphylatoxin receptor antagonists aimed at various complement components. (quickeningnews.com)
Embracing the promising roles of anaphylatoxin receptor antagonists in disease treatment, Creative Biolabs offers perfect anaphylatoxin receptor antagonist development services, as well as custom receptor antagonist development targeting a variety of complement components based on advanced development strategies and full-scale platforms, advancing the success of clients' complement therapeutic projects. (quickeningnews.com)

A decreased levels of C3 is found among patients with DIC, SLE and Endocarditis. (apollodiagnostics.in)
In the present study, we investigated the association between complement system status at the time of admission and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. (iimmun.ru)
We also found that complement parameter levels in COVID-19 patients who died or were admitted to ICU were significantly lower than in non-ICU COVID-19 patients. (iimmun.ru)
C3 and C4 were expressed at a lower level in serum and saliva of OLP patients compared to control groups. (phypha.ir)
The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed significantly diagnostic abilities for serum and saliva C3 and C4 to discrimination of OLP patients from controls (cutoff [mg/dl] for C3 were 83 in serum and 3.45 in saliva and for C4 were 9.5 in serum and 0.9 in saliva). (phypha.ir)
Serum and salivary levels of total C3 and C4 were lower in patients with OLP than in healthy controls. (phypha.ir)
The expression levels of α‑globulin, γ‑globulin, immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, serum complement C3, and complement C4 were found to be significantly increased in ankylosing spondylitis patients. (spandidos-publications.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: ASO titre and serum complement (C3) in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. (who.int)
In addition, normal complement levels suggest kidney diseases such as immune complex disease, idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. (medscape.com)

Three monoclonal antibodies that target complement have been approved for use in PNH. (medscape.com)
These changes were characterized by Western blotting with C3 monoclonal antibodies, and by incubating liposomes with purified native C3and factors I and H. Quartz crystal microbalance analysis confirmed binding of C3 to planar DMPC surfaces. (3t-analytik.de)

Differentiation of low and normal serum complement levels may allow the physician to narrow the differential diagnosis. (medscape.com)
Low serum complement levels suggest the following systemic diseases: cryoglobulinemia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), bacterial endocarditis, and shunt nephritis. (medscape.com)
Normal serum complement levels suggest a visceral abscess, polyarteritis nodosa, Goodpasture syndrome, or Henoch-Schönlein purpura. (medscape.com)

have done is to show that pharmacological blockade of the complement system is therapeutic in mouse models of Alzheimer's. (alzforum.org)

Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. (studystack.com)

Complement C6 then binds to C5b to form the complex C5b6 [ 7 ]. (frontiersin.org)

MAC is the terminal product of three converging pathways of the complement system and functions as a pore forming complex on cell surfaces, as a response of the immune system in fighting pathogens. (frontiersin.org)

Recent clinical approval of the first compstatin-based C3-targeted therapeutic for PNH treatment and the approval of a small-molecule, C5aR1 antagonist, for severe ANCA-associated vasculitis, have enhanced researchers' confidence in the discovery of complement-targeted drugs. (quickeningnews.com)
For more information about complement therapeutic services at Creative Biolabs, please visit https://www.creative-biolabs.com/complement-therapeutics/services.htm . (quickeningnews.com)
The company upholds its extremely strict scientific awareness and is committed to delivering the best complement therapeutic services, which makes Creative Biolabs stand out as a premier CRO. (quickeningnews.com)

Systemic lupus erythematosus is among the disorders that frequently cause aberrant C3 (SLE). (mediyaar.com)

Mean serum C3 levels were decreased in both the exposed farm ers and those who became ill, but the difference was not statistically significant. (cdc.gov)

[ 34 ] (the C5 inhibitors eculizumab and ravulizumab reduce intravascular hemolysis only), the anti-C3 small peptide compstatin and its derivatives are being investigated. (medscape.com)

Association between genetic variation of complement C3 and the susceptibility to advanced age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. (cdc.gov)

The complement system lies at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. (ajkdblog.org)

Hemolytic anemia in PNH results from the increased susceptibility of PNH erythrocytes to complement. (diseasesdic.com)

Liposome preparations have been described to activate complement. (3t-analytik.de)
The authors conclude that aqueous extracts of silage can activate complement in-vitro, and that in-vivo changes may also occur. (cdc.gov)

