Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Persons including soldiers involved with the armed forces.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
Hostile conflict between organized groups of people.
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Multinational coalition military operation initiated in October 2001 to counter terrorism and bring security to AFGHANISTAN in collaboration with Afghan forces.
An armed intervention involving multi-national forces in the country of IRAQ.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
Former members of the armed services.
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
A conflict occurring from 1954 through 1975 within the Republic of Vietnam. It involved neighboring nations and the United States and other members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
The practice of medicine as applied to special circumstances associated with military operations.
A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)
Disorders related to substance abuse.
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
Severe distortions in the development of many basic psychological functions that are not normal for any stage in development. These distortions are manifested in sustained social impairment, speech abnormalities, and peculiar motor movements.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. These behaviors include aggressive conduct that causes or threatens physical harm to other people or animals, nonaggressive conduct that causes property loss or damage, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The onset is before age 18. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Hospitals which provide care for the military personnel and usually for their dependents.
A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)
A republic in southern Africa east of ZAMBIA and MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Lilongwe. It was formerly called Nyasaland.
The use of balloon CATHETERS to remove emboli by retraction of the balloon that is inflated behind the EMBOLUS.
A republic in southern Africa, east of ZAMBIA and BOTSWANA and west of MOZAMBIQUE. Its capital is Harare. It was formerly called Rhodesia and Southern Rhodesia.
The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest.
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. (1/187)

BACKGROUND: Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show a reliable increase in PTSD symptoms and physiological reactivity following exposure to traumatic pictures and sounds. In this study neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sounds were measured in PTSD. METHODS: Positron emission tomography and H2[15O] were used to measure cerebral blood flow during exposure to combat-related and neutral pictures and sounds in Vietnam combat veterans with and without PTSD. RESULTS: Exposure to traumatic material in PTSD (but not non-PTSD) subjects resulted in a decrease in blood flow in medial prefrontal cortex (area 25), an area postulated to play a role in emotion through inhibition of amygdala responsiveness. Non-PTSD subjects activated anterior cingulate (area 24) to a greater degree than PTSD patients. There were also differences in cerebral blood flow response in areas involved in memory and visuospatial processing (and by extension response to threat), including posterior cingulate (area 23), precentral (motor) and inferior parietal cortex, and lingual gyrus. There was a pattern of increases in PTSD and decreases in non-PTSD subjects in these areas. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that functional alternations in specific cortical and subcortical brain areas involved in memory, visuospatial processing, and emotion underlie the symptoms of patients with PTSD.  (+info)

Countertransference and limits of therapy in war situation. (2/187)

Psychotherapy of war traumas and their specific emotional and psychological experiences is a challenge for the therapist. The two partners of the therapeutic dyad may undergo the same difficulties and suffer from the same anxieties, and be affected by the transference and countertransference processes. The conditions of neutrality that should be maintained in the treatment are thus prone to changes. The therapist may protect himself/herself from unconscious guilt, omnipotent fantasies and feelings of being overwhelmed by different modes of defenses. The historical and social context of the trauma have to be taken into account. A chronology to be introduced in the narrative is the first step in the process of reindividuation as the victim's identity has been attacked by the trauma as well as his/her physical integrity. The therapist may find in this intervention a reflection of his/her own needs. The aims of psychotherapy in war situations may be close to those of crisis intervention and at the same time deal with the reactivation of previous infantile traumas. The past plays a significant part in the readaptative process as much as it is relevant to the present. The therapeutic intervention is in essence a message of hope as it implies a potential future to be created.  (+info)

Complexity of therapist's feelings in the work with war-traumatized patients. (3/187)

AIM: To present the complexity of therapist's feelings and emotions in the work with war-traumatized persons and the importance of psychological mechanisms taking place in such circumstances. METHODS: The method of psychoanalytical psychotherapy was used, adapted to the work with war-traumatized persons. The therapy sessions were held once a week and lasted for 50 minutes. The patients were given transference interpretations differing from customary transference interpretations. They were modified to provide support, aiming at overcoming of the feelings overwhelming each patient. RESULTS: The diversity of the therapist's feelings amalgamated into countertransference was one of the most important psychological mechanisms in the therapy procedures, and served as an indicator of the patient's feelings in the procedure. It was related to the processes of projective identification as a framework of the complex patient-therapist relationship CONCLUSION: + In the work with a war-traumatized patient, it is inevitable that the patient's feelings are partly shared by the therapist through projective identification. This can lead to the "burnout" syndrome and threaten the boundaries of the therapist's psychological system. The role of the therapist includes not only knowledge but also the personal experience of work on himself. Through the process of therapy and by using interpretations as the powerful tool, the therapist is capable to accept such traumatic feelings and help the patient overcome them, but also to remain within the framework of his role.  (+info)

Psychiatric battle casualties: an intra- and interwar comparison. (4/187)

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric casualties are recognised as an important and inevitable feature of modern warfare. At the beginning of the 20th century they were scarcely acknowledged and still less treated. Today, as a result of lessons learned in the First and Second World Wars, numbers can be predicted on the basis of battle intensity and effective clinical interventions applied. AIMS: To discover more about the factors that cause psychiatric casualties and their relationship to total battle casualties. METHOD: A survey of historical War Office reports and the papers of Royal Army Medical Corps psychiatrists has provided both statistics and treatment strategies. RESULTS: Reported psychiatric casualties were low in the Boer War, influenced, in part, by the misdiagnosis of psychosomatic disorders. Their incidence rose appreciably in the First World War with the identification of shell-shock and neurasthenia. The Second World War saw the collection of accurate data, and combat stress was treated efficiently, although few soldiers returned to fighting units. CONCLUSIONS: A constant relationship exists between the incidence of the total killed and wounded and the number of psychiatric casualties, mediated by the nature of the fighting and quality of the troops involved.  (+info)

Population attributable fractions of psychiatric disorders and behavioral outcomes associated with combat exposure among US men. (5/187)

OBJECTIVES: This study determined the percentage of adverse outcomes in US men attributable to combat exposure. METHODS: Standardized psychiatric interviews (modified Diagnostic Interview Schedule and Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessments) were administered to a representative national sample of 2583 men aged 18 to 54 in the National Comorbidity Survey part II subsample. RESULTS: Adjusted attributable fraction estimates indicated that the following were significantly attributable to combat exposure: 27.8% of 12-month posttraumatic stress disorder, 7.4% of 12-month major depressive disorder, 8% of 12-month substance abuse disorder, 11.7% of 12-month job loss, 8.9% of current unemployment, 7.8% of current divorce or separation, and 21% of current spouse or partner abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Combat exposure results in substantial morbidity lasting decades and accounts for significant and multifarious forms of dysfunction at the national level.  (+info)

War pensions (1900-1945): changing models of psychological understanding. (6/187)

BACKGROUND: War pensions are used to examine different models of psychological understanding. The First World War is said to have been the first conflict for which pensions were widely granted for psychological disorders as distinct from functional, somatic syndromes. In 1939 official attitudes hardened and it is commonly stated that few pensions were awarded for post-combat syndromes. AIMS: To re-evaluate the recognition of psychiatric disorders by the war pension authorities. METHOD: Official statistics were compared with samples of war pension files from the Boer War and the First and Second World Wars. RESULTS: Official reports tended to overestimate the number of awards. Although government figures suggested that the proportion of neurological and psychiatric pensions was higher after the Second World War, our analysis suggests that the rates may not have been significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: The acceptance of psychological disorders was a response to cultural shifts, advances in psychiatric knowledge and the exigencies of war. Changing explanations were both a consequence of these forces and themselves agents of change.  (+info)

Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. (7/187)

In animals, exposure to severe stress can damage the hippocampus. Recent human studies show smaller hippocampal volume in individuals with the stress-related psychiatric condition posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Does this represent the neurotoxic effect of trauma, or is smaller hippocampal volume a pre-existing condition that renders the brain more vulnerable to the development of pathological stress responses? In monozygotic twins discordant for trauma exposure, we found evidence that smaller hippocampi indeed constitute a risk factor for the development of stress-related psychopathology. Disorder severity in PTSD patients who were exposed to trauma was negatively correlated with the hippocampal volume of both the patients and the patients' trauma-unexposed identical co-twin. Furthermore, severe PTSD twin pairs-both the trauma-exposed and unexposed members-had significantly smaller hippocampi than non-PTSD pairs.  (+info)

Elevated serum lipids in veterans with combat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. (8/187)

AIM: To assess possible differences in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, arteriosclerosis index, established risk factor (ERF) of arteriosclerosis, and 10-year risk for coronary disease according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) between veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a control group consisting of patients with major depressive disorder. METHOD: We determined serum cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and triglycerides in the patients with PTSD (n = 103) and patients with major depressive disorder (n = 92), using the enzyme-assay method. AI, ERF, and ATP-III were calculated from cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C levels. The groups were matched in age and body mass index (BMI). Patients with major depressive disorder were chosen as a control group because they do not have changes in serum lipids. RESULTS: Patients with combat-related PTSD had higher mean concentration of cholesterol (6.2+/-1.1 mmol/L vs 5.3+/-0.9 mmol/L; p<0.001), LDL-C (3.9+/-0.7 mmol/L vs 3.5+/-1.0 mmol/L; p = 0.005), and triglycerides (2.9+/-2.3 mmol/L vs 1.5+/-0.5 mmol/L; p<0.001), and lower HDL-C (1.0+/-0.3 mmol/L vs 1.3+/-0.2 mmol/L; p<0.001) than the control group. Arteriosclerosis index (4.2+/-1.2 vs 3.7+/-1.7; p = 0.050), ERF (6.4+/-1.9 vs 5.5+/-2.4; p = 0.010), and ATP-III (12.1+/-3.3 vs 10.2+/-3.8; p<0.001) were higher in PTSD than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Elevated concentrations of serum lipids are associated with combat-related PTSD. This may imply that patients with combat-related PTSD are under a higher risk for arteriosclerosis.  (+info)

Combat disorders refer to a range of mental health conditions that can develop as a result of exposure to traumatic events during military service. These disorders can include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, and other conditions that can impact an individual's ability to function in daily life.

