Complement activation. Medical search

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

Complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial POLYSACCHARIDES with serum MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN resulting in the activation of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. As in the classical pathway, MASPs cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Abnormal immunoglobulins, especially IGG or IGM, that precipitate spontaneously when SERUM is cooled below 37 degrees Celsius. It is characteristic of CRYOGLOBULINEMIA.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.

A plasma protein that circulates in increased amounts during inflammation and after tissue damage.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.

A metallocarboxypeptidase that removes C-terminal basic amino acid from peptides and proteins, with preference shown for lysine over arginine. It is a plasma zinc enzyme that inactivates bradykinin and anaphylatoxins.

Amyloid P component is a small, non-fibrillar glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. It has a pentagonal (pentaxin) structure. It is an acute phase protein, modulates immunologic responses, inhibits ELASTASE, and has been suggested as an indicator of LIVER DISEASE.

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The COOH-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S. It is a SERINE PROTEASE. C2a combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Immunoelectrophoresis in which a second electrophoretic transport is performed on the initially separated antigen fragments into an antibody-containing medium in a direction perpendicular to the first electrophoresis.

Visible accumulations of fluid within or beneath the epidermis.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A chronic and relatively benign subepidermal blistering disease usually of the elderly and without histopathologic acantholysis.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Modified oligonucleotides in which one of the oxygens of the phosphate group is replaced with a sulfur atom.

A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.

Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.

The diffusion or accumulation of neutrophils in tissues or cells in response to a wide variety of substances released at the sites of inflammatory reactions.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

Peptides whose amino and carboxy ends are linked together with a peptide bond forming a circular chain. Some of them are ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS. Some of them are biosynthesized non-ribosomally (PEPTIDE BIOSYNTHESIS, NON-RIBOSOMAL).

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

Antibodies found in adult RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients that are directed against GAMMA-CHAIN IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.

Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.

All blood proteins except albumin ( = SERUM ALBUMIN, which is not a globulin) and FIBRINOGEN (which is not in the serum). The serum globulins are subdivided into ALPHA-GLOBULINS; BETA-GLOBULINS; and GAMMA-GLOBULINS on the basis of their electrophoretic mobilities. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The single layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA, situated closely to the tips (outer segments) of the RETINAL PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. These epithelial cells are macroglia that perform essential functions for the photoreceptor cells, such as in nutrient transport, phagocytosis of the shed photoreceptor membranes, and ensuring retinal attachment.

A blood plasma glycoprotein that mediates cell adhesion and interacts with proteins of the complement, coagulation, and fibrinolytic cascade. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Failure in built environment with loss of functional integrity.

An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.

Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.

Up-regulated production and activation of the complement system in Alzheimer's disease brain. (1/1999)

We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting techniques to measure the levels of complement mRNAs and their protein products in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain compared with non-AD brain. mRNAs for C1q, C1r, C1s, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 were detected in the 11 regions of brain that were investigated. The mRNA levels were markedly up-regulated in affected areas of AD brain. In the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and midtemporal gyrus, which had dense accumulations of plaques and tangles, C1q mRNA was increased 11- to 80-fold over control levels, and C9 mRNA 10- to 27-fold. These levels were substantially higher than in the livers of the same cases. Western blot analysis of AD hippocampus established the presence of all of the native complement proteins as well as their activation products C4d, C3d, and the membrane attack complex. These data indicate that high levels of complement are being produced in affected areas of AD brain, that full activation of the classical complement pathway is continuously taking place, and that this activation may be contributing significantly to AD pathology. (+info)

Capsular sialic acid limits C5a production on type III group B streptococci. (2/1999)

The majority of type III group B streptococcus (GBS) human neonatal infections are caused by a genetically related subgroup called III-3. We have proposed that a bacterial enzyme, C5a-ase, contributes to the pathogenesis of neonatal infections with GBS by rapidly inactivating C5a, a potent pro-inflammatory molecule, but many III-3 strains do not express C5a-ase. The amount of C5a produced in serum following incubation with representative type III strains was quantitated in order to better understand the relationship between C5a production and C5a-ase expression. C5a production following incubation of bacteria with serum depleted of antibody to the bacterial surface was inversely proportional to the sialic acid content of the bacterial capsule, with the more heavily sialylated III-3 strains generating less C5a than the less-virulent, less-sialylated III-2 strains. The amount of C5a produced correlated significantly with C3 deposition on each bacterial strain. Repletion with type-specific antibody caused increased C3b deposition and C5a production through alternative pathway activation, but C5a was functionally inactivated by strains that expressed C5a-ase. The increased virulence of III-3 strains compared to that of III-2 strains results at least partially from the higher sialic acid content of III-3 strains, which inhibits both opsonophagocytic killing and C5a production in the absence of type-specific antibody. We propose that C5a-ase is not necessary for III-3 strains to cause invasive disease because the high sialic acid content of III-3 strains inhibits C5a production. (+info)

Polymerization of IgA and IgM: roles of Cys309/Cys414 and the secretory tailpiece. (3/1999)

We have investigated how the secretory tailpiece (tp), Cys414 and the amino acids flanking Cys414 or Cys309 are involved in regulating the different polymerization of IgM and IgA to pentamers and dimers/monomers, respectively. Whereas changing the tp of IgM to that of IgA has little effect on IgM polymerization, introducing the mu tp to IgA leads to the formation of larger than wild-type IgA polymers, including pentamers and hexamer. This shows that the secretory tp can differentially regulate polymerization depending on the heavy chain context. Cys414, which is engaged in intermonomeric disulfide bonds in IgM, is not crucial for the difference in IgM and IgA polymerization; IgM with a C414S mutation forms more large polymers than IgA. Also, IgA with IgM-like mutations in the five amino acids flanking Cys309, which is homologous to Cys414, oligomerize similarly as IgA wild type. Thus, IgA appears to have an inherent tendency to form monomers and dimers that is partially regulated by the tp, while the Cys309 region has only a minor effect. We also show that complement activation by IgM is sensitive to alterations in the polymeric structure, while IgA is inactive in classical complement activation even for polymers such as pentamers and hexamers. (+info)

Two constituents of the initiation complex of the mannan-binding lectin activation pathway of complement are encoded by a single structural gene. (4/1999)

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) forms a multimolecular complex with at least two MBL-associated serine proteases, MASP-1 and MASP-2. This complex initiates the MBL pathway of complement activation by binding to carbohydrate structures present on bacteria, yeast, and viruses. MASP-1 and MASP-2 are composed of modular structural motifs similar to those of the C1q-associated serine proteases C1r and C1s. Another protein of 19 kDa with the same N-terminal sequence as the 76-kDa MASP-2 protein is consistently detected as part of the MBL/MASP complex. In this study, we present the primary structure of this novel MBL-associated plasma protein of 19 kDa, MAp19, and demonstrate that MAp19 and MASP-2 are encoded by two different mRNA species generated by alternative splicing/polyadenylation from one structural gene. (+info)

Role of antibody and complement in opsonization of group B streptococci. (5/1999)

A requirement for the classic complement pathway in opsonization of group B streptococci was observed by using both a chemiluminescence and a radiolabeled bacterial uptake technique. The classic pathway increased levels of opsonization for types Ia and II stock and wild strains and for some type III wild strains. In contrast, other type III wild strains and the type III stock strain had accelerated kinetics of uptake in the presence of an intact classic pathway, but the level of opsonization was unchanged from that with antibody alone. We could not demonstrate a significant role for the alternative pathway in opsonizing stock or wild strains of group B streptococci. Futhermore, electrophoretic and complement consumption analysis by hemolytic titration failed to reveal alternative pathway activation by the majority of strains of this group. Therapy aimed at supplying opsonins for these organisms will require the presence of type-specific antibody. (+info)

Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): effects of heat inactivation on binding and specificity. (6/1999)

Heating sera is used to inactivate complement but may affect the binding characteristics of autoantibodies. We studied the effect of heating sera from patients with systemic vasculitides and SLE on antibody binding to cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Sera from 32 patients with systemic vasculitides, eight with SLE and 10 healthy controls were studied for anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) using an ELISA before and after heating sera to 56 degrees C for 30 min. The median (range) AECA binding index in the patient group increased from 20% (0-153%) to 71.5% (10-259%) (P < 0.0001). The AECA binding index in the control group also increased from 14% (0-52%) to 90% (42-154%) (P < 0.0001). The increased binding was unaffected by the addition of fresh complement or removal of immune complexes and the increased binding after heating persisted even after cooling to 4 degrees C. Specificity experiments showed that after heating, the binding specificity of sera was lost. Removal of immunoglobulin with Protein A abolished the increased binding seen after heating. Heating sera increases AECA binding in both patient and control sera. The mechanism is probably non-specific damage to the immunoglobulin molecule, and heating sera should thus be avoided. (+info)

Influence of dialysis with polyamide vs haemophan haemodialysers on monokines and complement activation during a 4-month long-term study. (7/1999)

BACKGROUND: Contact between blood and dialysis membranes activates mononuclear cells and the complement system. The extent of activation is dependent on the dialyser material used and is considered an index of biocompatibility. Polyamide dialysers consist of a synthetic membrane that claims high standards of biocompatibility. Haemophan dialysers represent membranes made of modified cellulose that are now broadly used for treatment in Europe and are already considered to be more biocompatible than the cuprophane membranes that were used as reference in most previous studies. METHODS: In a cross-over treatment study short-term as well as long-term effects of a polyamide dialyser with respect to monokine induction and complement activation were compared to a haemophan dialyser. RESULTS: Neither haemophan nor polyamide dialysers induced relevant changes in plasma monokine levels. However, in vitro challenge of mononuclear cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) unmasked a significantly stronger preactivation for the secretion of proinflammatory monokines during haemophan than polyamide dialysis. Unlike other monokines the production of the regulatory monokine IL-10 was mainly influenced by individual factors and correlated with the patient's immune status rather than the dialyser type used. Enhanced preactivation of monocytes in haemophan compared to polyamide dialysis was paralleled by an increased complement activation. Cellular preactivation and formation of terminal complement complex remained constant over the 4-month treatment period. CONCLUSIONS: Haemophan and polyamide dialysers do not induce changes in plasma cytokine levels both during short-term and long-term use. However, they significantly differ in complement activation as well as preactivation of monocytes. Preactivated monocytes are prone to secrete high amounts of proinflammatory cytokines when exposed to a second stimulus like endotoxin. Secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 is not influenced by the dialyser type. (+info)

Recombinant glycoproteins that inhibit complement activation and also bind the selectin adhesion molecules. (8/1999)

Soluble human complement receptor type 1 (sCR1, TP10) has been expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DUKX-B11 cells and shown to inhibit the classical and alternative complement pathways in vitro and in vivo. A truncated version of sCR1 lacking the long homologous repeat-A domain (LHR-A) containing the C4b binding site has similarly been expressed and designated sCR1[desLHR-A]. sCR1[desLHR-A] was shown to be a selective inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway in vitro and to function in vivo. In this study, sCR1 and sCR1[desLHR-A] were expressed in CHO LEC11 cells with an active alpha(1,3)-fucosyltransferase, which makes possible the biosynthesis of the sialyl-Lewisx (sLex) tetrasaccharide (NeuNAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc) during post-translational glycosylation. The resulting glycoproteins, designated sCR1sLex and sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex, respectively, retained the complement regulatory activities of their DUKX B11 counterparts, which lack alpha(1-3)-fucose. Carbohydrate analysis of purified sCR1sLex and sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex indicated an average incorporation of 10 and 8 mol of sLex/mol of glycoprotein, respectively. sLex is a carbohydrate ligand for the selectin adhesion molecules. sCR1sLex was shown to specifically bind CHO cells expressing cell surface E-selectin. sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex inhibited the binding of the monocytic cell line U937 to human aortic endothelial cells, which had been activated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha to up-regulate the expression of E-selectin. sCR1sLex inhibited the binding of U937 cells to surface-adsorbed P-selectin-IgG. sCR1sLex and sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex have thus demonstrated both complement regulatory activity and the capacity to bind selectins and to inhibit selectin-mediated cell adhesion in vitro. (+info)

