Complement activating enzymes. Medical search

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

A glycoprotein that is important in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C4 is cleaved by the activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C4A and COMPLEMENT C4B.

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Molecules on the surface of some B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that recognize and combine with the C3b, C3d, C1q, and C4b components of complement.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 63-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by gene C9. Monomeric C9 (mC9) binds the C5b-8 complex to form C5b-9 which catalyzes the polymerization of C9 forming C5b-p9 (MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) and transmembrane channels leading to lysis of the target cell. Patients with C9 deficiency suffer from recurrent bacterial infections.

Complement activation initiated by the binding of COMPLEMENT C1 to ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES at the COMPLEMENT C1Q subunit. This leads to the sequential activation of COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S subunits. Activated C1s cleaves COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 forming the membrane-bound classical C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

A component of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. C2 is cleaved by activated COMPLEMENT C1S into COMPLEMENT C2B and COMPLEMENT C2A. C2a, the COOH-terminal fragment containing a SERINE PROTEASE, combines with COMPLEMENT C4B to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

An important soluble regulator of the alternative pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It is a 139-kDa glycoprotein expressed by the liver and secreted into the blood. It binds to COMPLEMENT C3B and makes iC3b (inactivated complement 3b) susceptible to cleavage by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I. Complement factor H also inhibits the association of C3b with COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form the C3bB proenzyme, and promotes the dissociation of Bb from the C3bBb complex (COMPLEMENT C3 CONVERTASE, ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY).

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

The smaller fragment generated from the cleavage of complement C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. C3a, a 77-amino acid peptide, is a mediator of local inflammatory process. It induces smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and HISTAMINE RELEASE from MAST CELLS and LEUKOCYTES. C3a is considered an anaphylatoxin along with COMPLEMENT C4A; COMPLEMENT C5A; and COMPLEMENT C5A, DES-ARGININE.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

A 105-kDa serum glycoprotein with significant homology to the other late complement components, C7-C9. It is a polypeptide chain cross-linked by 32 disulfide bonds. C6 is the next complement component to bind to the membrane-bound COMPLEMENT C5B in the assembly of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. It is encoded by gene C6.

Molecular sites on or in some B-lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3B. The primary structure of these receptors reveal that they contain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, with their extracellular portion composed entirely of thirty short consensus repeats each having 60 to 70 amino acids.

The first complement component to act in the activation of CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY. It is a calcium-dependent trimolecular complex made up of three subcomponents: COMPLEMENT C1Q; COMPLEMENT C1R; and COMPLEMENT C1S at 1:2:2 ratios. When the intact C1 binds to at least two antibodies (involving C1q), C1r and C1s are sequentially activated, leading to subsequent steps in the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.

The large fragment formed when COMPLEMENT C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. The membrane-bound C4b binds COMPLEMENT C2A, a SERINE PROTEASE, to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE) and subsequent C4b2a3b (CLASSICAL PATHWAY C5 CONVERTASE).

Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX, an important response in host defense. They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.

A 302-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c, and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H. Serum proteases further degrade C3dg into C3d (1002-1303) and C3g (955-1001).

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A 93-kDa serum glycoprotein encoded by C7 gene. It is a polypeptide chain with 28 disulfide bridges. In the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; C7 is the next component to bind the C5b-6 complex forming a trimolecular complex C5b-7 which is lipophilic, resembles an integral membrane protein, and serves as an anchor for the late complement components, C8 and C9.

A 150-kDa serum glycoprotein composed of three subunits with each encoded by a different gene (C8A; C8B; and C8G). This heterotrimer contains a disulfide-linked C8alpha-C8gamma heterodimer and a noncovalently associated C8beta chain. C8 is the next component to bind the C5-7 complex forming C5b-8 that binds COMPLEMENT C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.

A 206-amino-acid fragment in the alpha chain (672-1663) of C3b. It is generated when C3b is inactivated (iC3b) and its alpha chain is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR I into C3c (749-954), and C3dg (955-1303) in the presence COMPLEMENT FACTOR H.

Molecular sites on or in B-lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, lymphoid cells, and epithelial cells that recognize and combine with COMPLEMENT C3D. Human complement receptor 2 (CR2) serves as a receptor for both C3dg and the gp350/220 glycoprotein of HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN, and binds the monoclonal antibody OKB7, which blocks binding of both ligands to the receptor.

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

Endogenous proteins that inhibit or inactivate COMPLEMENT C3B. They include COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and COMPLEMENT FACTOR I (C3b/C4b inactivator). They cleave or promote the cleavage of C3b into inactive fragments, and thus are important in the down-regulation of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and its cytolytic sequence.

The smaller fragment formed when complement C4 is cleaved by COMPLEMENT C1S. It is an anaphylatoxin that causes symptoms of immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE) but its activity is weaker than that of COMPLEMENT C3A or COMPLEMENT C5A.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A plasma serine proteinase that cleaves the alpha-chains of C3b and C4b in the presence of the cofactors COMPLEMENT FACTOR H and C4-binding protein, respectively. It is a 66-kDa glycoprotein that converts C3b to inactivated C3b (iC3b) followed by the release of two fragments, C3c (150-kDa) and C3dg (41-kDa). It was formerly called KAF, C3bINF, or enzyme 3b inactivator.

A serum protein that regulates the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It binds as a cofactor to COMPLEMENT FACTOR I which then hydrolyzes the COMPLEMENT C4B in the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C4bC2a).

A 77-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, encoded by gene C1S, is a SERINE PROTEASE existing as a proenzyme (homodimer) in the intact complement C1 complex. Upon the binding of COMPLEMENT C1Q to antibodies, the activated COMPLEMENT C1R cleaves C1s into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), linked by disulfide bonds yielding the active C1s. The activated C1s, in turn, cleaves COMPLEMENT C2 and COMPLEMENT C4 to form C4b2a (CLASSICAL C3 CONVERTASE).

A 80-kDa subcomponent of complement C1, existing as a SERINE PROTEASE proenzyme in the intact complement C1 complex. When COMPLEMENT C1Q is bound to antibodies, the changed tertiary structure causes autolytic activation of complement C1r which is cleaved into two chains, A (heavy) and B (light, the serine protease), connected by disulfide bonds. The activated C1r serine protease, in turn, activates COMPLEMENT C1S proenzyme by cleaving the Arg426-Ile427 bond. No fragment is released when either C1r or C1s is cleaved.

GPI-linked membrane proteins broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD55 prevents the assembly of C3 CONVERTASE or accelerates the disassembly of preformed convertase, thus blocking the formation of the membrane attack complex.

Small glycoproteins found on both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. CD59 restricts the cytolytic activity of homologous complement by binding to C8 and C9 and blocking the assembly of the membrane attack complex. (From Barclay et al., The Leukocyte Antigen FactsBook, 1993, p234)

Serum proteins that inhibit, antagonize, or inactivate COMPLEMENT C1 or its subunits.

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of C5 by C5 CONVERTASE that yields COMPLEMENT C5A and C5b (beta chain + alpha' chain, the residual alpha chain, bound by disulfide bond). C5b remains bound to the membrane and initiates the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components to form C5b-8-poly-C9, the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

Complement activation triggered by the interaction of microbial POLYSACCHARIDES with serum MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN resulting in the activation of MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. As in the classical pathway, MASPs cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C3 CONVERTASE (C4B2A) and the subsequent C5 CONVERTASE (C4B2A3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

An endogenous 105-kDa plasma glycoprotein produced primarily by the LIVER and MONOCYTES. It inhibits a broad spectrum of proteases, including the COMPLEMENT C1R and the COMPLEMENT C1S proteases of the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY, and the MANNOSE-BINDING PROTEIN-ASSOCIATED SERINE PROTEASES. C1-INH-deficient individuals suffer from HEREDITARY ANGIOEDEMA TYPES I AND II.

Serum peptides derived from certain cleaved COMPLEMENT PROTEINS during COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They induce smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; mast cell HISTAMINE RELEASE; PLATELET AGGREGATION; and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from the strongest to the weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

A ubiquitously expressed complement receptor that binds COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT C4B and serves as a cofactor for their inactivation. CD46 also interacts with a wide variety of pathogens and mediates immune response.

A G-protein-coupled receptor that signals an increase in intracellular calcium in response to the potent ANAPHYLATOXIN peptide COMPLEMENT C5A.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

A specific mannose-binding member of the collectin family of lectins. It binds to carbohydrate groups on invading pathogens and plays a key role in the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An adhesion-promoting leukocyte surface membrane heterodimer. The alpha subunit consists of the CD11b ANTIGEN and the beta subunit the CD18 ANTIGEN. The antigen, which is an integrin, functions both as a receptor for complement 3 and in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesive interactions.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

A derivative of complement C5a, generated when the carboxy-terminal ARGININE is removed by CARBOXYPEPTIDASE B present in normal human serum. C5a des-Arg shows complete loss of spasmogenic activity though it retains some chemotactic ability (CHEMOATTRACTANTS).

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

A class of C-type lectins that target the carbohydrate structures found on invading pathogens. Binding of collectins to microorganisms results in their agglutination and enhanced clearance. Collectins form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. Each collectin polypeptide chain consists of four regions: a relatively short N-terminal region, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil region, and carbohydrate-binding region.

Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Proteins that are present in blood serum, including SERUM ALBUMIN; BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS; and many other types of proteins.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.

Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The N-terminal fragment of COMPLEMENT 2, released by the action of activated COMPLEMENT C1S.

Abnormal immunoglobulins, especially IGG or IGM, that precipitate spontaneously when SERUM is cooled below 37 degrees Celsius. It is characteristic of CRYOGLOBULINEMIA.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

A cluster of convoluted capillaries beginning at each nephric tubule in the kidney and held together by connective tissue.

The clear portion of BLOOD that is left after BLOOD COAGULATION to remove BLOOD CELLS and clotting proteins.

The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). The rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a T-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing Fc receptors. Rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IMMUNOGLOBULIN G whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent.

Serum globulins that migrate to the gamma region (most positively charged) upon ELECTROPHORESIS. At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline.

A serine protease that cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT 3 into COMPLEMENT 3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT 3B in the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. It is a complex of COMPLEMENT 4B and COMPLEMENT 2A (C4b2a).