Combat disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including the experience of combat itself, exposure to violence and trauma, and the stress of military service. These disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, as well as their relationships and ability to perform their duties.

Treatment for combat disorders often involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication, and may also involve other forms of therapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). It is important for individuals with combat disorders to seek medical attention if they are experiencing symptoms, as early treatment can help to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Examples of Combat Disorders

Some examples of combat disorders include:

1. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): This condition can develop after an individual experiences a traumatic event, such as combat or sexual assault. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety, and avoidance of triggers that remind the individual of the traumatic event.
2. Anxiety disorders: These conditions can cause excessive worry, fear, or anxiety that interferes with daily life. Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
3. Depression: This condition can cause feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. It can also lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, and energy levels.
4. Substance abuse: This can include the misuse of alcohol or drugs as a way to cope with stress or trauma. Substance abuse can have serious consequences for an individual's physical and mental health, relationships, and career.
5. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This occurs when the brain is injured as a result of a blow or jolt to the head, such as from an explosion or a fall. Symptoms may include memory problems, difficulty with concentration, and changes in mood or behavior.

Effects of Combat Disorders on Individuals and Families

Combat disorders can have a significant impact on individuals and their families. Some of the effects may include:

1. Emotional distress: Combat disorders can cause significant emotional distress, including anxiety, depression, and anger. This can affect not only the individual but also their family members and loved ones.
2. Relationship problems: The symptoms of combat disorders can strain relationships with family and friends, leading to feelings of isolation and loneliness.
3. Career difficulties: Combat disorders can make it difficult for individuals to maintain a career or job, leading to financial stress and instability.
4. Social challenges: The symptoms of combat disorders can make social interactions difficult, leading to feelings of embarrassment and stigma.
5. Health problems: Combat disorders can increase the risk of physical health problems, such as chronic pain, sleep disturbances, and gastrointestinal issues.
6. Financial stress: The cost of treatment and lost income due to career difficulties can lead to financial stress and instability for individuals and their families.
7. Legal issues: Some combat disorders, such as PTSD, may be accompanied by legal issues related to criminal behavior or other forms of self-destructive behavior.
8. Stigma: Combat disorders can carry a stigma, leading to feelings of shame and guilt for individuals and their families.
9. Lack of support: Some combat disorders may not receive sufficient support from society or the medical community, leading to feelings of isolation and neglect.

Treatment Options for Combat Disorders

There are a variety of treatment options available for combat disorders, including:

1. Medications: Medications such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs may be prescribed to help manage the symptoms of combat disorders.
2. Psychotherapy: Talk therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and psychodynamic therapy can be effective in treating combat disorders.
3. Group therapy: Group therapy can provide a sense of community and support for individuals with combat disorders.
4. Family therapy: Family therapy can help family members understand the combat disorder and learn how to support their loved one.
5. Alternative therapies: Alternative therapies such as acupuncture, yoga, and meditation may be helpful in managing the symptoms of combat disorders.
6. Residential treatment: In severe cases, residential treatment may be necessary to provide a structured and supportive environment for individuals with combat disorders.
7. Support groups: Joining a support group can provide a sense of community and understanding for individuals with combat disorders.

Conclusion

Combat disorders are a serious issue that can have long-lasting effects on the physical, emotional, and financial well-being of those who serve in the military. It is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of combat disorders and seek treatment as soon as possible. With proper treatment and support, individuals with combat disorders can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

Bipolar Disorder Types:

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

1. Bipolar I Disorder: One or more manic episodes with or without depressive episodes.
2. Bipolar II Disorder: At least one major depressive episode and one hypomanic episode (a less severe form of mania).
3. Cyclothymic Disorder: Periods of hypomania and depression that last at least 2 years.
4. Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorders: Symptoms that do not meet the criteria for any of the above types.
5. Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: Symptoms that do not meet the criteria for any of the above types, but there is still a noticeable impact on daily life.

Bipolar Disorder Causes:

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Some potential causes include:

1. Genetics: Individuals with a family history of bipolar disorder are more likely to develop the condition.
2. Brain structure and function: Imbalances in neurotransmitters and abnormalities in brain structure have been found in individuals with bipolar disorder.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Imbalances in hormones such as serotonin, dopamine, and cortisol have been linked to bipolar disorder.
4. Life events: Traumatic events or significant changes in life circumstances can trigger episodes of mania or depression.
5. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or stroke, can increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder.

Bipolar Disorder Symptoms:

The symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary depending on the individual and the specific type of episode they are experiencing. Some common symptoms include:

1. Manic episodes: Increased energy, reduced need for sleep, impulsivity, and grandiosity.
2. Depressive episodes: Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities.
3. Mixed episodes: A combination of manic and depressive symptoms.
4. Hypomanic episodes: Less severe than full-blown mania, but still disrupt daily life.
5. Rapid cycling: Experiencing four or more episodes within a year.
6. Melancholic features: Feeling sad, hopeless, and worthless.
7. Atypical features: Experiencing mania without elevated mood or grandiosity.
8. Mood instability: Rapid changes in mood throughout the day.
9. Anxiety symptoms: Restlessness, feeling on edge, and difficulty concentrating.
10. Sleep disturbances: Difficulty falling or staying asleep, or oversleeping.
11. Substance abuse: Using drugs or alcohol to cope with symptoms.
12. Suicidal thoughts or behaviors: Having thoughts of harming oneself or taking actions that could lead to death.

It's important to note that not everyone with bipolar disorder will experience all of these symptoms, and some people may experience additional symptoms not listed here. Additionally, the severity and frequency of symptoms can vary widely between individuals.

Some common types of mental disorders include:

1. Anxiety disorders: These conditions cause excessive worry, fear, or anxiety that interferes with daily life. Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder.
2. Mood disorders: These conditions affect a person's mood, causing feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or anger that persist for weeks or months. Examples include depression, bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder.
3. Personality disorders: These conditions involve patterns of thought and behavior that deviate from the norm of the average person. Examples include borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.
4. Psychotic disorders: These conditions cause a person to lose touch with reality, resulting in delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized thinking. Examples include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and brief psychotic disorder.
5. Trauma and stressor-related disorders: These conditions develop after a person experiences a traumatic event, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
6. Dissociative disorders: These conditions involve a disconnection or separation from one's body, thoughts, or emotions. Examples include dissociative identity disorder (formerly known as multiple personality disorder) and depersonalization disorder.
7. Neurodevelopmental disorders: These conditions affect the development of the brain and nervous system, leading to symptoms such as difficulty with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Examples include autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and Rett syndrome.

Mental disorders can be diagnosed by a mental health professional using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which provides criteria for each condition. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychodynamic therapy, depending on the specific disorder and individual needs.

Some common types of anxiety disorders include:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Excessive and persistent worry about everyday things, even when there is no apparent reason to be concerned.
2. Panic Disorder: Recurring panic attacks, which are sudden feelings of intense fear or anxiety that can occur at any time, even when there is no obvious trigger.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Excessive and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others.
4. Specific Phobias: Persistent and excessive fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is out of proportion to the actual danger posed.
5. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Recurring, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that are distressing and disruptive to daily life.
6. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Persistent symptoms of anxiety, fear, and avoidance after experiencing a traumatic event.

Anxiety disorders can be treated with a combination of psychotherapy, medication, or both, depending on the specific diagnosis and severity of symptoms. With appropriate treatment, many people with anxiety disorders are able to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

There are several types of mood disorders, including:

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): This is a condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. It can also involve changes in appetite, sleep patterns, and energy levels.
2. Bipolar Disorder: This is a condition that involves periods of mania or hypomania (elevated mood) alternating with episodes of depression.
3. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): This is a condition characterized by persistent low mood, lasting for two years or more. It can also involve changes in appetite, sleep patterns, and energy levels.
4. Postpartum Depression (PPD): This is a condition that occurs in some women after childbirth, characterized by feelings of sadness, anxiety, and a lack of interest in activities.
5. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): This is a condition that occurs during the winter months, when there is less sunlight. It is characterized by feelings of sadness, lethargy, and a lack of energy.
6. Anxious Distress: This is a condition characterized by excessive worry, fear, and anxiety that interferes with daily life.
7. Adjustment Disorder: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences a significant change or stressor in their life, such as the loss of a loved one or a job change. It is characterized by feelings of sadness, anxiety, and a lack of interest in activities.
8. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): This is a condition that occurs in some women during the premenstrual phase of their menstrual cycle, characterized by feelings of sadness, anxiety, and a lack of energy.

Mood disorders can be treated with a combination of medication and therapy. Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), are commonly used to treat mood disorders. These medications can help relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety by altering the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.

Therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), can also be effective in treating mood disorders. CBT helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their depression, while IPT focuses on improving communication skills and relationships with others.

In addition to medication and therapy, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can also be helpful in managing mood disorders. Support from family and friends, as well as self-care activities such as meditation and relaxation techniques, can also be beneficial.

It is important to seek professional help if symptoms of depression or anxiety persist or worsen over time. With appropriate treatment, individuals with mood disorders can experience significant improvement in their symptoms and overall quality of life.

