Complement c2a. Medical search

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Important enzymes in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

An adrenal microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the 21-hydroxylation of steroids in the presence of molecular oxygen and NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE. This enzyme, encoded by CYP21 gene, converts progesterones to precursors of adrenal steroid hormones (CORTICOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE). Defects in CYP21 cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia (ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL).

Important enzymes in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. They cleave COMPLEMENT C3 and COMPLEMENT C5.

An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 5 into COMPLEMENT 5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 5B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4b2a) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C4b2a3b.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 3 into COMPLEMENT 3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 3B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of COMPLEMENT 4B and COMPLEMENT 2A (C4b2a).

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C5B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is the complex of ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) with an additional COMPLEMENT C3B, or C3bBb3b.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial POLYSACCHARIDES with serum MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN resulting in the activation of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. As in the classical pathway, MASPs cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.

Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Thickening of the walls of small ARTERIES or ARTERIOLES due to cell proliferation or HYALINE deposition.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

An IgG autoantibody against the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE, found in serum of patients with MESANGIOCAPILLARY GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. The binding of this autoantibody to C3bBb stabilizes the enzyme thus reduces the actions of C3b inactivators (COMPLEMENT FACTOR H; COMPLEMENT FACTOR I). This abnormally stabilized enzyme induces a continuous COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and generation of C3b thereby promoting the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX and cytolysis.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Plasma glycoproteins that form a stable complex with hemoglobin to aid the recycling of heme iron. They are encoded in man by a gene on the short arm of chromosome 16.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).

Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The number of copies of a given gene present in the cell of an organism. An increase in gene dosage (by GENE DUPLICATION for example) can result in higher levels of gene product formation. GENE DOSAGE COMPENSATION mechanisms result in adjustments to the level GENE EXPRESSION when there are changes or differences in gene dosage.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases (MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES) that are important in steroid biosynthesis and metabolism.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

A Schistosoma protein, Sh-TOR, is a novel inhibitor of complement which binds human C2. (1/10)

Human complement regulatory (also called inhibitory) proteins control misdirected attack of complement against autologous cells. Trypanosome and schistosome parasites which survive in the host vascular system also possess regulators of human complement. We have shown Sh-TOR, a protein with three predicted transmembrane domains, located on the Schistosoma parasite surface, to be a novel complement regulatory receptor. The N-terminal extracellular domain, Sh-TOR-ed1, binds the complement protein C2 from human serum and specifically interacts with the C2a fragment. As a result Sh-TOR-ed1 pre-incubated with C2 inhibits classical pathway (CP)-mediated haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. In CP-mediated complement activation, C2 normally binds to C4b to form the CP C3 convertase and Sh-TOR-ed1 has short regions of sequence identity with a segment of human C4b. We propose the more appropriate name for TOR of CRIT (complement C2 receptor inhibitory trispanning). (+info)

Complement C2 receptor inhibitor trispanning and the beta-chain of C4 share a binding site for complement C2. (2/10)

Complement C2 receptor inhibitor trispanning (CRIT) of the Schistosoma parasite binds human C2 via the C2a segment. The receptor in vivo functions as C2 decoy receptor by directly competing with C4b for binding to C2. As a result, CRIT is able to limit the extent of classical pathway (CP) C3 convertase formation. We report that the CRIT-extracellular domain 1 (ed1) peptide inhibits CP-mediated complement activation with an ICH(50) of approximately 0.1 microM, the C-terminal 11 aa of CRIT-ed1, named H17, even more effectively. The beta-chain region F222-Y232 of C4 shares 55% identity and 73% similarity with H17. Peptides based on this region also inhibit CP in a dose-dependent manner. As further evidence of C2 binding we showed CRIT-ed1 peptides and homologous C4 beta-chain peptides to inhibit complement in C2 hemolytic assays. We have predicted C4 beta-c F222-Y232 as a C2 binding site which we have termed the CRIT-ed1 domain, and the sequence [F/H]EVKX(4/5)P as a consensus C2-binding sequence. Anti-CRIT-ed1 cross-reacts with the C4 beta-chain and F222EVKITPGKPY232 appears to be the key epitope recognized by this Ab. Furthermore, anti-CRIT-ed1 was found to inhibit CP activation in a total hemolytic assay. We believe that Schistosoma CRIT-ed1, as well as C4 beta-chain peptides based on the CRIT-ed1 domain, function as interface peptides. These peptides, based on C2-binding sequences in CRIT, or C4, competitively inhibit the binding of C2 to C4b and thus limit the activation of C. The C4 peptides, unlike CRIT-ed1, did not inhibit the cleavage of C2 by C1s. (+info)

Activation of postsynaptic Ca(2+) stores modulates glutamate receptor cycling in hippocampal neurons. (3/10)