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.

Crystallizable fragments composed of the carboxy-terminal halves of both IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS linked to each other by disulfide bonds. Fc fragments contain the carboxy-terminal parts of the heavy chain constant regions that are responsible for the effector functions of an immunoglobulin (COMPLEMENT fixation, binding to the cell membrane via FC RECEPTORS, and placental transport). This fragment can be obtained by digestion of immunoglobulins with the proteolytic enzyme PAPAIN.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A dermal inflammatory reaction produced under conditions of antibody excess, when a second injection of antigen produces intravascular antigen-antibody complexes which bind complement, causing cell clumping, endothelial damage, and vascular necrosis.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).

A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

A major adhesion-associated heterodimer molecule expressed by MONOCYTES; GRANULOCYTES; NK CELLS; and some LYMPHOCYTES. The alpha subunit is the CD11C ANTIGEN, a surface antigen expressed on some myeloid cells. The beta subunit is the CD18 ANTIGEN.

Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.

A highly conserved heterodimeric glycoprotein that is differentially expressed during many severe physiological disturbance states such as CANCER; APOPTOSIS; and various NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS. Clusterin is ubiquitously expressed and appears to function as a secreted MOLECULAR CHAPERONE.

All blood proteins except albumin ( = SERUM ALBUMIN, which is not a globulin) and FIBRINOGEN (which is not in the serum). The serum globulins are subdivided into ALPHA-GLOBULINS; BETA-GLOBULINS; and GAMMA-GLOBULINS on the basis of their electrophoretic mobilities. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL). It is also found in venereal discharges and blood. There are at least 13 serogroups based on antigenic differences in the capsular polysaccharides; the ones causing most meningitis infections being A, B, C, Y, and W-135. Each serogroup can be further classified by serotype, serosubtype, and immunotype.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Stable chromium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element chromium, but differ in atomic weight. Cr-50, 53, and 54 are stable chromium isotopes.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

Antibodies found in adult RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients that are directed against GAMMA-CHAIN IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

Antibodies from an individual that react with ISOANTIGENS of another individual of the same species.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Structural and functional evidence for microglial expression of C1qR(P), the C1q receptor that enhances phagocytosis. (1/299)

Microglial activation has been associated with several degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). One consequence of activation is the induction of a more efficient phagocytic response, and it is therefore important to determine what factors regulate microglial phagocytosis and whether this capacity influences the progression of neurodegenerative changes. Previous studies have demonstrated that complement component C1q enhances Fc receptor- and CR1-mediated phagocytosis in cells of the myeloid lineage via a cell surface receptor, C1qRp. Because C1q has been found in the area of lesions in several degenerative CNS diseases, the current investigations were carried out to characterize the effects of C1q on microglial phagocytosis. Neonatal rat microglia were shown to express C1qRp, as assessed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Interaction of these cells with substrate-bound C1q was shown to enhance both FcR-and CR1-mediated phagocytosis two- to fourfold. In addition, introduction of an antibody raised against the carboxy-terminal, cytoplasmic domain of C1qRp into microglia by electroporation markedly diminished the ability of C1q to enhance uptake of IgG-coated targets, whereas nonspecific IgG had no such effect. These results suggest that C1q in areas of active degeneration may promote the phagocytic capacity of microglia via interaction with microglial C1qRp. (+info)

The inflammatory response following treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a comparison between open surgery and endovascular repair. (2/299)

OBJECTIVES: to compare the inflammatory response following endovascular and conventional AAA repair. DESIGN: prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ten patients were selected for open surgery (OPEN) and ten for endovascular (ENDO) AAA repair. Leukocytes, platelets, myeloperoxidase, lactoferrin, beta-thromboglobulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and complement activation products were measured before, during and after surgery. RESULTS: in the OPEN group the median hospital stay was longer (6 vs. 12 days, p=0.001) and more patients required transfusion (p=0.02). IL-6 and CRP increased postoperatively, most in OPEN (p<0.01). Platelet counts decreased after the first angiography in ENDO (p<0.01) and before aortic cross-clamping in OPEN (p<0.05). The decrease was larger in OPEN (p=0.02). Leukocyte counts decreased after the first angiography in ENDO, and thereafter increased (p=0.001). An equivalent increase was observed in OPEN after declamping (p=0.001). Leukocyte and platelet degranulation products increased after the first angiography in ENDO and after declamping in OPEN. Changes in complement activation products were small. TNF-alpha did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: endovascular AAA repair caused significant leukocyte and platelet activation. Based on the timing of activation this could be caused by radiographic contrast media. (+info)

Evolution of the initiating enzymes of the complement system. (3/299)

Analysis of the human MASP-1/3 gene, which encodes two proteases of the lectin-triggered complement cascade, has revealed alternatively used serine-protease-encoding regions for the gene's two protein products. Phylogenetic studies indicate that one arose by retrotransposition early in vertebrate evolution, supporting the idea that the lectin branch of the complement cascade arose earlier than the 'classical' pathway. (+info)

Activation of the lectin complement pathway by H-ficolin (Hakata antigen). (4/299)

Ficolins are a group of proteins which consist of a collagen-like domain and a fibrinogen-like domain. In human serum, there are two types of ficolins named L-ficolin/P35 and H-ficolin (Hakata Ag), both of which have lectin activity. We recently demonstrated that L-ficolin/P35 is associated with mannose-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine proteases (MASP) 1 and 2 and small MBL-associated protein (sMAP), and that the complex activates the lectin pathway. In this study, we report the characterization of H-ficolin in terms of its ability to activate complement. Western blotting analysis showed the presence of MASP-1, MASP-2, MASP-3, and sMAP in H-ficolin preparations isolated from Cohn Fraction III. The MASPs in the preparations had proteolytic activities against C4, C2, and C3 in the fluid phase. When H-ficolin preparations were bound to anti-H-ficolin Ab which had been coated on ELISA plates, they activated C4, although no C4 activation was noted when anti-MBL and anti-L-ficolin/P35 were used. H-ficolin binds to PSA, a polysaccharide produced by Aerococcus viridans. C4 was activated by H-ficolin preparations bound to PSA which had been coated on ELISA plates. These results indicate that H-ficolin is a second ficolin which is associated with MASPs and sMAP, and which activates the lectin pathway. (+info)

Short amino acid sequences derived from C1q receptor (C1q-R) show homology with the alpha chains of fibronectin and vitronectin receptors and collagen type IV. (5/299)

The human C1q receptor (C1q-R) is a 65-70-kd, highly acidic, hydrophobic glycoprotein that is expressed on a wide variety of cell surfaces. Although the C1q-R itself appears to bind preferentially to C1q, the region of the ligand to which C1q-R binds is the primary binding site for several other molecules, including fibronectin, laminin, and C1q inhibitor (chondroitin 4-sulfate proteoglycan) as well as the complement C1r2C1s2 tetramer. In order to further characterize the C1q-R molecule with regard to its structure and function, highly purified C1q-R was obtained from Raji cells using DEAE-Sephacel and C1q-Sepharose CL-4B chromatography. Studies performed with 125I-labeled C1q-R demonstrated that whereas the C1q-R molecule binds poorly to a variety of human collagens including types II, III, and V, markedly enhanced binding is observed with type IV collagen and moderately enhanced binding with type I collagen. Amino acid composition studies show that the C1q-R molecule contains approximately 44% hydrophobic and 12.6% hydrophilic residues with a ratio of negatively charged to positively charged residues of about 2:1. Treatment of 125I-labeled C1q-R with endoglycosidase F lowers the apparent molecular size from 70 to 58 kd, whereas endoglycosidase H lowered the size to 64 kd. Treatment with neuraminidase, on the other hand, shifted the size of C1q-R to 60 kd. These results suggest the presence of several highly sialylated complex-type or high mannose-type N-linked oligosaccharide side chains. Because purified C1q-R has a blocked amino terminus, amino acid sequences representing internal fragments of the molecule were generated by electroblotting and in situ enzymatic digestion. When these short sequences were searched against the National Biomedical Research Foundation computer data base, a seven-amino-acid sequence, VSWQGQI, showed significant homology (100% and 80% in a five-amino-acid overlap, respectively) with the alpha chains of the human fibronectin (alpha 5 beta 1) and vitronectin (alpha v beta 3) receptors, and to a lesser degree with epidermal growth factor receptor and T cell receptor. A second sequence, ISEDNIR, showed homology with mouse collagen type IV (86% in a six-amino-acid overlap), calmodulin (60% in a seven-amino-acid overlap), and a Leishmania major surface antigen, gp63. These observations seem to predict that C1q-R has pockets of conserved sequences that are similar to those not only present in its ligand(s) but also in other cell surface receptors that may, in part, fulfill similar functions. (+info)

Complement activation in the follicular light zone of human lymphoid tissues. (6/299)

A comparative immunohistochemical study of the distribution pattern of complement components and regulatory proteins within secondary lymphoid follicles was performed by the immunoperoxidase technique. Fifteen lymphoid tissues including appendices. Peyer's patches and tonsils were analysed. Sixty secondary lymphoid follicles with evident polarity, that is, the distinct coexistence of a light zone, dark zone and mantle zone in the same lymphoid follicle, were tested with single antibodies. The light zones were consistently immunostained in a dendritic meshwork pattern with all antibodies. The immunostaining patterns were classified into two major groups based on the immunoreactivity of the dark zone. One immunostaining pattern was characterized by no immunostaining of the dark zone to the majority of the antigens. The second group was characterized by a diffusely weak to moderate dendritic meshwork pattern of the dark zone to some of the immunostainings of C9 (monoclonal), S-protein, and DF-DRC1, and all immunostainings of CR1 (CD35), Ber-Mac-DRC (CD35), CR2 (CD21), and R4/23. All four complement regulatory proteins were localized by immunoelectron microscopy attached to the cell surface of the cells, including follicular dendritic cells, in the light zone. Our data indicate that there is an evident functional difference between the light zone and the dark zone, and that complete activation of the complement system occurs only in the light zone. (+info)

Modulated interaction of the ERM protein, moesin, with CD93. (7/299)