The symptoms of PTSD can vary widely and may include:

1. Flashbacks or intrusive memories of the traumatic event
2. Nightmares or disturbed sleep
3. Avoidance of people, places, or activities that remind them of the event
4. Hypervigilance or an exaggerated startle response
5. Difficulty concentrating or memory problems
6. Irritability, anger, or other mood changes
7. Physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, or muscle tension

The exact cause of PTSD is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the brain's response to stress and the release of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that help regulate emotions and memory.

PTSD can be diagnosed by a mental health professional using a combination of psychological evaluation and medical history. Treatment for PTSD typically involves therapy, medication, or a combination of both. Therapy may include exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), or other forms of talk therapy. Medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antidepressants may be used to help manage symptoms.

Prevention is an important aspect of managing PTSD, and this includes seeking support from friends, family, or mental health professionals soon after the traumatic event. Self-care practices such as exercise, meditation, or relaxation techniques can also be helpful in reducing stress and promoting emotional well-being.

The exact cause of MDD is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Some risk factors for developing MDD include:

* Family history of depression or other mental health conditions
* History of trauma or stressful life events
* Chronic illness or chronic pain
* Substance abuse or addiction
* Personality traits such as low self-esteem or perfectionism

Symptoms of MDD can vary from person to person, but typically include:

* Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness
* Loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed
* Changes in appetite or sleep patterns
* Fatigue or loss of energy
* Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
* Thoughts of death or suicide

MDD can be diagnosed by a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, based on the symptoms and their duration. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, and may include:

* Antidepressant medications to relieve symptoms of depression
* Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), to help identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors
* Interpersonal therapy (IPT) to improve communication skills and relationships with others
* Other forms of therapy, such as mindfulness-based therapies or relaxation techniques

It is important to seek professional help if symptoms of depression are severe or persistent, as MDD can have a significant impact on daily life and can increase the risk of suicide. With appropriate treatment, however, many people with MDD are able to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.

1. Predominantly Inattentive Type: This type is characterized by symptoms of inattention, such as difficulty paying attention to details or making careless mistakes. Individuals with this type may have trouble sustaining their focus during tasks and may appear daydreamy or easily distracted.
2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: This type is characterized by symptoms of hyperactivity, such as fidgeting, restlessness, and an inability to sit still. Individuals with this type may also exhibit impulsivity, such as interrupting others or speaking out of turn.
3. Combined Type: This type is characterized by both symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

The symptoms of ADHD can vary from person to person and may change over time. Some common symptoms include:

* Difficulty sustaining attention during tasks
* Easily distracted or interrupted
* Difficulty completing tasks
* Forgetfulness
* Fidgeting or restlessness
* Difficulty sitting still or remaining quiet
* Interrupting others or speaking out of turn
* Impulsivity, such as acting without thinking

The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but research suggests that it may be related to differences in brain structure and function, as well as genetic factors. There is no cure for ADHD, but medication and behavioral therapy can help manage symptoms and improve functioning.

ADHD can have significant impacts on daily life, including academic and social difficulties. However, with proper treatment and support, many individuals with ADHD are able to lead successful and fulfilling lives.

The exact cause of depressive disorder is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Some common risk factors for developing depressive disorder include:

* Family history of depression
* Traumatic events, such as abuse or loss
* Chronic stress
* Substance abuse
* Chronic illness or chronic pain

There are several different types of depressive disorders, including:

* Major depressive disorder (MDD): This is the most common type of depression, characterized by one or more major depressive episodes in a person's lifetime.
* Persistent depressive disorder (PDD): This type of depression is characterized by persistent, low-grade symptoms that last for two years or more.
* Bipolar disorder: This is a mood disorder that involves periods of both depression and mania or hypomania.
* Postpartum depression (PPD): This is a type of depression that occurs in women after childbirth.
* Severe depression: This is a severe and debilitating form of depression that can interfere with daily life and relationships.

Treatment for depressive disorder typically involves a combination of medication and therapy, such as antidepressant medications and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Other forms of therapy, such as psychodynamic therapy or interpersonal therapy, may also be effective. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep, can also help manage symptoms.

It's important to seek professional help if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of depressive disorder. With proper treatment, many people are able to recover from depression and lead fulfilling lives.

The exact cause of OCD is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Symptoms of OCD can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Recurrent and intrusive thoughts or fears (obsessions)
* Repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) such as checking, counting, or cleaning
* Feeling the need to perform compulsions in order to reduce anxiety or prevent something bad from happening
* Feeling a sense of relief after performing compulsions
* Time-consuming nature of obsessions and compulsions that interfere with daily activities and social interactions

OCD can be treated with a combination of medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT helps individuals identify and challenge their obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors, while SSRIs help reduce the anxiety associated with OCD.

It's important to note that while individuals with OCD may recognize that their thoughts or behaviors are irrational, they are often unable to stop them without professional treatment. With appropriate treatment, however, many individuals with OCD are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) defines Autistic Disorder as a pervasive developmental disorder that meets the following criteria:

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, including:

1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (e.g., abnormal or absent eye contact, impaired understanding of facial expressions, delayed or lack of response to social overtures).
2. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships (e.g., difficulty initiating or sustaining conversations, impairment in understanding social norms, rules, and expectations).
3. Deficits in using nonverbal behaviors to regulate social interaction (e.g., difficulty with eye contact, facial expressions, body language, gestures).

B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:

1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., hand flapping, head banging, repeating words or phrases).
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexibility, and adherence to routines or rituals.
3. Preoccupation with specific interests or activities that are repeated in a rigid and restricted manner (e.g., preoccupation with a particular topic, excessive focus on a specific activity).

C. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period and significantly impact social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

D. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during a medical or neurological condition (e.g., intellectual disability, hearing loss).

It is important to note that Autistic Disorder is a spectrum disorder and individuals with this diagnosis may have varying degrees of severity in their symptoms. Additionally, there are several other Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) that have similar diagnostic criteria but may differ in severity and presentation. These include:

A. Asperger's Disorder: Characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, but without the presence of significant delay or retardation in language development.

B. Rett Syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that is characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

C. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder: Characterized by a loss of language and social skills that occurs after a period of normal development.

It is important to consult with a qualified professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Types of Substance-Related Disorders:

1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive consumption of alcohol, leading to impaired control over drinking, social or personal problems, and increased risk of health issues.
2. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of opioids, such as prescription painkillers or heroin, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not available.
3. Stimulant Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
4. Cannabis Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of cannabis, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
5. Hallucinogen Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of hallucinogens, such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetics: Individuals with a family history of substance-related disorders are more likely to develop these conditions.
2. Mental health: Individuals with mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, may be more likely to use substances as a form of self-medication.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to substances at an early age, peer pressure, and social environment can increase the risk of developing a substance-related disorder.
4. Brain chemistry: Substance use can alter brain chemistry, leading to dependence and addiction.

Symptoms:

1. Increased tolerance: The need to use more of the substance to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or nausea when the substance is not present.
3. Loss of control: Using more substance than intended or for longer than intended.
4. Neglecting responsibilities: Neglecting responsibilities at home, work, or school due to substance use.
5. Continued use despite negative consequences: Continuing to use the substance despite physical, emotional, or financial consequences.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination: A doctor may perform a physical examination to look for signs of substance use, such as track marks or changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood or urine tests can confirm the presence of substances in the body.
3. Psychological evaluation: A mental health professional may conduct a psychological evaluation to assess symptoms of substance-related disorders and determine the presence of co-occurring conditions.

Treatment:

1. Detoxification: A medically-supervised detox program can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Medications: Medications such as methadone or buprenorphine may be prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
3. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management are effective behavioral therapies for treating substance use disorders.
4. Support groups: Joining a support group such as Narcotics Anonymous can provide a sense of community and support for individuals in recovery.
5. Lifestyle changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.

It's important to note that diagnosis and treatment of substance-related disorders is a complex process and should be individualized based on the specific needs and circumstances of each patient.

Some common examples of phobic disorders include:

1. Arachnophobia (fear of spiders)
2. Acrophobia (fear of heights)
3. Agoraphobia (fear of being in public places or situations where escape might be difficult)
4. Claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces)
5. Cynophobia (fear of dogs)
6. Glossophobia (fear of speaking in public)
7. Mysophobia (fear of germs or dirt)
8. Necrophobia (fear of death or dead things)
9. Ophidiophobia (fear of snakes)
10. Social phobia (fear of social situations or being judged by others)

Phobic disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in an individual's daily life, and can lead to avoidance behaviors that limit their ability to function in various contexts. Treatment for phobic disorders often involves exposure therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), or medication.

1. Autism spectrum disorder: Children with autism spectrum disorder struggle with social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors. They may also have delays or impairments in language development, cognitive and social skills.

2. Rett syndrome: A rare genetic condition that affects girls almost exclusively. Children with Rett syndrome typically develop normally for the first six months of life before losing skills and experiencing difficulties with communication, movement and other areas of functioning.

3. Childhood disintegrative disorder: This is a rare condition in which children develop normally for at least two years before suddenly losing their language and social skills. Children with this disorder may also experience difficulty with eye contact, imitation and imagination.

4. Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS): A diagnosis that is given to children who display some but not all of the characteristic symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. Children with PDD-NOS may have difficulties in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors.

5. Other specified and unspecified pervasive developmental disorders: This category includes a range of rare conditions that affect children's development and functioning. Examples include;
a) Fragile X syndrome: A genetic condition associated with intellectual disability, behavioral challenges and physical characteristics such as large ears and a long face.
b) Williams syndrome: A rare genetic condition that affects about one in 10,000 children. It is characterized by heart problems, developmental delays and difficulties with social interaction and communication.

