Complement C3
Complement C4
Complement C4a
Complement C3a
Complement C1q
Complement C5a
Complement Activation
Complement C4b
Complement C5
Complement C3b
Complement System Proteins
Complement C6
Complement C3c
Complement C3d
Complement C2
Complement C9
Receptors, Complement
Complement C1s
Complement Membrane Attack Complex
Complement C1r
Complement Inactivator Proteins
Complement C7
Complement C3-C5 Convertases
Complement Factor B
Complement Pathway, Alternative
Complement Pathway, Classical
Complement C8
Complement C1
Receptors, Complement 3b
Complement Factor H
Complement C5b
Complement C2a
Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a
Complement Activating Enzymes
Complement Inactivating Agents
Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay
Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins
Receptors, Complement 3d
Anaphylatoxins
Complement Fixation Tests
Complement Factor D
Complement Factor I
Complement C4b-Binding Protein
Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins
Antigens, CD55
Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Classical Pathway
Complement C2b
Antigens, CD59
Cobra Venoms
Antigen-Antibody Complex
Steroid 21-Hydroxylase
Complement C3-C5 Convertases, Alternative Pathway
Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein
Immunoglobulin G
Hemolysis
Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway
Complement C5 Convertase, Classical Pathway
Molecular Sequence Data
Complement C3 Convertase, Classical Pathway
Antigens, CD46
Opsonin Proteins
Blood Proteins
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
Complement C5 Convertase, Alternative Pathway
Phagocytosis
Amino Acid Sequence
Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin
Properdin
Complement C5a, des-Arginine
Macrophage-1 Antigen
Protein Binding
Neutrophils
Base Sequence
Kidney Glomerulus
Serum
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative
Immunoglobulin M
Schistosoma
Genetic Complementation Test
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Mice, Knockout
Glomerulonephritis
Arteriolosclerosis
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Erythrocytes
Autoantibodies
Cells, Cultured
RNA, Messenger
Macrophages
Immunity, Innate
Peptide Fragments
Mutation
Rabbits
Disease Models, Animal
Cloning, Molecular
Binding Sites
Blood Bactericidal Activity
Antigens, CD
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Mannose-Binding Lectin
Alleles
Antibodies
Complement C3 Nephritic Factor
Glycoproteins
Immunoglobulins
Haptoglobins
DNA
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Peptides, Cyclic
Lupus Nephritis
Antibodies, Antinuclear
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Blotting, Western
Cosmids
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Gene Expression Regulation
Biological Markers
Inflammation
Carrier Proteins
Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital
Species Specificity
Kidney
Phenotype
Immunologic Factors
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Immunohistochemistry
Gene Dosage
Haplotypes
Membrane Proteins
HLA Antigens
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Gene Expression
Monocytes
Fibrinogen
Exons
B-Lymphocytes
Flow Cytometry
Antibody Formation
Serine Endopeptidases
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Collectins
Restriction Mapping
Genes
DNA Primers
C-Reactive Protein
Genotype
Up-Regulation
Lipopolysaccharides
Steroid Hydroxylases
Blotting, Northern
T-Lymphocytes
DNA, Complementary
Blotting, Southern
Cytokines
Macular Degeneration
Disease Susceptibility
Models, Molecular
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Cell Membrane
Pedigree
Case-Control Studies
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Gene Frequency
Guinea Pigs
Immune Adherence Reaction
Escherichia coli
Immunoelectrophoresis
Staphylococcus aureus
Transfection
Liver
Lung
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Interleukin-6
Protein Conformation
Epithelial Cells
Structure-Activity Relationship
Gene Library
Signal Transduction
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Immune Complex Diseases
Immune complexes and complement hypercatabolism in patients with leprosy. (1/321)
The occurrence of immune complexes in the serum and the level of the C3 breakdown product C3d in the plasma from patients with leprosy were studied by quantitative methods and the results were compared in various forms of the disease. These studies were performed on sixty-two samples from twenty-six patients. The serum 125I-C1q binding activity was found to be increased by more than 2 s.d., as compared to the normal values, in most of the sera from patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) (80%) and uncomplicated lepromatous leprosy (82%), but also in the sera from patients with tuberculoid leprosy (58%). In vitro studies suggested that immune complexes involving mycobacterial antigens were present in leprosy sera. An increased C3d level (greater than 2s.d.) was also found in most of the plasma from patients with ENL (70%), but rarely in the plasma from patients with uncomplicated lepromatous leprosy (18%) and never in tuberculoid leprosy patients' plasma. The absence of a significant correlation between the 125I-C1q binding activity and the C3d level in leprosy patients may suggest that extravascular immune complexes are involved in the complement activation occurring in ENL. The quantitation of C3d in plasma may be of some practical interest in the early diagnosis of ENL complications of leprosy. (+info)Binding of soluble immune complexes to Raji lymphocytes. Role of receptors for complement components, C1q and C3-C3b. (2/321)
We have found that, although the binding of particulate antigen-antibody complement complexes such as EAC to lymphoblastoid Raji cells is mediated largely through receptors for C3b, the binding of complement-containing soluble complexes such as those prepared with aggregated human IgG (AHG) occurs also via receptors for C1q. Evidence supporting this conclusion included: (1) Binding of AHG to Raji cells takes place after incubation in EDTA serum; (2) Binding of AHG does not occur in C1q deficient EDTA serum but does take place after addition of C1q; (3) The extent of binding of AHG in EDTA serum is a function of the amount of C1q present; (4) Raji cells can bind up to 5-4 times 10(5) molecules of 125I C1q per cell which can be blocked by unlabelled C1q; (5) AHG pre-incubated with C can bind to a T-cell line MOLT, which lacks receptors for C3b but possesses receptors for C1q to the same extent as Raji cells; (6) Immunoassays for immune complexes in human sera yield similar results whether Raji cells, MOLT cells or C1q precipitation is used for assay; (7) EAC-Raji cell rosettes can be inhibited with inulin-treated, C1q deficient serum containing C3b or C3d whereas binding of AHG or immune complexes in patient samples to Raji or MOLT cells is not inhibited by this reagent. We conclude that receptors for C1q on certain B and T lymphocytes may play an important role in physiologic functions of lymphocytes depending on binding of soluble immune complexes to their surfaces. (+info)A truncated form of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-2 expressed by alternative polyadenylation is a component of the lectin complement pathway. (3/321)