CD93 is a cell-surface glycoprotein that has been shown to influence defence collagen-enhanced Fc-receptor or CR1-mediated phagocytosis of suboptimally opsonized targets in vitro, and CD93-deficient mice are defective in the clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. To investigate the mechanism of CD93 modulation of phagocytic activity, GST fusion proteins containing the 47 amino acid intracellular domain (GST-Cyto), or various mutants of the intracellular domain of CD93, were constructed and used to identify intracellular CD93-binding molecules. The intracellular protein moesin, well characterized for its role in linking transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and in cytoskeletal remodelling, bound to GST-Cyto when either cell lysates or recombinant moesin were used as a source of interacting molecules. An association of moesin with CD93 within intact cells was confirmed by co-capping moesin with CD93 in human monocytes. The moesin-binding site on CD93 mapped to the first four positively charged amino acids in the juxtamembrane region of the CD93 cytoplasmic tail. Interestingly, deletion of the last 11 amino acids from the C terminus of CD93 (GST-Cyto-C11) dramatically increased moesin binding to the cytoplasmic tail of CD93 in the cell lysate assay, but not when the binding of purified recombinant moesin was assessed. Furthermore, moesin binding to CD93 was enhanced by the addition of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). Taken together, these data suggest that the interaction of moesin with the CD93 cytoplasmic domain is modulated by binding of other intracellular molecules to the C11 region and implies that a PIP(2) signalling pathway is involved in CD93 function. (+info)

Structure and regulatory profile of the monkeypox inhibitor of complement: comparison to homologs in vaccinia and variola and evidence for dimer formation. (8/299)

The outbreak of monkeypox in the Unites States in the summer of 2003 was the first occurrence of this smallpox-like disease outside of Africa. This limited human epidemic resulted from cross-infection of prairie dogs by imported African rodents. Although there were no human fatalities, this outbreak illustrates that monkeypox is an emerging natural infection and a potential biological weapon. We characterized a virulence factor expressed by monkeypox (monkeypox inhibitor of complement enzymes or MOPICE). We also compared its structure and regulatory function to homologous complement regulatory proteins of variola (SPICE) and vaccinia (VCP). In multiple expression systems, 5-30% of MOPICE, SPICE, and VCP consisted of function-enhancing disulfide-linked homodimers. Mammalian cells infected with vaccinia virus also expressed VCP dimers. MOPICE bound human C3b/C4b intermediate to that of SPICE and VCP. Cofactor activity of MOPICE was similar to VCP, but both were approximately 100-fold less efficient than SPICE. SPICE and VCP, but not MOPICE, possessed decay-accelerating activity for the C3 and C5 convertases of the classical pathway. Additionally, all three regulators possessed heparin-binding capability. These studies demonstrate that MOPICE regulates human complement and suggest that dimerization is a prominent feature of these virulence factors. Thus, our data add novel information relative to the functional repertoire of these poxviral virulence factors. Furthermore, targeting and neutralizing these complement regulatory active sites via mAbs is a therapeutic approach that may enhance protection against smallpox. (+info)

She was regarded as an expert on complement activating enzymes and inflammatory diseases. Sandberg also researched microbial ... Modes of Complement Interaction with γ1 and γ2 Immunoglobulins". The Journal of Immunology. 104 (2): 329-334. PMID 4189670. ... Raisz, Lawrence G.; Sandberg, A. L.; Goodson, J. M.; Simmons, H. A.; Mergenhagen, S. E. (August 1974). "Complement-Dependent ... Osler, Abraham G.; Oliveira, Benedito; Sandberg, Ann L. (January 1971). "Two Complement Interaction Sites in Guinea Pig ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Linnea_Sandberg

C1q is a subunit of the C1 enzyme complex that activates the serum complement system. C1q comprises 6 A, 6 B and 6 C chains. ... The complement component 1q (or simply C1q) is a protein complex involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate ... Activation of the C1 complex initiates the classical complement pathway of the complement system. The antibodies IgM and all ... "Entrez Gene: C1QA complement component 1, q subcomponent, A chain". Sellar GC, Blake DJ, Reid KB (March 1991). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1q

... are the enzymes that drive complement activation by activating C3b, a central component of the complement system. Some CCPs, ... Complement control protein are proteins that interact with components of the complement system. The complement system is ... Complement proteins protect against malignant cells- both by direct complement attack and through initiation of Complement- ... Complement C3b/C4b Receptor 1, CR1 (CD35) Complement Regulator of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily, CRIg Soluble complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_control_protein

C1r is an enzyme that activates C1s to its active form, by proteolytic cleavage. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Periodontal type is ... Complement C1r subcomponent (EC 3.4.21.41, activated complement C1r, C overbar 1r esterase, C1r) is a protein involved in the ... Linkage analysis and population genetics of the C1S subcomponent of the first complement component". Complement and ... "Complete amino acid sequence of the A chain of human complement-classical-pathway enzyme C1r". The Biochemical Journal. 241 (3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_component_1r

Once activated, neutrophils then release preformed substances, including enzymes causing damage to vessel tissue. Evidence of ... C3a and C5a, proteins produced from the complement system, attract neutrophils to the vessels. ... "Complement Activation in Inflammatory Skin Diseases". Frontiers in Immunology. 9: 639. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00639. ISSN 1664- ... immune complexes deposit in vessel walls leading to activation of the complement system. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis

... can be activated by components of the immune system, such as the complement system; bacterial toxins; activated ... In the pancreas it leads to acute pancreatitis, a condition where the pancreatic enzymes leak out into the peritoneal cavity, ... Fat necrosis is specialized necrosis of fat tissue, resulting from the action of activated lipases on fatty tissues such as the ... Toxins and pathogens may cause necrosis; toxins such as snake venoms may inhibit enzymes and cause cell death. Necrotic wounds ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrosis

The biomaterial surface can also recruit and activate complement proteins. The composition and conformation of adsorbed ... Neutrophils release degradative enzymes and reactive oxygen intermediates that damages the implant. Platelets from the blood- ... Foreign body giant cells release reactive oxygen intermediates, degradative enzymes, and acid onto the biomaterial surface. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_body_reaction

However, antigen-antibody complexes formed may deposit in the vascular endothelium and activate complements leading to severe ... These inflammatory cells release enzymes protease and collagenases, causing potential disruption of the corneal stroma. The ... With limited diffusion, there is a higher concentration of IgM, factor C1 of the complement cascade, and Langerhans cells. Any ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_ulcerative_keratitis

... including enzymes, complement proteins, and regulatory factors such as interleukin-1. At the same time, they carry receptors ... There are several activated forms of macrophages. In spite of a spectrum of ways to activate macrophages, there are two main ... Once a T cell has recognized its particular antigen on the surface of an aberrant cell, the T cell becomes an activated ... Within the phagolysosome, enzymes and toxic peroxides digest the pathogen. However, some bacteria, such as Mycobacterium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage

These genes are activated in Poxviruses by enzymes packaged in the virion itself. They are responsible for dissolving the ... virion capsid, directing DNA replication (in Poxviruses), protecting the virus from the host's interferon and complement ... All of the genes in a particular kinetic class are activated by the same mechanism: either by the process of the virus entering ... The late class consists primarily of structural proteins and assembly enzymes, and is dependent in all three families on the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_class_(virology)

When the autoantibodies bind specifically to the target antigens, the complement system and mast cells are activated, thereby ... They are postulated to release proteolytic enzymes which degrade the hemidesmosomal proteins, resulting in blister formation. ... May 2013). "Prevalence and clinical significance of anti-laminin 332 autoantibodies detected by a novel enzyme-linked ... and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g., captopril) and possibly angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs, e.g., ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemphigoid

September 2009). "Complement protease MASP-1 activates human endothelial cells: PAR4 activation is a link between complement ... Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 also known as mannose-associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1) is an enzyme that in humans ... MASP-1 is involved in the lectin pathway of the complement system and is responsible for activating MASP-2 and MASP-3. It is ... This protein is directly involved in complement activation because MASP-1 activates MASP-2 by cleaving (cutting off a piece) a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP1_(protein)

... is plasma glycoprotein that activates the complement system of the innate immune system. This protein binds to ... bacterial cell walls and dying human cells to stabilize the C3 and C5-convertase enzyme complexes to form an attack complex ... This branch of the complement system is activated by IgA immune complexes and bacterial endotoxins, polysaccharides, and cell ... Hourcade D (2006). "The Role of Properdin in the Assembly of the Alternative Pathway C3 Convertases of Complement". J Biol Chem ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properdin

This covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate is then hydrolyzed by activated water to complete catalysis by releasing the second half ... the complement system, apoptosis pathways, and the invertebrate prophenoloxidase-activating cascade). Proteases can either ... A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes (increases reaction rate or ... These enzymes are involved in a multitude of physiological reactions from simple digestion of food proteins to highly regulated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease

After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe, they activate their protease activity, which in turn activates other ... Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce an array of chemicals including enzymes, complement ... In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding ... Complement is the major humoral component of the innate immune response. Many species have complement systems, including non- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

Progressively, the phagolysosome is acidified, activating degradative enzymes. Degradation can be oxygen-dependent or oxygen- ... The extracellular domain of the receptors contains a lectin-like complement-binding domain. Recognition by complement receptors ... For example, activating receptors of human macrophages are FcγRI, FcγRIIA, and FcγRIII. Fcγ receptor mediated phagocytosis ... Enzymes and other molecules prepared in these granules are proteases, such as collagenase, gelatinase or serine proteases, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagocytosis

Ras GTPase-activating protein nGAP is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RASAL2 gene. This gene encodes a protein that ... The protein encoded by this gene is able to complement the defective RasGAP function in a yeast system. Two alternatively ... "Purification of a novel ras GTPase-activating protein from rat brain". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (30): 22948-52. doi:10.1016/S0021- ... contains the GAP-related domain (GRD), a characteristic domain of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). GAPs function as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASAL2

He was the first to determine the structure of the complement-activating F-fragment, which was also the first variable and the ... Huber's structure of citrate synthase revealed a striking example of a conformational change undergone by an enzyme on ... which led to the discovery of the remarkable activation mechanism of this enzyme, and of the complex of thrombin with hirudin, ... and of other metallo-enzymes. These studies have thrown new light on electron-transfer systems and on zinc coordination in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huber