These disorders can have a significant impact on the child's family and caregivers, requiring early intervention and ongoing support to help the child reach their full potential.

Pervasive child development disorder is a broad term used to describe a range of conditions that affect children's social communication and behavioral development. There are five main types of pervasive developmental disorders:
1. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD): A developmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors. Children with ASD may have a hard time understanding other people's perspectives, initiating or maintaining conversations and developing and maintaining relationships. They may also exhibit repetitive behaviors such as hand flapping, rocking or repeating words or phrases.

2. Rett syndrome: A rare genetic disorder that affects girls almost exclusively. It is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors, as well as physical symptoms such as seizures, tremors and muscle weakness. Children with Rett syndrome may also experience anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances.

3. Childhood disintegrative disorder: A rare condition in which children develop typically for the first few years of life, but then lose their language and social skills and exhibit autistic-like behaviors.

4. Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS): A diagnosis given to children who exhibit some, but not all, of the symptoms of ASD. Children with PDD-NOS may have difficulty with social interaction and communication, but do not meet the criteria for a full diagnosis of ASD.

5. Asperger's disorder: A milder form of autism that is characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, but not with language development. Children with Asperger's disorder may have trouble understanding other people's perspectives, developing and maintaining relationships and exhibiting repetitive behaviors.

it's important to note that these categories are not exhaustive and there is some overlap between them. Additionally, each individual with a pervasive developmental disorder may experience a unique set of symptoms and challenges.

Some common types of psychotic disorders include:

1. Schizophrenia: A chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.
2. Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder that causes extreme changes in mood, energy, and behavior. It can lead to manic or hypomanic episodes, as well as depression.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: A mental disorder that combines symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and mood swings.
4. Brief Psychotic Disorder: A short-term episode of psychosis that can be triggered by a stressful event. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
5. Postpartum Psychosis: A rare condition that occurs in some new mothers after childbirth. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
6. Drug-Induced Psychosis: A psychotic episode caused by taking certain medications or drugs. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
7. Alcohol-Related Psychosis: A psychotic episode caused by alcohol use disorder. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
8. Trauma-Related Psychosis: A psychotic episode caused by a traumatic event. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and a break from reality.
9. Psychotic Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS): A catch-all diagnosis for psychotic episodes that do not meet the criteria for any other specific psychotic disorder.

Symptoms of psychotic disorders can vary depending on the individual and the specific disorder. Common symptoms include:

1. Hallucinations: Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there.
2. Delusions: False beliefs that are not based in reality.
3. Disorganized thinking and speech: Difficulty organizing thoughts and expressing them in a clear and logical manner.
4. Disorganized behavior: Incoherent or bizarre behavior, such as dressing inappropriately for the weather or neglecting personal hygiene.
5. Catatonia: A state of immobility or abnormal movement, such as rigidity or agitation.
6. Negative symptoms: A decrease in emotional expression or motivation, such as a flat affect or a lack of interest in activities.
7. Cognitive impairment: Difficulty with attention, memory, and other cognitive functions.
8. Social withdrawal: Avoidance of social interactions and relationships.
9. Lack of self-care: Neglecting personal hygiene, nutrition, and other basic needs.
10. Suicidal or homicidal ideation: Thoughts of harming oneself or others.

It's important to note that not everyone with schizophrenia will experience all of these symptoms, and some people may experience additional symptoms not listed here. Additionally, the severity and frequency of symptoms can vary widely from person to person. With proper treatment and support, many people with schizophrenia are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.

Conduct disorder is a mental health condition that is characterized by a pattern of behavior in children and adolescents that violates the rights of others, as well as age-appropriate societal norms and rules. This condition can involve behaviors such as aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and serious violations of rules.

Conduct disorder is also characterized by a lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse for one's actions, as well as a tendency towards impulsivity.

Symptoms of conduct disorder can include:

* Aggression to people or animals
* Destruction of property
* Deceitfulness
* Theft
* Serious violations of rules
* Disrespect for authority figures
* Lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse for one's actions
* Impulsivity
* Difficulty with self-control
* Antisocial behavior

Conduct disorder is diagnosed based on a combination of the child's symptoms and behavior, as well as an evaluation of their social and family history. Treatment for conduct disorder typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication.

Psychotherapy may involve:

* Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to help the child identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors
* Family therapy to address any family dynamics that may be contributing to the child's behavior
* Social skills training to help the child learn appropriate social interactions and communication skills.

Medications that may be used to treat conduct disorder include:

* Stimulants, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), to help with impulse control and attention
* Antipsychotics, such as Risperdal (risperidone), to help with aggression and irritability
* Antidepressants, such as Prozac (fluoxetine), to help with mood regulation.

It's important to note that conduct disorder is a mental health condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. Children with conduct disorder are at an increased risk of developing other mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety, as well as engaging in risky behaviors, such as substance abuse and delinquency. With appropriate treatment and support, however, it is possible for children with conduct disorder to learn healthy coping mechanisms, improve their social skills, and lead successful lives as adults.

There are several different types of tic disorders, including:

1. Tourette Syndrome: This is the most common type of tic disorder, and it is characterized by both motor and vocal tics. Motor tics can include simple movements such as blinking or facial grimacing, as well as more complex movements such as head jerking or arm flapping. Vocal tics can include repeated words or phrases, or other sounds such as grunting or sniffing.
2. Chronic Tic Disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of multiple motor and/or vocal tics that occur over a period of more than 1 year, but do not meet the criteria for Tourette Syndrome.
3. Provisional Tic Disorder: This type of tic disorder is characterized by the presence of fewer than 5 motor and/or vocal tics that occur over a period of less than 1 year.
4. Tic-like movements: These are movements or sounds that are similar to tics, but do not meet the full criteria for a tic disorder. Examples include stereotyped movements such as hand flapping or head banging, or repetitive sounds such as throat clearing or sniffing.

Tic disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and they may also be associated with other conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety. Treatment options for tic disorders include medications such as dopamine blockers and antipsychotics, as well as behavioral therapies such as habit reversal training and exposure and response prevention.

There are two main types of blast injuries: primary and secondary. Primary blast injuries are caused directly by the explosion and include injuries from shrapnel, fragmentation, and overpressure. Secondary blast injuries are caused by the blast wave and include injuries from flying debris, collapse of structures, and crush injuries.

The symptoms of blast injuries can vary depending on the type and severity of the injury. Common symptoms include:

* Loss of hearing or vision
* Dizziness or disorientation
* Headache or ringing in the ears
* Bruising or lacerations from flying debris
* Internal bleeding or organ damage
* Fractures or other skeletal injuries

The diagnosis of blast injuries is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Treatment of blast injuries may involve a multidisciplinary approach, including emergency medicine, surgery, critical care, and rehabilitation.

Some of the complications of blast injuries include:

* Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
* Extremity injuries, such as amputations or fractures
* Internal organ damage or failure
* Respiratory problems, such as pulmonary contusions or pneumonia
* Psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Prevention of blast injuries is challenging, but some measures that can be taken include:

* Increasing awareness of the risks associated with explosives and improving emergency preparedness
* Developing and implementing safety protocols for handling explosive materials
* Improving the design of protective equipment and structures to mitigate the effects of blast waves.

Overall, blast injuries can have a significant impact on individuals, communities, and societies as a whole. It is important to improve our understanding of these injuries and to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies to reduce their impact.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) defines BPD as a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, emotions, self-image, and behaviors, beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts. People with BPD may exhibit the following symptoms:

1. Unstable relationships: People with BPD may have intense and unstable relationships that can change rapidly from idealization to devaluation.
2. Impulsivity: They may engage in impulsive behaviors, such as substance abuse, reckless spending, or risky sexual behavior, without considering the consequences.
3. Emptiness: Individuals with BPD may feel empty or hollow, leading to a sense of incompleteness or unfulfillment.
4. Self-harm: They may engage in self-destructive behaviors, such as cutting or burning themselves, as a coping mechanism for their emotional pain.
5. Fear of abandonment: People with BPD often have a deep-seated fear of being abandoned or rejected by those they care about.
6. Dissociation: They may experience dissociation, feeling detached from their body or surroundings, especially during times of stress or trauma.
7. Intense emotional dysregulation: Individuals with BPD may experience intense and frequent mood swings, difficulty regulating their emotions, and a heightened sensitivity to perceived rejection or criticism.
8. Identity issues: People with BPD may struggle with their sense of self, experiencing confusion about their identity and a feeling of being uncertain about their place in the world.
9. Disrupted family relationships: BPD can have a significant impact on family members, causing them to feel anxious, confused, or drained by the individual's behavior.
10. Stigma and misconceptions: Borderline personality disorder is often misunderstood and stigmatized, leading to further isolation and marginalization of individuals with BPD.

It's important to remember that every person with BPD is unique and may not exhibit all of these symptoms. However, by understanding the common experiences and challenges faced by individuals with BPD, we can better support them in their recovery and well-being.

There are several types of diarrhea, including:

1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.

Symptoms of diarrhea may include:

* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea

Complications of diarrhea can include:

* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.

Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.