The lectin complement pathway is initiated by binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine protease (MASP) to carbohydrates. In the human lectin pathway, MASP-1 and MASP-2 are involved in the proteolysis of C4, C2 and C3. Here we report that the human MBL-MASP complex contains a new 22 kDa protein [small MBL-associated protein (sMAP)] bound to MASP-1. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of sMAP cDNA revealed that it is a truncated form of MASP-2, consisting of the first two domains (i.e. the first internal repeat and the epidermal growth factor-like domain) with four different C-terminal amino acids. sMAP mRNAs are expressed in liver by alternative polyadenylation of the MASP-2 gene, in which a sMAP-specific exon containing an in-frame stop codon and a polyadenylation signal is used. The involvement of sMAP in the MBL-MASP complex suggests that the activation mechanism of the lectin pathway is more complicated than that of the classical pathway. (+info)Isolation of two forms of activated C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of rabbit complement. (4/321)
Two forms of activated C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of complement, were present in preparations of C1 specifically purified from rabbit serum by affinity chromatography on IgG-Sepharose 6B and were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography in the presence of EDTA. These two activated C1s, designated C1s(I) and C1s(II), were indistinguishable with regard to hemolytic activity as well as C1s esterase activity, though they had different molecular weights. C1s(I) had a molecular weight of 106,000, consisting of H and L chains connected by disulfide bonds; the molecular weights of the chains were 70,000 and 36,000, respectively. On the other hand, C1s(II), with a molecular weight of 72,000, consisted of two chains each with a molecular weight of about 37,000, which were also connected by disulfide bonds. These results suggest that, in the case of rabbit C1s, the primary product of activation with C1r, C1s(I), may be susceptible to further cleavage of its H chain without any loss of C1s activity, resulting in the formation of C1s(II), though the active principle responsible for this conversion remains to be elucidated. (+info)Complement C1s activation in degenerating articular cartilage of rheumatoid arthritis patients: immunohistochemical studies with an active form specific antibody. (5/321)
OBJECTIVE: The first complement component C1s was reported to have novel functions to degrade matrix components, besides its activities in the classic complement pathway. This study explores participation of C1s in articular cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Normal articular cartilage (n = 6) and cartilage obtained from joints with RA (n = 15) and osteoarthritis (OA, n = 10) were immunostained using anti-C1s monoclonal antibodies PG11, which recognises both active and inactive C1s, and M241, which is specifically reactive to activated C1s. The effects of inflammatory cytokines on C1s production by human articular chondrocytes were also examined by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: In normal articular cartilage, C1s was negative in staining with both PG11 and M241. In contrast, degenerating cartilage of RA was stained with PG11 (14 of 15 cases), and in most of the cases (13 of 15 cases) C1s was activated as revealed by M241 staining. In OA, C1s staining was restricted in severely degrading part of cartilage (5 of 10 cases), and even in that part C1s was not activated. In addition, C1s production by chondrocytes in vitro was increased by an inflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor alpha. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that C1s activated in degenerative cartilage matrix of RA but not in that of OA. C1s is thought to participate in the pathogenesis of RA through its collagenolytic activity in addition to the role in the classic cascade. (+info)Possible mechanisms of the first step of the classical complement activation pathway: binding and activation of C1. (6/321)
Different immunoglobulin preparations of human monoclonal IgM, normal human and rat IgG, as well as purified rabbit antibodies were treated by various methods, fragmentation, aggregation and complexing with antigen. The ability of the treated and untreated preparations to fix isolated human C1, to activate the classical complement pathway (to consume C4 in normal human serum) were compared. It was found that the different methods affected the conformation of the immunoglobulin molecules in different ways and induced changes to a greater or lesser extent in the two capacities of the preparations tested. In the case of the monoclonal IgM preparation a strong C1-fixation was observed without measurable complement activation. Other preparations, interfacially aggregated human IgG, BSA-anti-BSA and OA-anti-OA immune complexes had a very weak C1-fixing but a marked complement activating capacity. Some preparations, e.g. heat-aggregated IgG, both fixed and activated C1 effectively, aggregates with a complement-activating capacity without C1-fixing effect were separated by gel-filtration. It was demonstrated further, that at a given time only a part of the activated C1 molecules could be found fixed to the immunoglobulins, the other part was released into the fluid phase after activation. On the basis of the results of this and previous studies a hypothesis is proposed suggesting three possible results of the interaction between C1 and the different preparations: (1) firm fixation and activation; (2) binding not followed by activation and (3) a transient binding leading to activation. The possible application of this hypothesis for the interpretation of the results of the different methods for detecting immune complexes is discussed. (+info)C1q and C4b bind simultaneously to CR1 and additively support erythrocyte adhesion. (7/321)