We show that activation of postsynaptic inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate receptors (IP(3)Rs) with the IP(3)R agonist adenophostin A (AdA) produces large increases in AMPA receptor (AMPAR) excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) amplitudes at hippocampal CA1 synapses. Co-perfusion of the Ca(2+) chelator bis-(o-aminophenoxy)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid strongly inhibited AdA-enhanced increases in EPSC amplitudes. We examined the role of AMPAR insertion/anchoring in basal synaptic transmission. Perfusion of an inhibitor of synaptotagmin-soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (SNAP) receptor SNARE-mediated exocytosis depressed basal EPSC amplitudes, whereas a peptide that inhibits GluR2/3 interactions with postsynaptic density-95 (PDZ) domain proteins glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP)/protein interacting with C-kinase-1 (PICK1) enhanced basal synaptic transmission. These results suggest that constitutive trafficking and anchoring of AMPARs help maintain basal synaptic transmission. The regulation of postsynaptic AMPAR trafficking involves synaptotagmin-SNARE-mediated vesicle exocytosis and interactions between AMPARs and the PDZ domains in GRIP/PICK1. We show that inhibitors of synaptotagmin-SNARE-mediated exocytosis, or interactions between AMPARs and GRIP/PICK1, attenuated AdA-enhanced increases in EPSC amplitudes. These results suggest that IP(3)R-mediated Ca(2+) release can enhance AMPAR EPSC amplitudes through mechanisms that involve AMPAR-PDZ interactions and/or synaptotagmin-SNARE-mediated receptor trafficking. (+info)

Structure of complement component C2A: implications for convertase formation and substrate binding. (4/10)

C2a provides the catalytic center to the convertase complexes of the classical and lectin-binding pathways of complement activation. We determined two crystal structures of full-length C2a, with and without a pseudo ligand bound. Both structures reveal a near-active conformation of the catalytic center of the serine protease domains, while the von Willebrand factor A-type domains display an intermediate activation state of helix alpha7 with an open, activated metal-ion-dependent adhesion site. The open adhesion site likely serves to enhance the affinity for the ligand C4b, similar to "inside-out" signaling in integrins. Surprisingly, the N-terminal residues of C2a are buried in a crevice near helix alpha7, indicative of a structural switch between C2 and C2a. Extended loops on the protease domain possibly envelop the protruding anaphylatoxin domain of the substrate C3. Together with a putative substrate-induced completion of the oxyanion hole, this may contribute to the high substrate specificity of the convertases. (+info)

The crystal structure of C2a, the catalytic fragment of classical pathway C3 and C5 convertase of human complement. (5/10)

The multi-domain serine protease C2 provides the catalytic activity for the C3 and C5- convertases of the classical and lectin pathways of complement activation. Formation of these convertases requires the Mg(2+)-dependent binding of C2 to C4b, and the subsequent cleavage of C2 by C1s or MASP2, respectively. The C-terminal fragment C2a consisting of a serine protease (SP) and a von Willebrand factor type A (vWFA) domain, remains attached to C4b, forming the C3 convertase, C4b2a. Here, we present the crystal structure of Mg(2+)-bound C2a to 1.9 A resolution in comparison to its homolog Bb, the catalytic subunit of the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb. Although the overall domain arrangement of C2a is similar to Bb, there are certain structural differences. Unexpectedly, the conformation of the metal ion-dependent adhesion site and the position of the alpha7 helix of the vWFA domain indicate a co-factor-bound or open conformation. The active site of the SP domain is in a zymogen-like inactive conformation. On the basis of these structural features, we suggest a model for the initial steps of C3 convertase assembly. (+info)

The structure of C2b, a fragment of complement component C2 produced during C3 convertase formation. (6/10)

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Postsynaptic regulation of synaptic plasticity by synaptotagmin 4 requires both C2 domains. (7/10)

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The mechanism of action of decay-accelerating factor (DAF). DAF inhibits the assembly of C3 convertases by dissociating C2a and Bb. (8/10)

DAF is a 70,000-Mr membrane protein that inhibits the amplification of the complement cascade on the cell surface, and protects cells from damage by complement. The precise mechanism of action of DAF is not entirely clear. Purified DAF was incorporated into the membrane of EAC4b cells. EAC4b2 and EDAF AC4b2 cells were prepared with radiolabeled C2. The same amount of labeled C2 bound to both cells, showing that DAF does not prevent the binding of C2 zymogen to C4b. After adding Cl, the radioactivity of bound C2 dissociated more rapidly from EDAF AC4b cells than from EAC4b cells. In EAC4b cells, bound C2 was converted to C2a, which gradually dissociated into the supernatants. In the DAF-treated cells, on the other hand, a large amount of C2a rapidly appeared in the supernatants and only a small amount of C2a remained on the cells. In a similar experiment using EhuAC4b, DAF on human erythrocyte membrane also dissociated the C2a from the cells. These results were confirmed by hemolytic assay and the accelerated decay of C2a caused the rapid depletion of C2 from the fluid phase. In addition, we found that DAF functions on the alternative pathway C3 convertase, C3bBb in the same manner. Thus, DAF, which associates with C4b and C3b in the membrane, acts on C2a and Bb, but not on intact C2 and B, and dissociates them rapidly from the binding sites, thereby preventing the assembly of the classical and alternative pathways C3 convertases. (+info)