Manning G, Whyte DB, Martinez R, Hunter T, Sudarsanam S (December 2002). "The protein kinase complement of the human genome". ... allosteric activation and pseudokinases". Future Medicinal Chemistry. 6 (5): 541-61. doi:10.4155/fmc.13.216. PMID 24649957. ... "Structure of the LKB1-STRAD-MO25 complex reveals an allosteric mechanism of kinase activation". Science. 326 (5960): 1707-11. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudokinase

The complement binds to the tail region (Fc region) of the antibody. Finally T-cells with a complement receptor are added and ... the T-cells bind to the complement on the antibody completing the rosette.[citation needed] Ocklind, G. (May 1988). "Activation ... Erythrocyte antibody complement rosetting (EAC-rosetting), occurs when antibody in the presence of complement is bound to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_rosetting

Complement activation (fixation), in which antibodies that are latched onto a foreign cell encourage complement to attack it ... Activation of complement[edit]. Antibodies that bind to surface antigens (for example, on bacteria) will attract the first ... these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Second, some complement ... component of the complement cascade with their Fc region and initiate activation of the "classical" complement system.[30] This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

Type 2 MPGN, also known as Dense Deposit Disease, is characterised by an excessive activation of the complement system. The C3 ... which may lead to an excessive activation of complement. Type 2 MPGN is a subgroup of C3 glomerulopathy, a newly proposed ... Circulating immune complexes may activate the complement system, leading to inflammation and an influx of inflammatory cells. ... "What is C3 Glomerulopathy?". National Renal Complement Theraputics Centre. Retrieved 2021-02-04. COUSER, W (1 May 1999). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulonephritis

"Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mediated by human monocyte complement receptors and complement component C3". J. ... activation-dependent up-regulation and regulatory function". Eur. J. Immunol. 31 (4): 1173-80. doi:10.1002/1521-4141(200104)31: ... CR3 and CR4 have been shown to be 87% homologous via sequence analysis of human cDNA of the α chains; however, the complement ... Wagner C, Hänsch GM, Stegmaier S, Denefleh B, Hug F, Schoels M (April 2001). "The complement receptor 3, CR3 (CD11b/CD18), on T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage-1_antigen

... another was to mix in some compounds that would inhibit complement activation at the membrane surface (modified cellulose). The ... "Binding of C3 fragments on top of adsorbed plasma proteins during complement activation on a model biomaterial surface". ... which leads to increased adsorption of proteins to the membrane surface which in turn can lead to complement system activation ... 2008). "Contaminated heparin associated with adverse clinical events and activation of the contact system". N Engl J Med. 358 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodialysis

... due to complement activation and consumption of C3). Low C3 levels may impair complement-mediated phagocytosis and bacterial ... Complement dysfunction may predispose some patients to bacterial infections. The diagnosis of the disease is mainly clinical ( ... C3 nephritic factor induces the lysis of adipocytes that secrete adipsin, a product identical to complement factor D. The ... Around 83% of APL patients had low complement 3 (C3) levels and the presence of polyclonal immunoglobulin C3 nephritic factor. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barraquer–Simons_syndrome

Here, the immune system uses other functions of antibodies, like opsonisation and complement activation, to kill the bacteria. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralizing_antibody

The lack of a complement activation simply due to low titres allows a true antibody to be hidden. Patel and Terasaki in 1969 ... Similarly, false negative results are possible as this is purely complement dependent that requires higher antibody titres to ... Antibody-mediated transplant rejection involves B cell and plasma cell activation resulting in the generation of donor-specific ... Preformed donor-specific HLA antibodies resulting in hyperacute rejection were first detected in 1969 by the complement- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor-specific_antibody

Corrocher R, Tedesco F, Rabusin P, De Sandre G (1975). "Effect of human erythrocyte stromata on complement activation". Br. J. ... Lin B, Morris DW, Chou JY (1997). "The role of HNF1alpha, HNF3gamma, and cyclic AMP in glucose-6-phosphatase gene activation". ... "Analysis of hepatocyte nuclear factor-3 beta protein domains required for transcriptional activation and nuclear targeting" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA3

There is no complement activation or MAG loss. The meaning of this fact is controversial. For some investigation teams it means ... but also signs of complement system activation can be found. Though this pattern could be considered similar to damage seen in ... but no signs of complement system activation. Pattern II The scar presents T-cells and macrophages around blood vessels, with ... which was associated with internalization of AQP4 and AQP1 and astrocyte apoptosis in the absence of complement activation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesional_demyelinations_of_the_central_nervous_system

... tissue damage or loss of function through mechanisms such as complement activation via the classical complement pathway ... The activation of the complement system results in opsonization, the agglutination of red blood cells, cell lysis, and cell ... An example of complement dependent type II hypersensitivity is an acute haemolytic transfusion reaction following transfusion ... Complement-dependent type II hypersensitivity can also occur during the transmission of incompatible maternal antibodies to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity

Watford WT, Wright JR, Hester CG, Jiang H, Frank MM (2001). "Surfactant Protein A Regulates Complement Activation". J Immunol ... Watford WT, Ghio AJ, Wright JR (2000). "Complement-mediated host defense in the lung". Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: ... Alvarez-Dominguez C, Carrasco-Marin E, Leyva-Cobian F (1993). "Role of Complement Component Clq in Phagocytosis of Listeria ... Selander B, Mårtensson U, Weintraub A (2006). "Mannan-binding lectin activates C3 and the alternative complement pathway ...

https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolektin

On May 2, 1966, Third Army General Order 161 directed the activation of a Basic Combat Training Center at Fort Campbell. On ... Basic Combat Training began on schedule July 11 with a full complement of 1,100 trainees. The Training Center operated until ... July 6, barely two months after its activation, Fort Campbell's Army Training Center received its first 220 newly inducted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Campbell

... which instigates activation of the entire complement pathway. Consequently, levels of all complement proteins become low. The ... The inhibition of C1-inhibitor leads to over-activation of the complement pathway and one protein that builds up controls ... Also, there has been some speculation as to an additional autoantibody against an inhibitor protein (in the complement pathway ... C1q is an integral component within the complement pathway - a complicated cascade of protein interactions, culminating in an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticarial_vasculitis

The classical complement pathway typically requires antibodies for activation and is a specific immune response, while the ... Complement system[edit]. Main article: Complement system. The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the innate immune ... Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternate complement pathway, ... classical complement activation, and opsonin promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination.[1] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoral_immune_response

Ear T, McDonald PP (April 2008). "Cytokine generation, promoter activation, and oxidant-independent NF-kappaB activation in a ... Neutrophils have a variety of specific receptors, including ones for complement, cytokines like interleukins and IFN-γ, ... Upon activation, they marginate (position themselves adjacent to the blood vessel endothelium) and undergo selectin-dependent ... The respiratory burst involves the activation of the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which produces large quantities of superoxide, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil

... inhibiting recruitment of phagocytic cells and the complement activation pathway. This results in decreased inflammation and ... The lack of specificity allow the activation of up to 50% of the T cells in the body. SpeB cleaves degrades multiple proteins ... Hongmin Li; Andrea Llera; Emilio L. Malchiodi; Roy A. Mariuzza (1999). "The structural basis of T cell activation by ... Carroll, Ronan K.; Musser, James M. (2011-08-01). "From transcription to activation: how group A streptococcus, the flesh- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrogenic_toxin

It is protective for cartilage cells, and is associated with activation of osteocytes, and thus may be an anabolic factor for ... Since at high concentrations it is capable of activating the insulin receptor, it can also complement for the effects of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor

Activation of complements occurs far from the cell membrane, and insertion of the membrane attack complex does not occur. This ... Promastigote attachment to macrophages is facilitated by a number of receptors, including complement receptors CR1 and CR3, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmania_major

The binding of XNAs initiate complement activation through the classical complement pathway. Complement activation causes a ... Interruption of the complement cascade *The recipient's complement cascade can be inhibited through the use of cobra venom ... Expression of human complement regulators (CD55, CD46, and CD59) to inhibit the complement cascade.[27] ... complement pathway activation and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH).. Acute vascular rejection[edit]. Also known as delayed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenozoonosis

"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014: 960258. doi:10.1155/2014/960258. PMC 4058220. PMID 24976853. These researches are ... Frieri M (2015). "Mast Cell Activation Syndrome". Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. doi:10.1007/s12016-015-8487-6. PMID 25944644.. ... 1999), in which hyperforin provided a potent inhibition of TNFα-induced activation of NF-κB [58]. Another important activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antileukotriene

"The mouse complement regulator CD59b is significantly expressed only in testis and plays roles in sperm acrosome activation and ... Research, American Association for Cancer (7 November 2013). "Retraction: p53 Regulates Cellular Resistance to Complement Lysis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_University_School_of_Medicine

... without significant immunoglobulin suggested to early investigators that DDD was due to abnormal activation of the complement ... Type III is very rare, it is characterized by a mixture of subepithelial and subendothelial immune and/or complement deposits. ... It is believed to be associated with the classical complement pathway. Also called recently as 'C3 nephropathy' The preferred ... DDD is associated with deposition of complement C3 within the glomeruli with little or no staining for immunoglobulin. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis

... preservation of oligodendrocytes and signs of complement system activation. MOG-IgG is detected by means of so-called cell- ... 2011). "Complement activating antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOG_antibody_disease

... immune complexes deposit in vessel walls leading to activation of the complement system. C3a and C5a, proteins produced from ... the complement system, attract neutrophils to the vessels. Once activated, neutrophils then release preformed substances, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis

... this process is preceded by activation of a group of blood proteins known as complement. In contrast, the axonal variant is ... Given the role of the complement system in GBS, it has been suggested that complement inhibitors (such as the drug eculizumab) ... mediated by IgG antibodies and complement against the cell membrane covering the axon without direct lymphocyte involvement.[8] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillain-Barre

... complement components C5a and C3a which are chemotactic factors formed during the activation of the host's blood complement ... by either activating or inhibiting cells through binding to and thereby activating or inhibiting the activation of specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_pro-resolving_mediators

Activation of complement: Cause inflammation and cell lysis. *Opsonization: Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis ... One set of innate immune mechanisms is humoral, such as complement activation. Another set comprises pattern recognition ... Clustered Band 3 proteins with attached antibodies activate complement, and complement C3 fragments are opsonins recognized by ... CTL activation is tightly controlled and in general requires a very strong MHC/antigen activation signal, or additional ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_immunity

All forms of HAE lead to abnormal activation of the complement system, and all forms can cause swelling elsewhere in the body, ... In hereditary angioedema, bradykinin formation is caused by continuous activation of the complement system due to a deficiency ... Cinnarizine may also be useful because it blocks the activation of C4 and can be used in patients with liver disease, whereas ... In this analysis, it is usually a reduced complement factor C4, rather than the C1-INH deficiency itself, that is detected. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema

These T cells bind to the MHC II-antigen molecule and cause activation of the B cell. This is a type of safeguard to the system ... the activation and growth of B cell clones able to secrete antibodies of higher affinity for the antigen. ... Immunology: lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement. Lymphoid. Antigens. *Antigen *Superantigen. *Allergen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cells

Neonatal and adult recent thymic emigrants produce IL-8 and express complement receptors CR1 and CR2. JCI insight. 2017-08-17, ... Howson LJ, Salio M, Cerundolo V. MR1-Restricted Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells and Their Activation during Infectious ... Hepatitis B Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Maintain Functional Exhaustion after Antigen Reexposure in an Acute Activation Immune ... CTLs respond with activation and granule secretion when serving as targets for T cell recognition. Blood. January 2011, 117 (3 ...