Secondly, quantitative PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry analyses were carried out to detect the levels of a series of immunoglobulins, complements, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory cells and cytokines. (spandidos-publications.com)

This test evaluates all nine complement system elements, from C1 to C9. (mediyaar.com)

The Serendipitous Complement of IgA Nephropathy: Are We Futuristic Yet? (ajkdblog.org)

LEAG: study conception, de datos PubMed y Cochrane, se incluyeron artículos originales, estudios aleatorizados y de revisión, en español y en inglés, manuscript design, publicados entre 2017-2021. (bvsalud.org)

C3 and C4 are the most commonly measured complement components. (medlineplus.gov)
The nine key components of the complement are named C1 to C9. (athenslab.gr)
The Complement 3 (C3) blood Test assesses complement C3 levels and compares them to those of other complement system components. (mediyaar.com)
In all serum samples, the untreated dust consumed greater amounts of complement or complement components than the treated dust. (cdc.gov)
Providing custom inhibitors against various complement components based on specific project demands. (quickeningnews.com)

DIF demonstrated a linear deposition of C3 along the basement membrane zone. (jpgo.org)
Linear deposition of complement C3 along basement membrane zone seen on Direct Immunofluorescence of perilesional skin biopsy. (jpgo.org)

Previously, we reported that C3-deficient C57BL/6 mice were protected against age-related and region-specific loss of hippocampal synapses and cognitive decline during normal aging. (broadinstitute.org)
Furthermore, blocking complement and downstream iC3b/CR3 signaling rescued synapses from Aβ-induced loss in young AD mice before amyloid plaques had accumulated. (broadinstitute.org)
Here, we show that complement-coordinated elimination of synapses participated in NPSLE in MRL/lpr mice, a lupus-prone murine model. (nature.com)

Bound plasminogen is converted by bacterial activator staphylokinase or by host-specific urokinase-type plasminogen activator to plasmin, which in turn leads to degradation of complement C3 and C3b. (bath.ac.uk)

Anatomy15

Organisms10

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Chemicals and Drugs101

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes48

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Health Care1

2-Deoxyglucose selectively inhibits Fc and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages II. Dissociation of the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxyglucose on phagocytosis and ATP generation. (1/2484)

Activation of stimulus-specific serine esterases (proteases) in the initiation of platelet secretion. I. Demonstration with organophosphorus inhibitors. (2/2484)

Intestinal reperfusion injury is mediated by IgM and complement. (3/2484)

Rainbow trout leucocyte activity: influence on the ectoparasitic monogenean Gyrodactylus derjavini. (4/2484)

Distribution of complement C3 variants in individuals with cystic fibrosis. (5/2484)

Third component of complement in cystic fibrosis. (6/2484)

Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy. (7/2484)

Role of antibody and complement in opsonization of group B streptococci. (8/2484)

Complement C3

Complement C4

Complement C4a

Complement C3a

Complement C1q

Complement C5a

Complement Activation

Complement C4b

Complement C5

Complement C3b

Complement System Proteins

Complement C6

Complement C3c

Complement C3d

Complement C2

Complement C9

Receptors, Complement

Complement C1s

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement C1r

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Complement C7

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Complement Factor B

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement Pathway, Classical

Complement C8

Complement C1

Receptors, Complement 3b

Complement Factor H

Complement C5b

Complement C2a

Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a

Complement Activating Enzymes

Complement Inactivating Agents

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins

Receptors, Complement 3d

Anaphylatoxins

Complement Fixation Tests

Complement Factor D

Complement Factor I

Complement C4b-Binding Protein

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins

Antigens, CD55

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway

Complement C2b

Antigens, CD59

Cobra Venoms

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Steroid 21-Hydroxylase

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein

Immunoglobulin G

Hemolysis

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Molecular Sequence Data

Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Antigens, CD46

Opsonin Proteins

Blood Proteins

Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic

Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Phagocytosis

Amino Acid Sequence

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

Properdin

Complement C5a, des-Arginine

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Macrophage-1 Antigen

Protein Binding

Neutrophils

Base Sequence

Kidney Glomerulus

Serum

Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative

Immunoglobulin M

Schistosoma

Genetic Complementation Test