"Strategy to Combat Opioid, Abuse, Misuse, and Overdose" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 18 ... Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids, continued use despite physical and ... "Opioid Use Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (PDF). American ... In 2016, the numbers rose to 27 million people who experienced this disorder. Opioid use disorders resulted in 122,000 deaths ...
Jayatunge, R. M. (2008). Combating Tsunami Disaster Through EMDR. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2(2), 140‑145. https ... Dissociative disorders are usually paired with Nightmare Disorder 57% of the time. Nightmare disorder is believed to be ... Nightmare disorder, also known as dream anxiety disorder, is a sleep disorder characterized by frequent nightmares. The ... Nightmare disorders can also be associated with sleep disorders such as night terrors, chronic insomnia and sleep-disordered ...
"Intimate Relationship Distress and Combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder", Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Related ... Post-traumatic stress disorder Combat stress reaction Psychological trauma National trauma Complex post-traumatic stress ... This disorder has always existed but has only been recognized as a psychological disorder within the past forty years. Before ... Post-traumatic stress disorder has always been prevalent whether it was recognized as a psychological disorder or not. Yet, ...
... preliminary findings in a US Army Brigade Combat Team". The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 24 (1): 14-23. doi:10.1097/ ... Therefore, it is often not clear whether the sleeping disorder is a result of pre-existing disorders. Careful assessment of ... periodic limb movement disorder and hypersomnia. Furthermore, circadian sleep-wake disorders can occur after TBI. Increased ... aim to treat circadian rhythm disorders such as delayed sleep phase disorder. Especially in patients with hypersomnia, bright ...
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"Cavum septum pellucidum in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder". ... Anxiety disorders Depressive disorder Impulse control disorders Substance-related disorder Somatization disorder Attention ... disorder Bipolar disorder Borderline personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder ... About 25-40% of youths with conduct disorder will be diagnosed with ASPD in adulthood. Conduct disorder (CD) is a disorder ...
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As sexual violence affects all parts of society, the responses that arise to combat it are comprehensive, taking place on the ... Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 13 (4): 359-370. doi:10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00010-9. PMID 10504107. Ramos-Jimenez P. Philippine ... the International Rescue Committee has developed a programme to combat sexual violence in refugee communities. It includes the ... strategies to combat domestic violence against women. Manila, Social Development Research Center and De La Salle University, ...
In studies involving combat veterans, those who developed PTSD had lowered methylation of the Nr3c1 1F promoter compared to ... including mental health disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive- ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental health disorder that emerges in response to traumatic or ... For example, stress-related disorders such as anxiety and PTSD are known to increase risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and ...
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A patient may be taught breathing methods to combat anxiety or positive self-talk to combat depression. Other, less directed ... Around 60% of individuals with major depressive disorder also experience a form of anxiety disorder, so the disorders are often ... "Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder". Disorders.org. "Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder: Definition, Causes, and Treatment". ... A diagnosis of mixed anxiety-depressive disorder as opposed to a diagnosis of depression or an anxiety disorder can be ...
It has been reported in scuba divers, apnea (breath hold) free-diving competitors, combat swimmers, and triathletes. The causes ... Treatment of diving disorders depends on the specific disorder or combination of disorders, but two treatments are commonly ... Motor neuron disorders (e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), metabolic disorders (e.g., liver failure), some medications (e.g ... Disorders that may lead to erratic and irresponsible behavior: included here would be immaturity, psychiatric disorders, diving ...
"PTSD Treatment for Soldiers After Combat Deployment: Low Utilization of Mental Health Care and Reasons for Dropout". ... to treat trauma-related disorders. Trauma-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), have a lifetime ... there are concerns for their use in treating mental health disorders, including trauma-related disorders. Adverse effects and ... However, even though trauma-related disorders can hinder the everyday life of individuals with them, less than 50% of patients ...
"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder". Scott, Wilbur J. (2004). Vietnam Veterans Since The War. ISBN 9780806135977. Shatan, Chaim ( ... 1973). "The grief of soldiers: Vietnam combat veterans' self-help movement". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 43 (4): 640- ... "post-traumatic stress disorder", a term which evolved from discussions between Shatan and the Working Group with Nancy ... had been eliminated from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is used to delineate ...
Sleep EEG Findings in ICD-10 Borderline Personality Disorder in Egypt affective disorder.2001. Journal of affective disorder ... Combat and management of drug abuse: Means and challenges; an Egyptian perspective, Addressed as a plenary lecture in the first ... Mental Disorders in Pharaonic Egypt . (Read at the XIIII World Congress of Psychiatry in Cairo - Egypt) 261. Mental Disorders ... Somatoform Disorder -An Arab Perspective. Somatoform Disorder: A Worldwide Perspective. (Eds) Y.Ono, A.Janca, M. Asai, N. ...
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... "combat stress reaction" (CSR). Approximately 20% of U.S. troops displayed symptoms of CSR during WWII. It was assumed to be a ... This disorder may resolve itself with time or may develop into a more severe disorder, such as PTSD. However, results of ... Untreated acute stress disorder can also lead to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. Evaluation of patients is ... While PTSD-specific, these theories are still useful in understanding acute stress disorder, as the two disorders share many ...
New Honeybee Breed Key to Combating Colony Collapse Disorder Archived 28 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. TreeHugger. ... "Colony Collapse Disorder Action Plan" (PDF). USDA. 20 June 2007. "CCD Steering Committee, Colony Collapse Disorder Progress ... US EPA (29 August 2013). "Colony Collapse Disorder". US EPA. Retrieved 10 December 2018. "Colony Collapse Disorder". sfyl.ifas. ... Colony collapse disorder is a syndrome defined by a specific set of symptoms which, in the past several decades, has been given ...
Scanlan's platform is "Eating Disorders: A Generation at Risk." Scanlan's passion to combat eating disorders stems from a ... She hopes to educate children and adults alike as to the signs and risks of eating disorders, as well as how and where to get ... Scanlan graduated from her basic combat training class in the top 10%. In 2021, Scanlan graduated from UC Berkeley School of ... Her platform for the national pageant was "Eating Disorders: A Generation at Risk." In the preliminary competition, Scanlan won ...
The shame that many individuals face as a result of moral injury may predict symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. As of ... ISBN 978-0-205-26734-7. Shay, J. (2002). Odysseus in America: Combat trauma and the trials of homecoming. New York: Scribner. ... PTSD was first included in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the manual ... Grossman, Dave (2009). On combat: the psychology and physiology of deadly conflict in war and in peace. Illinois: Warrior ...
... including post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Combat Stress makes available treatment for all Veterans who are suffering ... "Combat Stress". Combat Stress. Retrieved 9 February 2016. "Combating the stress of civilian life". news.BBC.co.uk. BBC News. 11 ... "About us: Combat Stress". Combat Stress. Retrieved 25 February 2016. (Use dmy dates from January 2018, Use British English from ... "History of Combat Stress". Combat Stress. Retrieved 25 February 2016. Shephard, Ben. A War of Nerves: Soldiers and ...
... childhood disintegrative disorder, and Rett syndrome. These disorders are characterized by social deficits and communication ... The Combating Autism Reauthorization Act of 2014 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on May 9, 2014 ... "Smith Introduces the Combating Autism Reauthorization Act of 2014". House Office of Chris Smith. Retrieved 25 June 2014. "H.R. ... Michael F. Doyle (D-PA), who co-sponsored the bill, said that "every time new data is realized on autism spectrum disorders, ...
Some individuals are motivated to malinger PTSD (e.g., related to combat) in order to gain honor and recognition from others. ... Anxiety disorders, Factitious disorders, Post-traumatic stress disorder). ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that may develop after an individual experiences a traumatic event ... Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5 ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN ...
The 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry set up a defensive perimeter north of the city, and by nightfall was engaged in combat with ... The battalion returned to Chonan in disorder. By 1700, it re-established defensive positions on the northern and western edges ... The 21st Infantry Regiment was determined to be the most combat-ready of the 24th Infantry Division's three regiments, and the ... It would not see combat in Chonan. Around 1800, Dean ordered Martin to take command of the 34th Infantry Regiment from Lovless ...
The novel is based on Marlantes' combat experience in the Vietnam War. His next book was "What It Is Like to Go to War," a ... He suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder. Marlantes is featured in Ken Burns' and Lynn Novick's 10-part documentary ... Samet, Elizabeth D. (September 16, 2011). "Coming to Terms With the Experience of Combat". New York Times Sunday Book Review. ... "Coming to Terms With the Experience of Combat". NYT. Book Review. September 16, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2018. "Matterhorn ...
Italian courts stressed mimicry of positive role models as a means to combat Haltlose youth who had fallen afoul of the law. ... Haltlose personality disorder was a type of personality disorder diagnosis largely used in German-, Russian- and French- ... "other specific personality disorders", and in DSM-III under "other personality disorders", but the term was not described or ... higher than any other personality disorder. Haltlose and Histrionic were the most common personality disorders found in female ...
For stress-related combat disorders generally, see post-traumatic stress disorder. Historically, similar forms of this disorder ... Da Costa, Jacob Medes (January 1871). "On irritable heart; a clinical study of a form of functional cardiac disorder and its ... The condition was named after Jacob Mendes Da Costa who investigated and described the disorder in 1871. Symptoms of Da Costa's ... It was initially classified as "F45.3" (under somatoform disorder of the heart and cardiovascular system) in ICD-10, and is now ...
Eating disorders are most prevalent for men in high combat and contact sports. There are more problematic eating behaviors in ... Eating disorders are more prevalent in athletes than the general public. For women eating disorders are highly prevalent in ... Byrne, Susan; McLean, Neil (2001). "Eating disorders in athletes: A review of the literature". Journal of Science and Medicine ... Areas of expertise include mainly clinical issues, which include but are not limited to depression, eating disorders, and ...
Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944, p. 207 Sharp, "Red Guards", p. 48 Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944, p. ... battalion was encircled and destroyed in Staryi Rogachik and four more were forced across the river in considerable disorder. ... Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1943, pp. 280, 308 Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1944, p. 48 Affairs ... Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 29 Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union 1967a, p ...
The trend I have seen among the combat veterans, the most traumatized group, [is to] stay away from the VA, or at the very ... Posttraumatic stress disorder, 38 C.F.R. § 3.304(f), ("Service connection for posttraumatic stress disorder requires medical ... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious, potentially debilitating psychiatric disorder that can develop after ... The rating schedule for mental disorders is called the "General Rating Formula for Mental Disorders" (38 C.F.R. § 4.130), which ...
Further disorder and anarchy reigned supreme in Poland during the second half of the 18th century, from the accession to the ... The Uprising was led by ŻOB (Jewish Combat Organization) and the ŻZW. The ŻZW (Jewish Military Union) was the better supplied ... The Memorial is located where the Warsaw Ghetto used to be, at the site of one command bunker of the Jewish Combat Organization ... took part in combat against Nazis during 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Some 166,000 people lost their lives in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising ...
One of the first critical incidents techniques ever used in the United States Army asked combat veterans to report specific ... However, some individuals who are morbidly obese and whose obesity is due to a physiological disorder may be protected against ... of what an effective combat leader is. Previous research has found mixed results regarding whether behavioral or situational ...
... were enacted to promote business competition and combat extreme corporate power. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the U. ... "disorders of emotion, impaired impulse control, and defective judgment." Anxious to help the president recover, Tumulty, ...
... often the result of combat injuries. Advances in medical care had led to an increased number of people surviving injuries and ... AIDS Acquired brain injury Cancer Chronic pain Concussion Limb loss Multiple sclerosis Neuromuscular disorders Spinal cord ...
Risen, Clay (2009). "April 5: 'Official Disorder on Top of Civil Disorder'". A nation on fire : America in the wake of the King ... By Sunday evening, 5,000 paratroopers, combat engineers, and artillerymen from the XVIII Airborne Corps in Fort Bragg, North ... "REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CIVIL DISORDERS SUMMARY OF REPORT" (PDF). "Matthew J. Termine "Promoting ... Riots and civil disorder in the United States, April 1968 events in the United States, May 1968 events in the United States, ...
11-. ISBN 978-1-136-28493-9. Kumar, Dhavendra (20 October 2004). Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent - Google Books. ... Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, page 15, International Monetary ...
However, due to his psychiatric disorder, Rowan is unable to find work in his field and works in the Mercado Hotel as a ... Domingo's daughter joins the neophyte Ghostbusters team to combat the returning Gozer, and, instead of maintaining orders, his ...
... authorized the appropriation of federal funds to assist the states in combating venereal diseases. Appropriations under this ... "Prevalence and Health Correlates of Prostitution Among Patients Entering Treatment for Substance Use Disorders," in, Archives ...
... beta-1a and interferon beta-1b are used to treat and control multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder. This ... Park A, Iwasaki A (2020). "Type I and Type III Interferons - Induction, Signaling, Evasion, and Application to Combat COVID-19 ... that have roles in combating viruses and other actions produced by interferon. They also limit viral spread by increasing p53 ...
Chehrazi was one of the founders and secretary of the Association for Combating Opium and Alcohol and the representative of the ... In 1950, after completing the first ward for mental disorders at Pahlavi Hospital (now: Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex) and ... With the formation of the first popular organization called the "National Association for Combating Opium and Alcohol" in 1943 ... then transferring the ward for mental disorders to Roozbeh Hospital in 1951, the field of neurology and psychiatry was ...
These programs are designed to combat discrimination and empower the women of South Tel Aviv, specifically focusing efforts on ... drama therapy for women with eating disorders, styling and make-up groups for former drug addicted women, and many others, all ...
Co-factors such as malaria and parasitic infections can be combated in an effective and cost-efficient manner. For example, ... Human diseases and disorders, Public health, Poverty, Epidemiology, Health economics, Social problems in medicine). ... and mental illnesses including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Together, diseases of poverty kill approximately 14 million ...
144-46 Robbins, Thomas (2002). "Combating 'Cults' and 'Brainwashing' in the United States and Europe: A Comment on Richardson ... says that each of these individuals fit at least eight of the nine criteria for people with narcissistic personality disorders ...
"How MI5 combated Communist attempts to take over the scouts". www.Telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph. 10 April 2014. Archived from ... ISBN 978-0-09943-672-0. Thomas, Martin (2008). Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914. ... Both men suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Following the United States invasion of Afghanistan, on 9 January ...
He served as with the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa, with the combat engineers of the Fifth Army in Italy, and again with ... Gray indicated that he was not running for reelection in 1988 because of a muscular disorder caused by a tick bite that ...
In the first combat kill using the TOW missile the U.S. 1st Combat Aerial TOW Team destroyed an American-made M41 operated by ... Sydney Schanberg (3 May 1972). "Bases near Hue attacked; South Vietnamese troops flee Quangtri in disorder". The New York Times ... 1st Combat Aerial TOW Team arrived in South Vietnam to test the new BGM-71 TOW anti-armor missile under combat conditions. The ... as only about 6,000 of the more than 60,000 Americans remaining were combat troops, however any renewed ground combat ...
Shelby did not know that Grant's force was disordered, and believed that the Union units constituted a threat, so he sent ... 2016). Battlefield Atlas of Price's Missouri Expedition of 1864 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press ... the Confederate army withdrew southwards in disorder. After suffering further defeats along the way, Price's army reached Texas ...
Extensive research is being conducted to further investigate this link and methods to combat aging. Presently, gene therapy and ... Angelini C, Bello L, Spinazzi M, Ferrati C (July 2009). "Mitochondrial disorders of the nuclear genome". Acta Myologica. 28 (1 ... Taylor RW (February 2005). "Gene therapy for the treatment of mitochondrial DNA disorders". Expert Opinion on Biological ... disorders, maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD), Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Neurodegenerative disease, heart ...
The 1st Cavalry had borne the brunt of the combat during the Siege of Plei Me and the Battle of Ia Drang in October and ... Unnerved by the frontal assault, the VC retreated in disorder. Many stumbled into the open and were quickly killed. Those who ... "Combat After Action Report 1st Cavalry Division Operation Masher 25 Jan-3 Feb 66 Operation White Wing 4 Feb-6 Mar 66". ... The U.S. evacuated thousands of civilians by helicopter from combat areas and more thousands walked out to safety in the larger ...
For combat, Solidus wears a powered suit outfitted with a pair of tentacle-like mechanisms known as "snake arms". For weapons, ... However, the impact caused her to suffer amnesia due to dissociative identity disorder, forgetting everything about Cipher and ... Recognizing Snake's combat skills, Gene bequeaths to Snake all the resources he had amassed for the military force Army's ... Later in the story, she is defeated by Venom Snake in open combat and is brought back to Mother Base where she eventually ...
Reid Standish (Jan 18, 2018) Inside a European Center to Combat Russia's Hybrid Warfare Jaspreet Gill ( DoD 'hedge strategy' ... Astrophysics ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders ARC ...
... disorders, or developmental disabilities. In pre-industrial Europe, a peasant family's subsistence frequently depended upon the ... their magic a necessary skill for combating those with superior weaponry. In a Victorian tenet of evolution, mythic cannibalism ...
He served in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom and was later diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. His book Fearvana ... "Wounded Warriors Using Entrepreneurship To Combat Military Injuries & Retirement". Forbes.com. Retrieved September 14, 2018. "7 ... He was also diagnosed by the Department of Veterans Affairs with post traumatic stress disorder and survivor's guilt, which led ... After overcoming drug addiction, despite two doctors suggesting basic training could kill him because of a blood disorder, he ...
After the First World War, riots and civil disorder caused the reinforcement of the police with soldiers and militia. After the ... All units took repressive measures against the civil population or were in combat against the regular Polish army, guarded ...
Treatment has been proposed to combat the cytokine storm as it remains to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and ... In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is associated with COVID-19 ... Rates of cardiovascular symptoms are high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during ...
Pardee next saw combat in the Battle of Chancellorsville, where he led the regiment in the brigade of Col. Charles Candy in the ... The 147th suffered heavy losses, and Pardee complained that his right flank was thrown into disorder by routed troops. Ario's ...
Diseases like neonatal disorder, lower respiratory tract infection, and diarrhoeal diseases have shown a gradual decrease in ... malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases" and the ... Neonatal disorders (9.97%), Ischaemic Heart Disease (7.55%), COPD (5.35%), Lower respiratory infection (5.15%), Diarrhoeal ...
Certain extracts - water-soluble pyrrolidine alkaloids - are similar to compounds tested for use in combating HIV and cancer. ... ISBN 978-0-7112-2609-8. Stefan Buczacki; Keith Harris (1998). "Diseases". Pests, Diseases & Disorders of Garden Plants (2nd ed ...
JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...
... is a prospective study of factors predictive of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among approximately 2,600 Marines in 4 ... Predictors of Risk and Resilience for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Ground Combat Marines: Methods of the Marine ... Predictors of Risk and Resilience for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Ground Combat Marines: Methods of the Marine ... Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: ...
... posttraumatic stress disorder, and criminal behavior in Vietnam veterans. Download Prime PubMed App to iPhone, iPad, or Android ... Combat DisordersCrimeForensic PsychiatryHumansInsanity DefenseMaleStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticVeteransVietnam ... Aggression among combat veterans: relationships with combat exposure and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, dysphoria, ... Atrocities exposure in Vietnam combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: relationship to combat exposure, ...
Intervention and Practice Research for Combat Related Mental Disorders and Stress Reactions RFA-MH-06-004. NIMH ... Possible mental disorders have been reported in 26 percent and the most common diagnoses were adjustment disorders, among them ... Title: Intervention and Practice Research for Combat Related Mental Disorders and Stress Reactions ... The disorder has increasingly become to be understood as a psychobiological disorder, meaning that biological changes as well ...