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T细胞

PML is caused by activation of JC virus, a common virus in the brain which is usually latent. Reactivation of the JC virus ... The Fc portion of rituximab mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC ... complement mediated cytotoxicity (CMC), and (3) apoptosis; subset panel illustrates a schematic view of CD20 structure and ... maintaining intracellular Ca2+ concentration and allowing activation of B cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab

"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 3 (4): 425-32. doi:10.1093/ecam/nel044. PMC 1697737 . PMID 17173105. Archived from the ... depending on duration and amplitude of the thrust are factors of the degree in paraspinal muscle spindles activation.[74] ... J Altern Complement Med. 14 (4): 361-68. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.0766. PMID 18435599.. ... J Altern Complement Med. 13 (5): 491-512. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7088. PMID 17604553.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractors

There is no thermal activation energy for the transformation from austenite to martensite.[clarification needed] Moreover, ... Another 19th-century steelmaking process was the Siemens-Martin process, which complemented the Bessemer process.[48] It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

Binding and activationEdit. Ligand binding is an equilibrium process. Ligands bind to receptors and dissociate from them ... complement receptors, Fc receptors, B cell receptors and T cell receptors.[12] ... In contrast to the accepted Occupation Theory, Rate Theory proposes that the activation of receptors is directly proportional ... activation of these receptors results in changes in ion movement across a membrane. They have a heteromeric structure in that ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_

Many trauma patients suffer from an overwhelming activation of tissue factor and thus massive hyperfibrinolysis.[6] Also in ... Plasmin, in addition to lysing fibrin clots, also cleaves the complement system component C3, and fibrin degradation products ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolysis

B cells: releases antibodies and assists activation of T cells. *T cells: *CD4+ Th (T helper) cells: activate and regulate T ... B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement system, and enhance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_cell

Complement deficiencies are the result of a lack of any of these proteins. They may predispose to infections but also to ... as well as activation markers (HLA-DR, CD25, CD80 (B cells). Tests for T cell function: skin tests for delayed-type ... The complement system is part of the innate as well as the adaptive immune system; it is a group of circulating proteins that ... MASP2 deficiency Complement receptor 3 (CR3) deficiency Membrane cofactor protein (CD46) deficiency Membrane attack complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_immunodeficiency

... as well as activation of coagulation and complement pathways.[3] Diagnosis[edit]. Antiphospholipid syndrome is tested for in ... Often, this disease is treated by giving aspirin to inhibit platelet activation, and/or warfarin as an anticoagulant. The goal ... The lupus anticoagulant will inhibit all the contact activation pathway factors (factor VIII, factor IX, factor XI and factor ... The exact cause is not known, but activation of the system of coagulation is evident. Clinically important antiphospholipid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome

Complement system[change , change source]. The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps ... Activation and toxin release by eosinophils is therefore tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction.[5] ... Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including plants, birds, fish and some species of ... Starts the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and clear out dead cells. ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

The activation of B lymphocytes is caused by cross-linking of a critical number of B cell receptors, which leads to ... Lymphocytic adaptive immune system and complement. Lymphoid. Antigens. *Antigen *Superantigen. *Allergen. *Antigenic variation ... accumulation of BCRs and cross activation of these receptors. It results in proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_independent_antigen_

Activation of the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote clearance of antibody complexes or dead ... Complement system[edit]. Main article: Complement system. The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system ... Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including plants, birds, fish, and some species ... Activation and release of toxins by eosinophils are, therefore, tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

Superantigen - A class of antigens that cause non-specific activation of T-cells, resulting in polyclonal T-cell activation and ... Furthermore, for a peptide to induce an immune response (activation of T-cells by antigen-presenting cells) it must be a large ... the adjuvant component of vaccines plays an essential role in the activation of the innate immune system.[10][11] ... which then causes the activation of the adaptive immune response. An antigen binds the highly variable immunoreceptor products ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

Mast Cell Activation Syndrome»։ Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 54 (3): 353-365։ June 2018։ PMID 25944644։ doi:10.1007 ... Szebeni Janos (2007-05-08)։ The Complement System: Novel Roles in Health and Disease (անգլերեն)։ Springer Science & Business ... Basophil activation test compared to skin prick test and fluorescence enzyme immunoassay for aeroallergen-specific ...

https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ալերգիա

ADCC is independent of the immune complement system that also lyses targets but does not require any other cell. ADCC requires ... The typical ADCC involves activation of NK cells by antibodies. An NK cell expresses Fc receptors, mostly CD16. These receptors ... 1987). "Functional role of the alpha-chain of complement receptor type 3 in human eosinophil-dependent antibody-mediated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity

... an EGF-like domain and a complement-binding protein-like domains (same as complement regulatory proteins: CRP) having short ... regulation of integrin activation. • cell adhesion. • defense response to Gram-negative bacterium. • positive regulation of ... Platelet activation (through agonists such as thrombin, Type II collagen and ADP) results in "membrane flipping" where the ... positive regulation of platelet activation. • leukocyte migration. • response to lipopolysaccharide. • calcium-dependent cell- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectin

et al. (2002). "The protein kinase complement of the human genome". Science 298 (5600): 1912-1934. PMID 12471243. doi:10.1126/ ... Lochhead, Pamela A (2009). "Protein Kinase Activation Loop Autophosphorylation in Cis: Overcoming a Catch-22 Situation". ...

https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteiinkinaas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioneurotic_oedema

This new rule complements Washington State's minimum approach zone of 180 metres that has been in effect since 2011. If a whale ... Air pollutants that bind with exhaust fumes are responsible for the activation of the cytochrome P450 1A gene family.[227] ... A direct correlation between activation of this gene and the air pollutants can not be made because there are other known ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca

The result is a Factor VIIa/TF complex which catalyzes the activation of Factor X and Factor IX. Factor Xa formed on the ... Sinha U, Wolf DL (February 1993). "Carbohydrate residues modulate the activation of coagulation factor X". The Journal of ... In stage 2, the amplification stage, if enough thrombin has been generated, then activation of platelets and platelet ... Inoue K, Morita T (November 1993). "Identification of O-linked oligosaccharide chains in the activation peptides of blood ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_X

It is a single chain variable fragment of a monoclonal antibody targeted against component 5 of the complement system.[4] ... "Preliminary report of the effects of complement suppression with pexelizumab on neurocognitive decline after coronary artery ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pexelizumab

Basophils have receptors that can bind to IgE, IgG, complement, and histamine. The cytoplasm of basophils contains a varied ... a recent review indicated that peripheral inflammatory stimuli can cause microglia activation [51], thus possibly involving MCs ... they are ferocious eaters and rapidly engulf invaders coated with antibodies and complement, as well as damaged cells or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocytopenia

Cracks for non-genuine Windows distributions usually edit the SLIC or emulate it in order to bypass Windows activation.[ ... complementing or replacing the system BIOS code for the given component. Even devices built into the motherboard can behave in ... and the digital certificate for their SLIC in order to bypass activation.[18] This can be achieved if the user performs a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS

Tolcapone inhibits the activity COMT, an enzyme which degrades dopamine.[74] It has been used to complement levodopa; however, ... thereby releasing it for activation. Dopamine acts to facilitate this release of inhibition, so high levels of dopamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Parkinson's_disease

T-Cell Bypass - A normal immune system requires the activation of B-cells by T-cells before the former can undergo ... These ligands include B cell receptor (for antigen), IgG Fc receptors, CD21, which binds complement C3d, Toll-like receptors 9 ... More indirect aberrant activation of B cells can also be envisaged with autoantibodies to acetyl choline receptor (on thymic ... It remains entirely possible that the disease is due to e.g. an unusual interaction between immune complexes, complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune

SPECT can be used to complement any gamma imaging study, where a true 3D representation can be helpful, e.g., tumor imaging, ... and activation products (chromium-51 and cobalt-58). These may be imaged using SPECT in order to verify the presence of fuel ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_photon_emission_computed_tomography

Bora, NS; Gobleman, CL; Atkinson, JP; Pepose, JS; Kaplan, HJ (1993). "Differential expression of the complement regulatory ... Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J (2002). "The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases ... A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular ...

https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/망막색소상피세포

complement activation, lectin pathway. • complement activation. • regulation of complement activation. Sources:Amigo / QuickGO ... Complement component 1s (EC 3.4.21.42, C1 esterase, activated complement C1s, complement C overbar 1r, C1s) is a protein ... complement activation, classical pathway. • immune system process. • innate immune response. • ... Sim RB (1981). "The human complement system serine proteases C1r and C1s and their proenzymes". Methods in Enzymology. 80 Pt C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1s

Avhandlingar om COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Sök bland 90495 avhandlingar från svenska högskolor och universitet på Avhandlingar.se. ... Sökning: complement activation. Visar resultat 1 - 5 av 188 avhandlingar innehållade orden complement activation. . ... Nyckelord :MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP; MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES; Complement system; Complement activation; Complement ... Moreover, activation of the classical pathway is thought to be important since deficiency in complement components C1q, C2, C4 ...

https://www.avhandlingar.se/om/complement+activation/

Pathway:Human:Complement Activation Classical]] moved to [[Pathway:Homo sapiens:Complement Activation Classical]]: Renaming ... gpml file for [[Human:Complement_Activation_Classical]]. External references DataNodes. View all...", "View last 5...") style ... Complement Activation (Homo sapiens). From WikiPathways. Revision as of 00:08, 9 September 2015 by AlexanderPico (Talk , ... Pathway:Homo sapiens:Complement Activation Classical]] moved to [[Pathway:WP545]]: Moved to stable identifier. 15395. view. 22: ...

https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php?title=Pathway:WP545&oldid=82136

... whereby the extent and nature of complement activation by the antibody in the sample may be determined. ... is a method for assaying an antibody against a specific antigen or hapten for its effectiveness in complement activation in an ... followed by assay of components of the complement complex thereby formed; ... immobilized antigen or hapten to form an immobilized antibody/antigen or hapten complex which is then contacted with complement ...

http://www.google.es/patents/US5348876?dq=flatulence

Adding to uncertainty over the impact of complement activation are reports that complement activation can promote an ... This sublytic complement activation was associated with activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT survival pathway ... The impact of mAb-mediated sublytic complement activation on PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation was further shown by its ... Accelerated Tumor Growth Mediated by Sublytic Levels of Antibody-Induced Complement Activation Is Associated with Activation of ...

http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/19/17/4728?rss=1

Complement Activation/*physiology, Complement C3/immunology/*metabolism, Complement Pathway; Alternative/physiology, Humans, ... Binding of C3 fragments on top of adsorbed plasma proteins during complement activation on a model biomaterial surface.. ...

http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:53349

Complement cascade (Homo sapiens) * Initial triggering of complement (Homo sapiens) * Creation of C4 and C2 activators (Homo ... 2002). MASP1, MASP2 and MASP3 have all been reported to mediate complement activation. Upon binding of human lectin to the ... 2000, Chen & Wallis 2004). MASP1 can cleave proenzyme MASP2, leading to complement activation (Heja et al. 2012). MASP1 can ... The mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation: biology and disease association. Mol Immunol. 2001. ...

http://www.reactome.org/content/detail/166662

Complement activation in MS: An immunohistochemical analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 85 (10) , e4.13. ... Activation of the complement cascade is clearly implicated in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the extent and ... Plaques were consistently positive for complement proteins (C3, factor B, C1q), activation products (C3b, iC3b, C4d, TCC) and ... We describe a detailed immunohistochemical study to localise a strategically selected set of complement proteins, activation ...