Previously, we showed that soluble C1q bound specifically to CR1 on transfected cells. If the CR1-C1q interaction were to participate in immune complex clearance, then this interaction should support E adhesion. Using a tip plate adhesion assay, we found that immobilized C1q mediated adhesion of human E. E binding to C1q was specifically inhibited by polyclonal anti-CR1 Fab fragments. Intact C1 was not efficient as an adherence ligand until it was treated with EDTA or the C1 inhibitor to remove the C1r2C1s2 complex from C1, leaving C1q. Titration of C1q alone, C4b alone, and C1q + C4b indicated that the two complement ligands were additive in their ability to support CR1-mediated adhesion of E. Analysis of binding to immobilized CR1 using a BIAcore instrument documented that C1q, C4b, and C3b binding were independent events. Additionally, C1q-dependent binding of immune complexes and heat-aggregated IgG to E was documented. These experiments confirm that the immune adherence receptor in humans, CR1, is the single receptor for all of the opsonic ligands of complement, provide evidence for a single C1q binding site on LHR-D of CR1, and suggest that C1q may participate in immune clearance. (+info)Inhibitory effect of bilirubin on complement-mediated hemolysis. (8/321)
We investigated the in vitro action of the bile pigments, unconjugated bilirubin (UB) and bilirubin monoglucuronide (BMG) on complement (C) cascade reaction. Both UB and BMG inhibited hemolysis in the classical pathway (CP) in a dose-dependent manner at low micromolar concentrations, UB showing a stronger effect than BMG. The analysis of the action of UB on the hemolytic activity of the C1, C4, C2 and C-EDTA components of the C cascade revealed that the C1 step was the most inhibited. An enzyme immunoassay was developed to evaluate the effect of UB on the binding of C1q, one of the subcomponents of C1, to human IgM and IgG. The study demonstrated that the unconjugated pigment interferes both the C1q-IgM and -IgG interactions, thus tentatively explaining the inhibitory action of UB on hemolytic activity of C1. We conclude that the anti-complement effect of UB is mainly exerted on the C1 component, the recognition unit of CP. The potential clinical implication of the reported effects in hyperbilirubinemia is discussed. (+info)There are two main types of hemolysis:
1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.
Some common causes of hemolysis include:
1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.
Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.
The term "systemic" refers to the fact that the disease affects multiple organ systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, and nervous system. LES is a complex condition, and its symptoms can vary widely depending on which organs are affected. Common symptoms include fatigue, fever, joint pain, rashes, and swelling in the extremities.
There are several subtypes of LES, including:
1. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): This is the most common form of the disease, and it can affect anyone, regardless of age or gender.
2. Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE): This subtype typically affects the skin, causing a red, scaly rash that does not go away.
3. Drug-induced lupus erythematosus: This form of the disease is caused by certain medications, and it usually resolves once the medication is stopped.
4. Neonatal lupus erythematosus: This rare condition affects newborn babies of mothers with SLE, and it can cause liver and heart problems.
There is no cure for LES, but treatment options are available to manage the symptoms and prevent flares. Treatment may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications, and antimalarial drugs. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the disease.
It is important for people with LES to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and prevent complications. With proper treatment and self-care, many people with LES can lead active and fulfilling lives.
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an autoimmune disorder that causes GNM without any identifiable cause. Secondary membranous nephropathy, on the other hand, is caused by systemic diseases such as lupus or cancer.
The symptoms of GNM can vary depending on the severity of the disease and may include blood in the urine, proteinuria, edema, high blood pressure, and decreased kidney function. The diagnosis of GNM is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and renal biopsy.
Treatment for GNM is aimed at slowing the progression of the disease and managing symptoms. Medications such as corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and blood pressure-lowering drugs may be used to treat GNM. In some cases, kidney transplantation may be necessary.
The prognosis for GNM varies depending on the severity of the disease and the underlying cause. In general, the prognosis for IMN is better than for secondary membranous nephropathy. With proper treatment, some patients with GNM can experience a slowing or stabilization of the disease, while others may progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
The cause of GNM is not fully understood, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder that leads to inflammation and damage to the glomerular membrane. Genetic factors and environmental triggers may also play a role in the development of GNM.
There are several risk factors for developing GNM, including family history, age (GMN is more common in adults), and certain medical conditions such as hypertension and diabetes.
The main complications of GNM include:
1. ESRD: Progression to ESRD is a common outcome of untreated GNM.
2. High blood pressure: GNM can lead to high blood pressure, which can further damage the kidneys.
3. Infections: GNM increases the risk of infections due to impaired immune function.
4. Kidney failure: GNM can cause chronic kidney failure, leading to the need for dialysis or a kidney transplant.
5. Cardiovascular disease: GNM is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke.
6. Malnutrition: GNM can lead to malnutrition due to decreased appetite, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Bone disease: GNM can cause bone disease, including osteoporosis and bone pain.
8. Anemia: GNM can cause anemia, which can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
9. Increased risk of infections: GNM increases the risk of infections due to impaired immune function.
10. Decreased quality of life: GNM can significantly decrease a person's quality of life, leading to decreased mobility, pain, and discomfort.
It is important for individuals with GNM to receive early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent or delay the progression of these complications.
The symptoms of glomerulonephritis can vary depending on the underlying cause of the disease, but may include:
* Blood in the urine (hematuria)
* Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
* Reduced kidney function
* Swelling in the legs and ankles (edema)
* High blood pressure
Glomerulonephritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
* Infections such as staphylococcal or streptococcal infections
* Autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
* Allergic reactions to certain medications
* Genetic defects
* Certain diseases such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and sickle cell anemia
The diagnosis of glomerulonephritis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as urinalysis, blood tests, and kidney biopsy.