Significantly greater occurrence of aggression was observed in combat veterans with PTSD compared with those without PTSD. T … ... The incidence of aggression and violent behavior in combat veterans varies and can be observed with regard to the presence or ... Aggressive behavior in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder D Begić et al. Mil Med. 2001 Aug. ... Aggressive behavior in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder D Begić 1 , N Jokić-Begić ...
Combating Public Disorder: Authorizing specified elected officials to file an appeal to the Administration Commission if the ...
However, it is not known whether combat exposure independently increases risk for these disorders or whether this association ... Combat exposure is associated with increased risk of psychiatric and substance use disorders in veterans. ... no residual genetic and environmental variance overlapped between combat and ND, combat and AD, and combat and MD. Combat ... Combat exposure is associated with increased risk of psychiatric and substance use disorders in veterans. However, it is not ...
The technological progress in combating neurological disorders is quite remarkable, as proven by the COMPAMED Innovation Forum ... Fascinating presentations at the COMPAMED Innovation Forum 2022: How medical technology combats neurological disorders ... Fascinating presentations at the COMPAMED Innovation Forum 2022: How medical technology combats neurological disorders ... These disorders affect the lives of many people and their families. According to an estimate by the WHO, a billion patients ...
... for symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). en_UK. ... Conclusions: ART appears to be a safe and effective treatment for symptoms of combat-related PTSD, including refractory ... Objectives: Therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) endorsed by the Department of Defense and Veterans ... We evaluated Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for the treatment of combat-related psychological trauma. Methods: A ...
Stress-Relieving Chemical Could Combat Alcohol Use Disorder. Targeting Brains Stress Circuitry Curbs Rats Alcohol Consumption ... "We see alcohol use disorder primarily as a stress disorder," says IRP staff scientist Leandro F. Vendruscolo, Pharm.D/Ph.D., ... Tags: alcohol, alcoholism, alcohol use disorder, addiction, oxytocin, brain, neuroscience, stress, reward, Test Tube Tuesday ... Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a huge public health issue around the world, and though current treatments are certainly useful, ...
... www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Brain-and-Spinal-Tumors-Information-Page ... Brain scans of patients helped researchers find that manipulating cancer cell metabolism may combat DIPGs and other tumors. ... Drugs against alpha-ketoglutarate may combat deadly childhood brain tumor. NIH funded pre-clinical study highlights intricate ... Jane Fountain, Ph.D., program director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke ...
... Search for Articles Here >> ... Borderline Personality Disorder, also called BPD, is listed in the DSM 5 (current version Diagnostic Statistical Manual for the ...
Text; Format: print Publication details: Zagreb : Faculty of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 1992Availability: Items available for loan: WHO HQ (1)Call number: WM 184 92PS. ...
Corporate event planners can combat attention deficit disorder with their meeting attendees by adding these tools to their ... How to Combat Attention Deficit Disorder with Meeting Attendees. October 17, 2019 Susan Serena ... Home » Event Planning Tips » How to Combat Attention Deficit Disorder with Meeting Attendees ... Corporate event planners are facing the challenge of combatting attention deficit with attendees throughout the duration of ...
Personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (prtms®) for post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) in military combat ... and therapeutic strategies tailored to the unique needs of individual patients with both combat and non-combat PTSD. ... Hence, we pursued the treatment of combat veterans with PTSD (n = 185) using an expanded form of repetitive transcranial ... Emerging data suggest that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) arises from disrupted brain default mode network (DMN) ...
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. *National Institute of Nursing Research ... Home , Global Health Matters Jul/Aug 2012 , Celebrating 25 years of research training to combat HIV/AIDS Print ... Celebrating 25 years of research training to combat HIV/AIDS July / August 2012 , Volume 11, Issue 4 * Full July / August 2012 ... See the profiles of AITRP trainees Shifting Pakistans health approach, Combating AIDS in Malawi, and Preventing HIV in Uganda ...
Lists NIMH clinical trials/studies for Borderline Personality Disorder that are currently recruiting participants. ... Suicide in Urban Natives: Detection and Networks to Combat Events Study Type: Interventional. Start Date: March 15, 2020. ... Borderline Personality Disorder. Borderline personality disorder is a mental illness that severely impacts a persons ability ... Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with co-occurring Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) (i.e., PTSD-BPD) is common (as ...
In honour of National Eating Disorder Awareness Week in Canada, the SSMU Eating Disorder Resource and Support Center (EDRSC) ... As Mar explained, Eating Disorder Awareness Wellness Weak is essential to fight off the stigmas that surround eating disorders. ... and the other half consists of drop-ins and support groups for people who have disordered eating/eating disorders." ... "Ive noticed that whereas the term mental health is used more and more, in the case of eating disorders, I dont think were ...
... particularly in cases involving substance use disorder; its important to use person-first language and acknowledge that not ... Breaking free from restrictive covenants to combat burnout. Raya E. Kheirbek, MD , Physician ... Breaking free from restrictive covenants to combat burnout. Raya E. Kheirbek, MD , Physician ... Words matter: Caring for pain patients with suspected opioid use disorder. Rita Agarwal, MD ...
Combating Chronic Disease to Improve Human Health. NIDDK supports research on diseases and conditions affecting the health and ... and nutrition disorders. Though diverse in nature, most of these diseases and conditions are chronic, consequential, and costly ... In closing, NIDDK has a robust and vigorous commitment to research and related activities to combat chronic diseases and ... To foster discovery important to combating chronic disease, NIDDK supports a multi-faceted scientific portfolio spanning basic ...
Ph.D student lands three fellowships in three months to combat nerve disorders. * Post author By Carly Hodes ... No Comments on Ph.D student lands three fellowships in three months to combat nerve disorders ... Blackwood hopes his work will contribute to new therapies for such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimers and Parkinsons ...
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Tips to combat seasonal affective disorder , Excelsior Springs … - Excelsior Springs Standard. January 1, 2023. by admin ... Seasonal affective disorder, also known as "SAD," affects millions of people every year. The National Institute of Mental ...
  • The Marine Resiliency Study (MRS) is a prospective study of factors predictive of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among approximately 2,600 Marines in 4 battalions deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. (cdc.gov)
  • Chronic psychiatric illness such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major public health problem among current and former military service members, especially those who have served in combat. (cdc.gov)
  • Although data are inconclusive, popular perception has linked military combat, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and criminal behavior. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - Military combat, posttraumatic stress disorder, and criminal behavior in Vietnam veterans. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • AU - Sparr,L F, AU - Reaves,M E, AU - Atkinson,R M, PY - 1987/1/1/pubmed PY - 1987/1/1/medline PY - 1987/1/1/entrez SP - 141 EP - 62 JF - The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law JO - Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law VL - 15 IS - 2 N2 - Although data are inconclusive, popular perception has linked military combat, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and criminal behavior. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The sponsoring agencies jointly issue this Request for Applications (RFA) to enhance and accelerate research on the identification, prevention and treatment of combat related posttraumatic psychopathology and similar adjustment problems. (nih.gov)
  • Outcomes of interest include posttraumatic mood and anxiety disorders, substance use and abuse disorders, impairment in occupational, family, and social functioning, and regulation of behavior including violent behavior towards others and self. (nih.gov)
  • Interpersonal violence and its correlates in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. (nih.gov)
  • Gun use, attitudes toward violence, and aggression among combat veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. (nih.gov)
  • However, it is not known whether combat exposure independently increases risk for these disorders or whether this association is accounted for by genetic vulnerability common to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (nih.gov)
  • Rates of hyperlipidemia and diabetes were also higher in younger patients in the mTBI group and posttraumatic seizures and psychiatric disorders were elevated regardless of TBI severity. (medscape.com)
  • The incidence of aggression and violent behavior in combat veterans varies and can be observed with regard to the presence or absence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). (nih.gov)
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and aggression in OEF/OIF veterans. (nih.gov)
  • Objectives: Therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) endorsed by the Department of Defense and Veterans Administration are relatively lengthy, costly, and yield variable success. (stir.ac.uk)
  • Personalized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (prtms®) for post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) in military combat veterans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Emerging data suggest that post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) arises from disrupted brain default mode network (DMN) activity manifested by dysregulated encephalogram ( EEG ) alpha oscillations. (bvsalud.org)
  • Contemporary symptom-based diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) largely overlooks related neurobehavioral mechanisms and relies entirely on subjective interpersonal reporting. (nature.com)
  • Here we will discuss the mechanism of combat/operational stress (COS) and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). (stress.org)
  • Many sailors died at sea, but Lucas lived through it and suffers from what now might be termed "post-traumatic stress disorder. (nih.gov)
  • She is serving as a co-investigator on a large randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of stepped care for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression within the U.S. Army and has published several peer-reviewed articles and book chapters, and served on numerous working groups and expert panels. (nih.gov)
  • Many of these veterans have met screening or diagnostic criteria for PTSD (20%-39%), often co-occurring with depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, and chronic pain (7,8). (cdc.gov)
  • The description of participant characteristics before deployment combined with future longitudinal data analysis may allow researchers to identify modifiable multisystem risk and resilience factors for combat-related PTSD. (cdc.gov)
