Colony count microbial. Medical search

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

The presence of white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) in the urine. It is often associated with bacterial infections of the urinary tract. Pyuria without BACTERIURIA can be caused by TUBERCULOSIS, stones, or cancer.

The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity.

Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.

A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.

Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.

The first stomach of ruminants. It lies on the left side of the body, occupying the whole of the left side of the abdomen and even stretching across the median plane of the body to the right side. It is capacious, divided into an upper and a lower sac, each of which has a blind sac at its posterior extremity. The rumen is lined by mucous membrane containing no digestive glands, but mucus-secreting glands are present in large numbers. Coarse, partially chewed food is stored and churned in the rumen until the animal finds circumstances convenient for rumination. When this occurs, little balls of food are regurgitated through the esophagus into the mouth, and are subjected to a second more thorough mastication, swallowed, and passed on into other parts of the compound stomach. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)

A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The number of LEUKOCYTES and ERYTHROCYTES per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the HEMOGLOBIN; HEMATOCRIT; and ERYTHROCYTE INDICES.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

The sudden collapse and disappearance or diminution of a colony of organisms.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.

The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)

A count of SPERM in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.

Insect members of the superfamily Apoidea, found almost everywhere, particularly on flowers. About 3500 species occur in North America. They differ from most WASPS in that their young are fed honey and pollen rather than animal food.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Glycoproteins found in a subfraction of normal mammalian plasma and urine. They stimulate the proliferation of bone marrow cells in agar cultures and the formation of colonies of granulocytes and/or macrophages. The factors include INTERLEUKIN-3; (IL-3); GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (G-CSF); MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (M-CSF); and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; (GM-CSF).

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

The development and formation of various types of BLOOD CELLS. Hematopoiesis can take place in the BONE MARROW (medullary) or outside the bone marrow (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).

Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups according to the staining properties of the granules: neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic. Mature granulocytes are the NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS.

Determination of parasite eggs in feces.

The number of RETICULOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. The values are expressed as a percentage of the ERYTHROCYTE COUNT or in the form of an index ("corrected reticulocyte index"), which attempts to account for the number of circulating erythrocytes.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of tumor stem cells by assaying their activity. It is used primarily for the in vitro testing of antineoplastic agents.

Very large BONE MARROW CELLS which release mature BLOOD PLATELETS.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The management and maintenance of colonies of honeybees.

The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the YOLK SAC in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the BONE MARROW in the third trimester and after birth. In normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.

Animal behavior associated with the nest; includes construction, effects of size and material; behavior of the adult during the nesting period and the effect of the nest on the behavior of the young.

A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.

A multilineage cell growth factor secreted by LYMPHOCYTES; EPITHELIAL CELLS; and ASTROCYTES which stimulates clonal proliferation and differentiation of various types of blood and tissue cells.

A glycoprotein of MW 25 kDa containing internal disulfide bonds. It induces the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of neutrophilic granulocyte precursor cells and functionally activates mature blood neutrophils. Among the family of colony-stimulating factors, G-CSF is the most potent inducer of terminal differentiation to granulocytes and macrophages of leukemic myeloid cell lines.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.

An acidic glycoprotein of MW 23 kDa with internal disulfide bonds. The protein is produced in response to a number of inflammatory mediators by mesenchymal cells present in the hemopoietic environment and at peripheral sites of inflammation. GM-CSF is able to stimulate the production of neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies from bone marrow cells and can stimulate the formation of eosinophil colonies from fetal liver progenitor cells. GM-CSF can also stimulate some functional activities in mature granulocytes and macrophages.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Social rank-order established by certain behavioral patterns.

A family of MITES in the subclass ACARI. It includes the single genus Varroa.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

The cells in the erythroid series derived from MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS or from the bi-potential MEGAKARYOCYTE-ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS which eventually give rise to mature RED BLOOD CELLS. The erythroid progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E); BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by ERYTHROPOIETIN, and then further differentiate into ERYTHROBLASTS when stimulated by other factors.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. The compound stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage series. M-CSF is a disulfide-bonded glycoprotein dimer with a MW of 70 kDa. It binds to a specific high affinity receptor (RECEPTOR, MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR).