http://orca.cf.ac.uk/89243/

Pulp capping materials and Complement activation: implication in dentin-pulp regeneration. http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/ ...

https://ism.univ-amu.fr/doc/hal-01414100/_1

Characterization of a novel whole blood model for the study of thrombin in complement activation and inflammation. Nilsson, Per ... 16th European Meeting of Complement in Human Disease, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 8th-12th 2017 ...

http://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1200285&c=29&searchType=RESEARCH&language=en&query=&af=%5B%5D&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22personId%22%3A%22authority-person%3A33101%22%7D%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=all

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate complement activation boston July 10, 2019. ... Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate complement activation and associated inflammatory mechanisms in normal, ... the lack of age dependence in this candidate receptor for amyloid beta suggested that complement activation may arise from ... for APP in older donor eyes suggested that amyloid beta peptides may be one of the triggers of complement activation during the ...

http://www.bostonscienceandengineeringlectures.com/2019/07/10/purpose-the-purpose-of-this-study-was-to-investigate-complement-activation/

SKOV-3 cells decorated with C-His6 effectively reduced complement deposition in a classical complement activation assay. We ... A Novel Approach to Reduce Complement Activation Ledia Goga1, Gustavo Perez-Abadia1, Sathnur B Pushpakumar1, Daniel Cramer2, ... Inflammatory events associated with reperfusion injury are in part attributed to excessive complement activation. Systemic ... Keywords: Complement, Complement inhibitors, Compstatin, Drug delivery, Liposomes, Ischemia, Reperfusion, Cell membrane... ...

https://opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/4/PAGE/157/ABSTRACT/

Complement activation testing for DNA/RNA, biologics safety. The National Jewish Health Laboratories offer pre-clinical, ... assessing complement activation and immune complex formation for biologics, vaccines and oligonucleotide based therapeutics. ... The Complement Laboratory offers the most comprehensive test menu in the industry. Customized study design and data analysis ...

http://s36.a2zinc.net/clients/aim-sot/toxexpo2016/Public/eBooth.aspx?IndexInList=46&FromPage=Exhibitors.aspx&ParentBoothID=&ListByBooth=true&BoothID=102758

... are specific components of the alternative pathway of complement activation. The complement activation is tightly regulated by ... and discusses how acquired and inherited complement deficiencies may predispose an organism to infectious disease. Complement ... This chapter highlights the various roles of the complement system in the orchestration of the immune response towards ... and depletion of complement components. A deficiency in any component of the classical pathway is associated with an increased ...

http://www.asmscience.org/content/book/10.1128/9781555816872.ch06

Activation of the classical pathway of complement, mediated by immune complexes, is very well-documented in malaria. In ... Mechanisms of Complement Activation in Malaria. In: Stoute J. (eds) Complement Activation in Malaria Immunity and Pathogenesis ... Evidence for complement activation in malaria includes reduction in serum titers of total complement hemolytic activity and of ... Biryukov S, Stoute JA (2014) Complement activation in malaria: friend or foe? Trends Mol Med 20(5):293-301CrossRefPubMedGoogle ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-77258-5_2

Activation. The complement system functions as an interactive sequence, with one reaction leading to another in the form of a ... encoded search term (Complement-Related Disorders) and Complement-Related Disorders What to Read Next on Medscape. Related ... Inhibitory effect of free sialic acid on complement activation and its significance in hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis. J ... Table 3. Proteins of the Human Complement (C) System, Lectin Pathway *Table 4. Proteins of the Human Complement (C) System, C3 ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/136368-overview

Complement activation generates the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a and the MAC C5ab-9. The C5a anaphylatoxin can cause neutrophil ... SARS-CoV-2 virus may directly activate the complement pathways. Damaged host tissues could also secondarily activate complement ... AKI, acute kidney injury; FB, complement factor B; FD, complement factor D; P, properdin. ... The MAC C5b-9 can cause direct endothelial injury and platelet activation, leading to TMA. Capillary and blood vessel occlusion ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/140183/figure/1

Complement activation and endotoxin levels in systemic meningococcal disease.. Brandtzaeg P1, Mollnes TE, Kierulf P. ... Maximum complement activation in survivors occurred 7h (median; range 0-44 h) after initiation of antibiotic treatment. The ... The activation state of the complement system in 39 consecutively admitted patients with systemic meningococcal disease was ... The fluid-phase C3 activation products and SC5b-9 (terminal complement complex) were strongly correlated to the levels of ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2471750?dopt=Abstract

... complement activation is not pathogenic in ALS. Rather, this study and that of our own suggest that extrinsic activation of ... concluding that global complement activation does not affect overall disease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Complement ... Role for terminal complement activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression. Trent M. Woodruff, John D. Lee, ... Role for terminal complement activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease progression Message Subject (Your Name) has ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/111/1/E3

Activation of complement via CRP leads to restricted C5b-9 activation (42, 47), so MCPs role in this situation may be ... Complement, complement activation and anaphylatoxins in human ovarian follicular fluid. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1990. 82:359-362. ... The purpose of complement activation on AR spermatozoa may be to coat the IAM with opsonins. Complement fragments on ... As previously outlined, activation on spermatozoa may represent a situation whereby complement activation plays a role in ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/23213

Binding of CRP to these substrates activates the classical complement pathway leading to their uptake by phagocytic cells. ... Regulation of complement activation by C-reactive protein Immunopharmacology. 1999 May;42(1-3):23-30. doi: 10.1016/s0162-3109( ... Complement activation by CRP is restricted to C1, C4, C2 and C3 with little consumption of C5-9. Surface bound CRP reduces ... Complement activation by CRP may help limit the inflammatory response by providing opsonization with minimal generation of C5a ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10408362/

... J. Sonntag, M. Emeis, E. Strauss, and M. Obladen ... The activation of complement and contact systems occurs in reperfusion injuries with initial tissue hypoxia, and lactic ... The aim of our experiment was the formal proof of activation by sole lactic acidosis. Lactic acid was added to blood and plasma ... Lactic acidosis can activate C5 from the complement system and factor XII from the contact system directly, even in the absence ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/mi/1998/135897/abs/

Simultaneous activation of complement and coagulation by MBL-associated serine protease 2.. Krarup A1, Wallis R, Presanis JS, ... Simultaneous Activation of Complement and Coagulation by MBL-Associated Serine Protease 2 ... Simultaneous Activation of Complement and Coagulation by MBL-Associated Serine Protease 2 ... Simultaneous Activation of Complement and Coagulation by MBL-Associated Serine Protease 2 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17637839?dopt=Abstract

Inhibition of Lymphocyte Activation at High Ratios of Concanavalin A to Serum depends on Complement. *PETER MILTHORP1. & ... Almroth Wright, opsonins, innate immunity and the lectin pathway of complement activation: a historical perspective *Donald R. ... MILTHORP, P., FORSDYKE, D. Inhibition of Lymphocyte Activation at High Ratios of Concanavalin A to Serum depends on Complement ... Role of complement in the toxicity of dietary legumes *D.R. Forsdyke ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/2271351a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=00c22ad4-c238-425e-9c43-947412e83713

Video articles in JoVE about complement activation include Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes Attraction Toward ATP ... Complement Activation: The sequential activation of serum Complement proteins to create the Complement membrane attack complex ... Factors initiating complement activation include Antigen-antibody complexes, microbial Antigens, or cell surface ...

https://www.jove.com/search?q=complement%20activation&page=5

We found complement deposits, including C3 activation fragments and C5b-9, within kidneys of patients with sickle cell disease ... The objectives of this work were to study whether and how intravascular hemolysis induces complement activation in vivo, and to ... Together, these studies underline the potential benefits of Hx and TAK-242 against complement activation in pathologies related ... heme induced complement-activating phenotype of EC by triggering TLR4/P-selectin axis and resulting in C3 activation fragments ...

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02132170

Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium. Jilin Zhou ... In an investigation of a potential trigger for complement activation in AMD, we explored the notion that the complex mixture of ... Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium ... Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/103/44/16182.abstract?ck=nck

However, several reports suggest that activation of C5 is not always completely suppressed in patients … ... lytic pathway of complement by blocking the activation of the complement protein C5 and shows remarkable clinical benefits in ... Eculizumab inhibits the terminal, lytic pathway of complement by blocking the activation of the complement protein C5 and shows ... Incomplete inhibition by eculizumab: mechanistic evidence for residual C5 activity during strong complement activation Blood. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28028023/

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of IV iron on complement activation in-vivo, and whether this subsequently ... The current study aimed to investigate the effect of IV iron on complement activation in-vivo, and whether this subsequently ... Subgroup analysis demonstrated that iron sucrose induced complement activation whereas ferric carboxymaltose did not. In the ... Subgroup analysis demonstrated that iron sucrose induced complement activation whereas ferric carboxymaltose did not. In the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01885/full

... Schött, Ulf LU ; Berséus, O and Järemo, P (1987) In Acta Anaesthesiologica ... Complement activation was studied in 45 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia. The patients were ... Complement activation was studied in 45 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia. The patients were ... Blood Pressure: drug effects, Blood Substitutes: blood, Blood Substitutes: pharmacology, Complement Activation: drug effects, ...

https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/3634441

Pathway:Human:Complement Activation Classical]] moved to [[Pathway:Homo sapiens:Complement Activation Classical]]: Renaming ... gpml file for [[Human:Complement_Activation_Classical]]. External references DataNodes. View all...", "View last 5...") style ... Proteolytic Cleavage & Activation. Membrane. Attack Complex. Prevents Complement Attack. antigen/antibody. complex. C1QG. C7. ... Complement Activation (Homo sapiens). From WikiPathways. Revision as of 01:19, 9 September 2015 by AlexanderPico (Talk , ...

https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php?title=Pathway:WP545&oldid=82141

Normalisation of complement activation [ Time Frame: up to 52 weeks ]. Normalization of complement activation at 4 weeks, 8, 12 ... Targeting Complement Activation in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies (ANCA)-Vasculitis - Eculizumab. The safety and ... Eculizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets a key component of the complement pathway named C5, and blocks its activation. ... Change in complement levels between groups from baseline to week 12. *change in complement levels 2 [ Time Frame: up to 52 ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01275287?recr=Open&cond=%22Vasculitis%22&rank=6

The central elements in the pathogenesis of pEDS appear to be the intracellular activation of C1r and/or C1s, and extracellular ... Importantly, all available patient fibroblasts exhibited activated C1s and activation of externally added C4 in the supernatant ... Missense or in-frame insertion/deletion mutations in complement 1 subunits C1r and C1s cause periodontal Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome ... Heterozygous missense or in-frame insertion/deletion mutations in complement 1 subunits C1r and C1s cause periodontal Ehlers- ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02537/full

Platelet activation leads to activation and propagation of the complement system. Ian del Conde, Miguel A. Crúz, Hui Zhang, ... Platelet activation leads to activation and propagation of the complement system. Ian del Conde, Miguel A. Crúz, Hui Zhang, ... P-Selectin activates the complement system. P-Selectin-mediated activation of the complement system was studied in CHO cells. ( ... Conversely, a deficiency in complement proteins may cause bleeding.. A setting in which complement-mediated platelet activation ...

http://jem.rupress.org/content/201/6/871?ijkey=20e80ea3aa0c5a0e9b45d1b1b8cc8267e54d9fb8&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Monitoring Complement Activation. The New Conundrum in Thrombotic Microangiopathies. Fadi Fakhouri and Véronique Frémeaux- ...

https://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/14/12/1682

Complement Activation, Classical Pathway Data-Source=GenMAPP 2.0 Version=20041203 Author=Nathan Salomonis Email= ... Return to Complement Activation, Classical Pathway (Mus musculus).. Retrieved from "https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/ ... complement component 2 (within H-2S) GraphId=e55, ,Graphics Color=Transparent CenterX=6350.0 CenterY=4200.0 Width= ... complement component 4 (within H-2S) GraphId=f29, ,Graphics Color=Transparent CenterX=5050.0 CenterY=4200.0 Width= ...

https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php?title=Pathway:WP200&action=edit&oldid=7968

The concentrations of complement activation products revealed distinctly different patterns of activation and adsorption by the ... Initial classical pathway activation was revealed equally for both plasma systems as increases in the C1rs-C1inh complex and ... Alternative pathway activation (Bb) was most pronounced for the plasma adsorption system. Although the anaphylatoxins (C3a and ... Evaluated as the final common terminal complement complex (TCC) the whole blood system was inert, in contrast to the plasma ...

https://www.bionity.com/en/publications/379414/complement-profile-and-activation-mechanisms-by-different-ldl-apheresis-systems.html

Enhanced classical complement pathway activation and altered phagocytosis signaling molecules in human epilepsy. Exp Neurol. ... Enhanced classical complement pathway activation and altered phagocytosis signaling molecules in human epilepsy.. *. ... Enhanced classical complement pathway activation and altered phagocytosis signaling molecules in human epilepsy. Exp Neurol. ... Western blotting was used to determine the levels of phagocytosis signaling proteins such as the complements C1q and C3, MerTK ...

https://medworm.com/357008224/enhanced-classical-complement-pathway-activation-and-altered-phagocytosis-signaling-molecules-in-hum/

Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*biosynthesis, Colony Count; Microbial, Complement Activation, Mice, ...

http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:52104

Activation of the Complement Pathway: Comparison of Normal Pregnancy, Preeclampsia, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus During ... ABRAMSON, S. B. and BUYON, J. P. (1992), Activation of the Complement Pathway: Comparison of Normal Pregnancy, Preeclampsia, ...