Treatment for glomerulonephritis depends on the underlying cause of the disease and may include:
* Antibiotics to treat infections
* Medications to reduce inflammation and swelling
* Diuretics to reduce fluid buildup in the body
* Immunosuppressive medications to suppress the immune system in cases of autoimmune disorders
* Dialysis in severe cases
The prognosis for glomerulonephritis depends on the underlying cause of the disease and the severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the disease may progress to end-stage renal disease, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant. With proper treatment, however, many people with glomerulonephritis can experience a good outcome and maintain their kidney function over time.
Arteriolosclerosis is often associated with conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque in the arteries. It can also be caused by other factors such as smoking, high cholesterol levels, and inflammation.
The symptoms of arteriolosclerosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:
* Decreased blood flow to organs or tissues
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Shortness of breath
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Pain in the affected limbs or organs
Arteriolosclerosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as ultrasound, angiography, or blood tests. Treatment for the condition may include lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary modifications, medications to control risk factors such as hypertension and high cholesterol, and in some cases, surgical intervention to open or bypass blocked arterioles.
In summary, arteriolosclerosis is a condition where the arterioles become narrowed or obstructed, leading to decreased blood flow to organs and tissues and potentially causing a range of health problems. It is often associated with other conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis, and can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests. Treatment may include lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors, as well as surgical intervention in some cases.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are several types of lupus nephritis, each with its own unique characteristics and symptoms. The most common forms include:
* Class I (mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis): This type is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells in the glomeruli (blood-filtering units of the kidneys).
* Class II (active lupus nephritis): This type is characterized by widespread inflammation and damage to the kidneys, with or without the presence of antibodies.
* Class III (focal lupus nephritis): This type is characterized by localized inflammation in certain areas of the kidneys.
* Class IV (lupus nephritis with crescentic glomerulonephritis): This type is characterized by widespread inflammation and damage to the kidneys, with crescent-shaped tissue growth in the glomeruli.
* Class V (lupus nephritis with sclerotic changes): This type is characterized by hardening and shrinkage of the glomeruli due to scarring.
Lupus Nephritis can cause a range of symptoms, including:
* Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine)
* Hematuria (blood in the urine)
* Reduced kidney function
* Swelling (edema)
* Fatigue
* Fever
* Joint pain
Lupus Nephritis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and kidney biopsy. Treatment options for lupus nephritis include medications to suppress the immune system, control inflammation, and prevent further damage to the kidneys. In severe cases, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary.
There are several key features of inflammation:
1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.
There are several types of inflammation, including:
1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.
There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:
1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.
It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:
1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.
There are three main forms of ACH:
1. Classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): This is the most common form of ACH, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by mutations in the CYP21 gene, which codes for an enzyme that converts cholesterol into cortisol and aldosterone.
2. Non-classic CAH (NCAH): This form of ACH is less common than classic CAH and is caused by mutations in other genes involved in cortisol and aldosterone production.
3. Mineralocorticoid excess (MOE) or glucocorticoid deficiency (GD): These are rare forms of ACH that are characterized by excessive production of mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) or a deficiency of glucocorticoids (such as cortisol).
The symptoms of ACH can vary depending on the specific form of the disorder and the age at which it is diagnosed. In classic CAH, symptoms typically appear in infancy and may include:
* Premature puberty (in girls) or delayed puberty (in boys)
* Abnormal growth patterns
* Distended abdomen
* Fatigue
* Weight gain or obesity
* Easy bruising or bleeding
In NCAH and MOE/GD, symptoms may be less severe or may not appear until later in childhood or adulthood. They may include:
* High blood pressure
* Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
* Weight gain or obesity
* Fatigue
* Mood changes
If left untreated, ACH can lead to serious complications, including:
* Adrenal gland insufficiency
* Heart problems
* Bone health problems
* Increased risk of infections
* Mental health issues (such as depression or anxiety)
Treatment for ACH typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the balance of hormones in the body. This may involve taking medications such as cortisol, aldosterone, or other hormones to replace those that are deficient or imbalanced. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove an adrenal tumor or to correct physical abnormalities.
With proper treatment, many individuals with ACH can lead healthy, active lives. However, it is important for individuals with ACH to work closely with their healthcare providers to manage their condition and prevent complications. This may involve regular check-ups, hormone level monitoring, and lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and regular exercise.
Proteinuria is usually diagnosed by a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (P/C ratio) or a 24-hour urine protein collection. The amount and duration of proteinuria can help distinguish between different underlying causes and predict prognosis.
Proteinuria can have significant clinical implications, as it is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and malnutrition. Treatment of the underlying cause can help reduce or eliminate proteinuria.
There are two main types of MD:
1. Dry Macular Degeneration (DMD): This is the most common form of MD, accounting for about 90% of cases. It is caused by the gradual accumulation of waste material in the macula, which can lead to cell death and vision loss over time.
2. Wet Macular Degeneration (WMD): This type of MD is less common but more aggressive, accounting for about 10% of cases. It occurs when new blood vessels grow underneath the retina, leaking fluid and causing damage to the macula. This can lead to rapid vision loss if left untreated.
The symptoms of MD can vary depending on the severity and type of the condition. Common symptoms include:
* Blurred vision
* Distorted vision (e.g., straight lines appearing wavy)
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Difficulty adjusting to bright light
* Blind spots in central vision
MD can have a significant impact on daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks such as driving, reading, and recognizing faces.