It does so by binding to caspase 1 (or ICE - interleukin-1 converting enzyme) which is under normal circumstances activated by ... inflammation and complement activation. SPI-2 inhibits processing of an inactive precursor of interleukin-1β (pro-IL-1β) to ... SPI-2 expression also inhibits the apoptotic pathway activated by Fas-ligand and TNFα. Deletion of SPI-2 leads to virus ... inhibits interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme and protects virus-infected cells from TNF- and Fas-mediated apoptosis, but does ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B13R_(virus_protein)

... are able to cause agglutination of red blood cells and activate complement to cause hemolysis, leading to anemia. Rarely, ... LacNAc repeats are made by the enzymes B3GNT1 and B4GALT1. The i antigen is made of linear repeats, while the structure of the ... The gene encoding I-branching enzyme is located on chromosome 6. The function of I and i antigens are unknown but may be ... This is due to the presence of a mutation in the GCNT2 gene which encodes the I-branching enzyme. These individuals have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii_antigen_system

... complement, phospholipase A2 and matrix-degrading enzymes. Therefore, these aforementioned mediators within the amniotic fluid ... Meconium can also activate the coagulation cascade, production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and other vasoactive ... For example, proteolytic enzymes are released from neutrophilic granules and these may damage the lung membrane and surfactant ... The presence of fetal intestinal enzymes have been found in the amniotic fluid of women who are as early as 14-22 weeks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome

In contrast to silencing genes, dCas9 can also be used to activate genes when fused to transcription activating factors. These ... The use of the enzyme Cas9 can be a solution to many viral infections. Cas9 possesses the ability to target specific viruses by ... Due to the unique ability of Cas9 to bind to essentially any complement sequence in any genome, researchers wanted to use this ... This approach is made possible by hybridizing ssDNA with a PAM complement sequence to ssRNA allowing for a dsDNA-RNA PAM site ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cas9

Cleavage of complement C3 by a free floating convertase, thrombin, plasmin or even a bacterial enzyme leads to formation of C3a ... "C3b deposition during activation of the alternative complement pathway and the effect of deposition on the activating surface ... DAF protects host cells from damage by autologous complement. DAF acts on C2b and Bb and dissociates them rapidly from C4b and ... C4BP is a cofactor for the enzyme C3bINA. C4b-binding protein inhibits the haemolytic function of cell-bound C4b. C4b-binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3-convertase

... and the enzyme activated by allostery. The LDL-receptor domains contain one Calcium-binding site each. The factor I light chain ... Complement factor I, also known as C3b/C4b inactivator, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFI gene. Complement ... Loss of function mutations in the Complement Factor I gene lead to low levels of factor I which results in increased complement ... Whaley K (March 1980). "Biosynthesis of the complement components and the regulatory proteins of the alternative complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_factor_I

... complement c8 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.850 - complement c9 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.860 - complement activating enzymes MeSH ... complement c1 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.270 - complement c1q MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.050.280 - complement c1r MeSH D12.776. ... complement c2 MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.500 - complement c2a MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.150.750 - complement c2b MeSH D12.776. ... complement c3c MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.250.260.750 - complement c3d MeSH D12.776.124.486.274.350 - complement c4 MeSH D12.776. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776.124)

Once water is absorbed, the seed undergoes metabolic changes whereby enzymes are activated and RNA and proteins are synthesized ... These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, ... each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive ... Enzymes act as catalysts-they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly without being consumed by it-by reducing the amount of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology

... complement component 3 (C3), and complement component 4 (C4). When these particular enzymes such as C3 and C4 are activated, ... then downstream proteins in the complement cascade are activated, including complement component 2 (C2), ... The C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) enzyme plays a role in the classical pathway of the complement cascade, which is a component ... The role of C1-INH is to regulate and control the activities of the complement cascade, such that complement proteins remain in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_C1_esterase_inhibitor_deficiency

The key enzymes involved are recombination activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and ... X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), DNA ligase IV, non-homologous end-joining factor 1 (NHEJ1; also known as ... Some enzymes involved are specific to lymphocytes (e.g., RAG, TdT), while others are found in other cell types and even ... Several other enzymes are known to be involved in the process and include DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V(D)J_recombination

... activates other proteins of the complement system. Additionally, it inhibits various proteins of the coagulation cascade, ... Brown NJ, Ray WA, Snowden M, Griffin MR (July 1996). "Black Americans have an increased rate of angiotensin converting enzyme ... All forms of HAE lead to abnormal activation of the complement system, and all forms can cause swelling elsewhere in the body, ... In this analysis, it is usually a reduced complement factor C4, rather than the C1-INH deficiency itself, that is detected. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angioedema

Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway ... This enzyme then cleaves C5 to C5a, a potent anaphylatoxin, and C5b. The C5b then recruits and assembles C6, C7, C8 and ... Polymorphisms of complement component 3, complement factor B, and complement factor I, as well as deletion of complement factor ... When complement is activated on a cell surface, the activation is limited by endogenous complement regulatory proteins, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_system

"BRENDA-enzymes. Retrieved 14 Dec 2008.. *^ Zhu H, Hart CA, Sales D, Roberts NB (September 2006). "Bacterial killing in gastric ... This zymogen is activated by hydrochloric acid (HCl), which is released from parietal cells in the stomach lining. The hormone ... because they are not able to bind complement, which could lyse the cells. F(ab')2, and to a greater extent Fab, fragments allow ... "Enzyme entry 3.4.23.1". ExPASy Bioinformatics Resource Portal. SIB. Retrieved 14 Dec 2008.. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepsin

IgG or IgM can bind to C1q, but IgA cannot, therefore IgA does not activate the classical complement pathway.[18] ... Reen DJ (1994). "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)". Basic Protein and Peptide Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology ... These antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway leading to lysis of enveloped virus particles long before the ... these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Second, some complement ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

The enzyme Sec translocase is found to be present on the inner membrane. Such Sec-dependent systems do not need to use energy, ... This may be due to BadA's inducing the transcription of proangiogenic factors, as it activates of NF-κB as well as hypoxia- ... They do this by aiding complement resistance. The stalk protein domain is also alternatively named the internal passenger ... It also contains a recognition site for signal peptidases, which means the enzyme will recognise the signal peptide and cleave ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimeric_autotransporter_adhesin

Intravascular hemolysis may occur when red blood cells are targeted by autoantibodies, leading to complement fixation, or by ... Jacobasch, G; Rapoport, SM (1996). "Hemolytic anemias due to erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. ... and increased mortality.53-58 Plasma hemoglobin and its breakdown product heme can also directly activate endothelial cells and ... potentially life-threatening disease of the blood characterized by complement-induced intravascular hemolytic anemia. Extrinsic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis

The enzyme calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) is most likely responsible for the apoptotic cell releasing LPC as it ... This molecule has inflammatory properties, meaning it is capable of attracting and activating neutrophils. Humans turn over ... complement components C3a and C5a, split tyrosyl tRNA synthetase (mini TyrRS), dimerized ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19), ... endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) and formyl peptides (including N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find-me_signals

λ-red is activated when arabinose binds to expressed AraC, inducing dimerization of the AraC protein and subsequent DNA binding ... Cas endonucleases are able to initiate double strand breaks within these foreign DNAs that are complement to the transcribed ... this process can assemble and clone multiple inserts into any vector and requires no restriction enzyme digestion, ligation, or ... Cas9, with the guidance of the transformed sgRNA, identifies the E. coli complement target sequence and initiates a double ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-SCAR_(Scarless_Cas9_Assisted_Recombineering)_Genome_Editing

When the enzyme encounters chemically modified bases, it will slow down or speed up in a uniquely identifiable way. ... Under a loose chromatin state, DNA is more accessible to transcriptional machinery and thus expression is activated. The ... Next-generation sequencing is well suited in complementing bisulfite sequencing in genome-wide methylation analysis. While this ... MNase-seq and DNase-seq both follow the same principles, as they employ lytic enzymes that target nucleic acids to cut the DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics

Its main enzyme plasmin cuts the fibrin mesh at various places, leading to the production of circulating fragments that are ... This occurs because plasminogen became entrapped within the clot when it formed; as it is slowly activated, it breaks down the ... Plasmin, in addition to lysing fibrin clots, also cleaves the complement system component C3, and fibrin degradation products ... Clinically, the TEM is useful for near real-time measurement of activated fibrinolysis for at-risk patients, such as those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinolysis

C3a, C5a, IL-8 are all chemotactic factors of the activated complement system. Part of their role is to recruit ... If the DPGN is caused by IgA nephropathy then corticosteroids, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEIs), angiotensin ... There are no current clinical trials for DPGN happening.[citation needed] Activating complement pathways plays a large role in ... Usually the deposition of immune-complexes (antigen-antibody complex) that activates the complement system are involved. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_proliferative_nephritis

Complement activation leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells (monocytes and neutrophils) that release lysosomal enzymes ... The antigen engulfed by the macrophages and monocytes is presented to T cells, which then becomes sensitized and activated. ... Antibody binding to cell surface receptors and altering its activity Activation of the complement pathway. Antibody-dependent ... Cell depletion or destruction without inflammation Inflammation mediated by complement or Fc receptor Cellular dysfunction by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity

AMF is thought to play a key role in cancer metastasis by activating the MAPK/ERK or PI3K/AKT pathways. In the PI3K/AKT pathway ... Enzyme 5.3.1.9 at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound C05345 at KEGG Pathway Database. Reaction R00771 at KEGG Pathway Database. ... arthritis without reactive oxygen species and complement". The American Journal of Pathology. 183 (4): 1144-1155. doi:10.1016/j ... The enzyme is thought to use the same catalytic mechanisms for both glucose ring-opening and isomerization for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase

dsRNA can also activate gene expression, a mechanism that has been termed "small RNA-induced gene activation" or RNAa. dsRNAs ... Most commonly, enzymes known as adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) catalyze adenosine to inosine (A to I) transitions. ... January 2020). "MirGeneDB 2.0: the metazoan microRNA complement". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (D1): D132-D141. doi:10.1093/nar/ ... Similar enzymes are encoded in animal genomes, but their roles have not been described. Several miRNA modifications affect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroRNA

... including chemical mediators called cytokines activate the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells, and promote ... The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism. In general, phagocytes patrol the body ... The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps, or "complements", the ability of antibodies to ... When activated by a pathogen encounter, histamine-releasing basophils are important in the defense against parasites and play a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innate_immune_system

For example, the gene encoding the enzyme that synthesizes penicillin is of no use to a fungus without the enzymes that ... It may be caused by several mechanisms, for example transvection, where an enhancer from one allele acts in trans to activate ... That is, each mutant alone upon infection cannot produce viable progeny, but upon mixed infection with two complementing ... In enzymes, the protein structure orients a few, key amino acids into precise geometries to form an active site to perform ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistasis

... the activated protein binds to the PIP2 proteins embedded in the membrane. The activated IRS-1 acts as a secondary messenger ... PKB also phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase, which is an enzyme that inhibits glycogen synthase. Therefore, ... where this is also true for each monomers mirrored complement (the opposite side of the ectodomain structure). Current ... which is subsequently activated via phosphorylation. The activated IRS-1 initiates the signal transduction pathway and binds to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_receptor

Lymphocytes include: B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement ... due to the heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase that they produce. All white blood cells are nucleated, which distinguishes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell

The ability of activated ex vivo NK cells has been a topic of interest for the treatment of tumors. After early clinical trials ... ADCC is independent of the immune complement system that also lyses targets but does not require any other cell. ADCC requires ... There are also enzymatic-based assays in which the contents of the lysed cells includes cellular enzymes like GAPDH that remain ... Afucosylated monoclonal antibodies Complement-dependent cytotoxicity Hashimoto, G.; Wright, P. F.; Karzon, D. T. (1983-11-01 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity

... as well as activated macrophages that produce hydrolytic enzymes.[citation needed] Effective management of allergic diseases ... Szebeni, Janos (8 May 2007). The Complement System: Novel Roles in Health and Disease. Springer Science & Business Media. p. ... Lactose intolerance, a common reaction to milk, is not a form of allergy at all, but due to the absence of an enzyme in the ... Activated mast cells and basophils undergo a process called degranulation, during which they release histamine and other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy

The E. coli enzymes beta-glucuronidase and beta-galactosidase can also be encoded by some viruses. These enzymes, in the ... These molecules activate genetic anti-viral defence programs that protect cells from infection and prevent spread of the virus ... Magge D, Guo ZS, O'Malley ME, Francis L, Ravindranathan R, Bartlett DL (June 2013). "Inhibitors of C5 complement enhance ... These enzymes also exist in the genomes of certain viruses (E.g. HSV, vaccinia) and allow viral replication in quiescent(non- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolytic_virus

For example, myxobacteria, moving in swarms, are able to maintain a high concentration of extracellular enzymes used to digest ... The innate immune system enables a rapid inflammatory response that contains the infection, and it activates the adaptive ... as well as molecular pathways such as the complement system which react to microbial non-self. ... The extracellular enzymes secreted by swarming bacteria, the slime of a biofilm, or the soma cells in a differentiated organism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allorecognition

Expression of this enzyme in vertebrates is initially found during the gestation period that is the highest after weaning. Then ... In humans, the only known function of trehalose is its ability to activate autophagy inducer. Trehalose has also been reported ... "A Selaginella lepidophylla trehalose-6-phosphate synthase complements growth and stress-tolerance defects in a yeast tps1 ... Trehalose is rapidly broken down into glucose by the enzyme trehalase, which is present in the brush border of the intestinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose

... but the individuals newly formed diploid genetic complement is not in control of the zygote yet; it needs to be activated, or ... nativism Society of mind theory The Neurosciences Institute Universal Darwinism Work by Rodney Porter with the enzyme papain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism

Basophils have receptors that can bind to IgE, IgG, complement, and histamine. The cytoplasm of basophils contains a varied ... April 2007). "Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood". Nature Medicine. 13 ... proteolytic enzymes and cathepsin G to break down (bacterial) proteins, lysozyme to break down bacterial cell walls, and ... Granule contents of basophils are abundant with histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, peroxidase, platelet-activating factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulocyte

House drummer D. J. Fontana brought a new element, complementing Presley's movements with accented beats that he had mastered ... and that his death was due in part to a toxic reaction to codeine-exacerbated by an undetected liver enzyme defect-which can ... Sinatra-because the spiritual translucence and reined-in gut sexuality of his slow weeper and torchy pop blues still activate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley

The heat-resistant enzymes that are a key component in polymerase chain reaction were discovered in the 1960s as a product of a ... Two different primers are typically included in the reaction mixture: one for each of the two single-stranded complements ... finish PCR is achieved with new hybrid polymerases that are inactive at ambient temperature and are instantly activated at ... DNA helicase, an enzyme that unwinds DNA, is used in place of thermal denaturation. Hot start PCR: a technique that reduces non ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction

The polymerase chain reaction method is used to quantify nucleic acids by amplifying a nucleic acid molecule with the enzyme ... July 2015). "Noninvasive detection of activating estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) mutations in estrogen receptor-positive metastatic ... February 2016). "Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4". Nature. 530 (7589): 177-183. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_polymerase_chain_reaction

The lectin pathway of complement is activated by mannose-binding lectin (MBL) which binds to N-acetylglucosamine. N- ... Immunologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing may be used for diagnosis. These tests are capable of a 90% ... The classical pathway of complement is activated by antibodies specific against Giardia. Antibodies inhibit parasite ... On an immunological level, activated host T lymphocytes attack endothelial cells that have been injured in order to remove the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardiasis

... but also possesses acetyltransferase activity and can act as a ubiquitin-activating/conjugating enzyme. Two transcripts ... which complements the temperature-sensitive G1 mutants, tsBN462 and ts13, of the BHK cell line". EMBO J. 7 (6): 1683-7. doi: ... "Isolation of a cDNA encoding the largest subunit of TFIIA reveals functions important for activated transcription". Genes Dev. ... characterization of a cDNA encoding the small subunit and requirement for basal and activated transcription". Proc. Natl. Acad ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAF1

When a microtubule connects with the kinetochore, the motor activates, using energy from ATP to "crawl" up the tube toward the ... Mutations in genes encoding enzymes employed in recombination cause cells to have increased sensitivity to being killed by a ... resulting in severe errors in their chromosomal complements. In nondisjunction, sister chromatids fail to separate during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis

Once activated, they change shape and become more amorphous or amoeba-like and can extend pseudopods as they hunt for antigens ... The enzyme also influences activity of macrophages by cleaving their toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downregulating cytokine ... Neutrophils have a variety of specific receptors, including ones for complement, cytokines like interleukins and IFN-γ, ... In addition to recruiting and activating other cells of the immune system, neutrophils play a key role in the front-line ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil

Here, we show that another chaperone molecule also possesses complement-activating ability. Solid-phase enzyme-linked ... Human Hsp70 activated the CP independently of antibodies. No complement activation was found in the case of human Hsp90. Our ... Our previous work focused on the complement-activating ability of human Hsp60. We demonstrated that Hsp60 complexed with ... Complement-like molecules and primitive immune cells appeared together early in evolution. A joint action of these arms of ...

https://bioone.org/journals/cell-stress-and-chaperones/volume-7/issue-1

Complement Activating Enzymes - Preferred Concept UI. M0004917. Scope note. Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT ... Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT ... Complement Activating Enzymes Entry term(s). Activating Enzymes, Complement Enzymes, Complement Activating ... They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways.. Allowable Qualifiers:. AD administration & dosage. AE adverse ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=22141

Macrophage-Activating Factors. 1. + 503. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2. 1. + 504. Complement Activating Enzymes. 1. + ...

https://lookfordiagnosis.com/results.php?symptoms=Melanoma%3B%20Malignant%20Melanoma&lang=1&parent=%2F&mode=F&therapy_ap=1

High Levels of Complement Activating Enzyme MASP-2 Are Associated With the Risk of Future Incident Venous Thromboembolism. ...

https://phgkb.cdc.gov/PHGKB/searchSummary.action?firstQuery=Deep+Vein+Thrombosis&Mysubmit=Search&dbTypeChoice=HLBS

The encoded enzyme was found to activate the complement pathway by cleavage of C3 to release C3a anaphylotoxin. This gene is ... encoded protein is a precursor that undergoes proteolytic cleavage of the activation peptide to generate the functional enzyme ...

https://mutagenetix.utsouthwestern.edu/incidental/incidental_rec.cfm?mid=384519

... and the role of the complement pathway in TA-TMA development. ... MBL then activates MASP2, which is an important enzyme in the ... its premiere enzyme, can directly activate prothrombin to thrombin; you now have the complement pathway involved. You have this ... When you activate complement, break down C5 into C5a and C5b, which joins to C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form a complex known as ... Also, by activating particularly the lectin pathway complement, well come back to this theme throughout this discussion: MASP2 ...

https://www.onclive.com/view/overview-of-transplant-associated-thrombotic-microangiopathy-ta-tma

... ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1, complement component C8 beta chain, and apolipoprotein L1 (p = 0.0039, odds ratio ... Our in vitro and preclinical animal models suggest that activating the MLK3-CD70 axis by the PPP-CNP could sensitize/overcome ... Dual inhibition of EZH2 and histone deacetylase (HDAC) significantly activates IFI16-dependent immune responses to trastuzumab ... The PPP-CNP activated MLK3, its downstream JNK kinase activity, and down-regulated AKT pathway signaling in TR cell lines and ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=mh:Antineopl%C3%A1sicos+Imunol%C3%B3gicos/farmacologia

Activated from proenzyme C1r in plasma by autocatalytic mechanism during activation of the complement system by the classical ... All ENZYME / UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries corresponding to 3.4.21.-. All ENZYME / UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries corresponding to ... Activates C1s by proteolytic cleavage so that it can, in turn, activate C2 and C4. ... View entry in original ENZYME format View entry in raw text format (no links). All UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries referenced in ...

https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.4.21.41

Activated complement components can increase vascular permeability and further generate chemotactic factors for neutrophils (eg ... C3a, C5a). Neutrophils, in turn, infiltrate the peripheral cornea and release proteolytic and collagenolytic enzymes, reactive ... resulting in neutrophil recruitment and complement activation (both classic and alternative pathways) in both tissue and ... mechanism of PUK is a result of degradation and tissue necrosis of corneal stroma produced by degradative enzymes, which are ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1195980-163188/what-are-the-sexual-predilections-of-peripheral-ulcerative-keratitis-puk

Learn and reinforce your understanding of Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review. ... Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... The lysosomal enzymes also activate NADPH oxidase, which causes NADPH to undergo oxidation and lose two electrons. Nearby ... Another enzyme called superoxide dismutase can then take these superoxide ions and combine them with hydrogen ions, forming ...

https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Immunodeficiencies:_Phagocyte_and_complement_dysfunction:_Pathology_review?from=/md/foundational-sciences/pathology/immune-system/immunodeficiences/combined-b-cell-and-t-cell-disorders

... lysosomal enzymes, platelet activating factors, and free oxygen radicals. In addition to increased inflammation, mechanisms ... There are numerous complex endogenous mediators, including the coagulation system, complements, kinins, cytokines, metabolites ... Human monocyte/macrophages activate by exposure to LPS overexpress NGF and NGF receptors. J Neuroimmunol 2001. 113. 193. 201. ... Expression of nerve growth factor and nerve growth factor recetor tyrosine kinase Trk in activated CD4-positive T-cell clones. ...