These growth factors comprise a family of hematopoietic regulators with biological specificities defined by their ability to support proliferation and differentiation of blood cells of different lineages. ERYTHROPOIETIN and the COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS belong to this family. Some of these factors have been studied and used in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and bone marrow failure syndromes.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

A sustained rat model for studying the long-lasting catabolic state of sepsis. (1/6028)

Most animal models of sepsis induced high mortality or early recovery and do not mimic the long-lasting catabolic state observed in patients. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of sepsis which reproduces these disorders, especially the long-lasting muscle wasting. This report summarizes our observations in a series of seven experiments using this model with rats to study the route of live Escherichia coli administration, dose of bacteria, reproducibility of the model, bacterial count in tissues, comparison of injection of live or dead bacteria, metabolic perturbations linked to infection, and potential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in muscle wasting. After intravenous infection, animals were anorexic and the catabolic state was long-lasting: body weight loss for 2 to 3 days followed by a chronic wasting state for several days. Liver, spleen, lung protein content, and plasma concentration of alpha2-macroglobulin were increased 2 and 6 days after infection. At 6 days, muscle protein content was substantially (-40%) reduced. The plasma TNF-alpha level measured 1.5 h after infection correlated with body weight loss observed 9 days later. The inhibition of TNF-alpha secretion by administration of pentoxifylline 1 h before infection reduced muscle wasting and activation of proteolysis at day 2 and abolished them at day 6. This septic model mimics in rats the prolonged protein metabolism alterations and muscle atrophy characteristics of infected patients and thus is useful for studying the impact of nutritional support on outcome. (+info)

RecA-Mediated gene conversion and aminoglycoside resistance in strains heterozygous for rRNA. (2/6028)

Clinical resistance to aminoglycosides in general is due to enzymatic drug modification. Mutational alterations of the small ribosomal subunit rRNA have recently been found to mediate acquired resistance in bacterial pathogens in vivo. In this study we investigated the effect of 16S rRNA heterozygosity (wild-type [wt] and mutant [mut] operons at position 1408 [1408wt/1408mut]) on aminoglycoside resistance. Using an integrative vector, we introduced a single copy of a mutated rRNA operon (1408 A-->G) into Mycobacterium smegmatis, which carries two chromosomal wild-type rRNA operons; the resultant transformants exhibited an aminoglycoside-sensitive phenotype. In contrast, introduction of the mutated rRNA operon into an M. smegmatis rrnB knockout strain carrying a single functional chromosomal wild-type rRNA operon resulted in aminoglycoside-resistant transformants. Subsequent analysis by DNA sequencing and RNase protection assays unexpectedly demonstrated a homozygous mutant genotype, rRNAmut/rRNAmut, in the resistant transformants. To investigate whether RecA-mediated gene conversion was responsible for the aminoglycoside-resistant phenotype in the rRNAwt/rRNAmut strains, recA mutant strains were generated by allelic exchange techniques. Transformation of the recA rrnB M. smegmatis mutant strains with an integrative vector expressing a mutated rRNA operon (Escherichia coli position 1408 A-->G) resulted in transformants with an aminoglycoside-sensitive phenotype. Subsequent analysis showed stable heterozygosity at 16S rRNA position 1408 with a single wild-type allele and a single resistant allele. These results demonstrate that rRNA-mediated mutational resistance to aminoglycosides is recessive. (+info)

Efflux-mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. (3/6028)