There is currently no cure for MD, but there are several treatment options available to slow down the progression of the disease and manage its symptoms. These include:
* Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections: These medications can help prevent the growth of new blood vessels and reduce inflammation in the macula.
* Photodynamic therapy: This involves the use of a light-sensitive drug and low-intensity laser to damage and shrink the abnormal blood vessels in the macula.
* Vitamin supplements: Certain vitamins, such as vitamin C, E, and beta-carotene, have been shown to slow down the progression of MD.
* Laser surgery: This can be used to reduce the number of abnormal blood vessels in the macula and improve vision.
It is important for individuals with MD to receive regular monitoring and treatment from an eye care professional to manage their condition and prevent complications.
There are several types of disease susceptibility, including:
1. Genetic predisposition: This refers to the inherent tendency of an individual to develop a particular disease due to their genetic makeup. For example, some families may have a higher risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer or heart disease due to inherited genetic mutations.
2. Environmental susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to exposure to environmental factors such as pollutants, toxins, or infectious agents. For example, someone who lives in an area with high levels of air pollution may be more susceptible to developing respiratory problems.
3. Lifestyle susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to unhealthy lifestyle choices such as smoking, lack of exercise, or poor diet. For example, someone who smokes and is overweight may be more susceptible to developing heart disease or lung cancer.
4. Immune system susceptibility: This refers to the increased risk of developing a disease due to an impaired immune system. For example, people with autoimmune disorders such as HIV/AIDS or rheumatoid arthritis may be more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals who are at risk of developing certain diseases and provide preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression. Additionally, genetic testing can help identify individuals with a high risk of developing certain diseases, allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment.
In summary, disease susceptibility refers to the predisposition of an individual to develop a particular disease or condition due to various factors such as genetics, environment, lifestyle choices, and immune system function. Understanding disease susceptibility can help healthcare providers identify individuals at risk and provide appropriate preventive measures or early intervention to reduce the risk of disease progression.
There are several symptoms of RA, including:
1. Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet
2. Swollen and warm joints
3. Redness and tenderness in the affected areas
4. Fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite
5. Loss of range of motion in the affected joints
6. Firm bumps of tissue under the skin (rheumatoid nodules)
RA can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise and physical therapy can also be helpful in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
There is no cure for RA, but early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms. With proper management, many people with RA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.
Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.
The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.
Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.
Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:
1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.
Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."
The disorder is caused by mutations in the HBB gene that codes for the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. These mutations result in the production of abnormal hemoglobins that are unstable and prone to breakdown, leading to the release of free hemoglobin into the urine.
HP is classified into two types based on the severity of symptoms:
1. Type 1 HP: This is the most common form of the disorder and is characterized by mild to moderate anemia, occasional hemoglobinuria, and a normal life expectancy.
2. Type 2 HP: This is a more severe form of the disorder and is characterized by severe anemia, recurrent hemoglobinuria, and a shorter life expectancy.
There is no cure for HP, but treatment options are available to manage symptoms and prevent complications. These may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, and medications to reduce the frequency and severity of hemoglobinuria episodes.
The term "immune complex disease" was first used in the 1960s to describe a group of conditions that were thought to be caused by the formation of immune complexes. These diseases include:
1. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): an autoimmune disorder that can affect multiple organ systems and is characterized by the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints and can lead to joint damage.
3. Type III hypersensitivity reaction: a condition in which immune complexes are deposited in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.
4. Pemphigus: a group of autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against desmosomal antigens.
5. Bullous pemphigoid: an autoimmune disease that affects the skin and is characterized by the formation of large blisters.
6. Myasthenia gravis: an autoimmune disorder that affects the nervous system, causing muscle weakness and fatigue.
7. Goodpasture's syndrome: a rare autoimmune disease that affects the kidneys and lungs, characterized by the presence of immune complexes in the glomeruli of the kidneys.
8. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed and waste products accumulate in the kidneys, leading to kidney failure.
Immune complex diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and exposure to certain drugs or toxins. Treatment options for these diseases include medications that suppress the immune system, such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs, and plasmapheresis, which is a process that removes harmful antibodies from the blood. In some cases, organ transplantation may be necessary.
In conclusion, immune complex diseases are a group of disorders that occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage. These diseases can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, kidneys, lungs, and nervous system. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and its severity, but may include medications that suppress the immune system and plasmapheresis.