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/39637

AKA the complement system) kicks in. This secondary system is comprised of approximately 25 proteins/enzymes that activate in a ...

https://www.jonbarron.org/program/strong-immune-system-program/

Rabbit Complement C3 produced in Rabbit plasma having a molecular mass of 185 kDa. ... These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. Most of the C3 activated during ... Complement C3, C3 and PZP-like alpha-2-macroglobulin domain-containing protein 1, C3, CPAMD1. ... C3 is central to the activation of all 3 pathways of complement activation. Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/c3-rabbit

Antigen-antibody (IgG) complex activates complement. Neutrophils release lysozomal enzymes. Examples. Arthus Reaction. Serum ...

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Complement Activating Enzymes [D08.811.277.300] * Epoxide Hydrolases [D08.811.277.340] * Esterases [D08.811.277.352] ... Enzymes and Coenzymes [D08] * Enzymes [D08.811] * Hydrolases [D08.811.277] * Acid Anhydride Hydrolases [D08.811.277.040] * AAA ... Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.6.. Terms. Acid Anhydride Hydrolases Preferred Term Term UI T053170. Date01/01/1999. LexicalTag ... Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.6.. Registry Number. EC 3.6.-. Previous Indexing. Hydrolases (1966-1993). Public MeSH Note. 94 ...

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D017766

Complement Activating Enzymes [D12.776.124.486.274.045]. *Complement C3-C5 Convertases [D12.776.124.486.274.045.387] ... Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING ... They cleave COMPLEMENT C4 and COMPLEMENT C2 to form C4b2a, the CLASSICAL PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE. ... Lectin-complement pathway molecules are decreased in patients with cirrhosis and constitute the risk of bacterial infections. ...

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Title: Metabolic regulation by C1q/TNF-related protein-13 (CTRP13): activation OF AMP-activated protein kinase and suppression ... CTRP13 reduces glucose output in hepatocytes by inhibiting the mRNA expression of gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase ... complement C1q-like protein 3. Names. C1q and tumor necrosis factor-related protein 13. C1q/TNF-related protein 13. complement ... 16513734..16521879 complement Download. GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics). Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0. Genomic * NC_ ...

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Complement is a group of serum proteins that circulate in an inactive proenzyme state. The proteins can be activated by a ... variety of specific and nonspecific immunologic mechanisms that convert the inactive proenzymes into active enzymes. The ... Again, mentioning complement as an example, there is a definition of genetic complement deficiencies which can have clinical ... Complement system is only one, more or less unspecific component, of many immunological mechanisms. It is mentioned as an ...

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Recent work, however, has defined a novel and unexpected role for an intracellular complement system-the complosome-in the ... The classical complement system is engrained in the mind of scientists and clinicians as a blood-operative key arm of innate ... about the emerging vital role of the complosome in T cell metabolism and discusses how viewing the evolution of the complement ... or are expressed on cells in mostly pro-enzyme and non-activated states. Sensing of pathogens or danger by one or more of the ...

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... "and the complement cascade cannot be activated without the catalysis of several enzymes, among which C3 convertase and C5 ... Complement can be activated in three different ways, one of which is the classical pathway. The classical pathway for ... "It is well known that the complement system functions as a complement of the immune system, playing an important role in ... Creative Biolabs Offers Innovative Solutions for Complement Therapeutics. Back To Homepage Subscribe To RSS Feed ...

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... "and the complement cascade cannot be activated without the catalysis of several enzymes, among which C3 convertase and C5 ... Complement can be activated in three different ways, one of which is the classical pathway. The classical pathway for ... "It is well known that the complement system functions as a complement of the immune system, playing an important role in ... In order to support relevant studies in this field, Creative Biolabs has enhanced its capacities in complement-based drug ...

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By activating host degradative enzymes.. *By cleaving components involved in innate (cytokines/ chemokines, complement factors ... It has been shown to degrade C3 complement of complement system 299. Hence, P. intermedia can modulate the innate immune ... This enzyme has been shown to cleave C-terminal to Arg-residues 258. The exact role of this enzyme in the virulence of T. ... The enzyme responsible for trypsin-like activity in T. denticola is oligopeptidase B which is encoded by opdB (TDE2140). ...

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In addition, LPS (lipid A) activates the complement system, a set of plasma proteins that are inactive in the blood as part of ... Activating them means changing the configuration of the proteins molecules or cliave, giving them enzyme capacity. When the ... activating metabolic pathways29. Among these pathways, the action of the cytosolic enzyme phospholipase A2 acts on the ... LPS, via CD14, activates monocytes and macrophages, causing the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, ...

http://revodonto.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-86372014000400009

... in activating the complement system, in binding cellular remnants like nuclear fractions, in neutralizing enzymes, scavenging ...

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... including a primary arm of innate immunity called the complement cascade. To safeguard against complement-mediated attack, the ... Candidalysin also activates multiple MAPK-based signaling events that collectively drive the production of downstream ... Here, we report an enzyme involved in Dirammox that catalyzes the conversion of hydroxylamine to N2. We tested previously ... However, it remains unknown which molecule activates RipR in bacterial pathogenesis. In this study, we determined the crystal ...

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According to new hypotheses, extracellular heat shock proteins (Hsps) may represent an ancestral danger signal of cellular death or lysis-activating innate immunity. (bioone.org)
Enzymes that activate one or more COMPLEMENT PROTEINS in the complement system leading to the formation of the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX , an important response in host defense. (bvsalud.org)
Complement consists of over 50 proteins that either circulate in blood, the lymph and interstitial fluids, or are expressed on cells in mostly pro-enzyme and non-activated states. (hapres.com)
ch-OSA naturally helps nourish your body's beauty proteins by supporting and activating enzymes used by collagen-generating cells to make collagen. (physiciannutrients.com)
1] Neutrophils move to the site of invasion by means of chemotaxis, which occurs in response to microbial products, activated complement proteins, and cytokines. (medscape.com)
The MASP1 gene provides instructions for making proteins that are involved in a series of steps called the lectin complement pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers are studying whether these proteins play different roles in the lectin complement pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
Enzymes are proteins that help chemical reactions occur at a faster rate by lowering the energy needed for the reactions. (web.app)
Restriction enzymes are special proteins produced by bacteria to prevent or restrict invasion by foreign dna such as from viruses. (web.app)
One of the most important functions of proteins in living cells is to act as enzymes. (web.app)

The encoded enzyme was found to activate the complement pathway by cleavage of C3 to release C3a anaphylotoxin. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Jeffrey Laurence, MD, provides an overview of transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), the associated risk factors, and the role of the complement pathway in TA-TMA development. (onclive.com)
MBL then activates MASP2, which is an important enzyme in the cascade of a part of a complement system known as the lectin pathway. (onclive.com)
The reason why this is so critical is because when activated, the lectin pathway itself can also then turn on the alternative pathway of complement. (onclive.com)
Now you have marked activation of the lectin pathway and the complement pathway and the alternative pathway of complement in this system. (onclive.com)
Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes which binds the target surface. (prospecbio.com)
Lectin-complement pathway molecules are decreased in patients with cirrhosis and constitute the risk of bacterial infections. (harvard.edu)
The lectin pathway of complement activation is a critical component of the innate immune response to pneumococcal infection. (harvard.edu)
Sensing of pathogens or danger by one or more of the three activation pathways, the classical, the lectin, or the alternative complement pathway, triggers activation of the system in a cascade-like fashion. (hapres.com)
Complement can be activated in three different ways, one of which is the classical pathway. (srinagarmagazine.in)
The classical pathway for complement activation is a major contributor to the defense against infections, the removal of necrotic cells, and the maintenance of homeostasis. (srinagarmagazine.in)
Creative Biolabs can provide custom services based on targets of the classical pathway and a full range of therapeutical antibodies, inhibitors, and soluble complement regulators, such as C1 inhibitors, C3 inhibitors, C5 inhibitors, and C5aR inhibitors. (srinagarmagazine.in)
By activating the TLR-2-dependent pathway, BspA has been shown to trigger the release of bone-resorbing pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes 235 and IL-8 from gingival epithelial cells 236 . (periobasics.com)
Also, contributing to the recombinational DNA repair pathway is the Holliday junction processing enzymes encoded by recG, ruvA, ruvB, and ruvC. (kenyon.edu)
Opsonins are often antibodies or components of the complement pathway that bind to the surface of target organisms to facilitate this phagocytosis. (medscape.com)
After birth, the lectin complement pathway is involved in the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
Researchers suggest that similar pathways in the immune system can compensate for problems in the lectin complement pathway, which explains why immune system abnormalities are not part of 3MC syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)

They are enzymes in the various COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION pathways. (bvsalud.org)
C3 is central to the activation of all 3 pathways of complement activation. (prospecbio.com)
MASP-3 is the exclusive pro-factor D activator in resting blood: the lectin and the alternative complement pathways are fundamentally linked. (harvard.edu)
Choline not only has the positively charged nitrogen atom that forms the vital bond with OSA, but according to leading collagen researchers, choline transports the orthosilicic acid into target cells where it activates the pathways involved in collagen production. (physiciannutrients.com)
The gradual discoveries of cystathionine β -synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ -lyase (CSE) as critical enzymes producing H 2 S [ 6 ] shed more light upon its signaling pathways and widespread physiological functions. (hindawi.com)
Hashish is pleiotropic, that means it has many alternative results by means of many molecular pathways, activating or binding to a number of receptors in your physique. (cbdprofessor.co)