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00787.x/references

E-LDL is recognised by the C1q subunit of C1 and triggers direct C1 activation, suggesting that complement activation by E-LDL ... Final Report Summary - COMPLEMENT AND LDL (Complement and atherosclerosis: molecular mechanism of C1 activation by ... complement activation, and formation of the terminal C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement were shown to occur in ... COMPLEMENT AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS: MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF C1 ACTIVATION BY ENZYMATICALLY MODIFIED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/219755/reporting

Activation of the complement system by pathogenic fungi. Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Clinical ... Fungi have been studied as prototype activators of the complement cascade since the early 1900s. More recently, attention has ... The molecular mechanisms for initiation and regulation of the complement cascade differ from one fungus to another, most likely ... The interactions of Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans with the complement system are the most widely characterized; ...

https://cmr.asm.org/content/9/1/34

Moreover, activation of the classical pathway is thought to be important since deficiency in complement components C1q, C2, C4 or C3 lead to impaired antibody responses. (avhandlingar.se)

Always in motion and probing for danger, complement proteins are found in every space and notch of the body. (avhandlingar.se)
C3b has most important opsonizing activity Inflammation - by attracting macrophages and neutrophils Membrane attack - by rupturing cell wall of bacteria Overview[ edit ] Most of the proteins and glycoproteins that constitute the complement system are synthesized by hepatocytes. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)
Complement proteins are produced primarily by the liver and circulate in the blood and through the body's tissues. (apellis.com)
We have designed pegcetacoplan (APL-2) to target complement proteins centrally at the level of C3. (apellis.com)
C3-deficient dogs are also at high risk for chronic kidney disease, thought to arise from improper regulation of the complement proteins. (embarkvet.com)

In all three pathways, C3-convertase cleaves and activates component C3, creating C3a and C3b, and causes a cascade of further cleavage and activation events. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)
Reaction Cascade of the Complement System: Classical complement pathway The classical and alternative complement pathways The classical pathway is triggered by activation of the C1-complex. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)
The complement cascade plays a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune systems. (apellis.com)
The complement cascade may be activated through three principal pathways, known as the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways, all of which converge at C3. (apellis.com)
Under conditions of excessive or uncontrolled activation, the complement cascade is believed to play a key role in the onset and progression of a broad range of serious diseases. (apellis.com)
In these diseases, the complement cascade acts directly through tissue destruction by the membrane attack complex and indirectly by signaling other elements of the immune system to inappropriately target otherwise healthy tissues. (apellis.com)
Activation of the C3 protein triggers a "complement cascade," a form of immune defense, which tries to trap and tag invading microbes for destruction by immune cells. (embarkvet.com)

Complement activation occurs during inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is thought to contribute to the chronic inflammation observed within the joints. (avhandlingar.se)

In the early 20th century, this controversy was resolved when it became understood that complement can act in combination with specific antibodies, or on its own in a non-specific way. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)

Previous studies have shown that certain cartilage components of the small leucine-rich repeat protein (SLRP)-family regulate complement activity, thereby possibly contributing to disease progression. (avhandlingar.se)

Blood-biomaterial contact is known to trigger the complement system and results in generation of fluid phase anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, and surface-bound C3b and iC3b. (avhandlingar.se)

The classical complement pathway typically requires antigen-antibody complexes for activation specific immune responsewhereas the alternative pathway can be activated by spontaneous complement component 3 C3 hydrolysis, foreign material, pathogens, or damaged cells. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)
Kupffer cells and other macrophage cell types help clear complement-coated pathogens. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)

Systemic administration of complement inhibitors reduces reperfusion injury but leaves patients vulnerable to infection. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)

Further complement activation causes membrane attack complex formation on cell surfaces, piercing holes and causing cells to lyse, or rupture. (apellis.com)

An intact complement system including the complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2) is crucial for the generation of a normal antibody response in animals and humans. (avhandlingar.se)
Ehrlich, therefore, named this heat-labile component "complement", because it is something in the blood that "complements" the cells of the immune system. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)

SKOV-3 cells decorated with C-His 6 effectively reduced complement deposition in a classical complement activation assay. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)

Inflammatory events associated with reperfusion injury are in part attributed to excessive complement activation. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)

We believe that this approach can regulate uncontrolled or excessive complement activation that occurs in several debilitating diseases, including those within hematology, ophthalmology, and nephrology. (apellis.com)

We conclude that our therapeutic approach appears promising for local ex vivo treatment of transplanted organs to reduce complement-mediated reperfusion injury. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)

Complement component C3 is cleaved by: A. C3b The classical and alternative pathways meet at complement component: A. C3. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)

The three pathways of activation all generate homologous variants of the protease C3-convertase. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)

Here, we report a novel therapeutic strategy that decorates cells with an anti-complement peptide. (opencardiovascularmedicinejournal.com)

Such binding leads to conformational changes in the C1q molecule, which leads to the activation of two C1r molecules. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)

The alternative activation pathway and complement component C3 are critical. (rhein-main-verzeichnis.info)

article{f23cdbe5-c459-4135-8a0e-eac919072a8d, abstract = {Complement activation was studied in 45 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty under epidural anesthesia. (lu.se)
abstract = "In hemodialysis using 3 types of dialysis membrane materials [regenerated cellulose (RC), cellulose triacetate (CTA), and polysulfone (PS)], activation of the complement, reduction of white blood cells, and variation of vitronectin (VN) were observed. (elsevier.com)

In summary, we have found that platelets are capable of activating the complement system, and have identified P-selectin as a receptor for C3b capable of initiating complement activation. (rupress.org)
We have also identified P-selectin expressed on activated platelets as a receptor for C3b, thus linking thrombosis and local activation of the complement system on platelets. (rupress.org)
In both MS and EAE, autoantibodies (autoAbs) are thought to be involved in tissue destruction through recruiting Fc receptor (FcR)-bearing cells or direct cytotoxic effects through the activation of the complement pathway. (uzh.ch)
Membrane attack complex (MAC), properdin (P), factor H (fH) and Complement receptor type 1 (CR1) were quantified in urine samples from 71 patients with IgAN and 72 healthy controls. (biomedcentral.com)
Experimental animals were injected with the recombinant, soluble complement receptor sCR1 to inhibit complement activation. (mysciencework.com)
We have begun to address whether these responses reflect the same sets of conformational changes in the receptor using constitutively active mutants of the human complement factor 5a receptor (C5aR). (elsevier.com)
Regions have complement fixing and receptor binding activity. (informe.com)
While the anaphylatoxin C3a interacts with its C3a receptor (C3aR) to recruit leukocytes, C3b contributes to further downstream complement activation. (wikipedia.org)

We propose that this localized deposition of complement fragments aids in the fusion process between the spermatozoa and egg, in a role akin to that of complement in immune adherence. (jci.org)
Since during complement activation potent mediators of inflammation are generated, it is suggested that the activation of complement, possibly triggered by uveal deposition of immune complexes, has an important role in the pathogenesis of uveitis. (bmj.com)
As assessed by flow cytometry and immunoblotting, C3 deposition increased on the platelet surface upon cell activation with different agonists. (rupress.org)
Using heterologous cells expressing P-selectin, we found that P-selectin alone is sufficient to activate the complement system, marked by increases in C3b deposition, C3a generation, and C5b-9 formation. (rupress.org)
We also provide evidence of complement deposition at the site of the occluded vessel. (bloodjournal.org)
MASP-2 deficient mice showed reduced C3 deposition and a lower degree of astrocytic activation in brain sections from mice undergoing 3-VO and showed higher mRNA abundance of anti-inflammatory mediators (such as IL-10) and lower abundance of pro-inflammatory mediators (such as MIP-2) when compared to wild type control mice. (bl.uk)
The binding of these physiological forms accelerates complement activation on the Chlamydia pneumoniae surface, as measured by C3b and C9 deposition. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
10. Rainard P., Poutrel B. (1995) Deposition of complement components on Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine milk in the absence of inflammation. (mcmaster.ca)
The acantholytic process occurred in the lower epidermis and colocalized with deposition of complement C3 and the membrane attack complex C5b-9. (ovid.com)
The colocalization of complement deposition with the acantholytic process in the lower epidermis supports a role for the complement system in blister formation in PV. (ovid.com)
Publications] Endo, M.: 'Glomerular deposition of mannose-binding lectin(MBL) indicates a novel mechanism of complement activation in IgA nephropathy. (nii.ac.jp)
Using PspA and/or PspC isogenic mutants and complement-deficient mouse sera, we demonstrated that absence of PspA allows greater deposition of C1q and thus increased classical-pathway-mediated C3 deposition. (asm.org)
The latter was observed even though absence of PspC alone did not have a major effect on alternative-pathway-dependent complement deposition. (asm.org)
The enhanced complement C3 deposition realized in the absence of PspA alone and in the absence of PspA and PspC resulted in both greatly increased IA to human erythrocytes and improved transfer of pneumococci from erythrocytes to phagocytes. (asm.org)
It has been shown that C3 deposition on wild-type pneumococci is dependent on activation by the classical pathway ( 8 ). (asm.org)
Several pneumococcal components have been shown to interfere with complement deposition. (asm.org)
It inhibits C3 activation and thus prevents subsequent C3b deposition on the pneumococcal surface ( 37 , 40 ). (asm.org)
In vitro measurements of C3 deposition on SPIO NW using sera genetically deficient for various components of the classical pathway (CP), lectin pathway (LP) or alternative pathway (AP) components were used to study mechanisms of mouse complement activation. (biomedcentral.com)
In two samples out of six healthy donors there was also a binding of anti-dextran antibodies and C1q, suggesting activation via the CP, but that did not affect the total level of C3 deposition on the particles. (biomedcentral.com)
Factors contributing deposition immune complexes u2022 complement deficiencies u2022 low affinity antibodies u2022 antibody isotype u2022 ineffective phagocytois u2022 abnormal carbohydrate. (informe.com)