Complement deficiency
Complement component 1s
C1-inhibitor
Ganeden
C3a (complement)
Classical complement pathway
Complement component 1q
Complement system
Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
Sierpiński carpet
Complement component 1r
GraalVM
C3b
Angioedema
Albert J. R. Heck
Total complement activity
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis
Polyclonal antibodies
Aggrecan
Lupus erythematosus
CSPG4
Borrelia burgdorferi
C1QBP
Urticarial vasculitis
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase
C1QA
C1 complex
Immunoglobulin M
Centro Sismológico Nacional
Serpin
Chilean art
Porsche 961
Baba Hari Dass
List of diseases (C)
Castle Clinton
WKYT-TV
Times Square Ball
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
Jewell Towne Vineyards
Unbounded operator
Salamander Washington DC Hotel
Gillham code
The Town Hall (New York City)
Cambridge English Scale
Glossary of chess
Zulia
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Nested intervals
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
Type R ship
Finnish Navy
Multiple zeta function
Fuzzy set operations
China, IL
St. Patrokli, Soest
Glen Echo Park (Maryland)
List of skin conditions
SOM (missile)
Aspherical space
HMS Hedingham Castle (K491)
Browsing by Subject "Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein"
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Proteins18
- The complement system is a group of nearly 60 proteins that are in blood plasma or on the surface of some cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- Rarely, people may inherit deficiency of some complement proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- There are nine major complement proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- When the complement system is turned on during inflammation, levels of complement proteins may go down. (medlineplus.gov)
- For example, people with active lupus erythematosus may have lower-than-normal levels of the complement proteins C3 and C4 . (medlineplus.gov)
- The cascade activates the complement proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
- Genes that encode the proteins of complement components or their isotypes are distributed throughout different chromosomes, with 19 genes comprising 3 significant complement gene clusters in the human genome. (medscape.com)
- The important components of this system are various cell membrane-associated proteins such as complement receptor 1 (CR1), complement receptor 2 (CR2), and decay accelerating factor (DAF). (medscape.com)
- 1. Cytokines associated with amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease brain stimulate human glial and neuronal cell cultures to secrete early complement proteins, but not C1-inhibitor. (nih.gov)
- 19. Synthesis of complement proteins in the human chorion is differentially regulated by cytokines. (nih.gov)
- The new research, which was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, solidifies a link between AMD and genes encoding the complement system, a set of proteins that plays a central part in immune responses and inflammation. (nih.gov)
- The complement system is a large group of proteins that work together to trigger inflammatory and immune responses that defend our bodies against infection. (nih.gov)
- The system consists of nine complement component proteins, called C1, C2, C3, and so on up to C9. (nih.gov)
- Complement factors H and I (CFH and CFI) are proteins that inhibit the complement system and keep it from attacking the body's own cells. (nih.gov)
- The C1 esterase inhibitor protein is required to control the 'complement' and 'contact' systems, collections of proteins in the blood that fight against infection and cause inflammation. (europa.eu)
- For example, in the complement proteases, the CUB domains mediate dimerisation and binding to collagen-like regions of target proteins (e.g. (embl.de)
- Sequence analysis has revealed the presence of 31 copies of an extracellular domain, here called CUB, in 16 functionally diverse proteins such as the dorso-ventral patterning protein tolloid, bone morphogenetic protein 1, a family of spermadhesins, complement subcomponents Cls/Clr and the neuronal recognition molecule A5. (embl.de)
- Description: The complement component proteins, C2, C3, C4 and C5, are potent anaphylatoxins that are released during complement activation. (wlsolutions.be)
Esterase7
- The aim of this study is to assess the long-term safety of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) in preventing hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks when it is administered under the skin of subjects with HAE. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- CINRYZE is a C1 esterase inhibitor indicated for routine prophylaxis against angioedema attacks in adults, adolescents, and pediatric patients (6 years of age and older) with Hereditary Angioedema (HAE). (nih.gov)
- Serious arterial and venous thromboembolic (TE) events have been reported at the recommended dose of C1 Esterase Inhibitor (Human) products, including CINRYZE, following administration in patients with HAE. (nih.gov)
- TE events have been reported following administration of a C1 Esterase Inhibitor (Human) product when used off-label at higher than labeled doses. (nih.gov)
- However, fresh frozen plasma (FFP), antifibrinolytics, C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), ecallantide, and icatibant can be used to manage bradykinin-mediated angioedema. (medscape.com)
- The active substance in Ruconest, conestat alfa, is a copy of the C1 esterase inhibitor protein and works in the same way as the natural human protein. (europa.eu)
- Ruconest was studied in two main studies involving a total of 70 adults and adolescents with hereditary angioedema caused by low levels of C1 esterase inhibitor protein. (europa.eu)
Subcomponent4
- 10. C1 subcomponent complexes: basic and clinical aspects. (nih.gov)
- 5. Evidence for the involvement of arginine 462 and the flanking sequence of human C4 beta-chain in mediating C5 binding to the C4b subcomponent of the classical complement pathway C5 convertase. (nih.gov)
- 20. Functional analysis of activated C1s, a subcomponent of the first component of human complement, by monoclonal antibodies. (nih.gov)
- From NCBI Gene: This gene encodes a serine protease, which is a major constituent of the human complement subcomponent C1. (nih.gov)
Pathway10
- Nevertheless, HIV-1 activates complement via the classical pathway independent of antibody, and C3b deposition facilitates infection of complement receptor-bearing cells. (nih.gov)
- The complement cascade consists of 3 separate pathways that converge in a final common pathway. (medscape.com)
- Lectins activate the lectin pathway in a manner similar to the antibody interaction with complement in the classical pathway. (medscape.com)
- Evidence for two classes of nonimmune activators of the classical pathway of complement. (nih.gov)