The encoded protein is a precursor that undergoes proteolytic cleavage of the activation peptide to generate the functional enzyme. (utsouthwestern.edu)
The vast majority, if not exclusively, of the TA-TMAs involve complement activation and set off a TMA that is most reminiscent of another major complement-associated TMA: atypical HUS [hemolytic uremic syndrome]. (onclive.com)
Activated from proenzyme C1r in plasma by autocatalytic mechanism during activation of the complement system by the 'classical' route. (expasy.org)
Most of the C3 activated during complement activation never attaches to the surface due to its thioester reaction with water forming fluid phase C3b which is rapidly inactivated by factors H and I forming iC3b. (prospecbio.com)
Serum serine proteases which participate in COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. (harvard.edu)
Recruitment of Human C1 Esterase Inhibitor Controls Complement Activation on Blood Stage Plasmodium falciparum Merozoites. (harvard.edu)
However, due to marginal efficacy, a short effective half-life, temperature instability, low oxygen-carrying capacity, and adverse effects such as acute complement activation and disruption of pulmonary surfactant, this product has since been withdrawn from the market. (medscape.com)
Major events in the pathogenesis of sepsis include neutrophil, monocyte, and macrophage inflammatory responses, intravascular coagulopathy resulting from activation of plasma complements and clotting cascades, endothelial cell damage, and hypotension. (iiarjournals.org)
recombination labels travel yet activated by Ub C-terminal insulin, being a activation between the transcription phosphorylation and the abnormal family actin. (evakoch.com)
Results obtained from present study indicate that the permeabilty-en-hancing reaction induced by the protease is caused by the activation of the kallikrein-kinin cascade in the tissue. (nii.ac.jp)
this is complemented by internal Ca2+release and the activation of TRP and TRPL coupled to Ca2+ depletion of internal reservoirs. (scian.cl)
We also anticipated that our cyclic cMO strategy could be adapted to accommodate enzyme-mediated activation. (cdc.gov)
Activation of the complement cascade enhances motility of leukemic cells by downregulating expression of HO-1. (edu.pl)

Although complement was initially considered only a key constituent of innate immunity, due to its critical role in delivering co-stimulatory signals via engagement of complement receptors on antigen presenting cells (APCs) or directly on B and T cells, it is now also widely recognized as a required functional bridge between innate and adaptive immunity [5-7] . (hapres.com)
They recognize microorganisma through their Fc, complement and toll-like receptors (TLR), as well as non-TLR. (medscape.com)
reabsorption chaperones via precursor virus Protease Activated Receptors( PARs). (erik-mill.de)
Moreover, these effects can be enhanced when complement factors as C3bi, which is recognized by β 2 -integrin MAC-1, [ 22 ] or antibodies bind to receptors on the neutrophil membrane. (medscape.com)
This is brought about by activated Src-family kinases, that are recruited toward the receptors as a result of receptor clustering by multivalent ligands. (medscape.com)
fungal wall- Zymosan, Viral NA's and foreign DNA Receptors for AB's and serum glycoproteins Complement also present. (kupdf.net)
Cannabinoids are compounds that activate certain nerve receptors in the brain and body. (siciley.com)
and kava - a calming medicinal herb with a cannabinoid-like compound that activates cannabinoid receptors in the brain[10]. (siciley.com)

Activates C1s by proteolytic cleavage so that it can, in turn, activate C2 and C4. (expasy.org)
The vesicles and granules in neutrophils contain a highly specialized, heterogeneous and powerful mixture of microbicidal peptides and proteolytic enzymes. (medscape.com)

Activated complement components can increase vascular permeability and further generate chemotactic factors for neutrophils (eg, C3a, C5a). (medscape.com)
In summary, the major pathophysiologic mechanism of PUK is a result of degradation and tissue necrosis of corneal stroma produced by degradative enzymes, which are released primarily by neutrophils attracted into the area by diverse stimuli. (medscape.com)

With these mAb we investigated plasma from 19 Danish C1-INH-HAE patients in three different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs): a total antigenic C4 assay, a functional C4 assay and an assay measuring non-functional C4c. (chaen-rcah.ca)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Carbonic Anhydrase IV (CA4) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids. (master-sistemisanitari-medicinenonconvenzionali.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) in tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids. (1elisakits.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Tubulin Polymerization Promoting Protein (TPPP) in samples from tissue homogenates, cell lysates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (1elisakits.com)

By activating host degradative enzymes. (periobasics.com)

In patients with idiopathic FSGS, investigational findings for an underlying etiology-such as systemic lupus erythematosus (serum complement C4/C3 levels, antinuclear antibody/anti-DNA titers), hepatitis B or C or HIV infection, vasculitis (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody titers, serum protein electrophoresis)-are generally negative. (medscape.com)

Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)
Though both will lead to phagocytosis, complement-opsonized particles will slowly 'sink in' to the cell, whereas binding of the antibodies to the Fcγ receptor will lead to extension of neutrophil pseudopods until they surround and eventually entrap the particle. (medscape.com)

These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. (prospecbio.com)
Other types of restriction enzymes cleave dna at positions somewhat distant from their. (web.app)

Endogenous and natural complement inhibitor attenuates myocardial injury and arterial thrombogenesis. (harvard.edu)
Low complement factor C4 is usually considered a valuable screening tool for patients with the potentially life-threatening hereditary angioedema with C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency (C1-INH-HAE). (chaen-rcah.ca)
Fortunately, frankincense extract has proved an effective inhibitor against this enzyme. (our-arthritis.com)

It is well known that the complement system functions as a 'complement' of the immune system, playing an important role in immune response, pathogen clearance, and inflammation," according to a scientist at Creative Biolabs, "and the complement cascade cannot be activated without the catalysis of several enzymes, among which C3 convertase and C5 convertase are considered the most important ones. (srinagarmagazine.in)
Heart diseases, carcinoma, chronic pulmonary diseases, Alzheimer's disease, pneumonia and influenza are all linked with this enzyme that is produced by our body.1 This enzyme is called 5-lipoxygenase or 5-LOX for short, which, when generated by the body in excessive amounts, gives rise to a whole cascade of dangerous inflammatory reactions. (our-arthritis.com)

This culminates in the cleavage of the core complement effector molecules C3 and C5 into the bio-active anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a and the opsonins C3b and C5b. (hapres.com)
Restriction enzymes are not only sequence specific but also structure sensitive and may exhibit either enhanced or inhibited cleavage activity. (web.app)

The complement system is generally considered among the evolutionary oldest parts of our immune system. (hapres.com)
Restriction enzymes are part of a bacterial immune system, and have been very useful as a tool to cut and paste dna sequences in laboratory applications. (web.app)

The plant activates the skin's natural defense mechanism by strengthening the function of the cell membrane against UV radiation and inhibiting the melanin-producing enzyme tyrosinase. (nayaglow.com)
As part of bacterial defense system, restriction enzymes cut digest any foreign dna. (web.app)

Complement 1q-like-3 protein inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells via the cell adhesion G protein-coupled receptor BAI3. (nih.gov)
Nephrin-like domains of IL2RG in enzymes lack NAD-dependent umbilical neuronal absence( X-SCID), which activates a distress of also regulated goal and NOTCH2 fuel( synaptic) receptor eNOS, but synthetic tethers of B substrates. (erik-mill.de)
The fourth type of granules are secretory vesicles, containing albumin and expressing alkaline phosphatase and complement receptor type-1 (CD35) for C3b/C4b-coated particles on their membrane. (medscape.com)
[2] [3] These enveloped , positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses enter host cells by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. (wikizero.com)
The finding that site II, once activated, shows higher avidity for receptor than site I, suggests paradigms for further elucidating the regulation of HN's multiple functions in the viral life cycle. (cornell.edu)

Work on better defining the instructive role of complement on adaptive immune cells led to the somewhat surprising finding that these complement effects were mostly independent of liver-derived complement but rather mediated by locally produced and activated complement-for example, C3 and C5 secreted by APCs and then activated in the extracellular space [8-10] . (hapres.com)
Neither missense is IP7 to the convergent reaction as IL7R assembles produced by the MSH2 for wide extracellular complex( TSLP) while IL2RG activates involved with the residues for IL2, IL4, IL9, IL15 and IL21. (erik-mill.de)
This is released from multiple sources, including the endoplasmic reticulum, which in turn activates the influx of extracellular calcium. (medscape.com)

Enzymes, which are produced naturally by bacteria, cut dna molecules at specific sites denoted by base sequences when a restriction enzyme is used to cut different dna molecules, the size of the fragments generated will be unique to each molecule. (web.app)
Due to the body's constant metabolic needs, the absence of enzymes would make life unsustainable, as reactions would occur too slowly without these molecules. (lecturio.com)
Benefits of honey- Honey has also been shown to activate enzymes that break down adhesion molecules on mast cells in order to decrease their ability to cause allergic reactions (1). (rantrovehoney.in)

[ 23 ] It has been suggested that opsonization by antibodies and complement factors does not have the same effect on the neutrophil. (medscape.com)

When you activate complement, break down C5 into C5a and C5b, which joins to C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form a complex known as C5b-9, you have 2 things that are bad in terms of setting up a positive feedback loop to continue endothelial cell injury. (onclive.com)

The classical complement system is engrained in the mind of scientists and clinicians as a blood-operative key arm of innate immunity, critically required for the protection against invading pathogens. (hapres.com)
Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. (medscape.com)

By cleaving components involved in innate (cytokines/ chemokines, complement factors) immunity. (periobasics.com)

A major contribution in the endogenous production of H 2 S is offered by two pyridoxal-5′-phosphate- (PLP-) dependent enzymes, namely, CSE and CBS. (hindawi.com)

With years of experience leading complement-based drug discovery and development, Creative Biolabs can assist researchers who are working with or getting prepared to work with C3 or C5 convertases for drug discovery and validation. (srinagarmagazine.in)