The activation state of the complement system in 39 consecutively admitted patients with systemic meningococcal disease was studied prospectively using two monoclonal antibodies reacting with neoepitopes exposed during complement activation. (nih.gov)
Activation of the complement system by antibody-β 2 GPI complexes has been shown to play a critical role in thrombus formation as demonstrated by the ability of C5 inhibitors to prevent blood clots in animals receiving intravascular infusion of antibodies to β 2 GPI. (bloodjournal.org)
I. Complement-mediated bactericidal activity of antibodies to a serum susceptible strain of E. coli of the serotype O 111. (mcmaster.ca)
These findings were mirrored by in vitro studies with antibodies against these antigens as well as GD2 and CD20 (with Rituxan), and shown to be complement-dependent in all cases. (aacrjournals.org)
Therapy with tumor vaccines or complement-fixing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) inevitably results in sublytic levels of complement activation due to low antigen expression or periods of low antibody titers. (aacrjournals.org)
In summary, the findings presented in this thesis significantly contribute to the fundamental understanding of complement activation occurring at lipid membrane interfaces, and offer a new platform to characterize the mechanisms of action for a wide range of complement inhibitors including small molecules, antibodies, and peptides. (ntu.edu.sg)
Our novel immunoconjugates, called CoMiX (COmplement Multimer Immunotherapeutic compleXes), demonstrate in vitro higher efficacy in complement activation at the surface of tumour cells, cell direct cytotoxicity, NK cell activation and phagocytosis as compared to the reference therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. (fnr.lu)
Find the latest research on antibodies and complement activation here. (meta.org)
Complement (C) ordinarily does not bind to free antigens or antibodies but only to antibodies that have combined with their antigens. (microbiologyonlinenotes.com)
This is important for targeting the virus in its intracellular phase because the antibodies specific to the synthetic peptides can trigger the classical complement pathway and induce the death of HIV infected cells. (wikipedia.org)

It has long been known that serine proteases outside of the complement system are able to directly cleave C3 and C5 to generate bioactive complement fragments and initiate downstream pathway activation. (pnas.org)
Lactic acidosis can activate C5 from the complement system and factor XII from the contact system directly, even in the absence of cellular components. (hindawi.com)
The complement system is an important immune mechanism mediating both recognition and elimination of foreign bodies. (nih.gov)
The lectin pathway is one pathway of three by which the complement system is activated. (nih.gov)
Elevated activation of the system from, for example, biomaterials or medical devices can result in both local and systemic adverse effects and eventually loss of function or rejection of the biomaterial. (dovepress.com)
Here, the researchers have studied the effect of surface nanotopography on the activation of the IC system. (dovepress.com)
Blood-biomaterial contact is known to trigger the complement system and results in generation of fluid phase anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, and surface-bound C3b and iC3b. (avhandlingar.se)
An intact complement system including the complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2) is crucial for the generation of a normal antibody response in animals and humans. (avhandlingar.se)
In an investigation of a potential trigger for complement activation in AMD, we explored the notion that the complex mixture of products resulting from photooxidation of A2E might include a range of fragments that could be recognized by the complement system as "foreign" and that could serve to activate the complement system, leading to low-grade inflammation. (pnas.org)
We suggest that products of the photooxidation of bis-retinoid lipofuscin pigments in RPE cells could serve as a trigger for the complement system, a trigger than would predispose the macula to disease and that, over time, could contribute to chronic inflammation. (pnas.org)
Inflammation and thrombosis are two responses that are linked through a number of mechanisms, one of them being the complement system. (rupress.org)
In this paper, we show that the converse is also true: activated platelets can activate the complement system. (rupress.org)
Activation of the complement system proceeded to its final stages, which was marked by the increased generation of the anaphylotoxin C3a and the C5b-9 complex. (rupress.org)
The complement system mediates cell-cell interactions in many physiological processes, such as hematopoiesis, organogenesis, and in reproduction ( 1 ). (rupress.org)
For these functions to be executed, the complement system requires activation that is marked by the formation of the C3 convertase complex on the surface of target cells. (rupress.org)
Here, we show that upon activation, platelets activate the complement system, which proceeds to its final stages marked by the formation of the C5b-9 complex. (rupress.org)
During blood-biomaterial interaction other constituents than the LDL particles are affected, including the complement system. (bionity.com)
Evaluated as the final common terminal complement complex (TCC) the whole blood system was inert, in contrast to the plasma systems, which generated substantial and equal amounts of TCC. (bionity.com)
Alternative pathway activation (Bb) was most pronounced for the plasma adsorption system. (bionity.com)
Consequently, during blood-biomaterial interaction in LDL apheresis the complement system is modulated in different manners depending on the device composition. (bionity.com)
Activation of the complement system generates antibacterial peptides. (diva-portal.org)
Complement, a complex system of enzymes and regulators endowed with multiple biological activities (opsonisation, chemoattraction of leukocytes, cell lysis, cell activation), is a major component of innate defence against pathogens. (europa.eu)
Activation of the complement system by pathogenic fungi. (asm.org)
More recently, attention has focused on the role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of fungal infections. (asm.org)
Studies of mycoses in experimental animals with induced or congenital deficiencies in the complement system demonstrate that complement is an important innate system for control of fungal infection. (asm.org)
Inflammation induced by chemotactic products of the complement system may contribute to the pathogenesis of some fungal infections. (asm.org)
The interaction of blood platelets with the complement system is the subject of this review. (springer.com)
Blajchman MA, Ozge-Anwar AH (1986) The role of the complement system in hemostasis. (springer.com)
The complement system was investigated by measuring 50% complement (CH50) hemolytic activity in serum and the circulating levels of the activation products C5a and terminal complement complex (C5b-9) in plasma samples collected in EDTA as previously described in detail. (bloodjournal.org)
Since there are no studies evaluating the participation of the complement system (CS) in Jorge Lobo's disease and its activity on the fungus Lacazia loboi , we carried out the present investigation. (scielo.br)
The complement system constitutes a critical component of the innate immune response. (bl.uk)
Its interaction with the Complement system (Cp) system has so far been found to be indirect, by an inhibition of PMN response towards complement derived chemotaxins. (mcmaster.ca)
During this journey, from circulating cells to endothelial cells, C. pneumoniae encounters the innate immune system, in which the complement system may play a fundamental role in controlling Chlamydia infection. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
The complement system is a central component of the innate immune response and is involved in many functions, including recognition, opsonization, phagocytosis, and destruction of foreign cells, as well as generation of chemotactic fragments (C3a and C5a) and activation of adaptive immunity ( 30 , 32 , 51 ) Three pathways of complement activation are known: the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Links between the complement system, an arm of innate immunity, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have been provided by analyses of the composition of the extracellular deposits that form subretinally as drusen 1 2 3 4 and by molecular genetic studies. (arvojournals.org)
The complement system is activated through three enzyme cascades, the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways, which converge at the step involving cleavage of C3 to C3a and C3b. (arvojournals.org)
implicating the complement system in both cellular and systemic response to pollen allergens. (diva-portal.org)
Two of these genes ( ITGB2 and C3AR1) are also implicated in the network linking complement system to T cell activation, which comprises 6 differentially expressed genes. (diva-portal.org)
The complement system is part of our first line of defense against invading pathogens. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Our study indicates that in E. faecalis, modification of peptidoglycan by secondary cell wall polymers is critical to evade recognition by the complement system. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Since neutrophils are fragmented by the roller pump, we also investigated whether fragmented neutrophils could activate the complement system and whether platelets had any influence on neutrophil-mediated activation of complement. (bibsys.no)
Platelets and the complement system were of greater significance. (bibsys.no)
We also found that even though some neutrophils become fragmented by the roller pump, this has no clinically relevant impact on the complement system. (bibsys.no)
Discussion Results highlight the immune-modulatory impact of AAT on the complement system, involving an important potential role for complement activation in disease pathogenesis in AATD. (bmj.com)
Avirulent strains of group A streptococci readily activate the complement system in normal human serum via the alternate complement pathway (ACP). (asm.org)
The role of the complement system in blister formation in PV remains controversial. (ovid.com)
Complement is a key first line innate host defense system in the blood of vertebrates. (lu.se)
We used complement system product C4a and elastase activity as indicators of immune system activity. (meresearch.org.uk)
Immune system function was assessed measuring complement system C4a products and elastase activity. (meresearch.org.uk)
The change in the complement system following submaximal exercise might be able to explain part of the change in patient's pain thresholds, providing evidence for a potential link between immune system alteration and dysfunctional endogenous pain modulation. (meresearch.org.uk)
However, the role of the complement system is questionable. (meresearch.org.uk)
Publications] Matsushita, M.: 'The lectin pathway of the complement system. (nii.ac.jp)
The alternative complement pathway (AP) is an important nonantibody- requiring host defense system. (rice.edu)
Our results suggest that both, the classical complement system of innate immunity and a functional acquired immune response are not essential for the degenerative process in the rd1 mouse retina. (uzh.ch)
The complement system in cancer: Ambivalence between tumour destruction and promotion. (semanticscholar.org)
In this thesis, the objective is to explore how lipid membranes influence the initiation, amplification, termination and regulation of complement activation, utilizing supported lipid bilayer platforms as a model experimental system. (ntu.edu.sg)
The complement system has four major function, including lysis of infectious organisms, activation of inflammation, opsonization and immune clearance.There are three different complement pathways, the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the mannose-binding lectin pathway. (sinobiological.com)
In the present investigation, we tested whether the activation of the complement system is a component of muscle inflammation that results from changes in muscle loading. (mysciencework.com)
Assays for complement C4 or factor B in sera showed that sCR1 produced large reductions in the capacity for activation of the complement system through both the classical and alternative pathways. (mysciencework.com)
Together, these data show that increased muscle loading activated the complement system which then briefly contributes to the early recruitment of inflammatory cells during modified muscle loading. (mysciencework.com)
Complement plays a central role in the innate immune system, providing an important defence against infection and immune complex disease. (biomedcentral.com)
A role for the complement system in MS has been established and is reviewed in Ingram 2010 [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Complement is an innate component of the immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
As a first step to validate the use of carbon nanotubes as novel vaccine or drug delivery devices, their interaction with a part of the human immune system, complement, has been explored. (univ-toulouse.fr)
Haemolytic assays were conducted to investigate the activation of the human serum complement system via the classical and alternative pathways. (univ-toulouse.fr)
The complement system can be activated by antigen-associated antibody. (meta.org)
Complement activation and regulation system. (clinicalgate.com)
The complement system is controlled by soluble and cell-bound regulators. (clinicalgate.com)
A detailed analysis of the role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis would discriminate a subpopulation of patients from others. (clinicalgate.com)
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity implicated in the neutralization and clearance of invading pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
The term complement (C) refers to a system of factors that occurs in normal serum and is activated by antigen-antibody interaction. (microbiologyonlinenotes.com)
The complement system belongs to the group of biological effector mechanisms (called triggered enzyme cascades) which also includes coagulation, and the fibrinolytic and kinin systems. (microbiologyonlinenotes.com)
The complement system is a part of the immune. (weebly.com)
The Complement System - You. (weebly.com)
A summary of the complement system. (weebly.com)
The Complement System Made Simple - Duration: 36:00. (weebly.com)
The underlying immune response is highly complex and involves activation of the complement system as a crucial entity of innate immunity. (hindawi.com)
Uncontrolled activation of the complement system during sepsis and SIRS with in excessive generation of complement activation products contributes to an ensuing dysfunction of various organ systems. (hindawi.com)
In the present review, mechanisms of the inflammatory response in the development of MOF in sepsis and SIRS with particular focus on the complement system are discussed. (hindawi.com)
As a central entity of innate immunity, the complement system is immediately activated after trauma or infection in order to control the replication of intruding pathogens. (hindawi.com)
Previous studies strongly suggest a mutual crosstalk between the complement and the coagulation system [ 27 - 30 ]. (hindawi.com)
Due to the complex nature of plasmatic cascades and their interconnections, the role and regulations of the complement system, especially in states of disease, are still inadequately understood. (hindawi.com)
This article is sought to provide insights into the pathogenesis of multiorgan failure associated with systemic inflammation with particular focus on the role of the complement system. (hindawi.com)
The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, the C5 convertase initiates the terminal phase of the complement system, leading to the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). (wikipedia.org)
Because of its role in the innate immune system classical complement has been implicated in a number of pathogen related disorders. (wikipedia.org)
Most CCPs prevent activation of the complement system on the surface of host cells and protect host tissues against damage caused by autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)
Convertases, specifically the C3 convertases C3b.Bb and C4b.2a, are the enzymes that drive complement activation by activating C3b, a central component of the complement system. (wikipedia.org)
Other CCPs prevent the activity of terminal effectors of the complement system, CD59 for example blocks oligomerization of the complement peptide C9 stalling the formation of the Membrane Attack Complex (MAC). (wikipedia.org)
Efforts to develop therapeutics that target the interactions between the RCA network, CCPs, and components of the complement system have led to the development of successful drugs including Eculizumab. (wikipedia.org)