... whereas older sources refer to the larger fragment of C2 as C2a, making the C3 convertase C4b2a). The smaller fragment, C2a (or ... Complement C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is part of the classical ... "Entrez Gene: C2 complement component 2". Krishnan V, Xu Y, Macon K, Volanakis JE, Narayana SV (2009). "The structure of C2b, a ... Complement+2 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Articles with short description, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_2

The binding of C2 and C4b results in C2 being cleaved by C1s into C2a and C2b. C2a diffuses into the plasma as a protein ... Alternative complement pathway - another complement system pathway Lectin pathway - another complement system pathway Noris, ... The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune ... Activation of the complement pathway through the classical, lectin or alternative complement pathway is followed by a cascade ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_complement_pathway

The C1 complex (complement component 1, C1) is a protein complex involved in the complement system. It is the first component ... Active C1s splits C4 and then C2, producing C4a, C4b, C2a and C2b. The classical pathway C3-convertase (C4bC2b complex) is ... 2001). "The complement system and innate immunity". Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York: Garland ... The antibodies IgM or certain subclasses of IgG complexed with antigens are able to initiate the complement system: a single ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1_complex

C2a, and C2b). C4a and C2b form C4bC2b, also known as C3 convertase. The lectin pathway is activated when pattern-recognition ... 12th European Meeting on Complement in Human Disease12th European Meeting on CHD12th European Meeting on Complement in Human ... C3a is one of the proteins formed by the cleavage of complement component 3; the other is C3b. C3a is a 77 residue ... Anaphylatoxins are small complement peptides that induce proinflammatory responses in tissues. C3a is primarily regarded for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3a_(complement)

MASP-1 is also responsible for creating C3 convertase by cleaving C2 into C2b and C2a. C2a and C4b are used to create C3 ... September 2009). "Complement protease MASP-1 activates human endothelial cells: PAR4 activation is a link between complement ... MASP-1 is a serine protease that functions as a component of the lectin pathway of complement activation. The complement ... "The role of MASP-1/3 in complement activation". In Lambris JD, Holers VM, Ricklin D (eds.). Complement Therapeutics. Advances ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP1_(protein)

... and C2a remaining in association with C4b; the C4b-C2a complex of the two proteins then exhibits a further system-associated ... Complement component 4A Complement component 4B HLA A1-B8-DR3-DQ2 haplotype Complement system Complement deficiency Sekar A, ... Complement component 4 (C4), in humans, is a protein involved in the intricate complement system, originating from the human ... All three pathways converge at a step in which complement protein C3 is cleaved into proteins C3a and C3b, which results in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_4

The classical pathway C5 convertase is composed of the fragments of complement proteins, C4b, C2a produced by cleavage mediated ... The complement component C5 can be also activated by fluid phase C5 convertase. C5 is activated by CVFBb in the presence of ... The target of C5 convertase is complement protein C5. C5 is a two-chain (α, β) plasma glycoprotein (Mr = 196,000). C5 and C3 ... In these respects, the mode of action of C5 is completely analogous to that of the other components of complement. The C5 step ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5-convertase

MASP-1 and MASP-2 are activated to cleave complement components C4 and C2 into C4a, C4b, C2a, and C2b. In f, two smaller MBL- ... Classical complement pathway Alternative complement pathway Mannan-binding lectin Wallis R, Mitchell DA, Schmid R, Schwaeble WJ ... The lectin pathway or lectin complement pathway is a type of cascade reaction in the complement system, similar in structure to ... If it is not then inactivated, it will combine with C2a to form the classical C3 convertase (C4bC2a) on the surface of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectin_pathway

Cleavage of complement C3 by a free floating convertase, thrombin, plasmin or even a bacterial enzyme leads to formation of C3a ... C4a and C2a are released. C4a is an anaphylatoxin. C3 convertases are unstable (half-life 10 - 20 min) - respectively they are ... DAF protects host cells from damage by autologous complement. DAF acts on C2b and Bb and dissociates them rapidly from C4b and ... Hourcade D (2006). "The Role of Properdin in the Assembly of the Alternative Pathway C3 Convertases of Complement". J Biol Chem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3-convertase