  • Testimony on combat-related PTSD has been presented in the courtroom to support veterans' claims of not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and diminished capacity and for consideration during judicial sentencing. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Because there is a known connection between the degree of combat involvement and PTSD, verification through collateral sources of the veteran's report of combat experiences is an important component of forensic assessment. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In other aspects of the judicial process demonstration of the absolute presence or absence of PTSD is often irrelevant and should be replaced by efforts to establish plausible links between provable combat experiences and the circumstances of the crime. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Significantly greater occurrence of aggression was observed in combat veterans with PTSD compared with those without PTSD. (nih.gov)
  • In the occurrence of aggressive behavior in combat veterans with PTSD, important roles are played by education level, low socioeconomic status, maltreatment in childhood, and previous types of violent behavior (before participation in war events). (nih.gov)
  • This article tests competing explanations for the association of combat exposure and PTSD with nicotine dependence (ND), alcohol dependence (AD), and major depression (MD). Data were obtained from 6099 members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, a national registry of male-male twin pairs who served in the military during the Vietnam era. (nih.gov)
  • Conclusions: ART appears to be a safe and effective treatment for symptoms of combat-related PTSD, including refractory PTSD, and is delivered in significantly less time than therapies endorsed by the Department of Defense and Veterans Administration. (stir.ac.uk)
  • Hence, we pursued the treatment of combat veterans with PTSD (n = 185) using an expanded form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) termed personalized-rTMS (PrTMS). (bvsalud.org)
  • Prospective, sham controlled PrTMS® trials may be warranted to validate our clinical findings and to examine the contribution of DMN targeting for novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies tailored to the unique needs of individual patients with both combat and non-combat PTSD . (bvsalud.org)
  • Reports of potentially morally injurious experiences are prevalent among US combat veterans, and associated with increased risk for suicidal behavior, above and beyond severity of combat exposure, PTSD, and depression. (nih.gov)
  • Seasonal affective disorder, also known as "SAD," affects millions of people every year. (myfitnesshood.com)
  • NICHD supports research to prevent and treat a variety of diseases, including Zika virus, malaria, and certain blood disorders. (nih.gov)
  • Borderline Personality Disorder, also called BPD, is listed in the DSM 5 (current version Diagnostic Statistical Manual for the American Psychological Association). (simplyhealth.today)
  • Borderline personality disorder is a mental illness that severely impacts a person's ability to regulate their emotions. (nih.gov)
  • Blackwood hopes his work will contribute to new therapies for such neurodegenerative disorders as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, that disproportionately affect minority communities. (carlyhodes.com)
  • According to Professor John H. Peever who conducted the study: "Understanding the precise mechanism behind these chemicals' role in REM sleep disorder is particularly important because about 80 percent of people who have it eventually develop a neurodegenerative disease, such as Parkinson's disease. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health, released a new strategic plan to identify research opportunities that may help eliminate health disparities and inequities in neurological disorders. (nih.gov)
  • The studies were published as part of a cooperative research agreement between the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the National Institutes of Health, and the Switzerland-based biotechnology company GeNeuro Inc. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to implants, technical aids which are used to care for and assist people affected by neurological disorders play an important role. (compamed-tradefair.com)
  • The Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board (SDRAB) convened virtually on Thursday, April 1, 2021. (nih.gov)
  • Neurological and psychiatric disorders of the brain are not a rare phenomenon, but their frequency and their effects are still underestimated. (compamed-tradefair.com)
  • Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to a significantly increased risk for a host of subsequent cardiovascular, endocrine, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders, new research shows. (medscape.com)
  • According to an estimate by the WHO, a billion patients worldwide suffer from disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), such as depression, dementia, epilepsy, Parkinson's, or the sequelae of a stroke. (compamed-tradefair.com)
  • Morimoto's work focuses on cognitive disorders, especially those related to aging brains such as geriatric depression and mental decline. (kbbi.org)
  • Regardless of injury severity, patients with TBI had a higher risk for neurologic and psychiatric diseases, particularly depression, dementia, and psychotic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The EDRSC provides a "non-diagnostic, non-therapeutic, non-directional, active listening, non-judgmental, and informational space for students and peers who seek to converse about eating disorders. (bullandbearmcgill.com)
  • DISCUSSION: Adolescent female military-dependents may be particularly vulnerable to disordered-eating compared with civilian peers. (health.mil)
  • Combat exposure is associated with increased risk of psychiatric and substance use disorders in veterans. (nih.gov)
  • NIDDK-supported scientists have also been able to produce human intestinal "organoids"-small bundles of cells that model various aspects of the small intestine and its functioning, facilitating study of certain digestive system diseases and disorders and creating potential for tissue replacement therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Data were analyzed from the 2019-2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study, which surveyed a nationally representative sample of US combat veterans (n = 1321). (nih.gov)
  • This finding may help scientists better understand and treat sleep disorders, including narcolepsy, tooth grinding and might even shed light on Parkinson's disease. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • Brain scans of patients helped researchers find that manipulating cancer cell metabolism may combat DIPGs and other tumors. (nih.gov)
  • This approach aims to yield new and effective therapeutic methods that offer individual treatment of disorders of the CNS with as few side effects as possible. (compamed-tradefair.com)
  • By using state-of-the-art technology to analyze patterns of behavior in mice with epilepsy, researchers may be able to better study the disorder and identify potential treatments. (nih.gov)
  • Recent research suggests that exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) may be associated with increased risk for suicidal behavior among US combat veterans, but population-based data on these associations are scarce. (nih.gov)
  • I've noticed that whereas the term 'mental health' is used more and more, in the case of eating disorders, I don't think we're quite there yet," Mar confessed. (bullandbearmcgill.com)
  • We must recognize that the language we use to describe patients with mental health disorders, particularly those with substance use disorder (SUD), is often very stigmatizing. (kevinmd.com)
  • Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a huge public health issue around the world, and though current treatments are certainly useful, they have limitations. (nih.gov)
  • NICHD has a long history of supporting research on women's health, including work to improve treatments for gynecological disorders, develop easier-to-use contraception, and understand sexual assault. (nih.gov)
  • For social drinkers, alcohol brings to mind barbecues and bar-hopping with friends, but for the roughly 16 million Americans with alcohol use disorder (AUD), drinking is a source of significant stress. (nih.gov)
  • We see alcohol use disorder primarily as a stress disorder," says IRP staff scientist Leandro F. Vendruscolo, Pharm.D/Ph.D., one of the new paper's senior authors. (nih.gov)
  • The NIAAA Alcohol Treatment Navigator can help you recognize and find high quality treatment for alcohol use disorder. (nih.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Recent reports reinforce the widespread interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), not only among military personnel with combat-related disorders, but also among providers who are pressed to respond to patient demand for these therapies. (health.mil)
  • Her areas of research interest include the psychological effects of combat, terrorism and disasters, psychological resilience and suicide prevention, as well as access to, and quality of, behavioral healthcare for returning veterans. (nih.gov)
  • OBJECTIVE: Limited data suggest that the children of U.S. service members may be at increased risk for disordered-eating. (health.mil)
  • The MRS entails prospective longitudinal evaluations of biological, psychophysiological, psychosocial, and neurocognitive moderators and mediators of combat stress in Marines recruited from 4 infantry battalions of the 1st Marine Division stationed at Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center, 29 Palms, or Camp Pendleton, both in southern California. (cdc.gov)
  • Combat Stress magazine is a free, quarterly magazine written with our military service men and women and their families in mind. (stress.org)
  • Subscribe to Combat Stress today. (stress.org)
  • Mar suggests that Eating Disorder Awareness Week, while important nationwide, is especially crucial on a university campus like McGill. (bullandbearmcgill.com)
  • To foster discovery important to combating chronic disease, NIDDK supports a multi-faceted scientific portfolio spanning basic to translational to clinical studies, while also creating and leveraging partnerships that can fortify and accelerate research. (nih.gov)
  • According to behavioral neuroscientist Dennis J. McGinty from University of California, Los Angeles (who did not participate in the current research): 'The study's findings are relevant to anyone who has ever watched a sleeping pet twitch, gotten kicked by a bed partner, or has known someone with the sleep disorder narcolepsy. (thefutureofthings.com)
  • Studies have long suggested a link between brain injury and subsequent neurologic disorders, but research suggesting a possible link to cardiovascular and endocrine problems has recently gained attention. (medscape.com)
  • The Chair, Dr. Haddad introduced members of the Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board (SDRAB) and the Ex Officio members. (nih.gov)
  • These disorders affect the lives of many people and their families. (compamed-tradefair.com)
  • The purpose is to create an inclusive space for people that need help right then and now," said Mar. "Half of [our services] consists of raising awareness through eating disorder awareness week and other events on campus, and the other half consists of drop-ins and support groups for people who have disordered eating/eating disorders. (bullandbearmcgill.com)
  • Apart from the combat-fatigued sailors for whom the film was made, few people have ever had the chance to see it. (nih.gov)
  • We evaluated Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for the treatment of combat-related psychological trauma. (stir.ac.uk)
  • This study examined the association between PMIEs with current suicidal ideation (SI), lifetime suicide plans (SP), and suicide attempts (SA) in a contemporary, nationally representative sample of combat veterans. (nih.gov)
  • Corporate event planners are facing the challenge of combatting attention deficit with attendees throughout the duration of events and meetings. (theeventplannerexpo.com)
  • In honour of National Eating Disorder Awareness Week in Canada, the SSMU Eating Disorder Resource and Support Center (EDRSC) hosted, for a second consecutive year, various events on the McGill Campus from February 3 - 7 to spread awareness and provide support for those in the Montréal and McGill community who struggle with eating disorders. (bullandbearmcgill.com)
  • In addition to the hosted events during Eating Disorder Awareness Week, the EDRSC plans on working throughout the year on campus. (bullandbearmcgill.com)
  • The events organized by the SSMU EDRSC throughout Eating Disorder Awareness Week were the following: on Monday 3rd, a workshop and discussion panel on Diet Culture. (bullandbearmcgill.com)