Complement activation occurs during inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is thought to contribute to the chronic inflammation observed within the joints. (avhandlingar.se)
Recent studies have implicated local inflammation and activation of complement amongst the processes involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). (pnas.org)
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of IV iron on complement activation in-vivo , and whether this subsequently induces inflammation and/or oxidative stress. (frontiersin.org)
Iron sucrose but not ferric carboxymaltose, results in complement activation possibly via the lectin and alternative pathway partially mediating oxidative stress but not inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
Recent laboratory studies have identified that an important pathway of inflammation called the 'complement pathway' may play an important role in how Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies (ANCA) cause damage to the blood vessels. (clinicaltrials.gov)
This convertase cleaves large quantities of C3 into C3b, the main effector of complement, and C3a, a potent mediator of inflammation released into the medium. (rupress.org)
These events in the setting of complement dysregulation could contribute to the chronic inflammation that underlies AMD pathogenesis. (arvojournals.org)
Complement Activation Promotes Muscle Inflammation during Modi. (mysciencework.com)
We conclude that complement activation by nanotubes is consistent with reported adjuvant effects, and might also in various circumstances promote damaging effects of excessive complement activation, such as inflammation and granuloma formation. (univ-toulouse.fr)
Obesity in turn results in an abnormally high level of complement activation via production of the C1 component of the classical pathway, which can lead to tissue inflammation and eventually insulin resistance, however the exact mechanisms that causes this is yet unknown. (wikipedia.org)
Complement has been implicated in many diseases associated with inflammation and autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)

Biryukov S, Angov E, Landmesser ME, Spring MD, Ockenhouse CF, Stoute JA (2016) Complement and antibody-mediated enhancement of red blood cell invasion and growth of malaria parasites. (springer.com)
Factors initiating complement activation include Antigen-antibody complexes , microbial Antigens , or cell surface Polysaccharides . (jove.com)
Moreover, activation of the classical pathway is thought to be important since deficiency in complement components C1q, C2, C4 or C3 lead to impaired antibody responses. (avhandlingar.se)
Eculizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets a key component of the complement pathway named C5, and blocks its activation. (clinicaltrials.gov)
whereby the extent and nature of complement activation by the antibody in the sample may be determined. (google.es)
The classical pathway is activated mainly by antigen-antibody complexes (IgG or IgM mostly) starting with C1q, C1r, C1s, C4 and C2, and eventually leading to the activation of C3 by cleavage into C3a and C3b. (mcmaster.ca)
Therefore, this pathway does not require a specific antibody response for activation and may play an important role in controlling primary infections with pathogens. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
1. Loos-M (1982) The classical complement pathway: mechanism of activation of the first component by antigen-antibody complexes. (mcmaster.ca)
Inhibiting neutrophil-platelet cross-talk by antibody-mediated blocking of relevant receptors, CD62P, CD42b or JAM-C, did not prevent neutrophil activation. (bibsys.no)
In the presence of antibody and complement, pneumococci attach to erythrocytes in a process called immune adherence (IA), which facilitates their delivery to, and eventual phagocytosis by, macrophages. (asm.org)
Sera of HCV antibody positive and cold activation positive showed a high incidence of elevation of RF during storage at low temperature (4) but the elevation was suppressed by addition of guinea pig serum as a complement source or in a buffer with a higher ionic strength. (nii.ac.jp)
The presence of early classical pathway activation markers in the absence of antibody in hereditary cases suggests an antibody-independent activation of the classical pathway through binding of C1q. (elsevier.com)
The classic complement pathway is triggered when antibody-antigen complex interact with C1-complex, which consists of C1q, two molecules of C1r, and two molecules of C1s. (sinobiological.com)
In the early 70's it had been shown, that for the immune response against T-dependent antigens C3 was necessary, while T-independent antigens, although activating the alternative pathway of complement, triggered antibody formation also in C-deficient mice. (elsevier.com)
The complement fixation test is an immunological medical test that can be used to detect the presence of either specific antibody or specific antigen in a patient's. (weebly.com)
In the classical pathway of complement activation, complement attaches to an antigen-antibody complex. (weebly.com)
Addition the isotype antibody important for either micrometastases monoclonal antibody g250 directed complement activation cornelis f. (informe.com)
Pvdf membrane was probed with gml rat antimouse complement component c1ra monoclonal antibody catalog mab7160 followed hrpconjugated. (informe.com)
A method claim for measurement antibody dependent complement activation autoantigen for comparison control and. (informe.com)
The classical complement pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes with the antibody isotypes IgG and IgM. (wikipedia.org)
Certain variants of the IgM antibody were found to bind the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus these IgM were found to be critical in complement activation through the classical pathway and subsequent destruction of the bacteria. (wikipedia.org)

Potential mechanisms of complement-mediated pathology in COVID-19. (jci.org)
Studies suggest that the mechanisms of thrombosis in PNH and familial HUS are related to platelet activation induced by complement activation. (rupress.org)
Moreover, the mechanisms involved in alternative pathway-mediated complement activation or its consequences on infection in C. pneumoniae remain unknown. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
We also explored the mechanisms behind the complement-mediated tumor growth acceleration that we observed and an approach to overcome it. (aacrjournals.org)
Our goal was to determine if EC-anchored ULVWF strings caused the assembly and activation of AP components, thereby linking two essential defense mechanisms. (rice.edu)
Within this scope, four different experimental studies were conducted, leading to new insights into the mechanisms by which lipid membranes influence complement activation. (ntu.edu.sg)
Complement regulation mechanisms. (clinicalgate.com)
In order to improve the safety of these materials, the mechanisms of complement activation by dextran-coated SPIO and the differences between mice and humans need to be fully understood. (biomedcentral.com)

In: Lambris JD (Current topics in microbiology and immunology, Vol 153) (ed) The third component of complement. (springer.com)

Activation of the classical pathway of complement, mediated by immune complexes, is very well-documented in malaria. (springer.com)
Increased levels of C3d were found in 11 of 15 patients with idiopathic uveitis, 13 of whom had circulating immune complexes containing complement components. (bmj.com)
Circulating immune complexes (IC) and levels of IC-induced cytokines have been correlated with complement activation and autoantibody profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (diva-portal.org)
Complement fixation definition, the binding of complement to immune complexes or to certain foreign surfaces, as those of invading microorganisms. (weebly.com)

Secondary cell wall polymers of Enterococcus faecalis are critical for resistance to complement activation via mannose-binding lectin. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Complement can be deposited on pneumococci through activation of the classical and alternative pathways, whereas the mannose-binding lectin pathway seems to play a relatively minor role ( 8 , 36 ). (asm.org)
Activation of the lectin pathway (LP) is initiated by Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), the hetero-complex CL-LK formed from COLEC11 (Collectin liver 1, CL-L1) and COLEC10 (Collectin kidney 1, CL-K1), and the ficolins (FCN1, FCN2, FCN3). (reactome.org)

Damaged host tissues could also secondarily activate complement via any of the three pathways: the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, or the alternative pathway. (jci.org)
We demonstrated that MVs, generated from SCD erythrocytes, activate complement in human serum and on EC surface, in part on a heme-dependent manner. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
We determined whether a reciprocal interaction also exists, whereby platelets can activate complement. (rupress.org)
The authors previously reported that photooxidation products of A2E can activate complement. (arvojournals.org)
The authors suggest that bisretinoid pigments of retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin, subsequent to photoactivation and cleavage, serve to activate complement. (arvojournals.org)
In malaria-infected mosquitoes, microvesicles from hemocytes activate complement to fight infection. (sciencemag.org)

The fluid-phase C3 activation products and SC5b-9 (terminal complement complex) were strongly correlated to the levels of endotoxin (lipooligosaccharides, LOS) in plasma on admission (r = .79, P less than .0001 and r = .76, P less than .0001, respectively) and to fatality. (nih.gov)

Complement activation has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS, with numerous clinical and animal studies demonstrating strong complement factor up-regulation, including C1q and C3, in regions of motor neuron death ( 2 ). (pnas.org)
E-LDL is recognised by the C1q subunit of C1 and triggers direct C1 activation, suggesting that complement activation by E-LDL may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (europa.eu)
Studies implicate activation of complement among the processes involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). (arvojournals.org)
Results implicate ongoing activation of the alternative complement pathway in AMD pathogenesis. (arvojournals.org)
Thus, it has been thought that the activation of the alternative pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IgAN. (biomedcentral.com)

The objectives of this work were to study whether and how intravascular hemolysis induces complement activation in vivo, and to understand the underlying mechanism that leads to the acquisition of a complement activating phenotype of the endothelium in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Complement activation by this mechanism is dependent on the alternative pathway and can be modulated by an inhibitor of C3 cleavage. (arvojournals.org)
Upon activation, this powerful defense mechanism can elicit inflammatory responses, lyse non-self-cells, or mark them for opsonophagocytic removal. (lu.se)
Mechanism of complement activation after coronary artery occlusion: evidence that myocardial ischemia in dogs causes release of constituents of myocardial subcellular origin that complex with human C1q in vivo. (ahajournals.org)
Our findings provide one possible molecular mechanism for clinical linkage between different types of thrombotic and complement-mediated disorders. (rice.edu)
To fit CARPA within the classical scheme of HSRs, a subdivision of Type I allergy is proposed on the basis of the mechanism of mast cell (and basophil) activation. (begellhouse.com)
These studies may identify a common mechanism of action for polyanions that block AP activation. (grantome.com)

It is demonstrated that infusion of plasma can enhance or initiate endogenous complement activation. (lu.se)
Instead, lambda L was observed to interact directly with the AP control factor H. Thus, lambda L represents a novel type of immunoglobulin-related AP-activating factor with the capacity to initiate alternative complement pathway activation in the fluid phase. (rupress.org)

During PMN activation the surface expression of receptors (R) for C3b and C3bi increases rapidly. (osti.gov)
Neutrophil activation was evaluated by measuring neutrophil adhesion to the biomaterial, cultured human endothelial cells and gelatin, expression of surface receptors and degranulation. (bibsys.no)

This erythrocyte opsonization reaction, mediated by both the classical and alternative pathways of complement, may be additionally amplified in severe cases of malaria complicated by acidosis due to increased activation of the alternative pathway of complement. (springer.com)

Initial classical pathway activation was revealed equally for both plasma systems as increases in the C1rs-C1inh complex and C4d. (bionity.com)
Enhanced classical complement pathway activation and altered phagocytosis signaling molecules in human epilepsy. (medworm.com)
The lack of Factor Bb-suggested alternative pathway activation was not significant in these cases. (elsevier.com)