MASP-2 is activated to cleave complement components C4 and C2 into C4a, C4b, C2a, and C2b. MASP1 (protein) Mannan-binding ... MASP-2 is involved in the complement system. MASP-2 is very similar to the C1s molecule, of the classical complement pathway, ... The Ra-reactive factor (RARF) is a complement-dependent bactericidal factor that binds to the Ra and R2 polysaccharides ... Petersen SV, Thiel S, Jensenius JC (2001). "The mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation: biology and disease ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP2_(protein)

... complement c2 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.500 - complement c2a MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.750 - complement c2b MeSH D12.776. ... complement c1 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.270 - complement c1q MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.280 - complement c1r MeSH D12.776. ... complement c3c MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.250.260.750 - complement c3d MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.350 - complement c4 MeSH D12.776. ... complement c5b MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.550 - complement c6 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.650 - complement c7 MeSH D12.776.124.486. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124)

ISBN 978-0-7216-0008-6. Note that, in older texts, the smaller fragment is often called C2b, and the larger one is called C2a ... Polymorphisms of complement component 3, complement factor B, and complement factor I, as well as deletion of complement factor ... The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability ... Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system

Together, MBL, C4b and C2a are known as the C3 convertase. C3 is cleaved into its a and b subunits, and C3b binds the ... Complement receptors, collectins, ficolins, pentraxins such as serum amyloid and C-reactive protein, lipid transferases, ... Once bound to the ligands MBL and Ficolin oligomers recruit MASP1 and MASP2 and initiate the lectin pathway of complement ... "/"self turned nonself" type pathogen pattern are also identified and destroyed (e.g. by complement fixation or other cytotoxic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptor

After flying the Grumman C-1A Trader aircraft for over 26 years, VRC-40 completed a transition to the C-2A in 1986, marking the ... Instead, it prepares five separate sea going detachments with a two-plane complement while maintaining ashore "Homeguard" to ... VRC-40, homeported at NS Norfolk, operates the Grumman C-2A Greyhound and reports to Commander, Airborne Early Warning Wing, U. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRC-40

In the event of war, the carrier is expected to operate close to its full complement of 40 aircraft. The air group took part in ... In June 2011, two US Navy C-2A(R) Greyhounds were assigned to the French Navy to conduct operational carrier on-board delivery ... The ship carries a complement of Dassault Rafale M and E-2C Hawkeye aircraft, AS365F Dauphin Pedro, EC725 Caracal and AS532 ... The figure equated to nearly 60 percent of the carrier's total complement. On 11 May 2020, Florence Parly reported to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle

The C1a and C2a subdomains are homologous and form an intramolecular 'dimer' that forms the active site. This structure ... "Mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus-induced complement expression in astrocytes and neurons". Journal of Virology. 76 (7 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADCY2

"U.S. Navy mapped the wreckage of C-2A Greyhound that crashed into the Ocean". globaldefensenews.com. Archived from the original ... For each expedition, Petrel invites local historians, scientists, and observers to complement the project crew. The team, while ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Petrel

A Grumman C-2A Greyhound appears in the 2003 film Tears of the Sun. A SEAL team performs a parachute jump from it to begin a ... In Fascist Italy in the 1930s, aviation-themed films were used as propaganda tools to complement the massed flights led by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_in_fiction

Learn about the three pathways lead to complement activation and some of their key inhibitors. ... C2a remains associated with C4b to form the classical pathway C3 convertase (C4b2a). C2a in the convertase complex cleaves C3 ... C2a remains associated with C4b to form the classical pathway C3 convertase (C4b2a). C2a in the convertase complex cleaves ... Inhibitors of the complement syste. The complement cascade is tightly controlled to protect host cells from indiscriminate ...

https://www.abcam.com/pathways/complement-cascade-and-its-inhibitors

Complement component C2a, the catalytic fragment of C3- and C5-convertase of human complement. ... Complement component C2a, the catalytic fragment of C3- and C5-convertase of human complement. ... Complement component C2a. 2ica. CD11a (LFA1) I-domain complexed with BMS-587101 aka 5-[(5S, 9R)-9-(4-cyanophenyl)-3-(3,5- ... Integrin I domain of complement receptor 3 in complex with C3d. 4mmx. Integrin AlphaVBeta3 ectodomain bound to the tenth domain ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=VWA&START=621&END=799&E_VALUE=7e-45&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=KKDVVFLIDGSRNAGPEFQYIRTLIERIVEYLDIGFDTTRVAVIQFSEDSKMEFPLNAHFSKDEVQNAVRRLRPKGGSQVYIGNALEYVLKNIFQRPLGSRIEEGVPQFLVLISSGKSDDEVDDSAVELKQFGVAPLTIARHTDQEELVKISLSPEYVYSVSTFRELPRLEQKLLTPIT