- 9. Synthesis of classical pathway complement components by chondrocytes. (nih.gov)
- 7. A single arginine to tryptophan interchange at beta-chain residue 458 of human complement component C4 accounts for the defect in classical pathway C5 convertase activity of allotype C4A6. (nih.gov)
- 11. Distal recognition site for classical pathway convertase located in the C345C/netrin module of complement component C5. (nih.gov)
- The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY . (nih.gov)
- The multiprotein complex C1 initiates the classical pathway of complement activation on binding to antibody-antigen complexes, pathogen surfaces, apoptotic cells, and polyanionic structures. (rcsb.org)
- Mammalian complement subcomponents C1s/C1r, which form the calcium-dependent complex C1, the first component of the classical pathway of the complement system. (embl.de)
Role of complement2
- We investigated the role of complement in the pathogenesis of the demyelinating polyneuropathy that occurs in some patients with IgM monoclonal gammopathy. (nih.gov)
- Cases of complement deficiency have helped defined the role of complement in host defense. (medscape.com)
Subcomponents1
- 8. Regulation of the synthesis of C1 subcomponents and C1-inhibitor. (nih.gov)
Activation14
- Insights into IgM-mediated complement activation based on in situ structures of IgM-C1-C4b. (bvsalud.org)
- We present cryoelectron tomography structures of IgM , C1, and C4b complexes formed on antigen -bearing lipid membranes by normal human serum at 4 °C. The IgM -C1-C4b complexes revealed C4b product release as the temperature -limiting step in complement activation . (bvsalud.org)
- Based on these data, we present mechanistic models for antibody-mediated, C1q-transmitted activation of C1 and for C4b deposition, while further conformational rearrangements are required to form C3 convertases. (bvsalud.org)
- at the same time, the inflammation promoted by complement activation can result in cellular damage when not kept in check. (medscape.com)
- 4. Antibody-independent activation of C1. (nih.gov)
- I. Differences in the mechanism of C1 activation by nonimmune activators and by immune complexes: C1r-independent activation of C1s by cardiolipin vesicles. (nih.gov)
- Activation of kinin-kallikrein and complement pathways by oversulfated-chondroitin-sulfate (OSCS) has been linked with recent heparin-associated adverse clinical events. (nih.gov)
- When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION . (nih.gov)
- Considerable flexibility in C1s likely facilitates C1 complex formation, activation of C1s by C1r, and binding and activation of downstream substrates C4 and C4b-bound C2 to initiate the reaction cascade. (rcsb.org)
- The collagen-like regions of C1q interact with the Ca(2+)-dependent C1r(2)C1s(2) proenzyme complex, and efficient activation of C1 takes place on interaction of the globular heads of C1q with the Fc regions of IgG or IgM antibody present in immune complexes. (antibodies-online.com)
- Three major pathways of complement activation have been described that are triggered independently, namely the classical, the lectin, and the alternative pathways, all of which merge at the step of C3 activation. (nih.gov)
- Immune sensing of pathogens or foreign objects can induce local and systemic complement activation and subsequent inflammation at early timepoints during infection. (nih.gov)
- however, over-activation or dysregulation of the complement cascade can cause collateral damage of cells and tissues. (nih.gov)
- For example, complement dysregulation has been observed in severe COVID-19 disease where over-activation of the complement system induces endothelial cell injury and death, leading to initiation of clotting cascades. (nih.gov)
Protein8
- Direct and indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase assays showed colocalization along the myelin sheaths of peripheral-nerve fibers of monoclonal protein with complement components C1q, C3d, and C5. (nih.gov)
- In addition, terminal-complement complex that was not associated with S protein was detected in myelin sheaths. (nih.gov)
- Complement C3 is a blood test that measures the activity of a certain protein. (medlineplus.gov)
- This protein is part of the complement system. (medlineplus.gov)
- The large UFO-shaped objects are low density lipoprotein and the six-armed protein is complement C1. (asbmb.org)
- 3. Active sites in complement components C5 and C3 identified by proximity to indels in the C3/4/5 protein family. (nih.gov)
- 13. Functional role of the linker between the complement control protein modules of complement protease C1s. (nih.gov)
- 15. Murine complement component C4 and sex-limited protein: identification of amino acid residues essential for C4 function. (nih.gov)
Receptor2
- 17. Complement C2 receptor inhibitor trispanning and the beta-chain of C4 share a binding site for complement C2. (nih.gov)
- C3d is a terminal degradation product of C3 that plays an important role in modulation of the adaptive immune response through the interaction with complement receptor type 2 (CR2). (wlsolutions.be)
Activates1
- How antigen -bound IgM activates complement - immune responses remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Defense against infection2
- In addition to playing an important role in host defense against infection, the complement system is a mediator in both the pathogenesis and prevention of immune complex diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (medscape.com)
- The complement system is an evolutionarily conserved component of innate immunity that serves as a first line of defense against infection. (nih.gov)
Pathways3
- Complement pathways and deficiencies. (medscape.com)
- There are additional reports of interaction between individual complement components and innate signaling pathways, including Toll-Like Receptors. (nih.gov)
- The mechanisms by which complement components, receptors, and pathways contribute to protective immune responses or pathogenesis remain to be fully elucidated. (nih.gov)
Basis of complement2
- A North African study of molecular basis of complement factor I deficiency in atypical hemolytic and uremic syndrome patients suggested that the Ile357Met mutation may be a founding effect. (medscape.com)
- 8. Molecular basis of complement resistance of human melanoma cells expressing the C3-cleaving membrane protease p65. (nih.gov)
Component8
- 12. The structure and function of the first component of complement: genetic engineering approach (a review). (nih.gov)
- 1. Complement component C5: engineering of a mutant that is specifically cleaved by the C4-specific C1s protease. (nih.gov)
- 4. Mutants of complement component C3 cleaved by the C4-specific C1-s protease. (nih.gov)
- 10. Identification of a catalytic exosite for complement component C4 on the serine protease domain of C1s. (nih.gov)
- 12. Structural homologies of component C5 of human complement with components C3 and C4 by neutron scattering. (nih.gov)