HI), complement fixation (CF), neutral- lization test, and enzyme-linked immuno- sorbent assay (ELISA), are commonly used in Materials and methods most laboratories for the detection of antibodies. (who.int)

Indeed, C3 convertase and C5 convertase are both potential complement therapeutic targets in the treatment of related diseases, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is induced by the down-regulation of C5 convertase blocking. (srinagarmagazine.in)

Improtant virulence factors of the organism are considered to be its capacity of degradation of immunoglobulins, complement factors, cell matrix grycoproteins, collagen and protease inhibitors. (nii.ac.jp)
Neither immunoglobulins nor complement components were found in the perivascular areas, by direct immunofluorescence, on lesional skin as well as on perilesional areas. (cdlib.org)

Enzymatic activity from residual enzymes such as lipases and esterases can cause polysorbate degradation. (biorxiv.org)
In this study, we evaluated and optimized the activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) approach to identify active enzymes responsible for polysorbate degradation. (biorxiv.org)

Recent work, however, has defined a novel and unexpected role for an intracellular complement system-the complosome-in the regulation of key metabolic events that underlie peripheral human T cell survival as well as the induction and cessation of their effector functions. (hapres.com)
This review summarizes the current knowledge about the emerging vital role of the complosome in T cell metabolism and discusses how viewing the evolution of the complement system from an "unconventional" vantage point could logically account for the development of its metabolic activities. (hapres.com)
The growing notion that compartmentalization of complement-mediated activity in immunity may exist was then supported by the discovery of an intracellularly generated and functioning complement system in human CD4 + and CD8 + T cells [11,12] . (hapres.com)
Likely the most exciting observation though about intracellular complement-coined the complosome to set it apart from the liver-derived and serum-circulating complement system [13] -is the finding that it unexpectedly serves key roles in single cell metabolism [12, 14,15] . (hapres.com)
Further, and based on those new aspects of complement activity, we move into more uncharted areas and discuss a hypothetical alternative to the currently accepted model on how the complement system may have evolved and finally outline some of the key questions and challenges in this exciting new research area. (hapres.com)
Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. (studystack.com)
Degn SE, Jensen L, Gal P, Dobo J, Holmvad SH, Jensenius JC, Thiel S. Biological variations of MASP-3 and MAp44, two splice products of the MASP1 gene involved in regulation of the complement system. (medlineplus.gov)
Henriksen ML, Brandt J, Andrieu JP, Nielsen C, Jensen PH, Holmskov U, Jorgensen TJ, Palarasah Y, Thielens NM, Hansen S. Heteromeric complexes of native collectin kidney 1 and collectin liver 1 are found in the circulation with MASPs and activate the complement system. (medlineplus.gov)

The same things that injure endothelial cells-infections, radiation, and mTOR and calcineurin inhibitors-can also activate complement. (onclive.com)
In this brief feature article, we give a succinct overview of our current understanding about the mechanistic roles of intracellular complement during the immunometabolic adaptions underlying the life cycle of human T cells. (hapres.com)
True Cinnamon- It is the main ingredient of CarboFix supplement responsible for regulating AMPk enzymes in the cells. (endlessrealms.org)
NfsB is a dimeric flavoprotein enzyme that has broad electron acceptor specificity 15 and has been used in conjunction with prodrugs to selectively ablate cells in vertebrates. (cdc.gov)
The oscillations of the sound waves encourage the relaxation of the blood-brain barrier, and stimulate microglial cells to activate. (assistedlivingeducation.com)

We limit our review to the large DNA viruses that naturally encode homologs of the cellular enzymes that catalyze dNTP biogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
Mild formula contains Kaolin to absorb dirt and excess oils, Pumpkin Enzymes to increase cellular regeneration and refine pore size, and time-released Vitamin E micro-beads that activate upon contact with the skin to replenish moisture. (getskinprodigy.com)
In addition, in Ogg1−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts complemented with hOGG1S326C, there was increased cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species compared to their wild type counterparts. (luciolepharma.com)

They are activated when complexed with the MANNOSE-BINDING LECTIN, therefore also known as Mannose-binding protein-Associated Serine Proteases (MASPs). (harvard.edu)

and activated cofactors support mitochondrial energy production, which is needed for biotransformation and detoxification. (enhancedwellness.com)

However, it has not been actually clarified whether or not the orally administered IP-PA1 absorbed in the intestine reached and activated tissue macrophages. (iiarjournals.org)
These results suggest that P.gingivalis protease plays an important role in the infection of this organism by activating inflammatory factors and tissue degeneration. (nii.ac.jp)
We and others have synthesized light-activatable cMOs that allow spatiotemporal control of RNA splicing or translation, complementing the use of conditional knockouts to study stage- and tissue-specific differences in gene function. (cdc.gov)

A group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds in compounds such as nucleoside di- and tri-phosphates, and sulfonyl-containing anhydrides such as adenylylsulfate. (nih.gov)
Thus, OGG1-activating compounds may be useful in select humans to mitigate the deleterious effects of environmental oxidants and mutagens. (luciolepharma.com)

Because of their dimerization, Toll-like potentials are associated and activated by PIP3-mediated integrin glycoproteins to initiate their humans. (evakoch.com)

This CarboFix critiques appears into how CarboFix complement guarantees to velocity up physique metabolism and speed up weight loss. (endlessrealms.org)
The working method of CarboFix complement is by using enhancing physique metabolism via growing protein kinase in the body. (endlessrealms.org)

Stain readily at neutral pH Nucleus 3-5 lobed Contain inconspicuous organelles- primary and secondary granules Granules contain lytic enzymes and bactericidal substances Primary granules- peroxidase, lysozyme, defensins and hydrolytic enzymes Secondary granules- collagenase, lactoferrin, lysozymes etc. (kupdf.net)

If you dont see any interesting for you, use our search form on bottom v. In order to facilitate the topics of restriction enzyme digestion and the generation of compatible ends in the process of gene cloning, an inclass activity was designed. (web.app)

Isolation of dengue virus from electrophoresis (AG) or enzyme-linked gel patients' sera col ected in the acute phase of assay (ELGA). (who.int)

We recently showed that when activated, these core PKS genes from A. fumigatus and N. fischeri can synthesize a prenylated, tricyclic polyketide neosartoricin 11 . (cdc.gov)

This p25 interaction targets at the molecular reticulum to contribute the activators containing each complement-mediated elongation. (erik-mill.de)

Pharmacological toolschemical probesthat intervene in cell signaling cascades are essential for complementing genetically-based experimental approaches. (immune-source.com)

The materials we take measures take place from published, peer-reviewed studies and are complemented away real stories from patients who induce benefited from medicines. (kazanpress.ru)

Restriction enzymes recognize and cut at specific places along the dna molecule called restriction sites. (web.app)

Others appear to act by a single complements material presented IARC Monographs Working Groups predominant mechanism. (who.int)

During our study on P.gingivalis, we found that its substrate specificity for synthetic substrate was indeed identical to that of plasma kallikrein and to that of activated Hageman factor. (nii.ac.jp)
Kallikrein is also known to generate bradykinin directly from high molecular kininogen, and it is also kown to activate Hageman factor. (nii.ac.jp)
The enzyme factor japanese edition by hiromi shinya. (web.app)

Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign dna in a process called. (web.app)

The x-ray crystal structure of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine proteinase-3 reveals the structural basis for enzyme inactivity associated with the Carnevale, Mingarelli, Malpuech, and Michels (3MC) syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)

Phyto Lux Moisturizing Mask combines enzymes and antioxidants from Pumpkin Extract, along with vitamins and minerals in a rich, creamy, self-warming application to reduce pore size and cleanse, hydrate and rejuvenate the skin. (getskinprodigy.com)

Rabbit Complement C3 produced in Rabbit plasma having a molecular mass of 185 kDa. (prospecbio.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms5

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs65

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes12

Information Science3

Structural and functional evidence for microglial expression of C1qR(P), the C1q receptor that enhances phagocytosis. (1/299)

The inflammatory response following treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms: a comparison between open surgery and endovascular repair. (2/299)

Evolution of the initiating enzymes of the complement system. (3/299)

Activation of the lectin complement pathway by H-ficolin (Hakata antigen). (4/299)

Short amino acid sequences derived from C1q receptor (C1q-R) show homology with the alpha chains of fibronectin and vitronectin receptors and collagen type IV. (5/299)

Complement activation in the follicular light zone of human lymphoid tissues. (6/299)

Modulated interaction of the ERM protein, moesin, with CD93. (7/299)

Structure and regulatory profile of the monkeypox inhibitor of complement: comparison to homologs in vaccinia and variola and evidence for dimer formation. (8/299)

Complement Activation

Complement C3

Complement System Proteins

Complement C4

Complement C5

Receptors, Complement

Complement C3b

Complement C1q

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Complement C9

Complement Pathway, Classical

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Complement C2

Complement Factor B

Complement Factor H

Complement Inactivating Agents

Complement C3a

Complement C5a

Complement C6

Receptors, Complement 3b

Complement C1

Complement C4b

Complement Activating Enzymes

Complement C3d

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Complement Fixation Tests

Complement C7

Complement C8

Complement C3c

Receptors, Complement 3d

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins

Complement C4a

Complement Factor D

Complement Factor I

Complement C4b-Binding Protein

Complement C1s

Complement C1r

Antigens, CD55

Antigens, CD59

Complement C1 Inactivator Proteins

Complement C5b

Complement Pathway, Mannose-Binding Lectin

Properdin

Cobra Venoms

Hemolysis

Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein

Anaphylatoxins

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Antigens, CD46

Receptor, Anaphylatoxin C5a

Genetic Complementation Test

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Opsonin Proteins

Immunoglobulin G

Molecular Sequence Data

Phagocytosis

Blood Bactericidal Activity

Mannose-Binding Lectin

Amino Acid Sequence

Macrophage-1 Antigen

Erythrocytes

Mannose-Binding Protein-Associated Serine Proteases

Zymosan

Immunoglobulin M

Complement C5a, des-Arginine

Neutrophils

Protein Binding

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Base Sequence

Mutation

Antibodies

Rabbits

Collectins

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Macular Degeneration

Cloning, Molecular

Blood Proteins

Bacterial Proteins