Complement activity is antigen specific. Complement fixation results in all of the following. Activation of C3b, Immune ... C5b joins C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form the membrane attack complex,activated C1 activates C2 and C4,activated C2a and C4b ... Complement. Effects of complement activation. Interference with viral replication, bacterial cell lysis, opsonization and ... Complement component C3, in the classical pathway, is split by ________.. C2aC4b Which of the following occurs first, setting ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-485339

Complement C2a Entry term(s). C2a Complement C2a Fragment, Complement C2a, Complement Complement 2a Complement C2 Fragment a ... C2a Fragment, Complement. C2a, Complement. Complement 2a. Complement C2 Fragment a. Complement C2a Fragment. Complement, C2a. ... Complement C2a - Preferred Concept UI. M0138655. Scope note. The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action ... The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=50825

Complement component C2a (substance). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Complement component C2a (substance). ...

https://phinvads.cdc.gov/vads/ViewCodeSystemConcept.action?oid=2.16.840.1.113883.6.96&code=7161007

C2a Complement use Complement C2a C2a Fragment, Complement use Complement C2a C2a, Complement use Complement C2a ... C4b-Binding Protein, Complement use Complement C4b-Binding Protein C4b-C3b Inactivator Cofactor use Complement C4b-Binding ... C3 Convertase, Classical use Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway C3 Convertases, Complement use Complement C3-C5 ... C5 Convertase, Classical use Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway C5 Convertases, Complement use Complement C3-C5 ...

https://decs.bvs.br/I/DeCS2017_Alfab-C.htm

Complement. Complement are serum proteins which when activated react in an orderly manner with each other to cause immunologic ... Activated C1 also cleaves C2 to form C2a. The C4b2a complex (C3 convertase) is formed. The C4b2a complex attached to cell ... IgG is capable of fixing complement with order of efficacy being IgG3, IgG1 and IgG2. IgG4 cannot bind complement in the ... IgM is highly efficient in binding complement. A single molecule of IgM can bind complement while two molecules of IgG (lgG ...

https://www.jaypeedigital.com/eReader/chapter/9789350901847/ch1

It is initiated by the splitting of C5 by one of its two convertases: C3b-C2a-C4b (classic pathway) or C3b- Bb-Pr (alternative ... Complement. Fifteen or more serum components constitute the complement system, the sequential activation and assembly into ... Complement inhibitors. In order to prevent over-activation of the complement cascade, there are numerous inhibitory mechanisms ... Some of these, like C1q inhibitor, block the activity of complement proteinases. Others cleave active complement components ...

https://www.pediagenosis.com/2018/07/complement.html

fully the larger study of Complement Factor 2( C2) affected based C2a. as, cell homodimers reoriented that the smaller of all C ... download Stupid History: Tales of Stupidity, Strangeness, and of many bacillus and change complement to require ER ext and ... Complement is the caspase of extrinsic reserves( IC) from the membrane( Chevalier J and Kazatchkine MD 1989; Nielsen CH et al. ... Through of the email of copy on transcription or flagellin bHLH duplication does been for the commercial complement, since ...

http://evakoch.com/books/download-Stupid-History%3A-Tales-of-Stupidity%2C-Strangeness%2C-and-Mythconceptions-Through-the-Ages-2007.php

well the larger matrix of Complement Factor 2( C2) was transported C2a. also, gamma embryos annotated that the smaller of all C ...

http://familie-vos.de/books.php?q=download-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C-%D0%B2-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%28%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%29-2005.php

jb acc.7, c2a ;negative if bit 7 is 1. clr 21H ;clear sign flag if positive ... 32-Bit 2s Complement -, magnitude / Sign Bit Conversion. ;. ; input: r3, r2, r1, r0 = signed word. ...

https://www.refreshnotes.com/2016/05/8051-program-signed-to-unsigned_72.html

Overall, these results complement framework of LCFA inhibition in anerobic digestion and provide a nanomechanical insight into ... By measuring the LCFA influence on methanogenic archaea Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A, the results demonstrated that ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/bolivia/?lang=es&q=au:Jiang,+Jia

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2016_Alfab-C.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2017_Alfab-C.htm

https://decs2017.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2017_Alfab-C.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2018_Alfab-C.htm

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/DeCS2017_Alfab-C.htm

A complement cascade similar to that of the alternative pathway can be activated through specific antibody-antigen interactions ... The C1s subunit then enzymically cleaves the bound C2a to generate on the membrane a new complex termed C4b2b, which is the C3 ... ACTIVATION OF THE CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. A complement cascade similar to that of the alternative pathway can be ... In some texts the C2a is referred to as the larger subunit remaining with the membrane while C2b is the smaller subunit that ...

https://www.pharmacy180.com/article/activation-of-the-classical-complement-pathway-498/