- 18. Third component of trout complement. (nih.gov)
- C1s associates with two other complement components C1r and C1q in order to yield the first component of the serum complement system. (nih.gov)
- Mammalian complement-activating component of Ra-reactive factor (RARF), a protease that cleaves the C4 component of complement. (embl.de)
Serum1
- 14. Effect of plicatic acid on human serum complement includes interference with C1 inhibitor function. (nih.gov)
Interaction1
- Here we have determined the structure of a complex between the CUB1-EGF-CUB2 fragments of C1r and C1s to reveal the C1r-C1s interaction that forms the core of C1. (rcsb.org)
Innate2
- The complement system is part of the innate immune system. (medscape.com)
- Although the complement system is part of the body's innate, relatively nonspecific defense against pathogens, its role is hardly primitive or easily understood. (medscape.com)
Binds1
- C1 binds IgM through widely spread C1q- collagen helices, with C1r proteases pointing outward and C1s bending downward and interacting with surface-attached C4b, which further interacts with the adjacent IgM -Fab2 and globular C1q-recognition unit. (bvsalud.org)
Cascade4
- The complement cascade is a series of reactions that take place in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- Deficiencies in the complement cascade can lead to overwhelming infection and sepsis. (medscape.com)
- New studies point to the complex interplay between the complement cascade and adaptive immune response, and complement is also being studied in association with ischemic injury as a target of therapy. (medscape.com)
- Complement-associated molecules, known as C1 through C9, operate in a cascade of enzymatic reactions that can ultimately lead to lysis of infected cells and opsonization of pathogens to aid in phagocytic clearance. (nih.gov)
Complexes2
- Virions activated the C1 complex, reconstituted from C1q, proenzyme C1r, and 125I-labeled proenzyme C1s, to an extent comparable with that obtained with immunoglobulin G-ovalbumin immune complexes. (nih.gov)
- In the fluid phase, sgp41 activated the C1 complex in a dose- and time-dependent manner, more efficiently than aggregated Ig, but less efficiently than immune complexes. (nih.gov)
Inflammation1
- Bean KV, Massey HD, Gupta G. Mediators of inflammation: complement. (medlineplus.gov)
Assay1
- C1- inhibitor (C1-INH) and complement assay levels and function are normal. (medscape.com)
Deficiencies5
- Complement deficiencies are said to comprise between 1 and 10% of all primary immunodeficiencies. (medscape.com)
- [ 4 ] A registry of complement deficiencies has been established as a means to promote joint projects on treatment and prevention of diseases associated with defective complement function. (medscape.com)
- This article outlines some of the disease states associated with complement deficiencies and their clinical implications. (medscape.com)
- Deficiencies in complement predispose patients to infection via 2 mechanisms: (1) ineffective opsonization and (2) defects in lytic activity (defects in MAC). (medscape.com)
- Specific complement deficiencies are also associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune disease, such as SLE. (medscape.com)
Murine1
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), in contrast to animal retroviruses such as murine leukemia virus, is not lysed by human complement. (nih.gov)
Monoclonal1
- We conclude that demyelination in polyneuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy may be mediated by complement. (nih.gov)
Dose1
- A low-volume dose of C1-INH will be administered subcutaneously twice a week for up to 52 weeks (up to 146 weeks extension period). (clinicaltrials.gov)
Immune responses4
- In addition to functioning in the above-mentioned enzymatic cascades, individual complement components have been shown to play other critical roles in immune responses. (nih.gov)
- The main objective of this program is to support studies that accelerate our understanding of the roles of complement components and/or receptors in the initiation, magnitude, maintenance, and quality of immune responses involved in pathogenic infections, vaccination, post-infection sequelae, autoimmunity, allergy, or transplantation. (nih.gov)
- The work to be encouraged includes studies of the roles of complement components (molecules and/or receptors) during immune responses. (nih.gov)
- Development of in vivo animal models or cell/tissue-specific in vitro systems for studying the roles of complement in regulating immune responses. (nih.gov)
Subjects1
- Each eligible subject will enter the treatment phase, wherein subjects will be randomized to treatment with either low- or medium-volume C1-INH. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Clinical2
- Complement your expertise with clinical consultations from Quest. (questdiagnostics.com)
- Some new clinical entities are linked with partial complement defects. (medscape.com)
Complex2
- It appeared that alterations in myelin geometry caused by the separation of myelin lamellae corresponded to sites at which terminal-complement complex was deposited. (nih.gov)
- This complex process enables the C1 to simulate the experience of playing either a German grand or a Japanese grand, and were chosen to reflect a broad musical spectrum providing faithful recreations of dark, subtle and intense classical music through to bright and powerful jazz and pop music. (korg.com)
Genetic1
- Genetic studies to date have shown that the complement system plays an important role in AMD. (nih.gov)
Components4
- C3 and C4 are the most commonly measured complement components. (medlineplus.gov)
- 13. Early complement components in Alzheimer's disease brains. (nih.gov)
- Complement components can also be produced in a broad range of immune and other cell types, such as endothelial cells. (nih.gov)
- The results of such studies will inform the development of vaccines or therapeutics that target complement components. (nih.gov)
Human1
- 3. Synthesis and regulation of C1 inhibitor in human skin fibroblasts. (nih.gov)
System7
- Complement system in disease. (medlineplus.gov)
- The complement system. (medlineplus.gov)
- The complement system plays an important part in defense against pyogenic organisms. (medscape.com)
- These findings underscore the duality of the complement system. (medscape.com)
- Knowledge about the complement system is expanding. (medscape.com)
- An intricate system regulates complement activity. (medscape.com)
- The research suggests that drugs designed to suppress the complement system, and particularly C3, could be useful against AMD. (nih.gov)
Levels1
- With KORG's unique history of musical instrument design and audio technology, the C1 offers levels of playability and versatility that will exceed the expectations of the most demanding pianist. (korg.com)
Autoimmune1
- A complement test may be used to monitor people with an autoimmune disorder . (medlineplus.gov)