The activation of the IC on smooth and nanostructured surfaces was viewed with fluorescence microscopy and quantified with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring in human serum. (dovepress.com)
of iron core composition and particle surface coating in SPION-induced CARPA, we measured C activation by 6 different SPIONs in a human serum that is known to react to nanoparticles (NPs) with strong C activation. (uu.nl)

Evidence for complement activation in malaria includes reduction in serum titers of total complement hemolytic activity and of individual complement components as well as increases in soluble complement activation products in the serum. (springer.com)
RC membrane caused a significant reduction of white blood cells and elevations of Bb and soluble membrane attack complex (S-MAC), indicating a strong activation of the alternative complement pathway. (elsevier.com)

These data indicated that OB induction is in part complement dependent due to IL-17 mediated down regulation of CRPs on airway epithelium. (iupui.edu)
C3a and IL-17 are part of a feed forward loop that may enhance CRP down regulation, suggesting that complement blockade could be a therapeutic strategy for OB. (iupui.edu)
Lack of regulation of the classical complement pathway through the deficiency in C1-inhibitor results in episodic angioedema. (wikipedia.org)

Ehrlich and Morgan termed this factor complement. (medscape.com)
Binding of factor H to C3b increases its inactivation by factor I. Properdin stabilizes it, preventing its inactivation by factors H and I. The alternate pathway does not result in a truly nonspecific activation of complement because it requires specific types of compounds for activation. (medscape.com)
The C5a anaphylatoxin can cause neutrophil and monocyte activation, promote the formation of NET and platelet-leukocyte aggregates, and stimulate neutrophil degranulation and the release of tissue factor to trigger the extrinsic coagulation pathway. (jci.org)
However, one point missing in this report, and perhaps overlooked by the casual reader, is that there is now a well-described fourth pathway of complement activation, termed the "extrinsic pathway," which can bypass the traditional upstream activation pathways that are reliant on complement factor C3. (pnas.org)
It is also emerging as an important factor in atherosclerosis: complement activation, and formation of the terminal C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement were shown to occur in atherosclerotic lesions. (europa.eu)
Kenny DM, Davis AE (1981) Association of alternative complement pathway components with human blood platelets: secretion and localization of factor D and beta-1H globulin. (springer.com)
1. The activation of the protease of blood serum or plasma by streptococcal fibrinolysin requires the presence of both a heat-stable and a heat-labile factor. (jimmunol.org)
This cluster is not linked to the major histocompatibility complex, which contains the genes for the complement components, C4, C2, and factor B, or to the C3 locus. (rupress.org)
Complexing of C3b with the Bb fragment of factor B generates the C3 cleavage enzyme C3bBb, which, by further C3 cleavage, establishes the complement amplification loop. (arvojournals.org)
Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to measure the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). (ajol.info)
It was identified that the C3b immobilization scheme is a critical factor governing convertase assembly, further enabling successful evaluation of a clinically relevant complement inhibitor, compstatin. (ntu.edu.sg)
The alternative complement pathway begins with the activation of C3 and requires factor B and factor D. All three pathways merge at C3, which is then converted into C3a and C3b. (sinobiological.com)
Inhibition of complement activation on the surface of cells after incorporation of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) into their membranes. (rupress.org)
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), extracted from the stroma of human erythrocytes, was purified to homogeneity and incorporated into the membrane of sheep red cell complement intermediates, where its functional properties were analyzed. (rupress.org)
Analysis of factor B concentration in untreated animals showed activation of the alternative pathway at 6 hours of reloading. (mysciencework.com)
We will investigate if the inflammatory complement factor C5a plays a role in epilepsy and if we can prevent development of seizures in mice. (edu.au)
A shift toward proinflammatory microglial activation is indicated by the release of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide and the oxidative burst in rat primary microglial cells, an activation and differentiation process similar to the proinflammatory response of microglia to exposure to lipopolysaccharide. (warwick.ac.uk)

Atkinson JP, Glew RH, Neva FA, Frank MM (1975) Serum complement and immunity in experimental simian malaria. (springer.com)
1998) A novel anti-inflammatory activity of lysozyme: modution of serum complement activation. (mcmaster.ca)
Body mass index (BMI) and serum complement parameters such as C3, C4, and CH50 have a positive correlation. (clinicalgate.com)
Define complement fixation: the process of binding serum complement to the product formed by the union of an…complement fixation in a sentence. (weebly.com)

However, several reports suggest that activation of C5 is not always completely suppressed in patients even under excess of eculizumab over C5, indicating that residual C5 activity may derogate the drug's therapeutic benefit under certain conditions. (nih.gov)
The aim of this study was to investigate whether AAT binding to plasma constituents could regulate their activation, and in AATD, exploit this binding event to better understand the condition and uncover novel biomarkers of therapeutic efficacy. (bmj.com)
In conclusion, high glucose and MBL played an important role on the LCP activation of HRGECs, and MAb 3F8 may represent a novel potential therapeutic strategy to block LCP activation on HRGECs. (ajol.info)
A Proof-of-Concept (PoC) development program is now needed to validate the in vivo therapeutic potency of CoMiX in two tumour models representative of solid tumours (HER2, known to be highly resistant to complement activation) and liquid tumours (CD20, more sensitive to complement activation), and to confirm their safety and stability. (fnr.lu)

Binding of CRP to these substrates activates the classical complement pathway leading to their uptake by phagocytic cells. (nih.gov)
Upon binding to carbohydrates such as mannose on pathogens, the MBL-MASP complex activates the lectin complement pathway. (nii.ac.jp)

Preferential activation of early components and failure of depletion of late components to inhibit protective immunity. (springer.com)
1 ) recently demonstrated that superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) transgenic mice deficient in complement components C1q and C3 do not have extended survival, concluding that global complement activation does not affect overall disease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). (pnas.org)
Betz M, Seitz M, Hansch GM (1987) Thromboxane B2 synthesis in human platelets induced by the late complement components C5b-9. (springer.com)
Blaas P, Berger B, Weber S, Peter HH, Hansch GM (1988) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: enhanced stimulation of platelets by terminal complement components is related to the lack of C8bp in the membrane. (springer.com)
Hansch GM, Gemsa D, Resch K (1985) Induction of prostanoid synthesis in human platelets by the late complement components C5b-9 and channel forming antibiotic nystatin: inhibition of the reacylation of liberated arachidonic acid. (springer.com)
Human genes for three complement components that regulate the activation of C3 are tightly linked. (rupress.org)
Extensive glomerular deposits of C3, properdin, and of the terminal complement components were observed in the kidney of the patient. (rupress.org)
Cellular staining for complement components was largely restricted to reactive astrocytes, often adjacent to clusters of microglia in close apposition to complement opsonised myelin and damaged axons. (biomedcentral.com)
It is emphasized that we need to have concern about the production, consumption, and deficiencies of complement components. (clinicalgate.com)
Next, we should take notice of overproduction of complement components. (clinicalgate.com)

In order to be able to measure complement activation in biological fluids, three avidin-biotin sandwich ELISA procedures were developed for the quantification of the Cls:Clr:Cl-inhibitor (Cls:Cl-INH), C3bBbP (C3:P) and SC5b-9 (C5b-9) complexes. (gla.ac.uk)

Opportunities for new therapies based on the natural regulators of complement activation. (wikipathways.org)
A deficiency in the negative regulators of complement leads to excessive complement activation, as observed in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical or familial hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). (rupress.org)

These genes code for complement 1 subunits C1r and C1s, serine proteases that play a key role in the innate immune response. (frontiersin.org)

Interestingly, in human and experimental epilepsy, altered mRNA levels of complement molecules were reported. (medworm.com)
In humans, the plasma levels of complement activation products rise early, are persistently elevated in patients after thermal injury, trauma, and sepsis, and correlate with the severity of injury and inversely with the outcome [ 16 - 22 ]. (hindawi.com)

The c3d binds covalently the structural features human immunoglobulin that determine isotypespecitic differences complement activation. (informe.com)

The CP activation is triggered via initial binding of IgG or IgM to the pathogen surface, followed by binding and activation of C1q component and formation of C4bC2a, a C3 convertase. (biomedcentral.com)
The studies proposed in this application will help us better understand how this pathogen escapes killing by complement and will ultimately aid in the development of better vaccines against meningococcal meningitis. (grantome.com)

In the classical pathway of complement activation, C1q, C4b, and C3b are all able to bind to the Fc portion of IgG or IgM. (meta.org)

We show that at high C3b densities required for binding and activation of C5, both inhibitors reduce but do not abolish this interaction. (nih.gov)
Both accelerated tumor cell growth and PI3K activation were eliminated by PI3K inhibitors NVP-BEZ235 and Wortmannin. (aacrjournals.org)
Inappropriate activation of complement is normally prevented by complement inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)

The results suggest that LOS are important activators of complement in systemic meningococcal disease and that complement-activating products, in concert with other mediators, may contribute to the multiple organ failure and death occurring in the most severe cases. (nih.gov)

In mouse sera, SPIO NW triggered the complement activation via the LP, whereas the AP contributes via the amplification loop. (biomedcentral.com)

Here we studied whether properdin-mediated complement activation occurs on the surface of Chlamydia pneumoniae , an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes 10 to 20% of community-acquired pneumonia. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)

By providing insights into C5 activation and inhibition, our study delivers the rationale for the clinically observed phenomenon of residual terminal pathway activity under eculizumab treatment with important implications for anti-C5 therapy in general. (nih.gov)
NOX-A12 and PD-1 checkpoint inhibition synergistically enhanced T cell activation in the model indicating that both agents complement each other. (sofinnova.fr)

The binding of C1q leads to conformational changes and the activation of the serine protease C1r. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy10

Organisms8

Diseases20

Chemicals and Drugs95

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Phenomena and Processes23

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Up-regulated production and activation of the complement system in Alzheimer's disease brain. (1/1999)

Capsular sialic acid limits C5a production on type III group B streptococci. (2/1999)

Polymerization of IgA and IgM: roles of Cys309/Cys414 and the secretory tailpiece. (3/1999)

Two constituents of the initiation complex of the mannan-binding lectin activation pathway of complement are encoded by a single structural gene. (4/1999)

Role of antibody and complement in opsonization of group B streptococci. (5/1999)

Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in systemic vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): effects of heat inactivation on binding and specificity. (6/1999)

Influence of dialysis with polyamide vs haemophan haemodialysers on monokines and complement activation during a 4-month long-term study. (7/1999)

Recombinant glycoproteins that inhibit complement activation and also bind the selectin adhesion molecules. (8/1999)

Complement Activation

Complement C3

Complement System Proteins

Complement C4

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement Pathway, Classical

Complement C1q

Complement C3b

Complement C3a

Complement C5

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Receptors, Complement

Complement Factor B

Complement C5a

Complement C3d

Complement C9

Complement Factor H

Complement C4b

Complement C2

Complement Inactivating Agents

Complement C1

Anaphylatoxins

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Antigens, CD55

Complement C3c

Properdin

Receptors, Complement 3b

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C4b-Binding Protein

Mannose-Binding Lectin

Complement Factor D

Cobra Venoms

Complement C6

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

Complement Activating Enzymes

Antigens, CD59

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Complement C4a

Receptors, Complement 3d

Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a

Complement Factor I

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins

Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases

Antigens, CD46

Complement C8

Complement Fixation Tests

Hemolysis

Complement C7

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Collectins

Complement C5b

Complement C1s

Opsonin Proteins

Complement C1r

Immunoglobulin G

Zymosan

Complement C5a, des-Arginine

Neutrophils

Phagocytosis

Immunoglobulin M

Protein Binding

Immune Complex Diseases

Blood Bactericidal Activity

Lectins

Erythrocytes

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Antibodies

Molecular Sequence Data

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Cryoglobulins

Macular Degeneration

Rabbits

Mice, Knockout

Macrophage-1 Antigen

Autoantibodies