Complement cascade (Homo sapiens) * Regulation of Complement cascade (Homo sapiens) * C4b binding protein binds C4bC2a (Homo ... C4b binding protein displaces C2a (Homo sapiens) * C4 binding protein:C4bC2a [plasma membrane] (Homo sapiens) * C4b-binding ... Complement factor I binds C4BP (Homo sapiens) * C4-binding protein:C4b [plasma membrane] (Homo sapiens) * C4b-binding protein [ ... Complement factor I inactivates C4BP-bound C4b (Homo sapiens) * C4b-binding protein [plasma membrane] (Homo sapiens) * C4BPA [ ...

https://reactome.org/content/detail/R-HSA-981625

Your C2A age-marketing version helps the people to post your problems and request information regarding sociable companies ... in which they take on so to complement greater produced economic climates. Id start with standing on purchase trails; ...

https://ifip2018.ethz.ch/amazon-co-uk-stock-declines-being-people-http-dakshinaacademy-com-think-about-edges-against-cloud-progress/

Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A. Moreover, we report a protocol for rapid affinity purification of MCR from M. acetivorans C2A ... When the ΔmmpX mutant was complemented with the wild-type gene expressed by either a strong or a weak promoter, methylation was ... Genetic techniques for studies of methyl-coenzyme M reductase from Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A.. Journal Article Nayak, ... The reduction in activity was fully reversed by the complement with the strong promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis of mmpX ...

https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1603218-functional-interactions-between-posttranslationally-modified-amino-acids-methyl-coenzyme-reductase-methanosarcina-acetivorans

Arriving in Buzzards Bay on the 13th, she helped search for a downed USAAF C-2A aircraft near Cuttyhunk Island. After a week, ... MHC-43: displacement 360 (full load); length 1446; beam 27; draft 6; speed 14 knots; complement 44; armament 1 40 ...

https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/bittern-ii.html

This particular C-2A flight, however, was far from routine. First, the widow of CTR1 Woods recalls that her husband and his ... and personnel complement should be reviewed. This should be done so as to conclusively prove the case for all ten Sailors, both ... Based on the average cruising speed of a C-2A, the wreckage of RG-407 at its closest point of approach to the combat zone was a ... Dated 30 August, 1970 the letter is written about a next-day C-2A flight to Danang, Vietnam, in which he wrote that he and his ...

https://stationhypo.com/2015/12/12/remembering-the-crew-and-cryptologists-of-flight-rg-407-december-12-1971/?like_comment=11534&_wpnonce=86117d1f43

... wing the Carl Vinson Carrier Strike Group is hauling around includes the F-35C Joint Strike Fighter and a beefed-up complement ... The C-2A was already aging and in need of eventual replacement, but the V-22 variant was picked because of its ability to carry ... hauling around not only includes the F-35C Joint Strike Fighter for the first time in history but also a beefed-up complement ... The ship also has to support the CMV-22B for the first time, which replaces the aging C-2A Greyhound as the carrier onboard ...

https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2021/08/10/carl-vinson-strike-group-using-first-deployment-with-f-35c-beefed-up-air-wing-to-hone-advanced-operations/

The C2A domain of JFC1 binds to 3′-phosphorylated phosphoinositides and directs plasma membrane association in living cells. ... The fusion protein complements the lethality of an rsp5Δ mutation. pGFP-C2 (LHP1527) was made by introducing into pGFP-RSP5 two ... The C2A domain of JFC1 binds to 3′-phosphorylated phosphoinositides and directs plasma membrane association in living cells. ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/165/1/135/33910/The-C2-domain-of-the-Rsp5-ubiquitin-ligase-binds

Q.E9, THE COMPLEMENT OF Q.E5, WAS ASKED IF THE SUBJECT WAS ALIVE BUT DID NOT HAVE AN INTERVIEW IN THE 1982-84 NHEFS. BOTH Q.E5 ... Name Numbers Counts Variable Description and Codes ---- -------- --------- ------ ------------------------------ C2A USELIMBS ... Q.E5, THE COMPLEMENT OF Q.E9, WAS ASKED ONLY IF THE SUBJECT WAS ALIVE AND HAD HAD AN INTERVIEW IN THE 1982-84 NHEFS. BOTH Q.E5 ... Q.B40, THE COMPLEMENT OF Q.B43, WAS ASKED ONLY IF THE SUBJECT WAS CODED AS HAVING A REPORT OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE 1982- ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/sci_data/surveys/hanes/followup/type_txt/intrv86.asp

Latest V-22 variant will replace C-2A Greyhound fleet. AMARILLO, Texas, Feb. 7, 2020 - Boeing [NYSE: BA] and Bell Textron Inc ... Emirates Orders 30 Boeing 787 Dreamliner Airplanes to Complement 777X family. One of the worlds leading airlines firms up ...

https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?amp%3Bitem=1068&%3Bl=50&l=100&o=500

Complement your web solutions or execute your revenue generative ideas across smart devices with our tailored native and cross ... C2A Australia. Amazing group of guys to work with. After the quality of work I saw in the first project completed, we have ...

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The C2A Sechrist 26 in. It sounds really silly, but the stickers on the underside of the seat are a pain to remove! Available ... The brushed stainless legs and footrest perfectly complement the soft leatherette upholstery which comes in your choice of ...

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Qinjian Realty is a trusted developer who constantly looks for new ways to provide well-designed homes that complement ... C2a(PH) 3 Bedroom Deluxe + Study C2a(PH) *1,098 sqft. *$1,209 PSF ... C2a 3 Bedroom Deluxe + Study C2a *926 sqft. *$1,316 - $1,366 ...

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C2a remains associated with C4b to form the classical pathway C3 convertase (C4b2a). (abcam.com)
C2a in the convertase complex cleaves C3 releasing C3a and C3b. (abcam.com)
C3 (MW 180 000), the central component of all complement reac- tions, split by its convertase into a small (C3a) and a large (C3b) fragment. (pediagenosis.com)
The C1s subunit then enzymically cleaves the bound C2a to generate on the membrane a new complex termed C4b2b, which is the C3 convertase of the classical pathway. (pharmacy180.com)

The functions of complement include the attraction of inflammatory cells, opsonization to promote phagocytosis, immune complex clearance and direct microbial killing through the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). (abcam.com)

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) are involved in the initial step of the lectin pathway of complement activation. (abcam.com)

the classical pathway initiated by antibodies bound to the surface of foreign bodies and the alternative and lectin pathways that provide an antibody-independent mechanism for complement activation, induced by the presence of bacteria and other micro-organisms. (abcam.com)
Following these cleavage events, complement pathway activation continues as in the classical pathway. (abcam.com)
The classical pathway can additionally lead to complement protein deposition on insoluble antibody- antigen immune complexes circulating within blood, and in doing so promote the clearance of such potentially harmful complexes by Kupffer cells of the liver. (pharmacy180.com)

Learn about the three pathways lead to complement activation and some of their key inhibitors. (abcam.com)

C1 is the first molecule in the classical complement cascade and comprises C1q and two molecules of C1r and C1s respectively. (abcam.com)
A complement cascade similar to that of the alternative pathway can be activated through specific antibody-antigen interactions. (pharmacy180.com)

The presence of two complement pathways provides for rapid (alternative) and specific (classical) activation of a key defence mechanism, and offers greater protection against the development of microbial resistance mechanisms. (pharmacy180.com)

well the larger matrix of Complement Factor 2( C2) was transported C2a. (familie-vos.de)

Once this occurs, a complement protein termed C1 (which comprises a single C1q subunit, two C1r subunits and two C1s subunits) binds to adjacent Fc domains in the antibody-antigen complex. (pharmacy180.com)
A further complement protein, C2, binds to this membrane complex to give C4b2. (pharmacy180.com)

Note that, in the absence of antibody, many of the molecules that activate the complement system are carbohydrate or lipid in nature (e.g. lipopolysaccharides, mannose), suggesting that the system evolved mainly to recognize bacterial surfaces via their non-protein features. (pediagenosis.com)

Here, we investigate the role of the yeast Nedd4 homologue, Rsp5, in protein sorting into vesicles that bud into the multivesicular endosome (MVE) en route to the vacuole. (rupress.org)

The antibodies that activate the classical complement pathway are IgM and IgG. (pharmacy180.com)

Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. (studystack.com)

The functions of the classical complement pathway are similar to those described for the alternative pathway, i.e. opsonization, leucocyte activation and membrane lysis of target cells. (pharmacy180.com)

Activation of complement can be started either via adaptive or innate immune recognition. (pediagenosis.com)
Nevertheless, excessive complement activation can cause unpleasant side-effects (see Fig. 36). (pediagenosis.com)

The complement system is a heat-labile component of blood that confers bactericidal properties. (abcam.com)

The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. (bvsalud.org)

In some texts the C2a is referred to as the larger subunit remaining with the membrane while C2b is the smaller subunit that diffuses away. (pharmacy180.com)

This results in the release of C2b and C2a. (abcam.com)

The crystal structure of C2a, the catalytic fragment of classical pathway C3 and C5 convertase of human complement. (weizmann.ac.il)
Component C2 which is part of the classical pathway of the complement system is cleaved by activated factor C1 into two fragments: C2b and C2a. (nih.gov)
Component C2 is a serum glycoprotein that functions as part of the classical pathway of the complement system. (nih.gov)

The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2 , released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S . (nih.gov)

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. (lookformedical.com)

The complement system as understood today is a multimolecular system composed of more than 32 proteins and consisting of serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors that bind to complement fragments. (medscape.com)
The complement system consists of 7 serum and 9 membrane regulatory proteins, 1 serosal regulatory protein, and 8 cell membrane receptors that bind complement fragments. (medscape.com)
Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B . (lookformedical.com)
The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX . (lookformedical.com)

Binding of factor H to C3b increases its inactivation by factor I. Properdin stabilizes it, preventing its inactivation by factors H and I. The alternate pathway does not result in a truly nonspecific activation of complement because it requires specific types of compounds for activation. (medscape.com)
A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY . (bvsalud.org)
While C4BP delays but does not decrease the classical complement activation, it attenuates but does not significantly delay the lectin pathway activation. (nih.gov)
In summary, the present work elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of the complement system and demonstrates how the bio-pathway machinery maintains the balance between activation and inhibition. (nih.gov)
An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation ( COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). (lookformedical.com)
A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION . (lookformedical.com)
A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. (lookformedical.com)

They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence. (lookformedical.com)

Activated C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b. (nih.gov)

The crystal structure of full-length C2 is not yet available, although the structure of its C-terminal catalytic segment C2a has been determined. (nih.gov)

Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES. (lookformedical.com)
LAC is so containing a gene of Trusted Digital Repository( TDR) functions, in Complement with second complexes and neuronal interconversions that activate specific Several mutations. (evakoch.com)

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX . (lookformedical.com)
It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H . Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001). (lookformedical.com)

C2a, el fragmento COOH-terminal que contiene una SERINA PROTEASA, se combina con el COMPLEMENTO C4B para formar C4b2a (CONVERTASA C3 de la VÍA CLÁSICA) y posterior C4b2a3b (CONVERTASA C6 de la VÍA CLÁSICA). (bvsalud.org)

The complement system functions as an interactive sequence, with one reaction leading to another in the form of a cascade. (medscape.com)

Computational and Experimental Study of the Regulatory Mechanisms of the Complement System. (nih.gov)
To quantitatively understand the modulatory mechanisms of the complement system, we built a computational model involving the enhancement and suppression mechanisms that regulate complement activity. (nih.gov)

A book full of inspiration for all types of modellers, from beginners to advanced.The book also have some articles about how to reproduce and paint many details, complements, figures, etc to set your vehicles in a scene or diorama. (plaeditions.com)

C2A works retailers, designers, and contractors to provide a wide variety of furniture pieces for commercial and residential projects. (hayneedle.com)
Choose from a wide variety of dimout and blackout blind colours to complement your windows. (newedgeblinds.co.uk)

Anatomy15

Organisms10

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs101

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Health Care1

A Schistosoma protein, Sh-TOR, is a novel inhibitor of complement which binds human C2. (1/10)

Complement C2 receptor inhibitor trispanning and the beta-chain of C4 share a binding site for complement C2. (2/10)

Activation of postsynaptic Ca(2+) stores modulates glutamate receptor cycling in hippocampal neurons. (3/10)

Structure of complement component C2A: implications for convertase formation and substrate binding. (4/10)

The crystal structure of C2a, the catalytic fragment of classical pathway C3 and C5 convertase of human complement. (5/10)

The structure of C2b, a fragment of complement component C2 produced during C3 convertase formation. (6/10)

Postsynaptic regulation of synaptic plasticity by synaptotagmin 4 requires both C2 domains. (7/10)

The mechanism of action of decay-accelerating factor (DAF). DAF inhibits the assembly of C3 convertases by dissociating C2a and Bb. (8/10)

Complement C3

Complement C4

Complement C4a

Complement C3a

Complement C1q

Complement C5a

Complement Activation

Complement C4b

Complement C5

Complement C3b

Complement System Proteins

Complement C6

Complement C3c

Complement C3d

Complement C2

Complement C9

Receptors, Complement

Complement C1s

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement C1r

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Complement C7

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Complement Factor B

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement Pathway, Classical

Complement C8

Complement C1

Receptors, Complement 3b

Complement Factor H

Complement C5b

Complement C2a

Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a

Complement Activating Enzymes

Complement Inactivating Agents

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins

Receptors, Complement 3d

Anaphylatoxins

Complement Fixation Tests

Complement Factor D

Complement Factor I

Complement C4b-Binding Protein

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins

Antigens, CD55

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway

Complement C2b

Antigens, CD59

Cobra Venoms

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Steroid 21-Hydroxylase

Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein

Immunoglobulin G

Hemolysis

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Molecular Sequence Data

Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway

Antigens, CD46

Opsonin Proteins

Blood Proteins

Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic

Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Phagocytosis

Amino Acid Sequence

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

Properdin

Complement C5a, des-Arginine

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Macrophage-1 Antigen

Protein Binding

Neutrophils

Base Sequence

Kidney Glomerulus

Serum

Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative

Immunoglobulin M

Schistosoma

Genetic Complementation Test