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is intrinsically resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents including beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and polymyxins. We used Tn5-OT182 to mutagenize B. pseudomallei to identify the genes involved in aminoglycoside resistance. We report here on the identification of AmrAB-OprA, a multidrug efflux system in B. pseudomallei which is specific for both aminoglycoside and macrolide antibiotics. We isolated two transposon mutants, RM101 and RM102, which had 8- to 128-fold increases in their susceptibilities to the aminoglycosides streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, tobramycin, kanamycin, and spectinomycin. In addition, both mutants, in contrast to the parent, were susceptible to the macrolides erythromycin and clarithromycin but not to the lincosamide clindamycin. Sequencing of the DNA flanking the transposon insertions revealed a putative operon consisting of a resistance, nodulation, division-type transporter, a membrane fusion protein, an outer membrane protein, and a divergently transcribed regulatorprotein. Consistent with the presence of an efflux system, both mutants accumulated [3H] dihydro streptomycin, whereas the parent strain did not. We constructed an amr deletion strain, B. pseudomallei DD503, which was hypersusceptible to aminoglycosides and macrolides and which was used successfully in allelic exchange experiments. These results suggest that an efflux system is a major contributor to the inherent high-level aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance found in B. pseudomallei. (+info)

In vitro and in vivo activities of NS-718, a new lipid nanosphere incorporating amphotericin B, against Aspergillus fumigatus. (4/6028)

We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo potencies of a new lipid nanosphere that incorporates amphotericin B (AmB), NS-718, against Aspergillus fumigatus. The in vitro activity of NS-718 (the MIC at which 90% of strains are inhibited [MIC90], 0.25 microgram/ml) against 18 isolates of A. fumigatus was similar to that of deoxycholate AmB (D-AmB; Fungizone; MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml), but NS-718 was more potent than liposomal AmB (L-AmB; AmBi-some; MIC90, 1.0 microgram/ml). The in vivo efficacy of NS-718 in a rat model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was compared with those of D-AmB and L-AmB. A low dose (1 mg/kg of body weight) of L-AmB was ineffective (survival rate, 0%), although equivalent doses of D-AmB and NS-718 were more effective (survival rate, 17%). However, a higher dose of NS-718 (3 mg/kg) was more effective (survival rate, 100%) than equivalent doses of D-AmB and L-AmB (survival rate, 0%). To explain these differences, pharmacokinetic studies showed higher concentrations of AmB in the plasma of rats treated with NS-718 than in the plasma of those treated with D-AmB. Our results suggest that NS-718, a new preparation of AmB, is a promising antifungal agent with activity against pulmonary aspergillosis. (+info)

Two-step acquisition of resistance to the teicoplanin-gentamicin combination by VanB-type Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in experimental endocarditis. (5/6028)

The activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin combined with gentamicin was investigated in vitro against strains of Enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomycin and susceptible to teicoplanin (VanB type) and against mutants that had acquired resistance to teicoplanin by three different mechanisms. In vitro, gentamicin selected mutants with two- to sixfold increases in the level of resistance to this antibiotic at frequencies of 10(-6) to 10(-7). Teicoplanin selected teicoplanin-resistant mutants at similar frequencies. Both mutations were required to abolish the activity of the gentamicin-teicoplanin combination. As expected, simultaneous acquisition of the two types of mutations was not observed. In therapy with gentamicin or teicoplanin alone, each selected mutants in three of seven rabbits with aortic endocarditis due to VanB-type E. faecalis BM4275. The vancomycin-gentamicin combination selected mutants that were resistant to gentamicin and to the combination. In contrast, the teicoplanin-gentamicin regimen prevented the emergence of mutants resistant to one or both components of the combination. These results suggest that two mutations are also required to suppress the in vivo activity of the teicoplanin-gentamicin combination. (+info)

In vitro activities of cephalosporins and quinolones against Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. (6/6028)

The in vitro activities of several cephalosporins and quinolones against 195 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diary calves affected by neonatal diarrhea were determined. One hundred thirty-seven of these strains produced one or more potential virulence factors (F5, F41, F17, cytotoxic necrotizing factor, verotoxin, and the eae gene), but the remaining 58 strains did not produce any of these factors. From 11 to 18% of the E. coli strains were resistant to cephalothin, nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin. However, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, and cefquinome were highly effective against the E. coli isolates tested. Some significant differences (P < 0.05) in resistance to quinolones between the strains producing potential virulence factors and nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains were found. Thus, eae-positive, necrotoxigenic, and verotoxigenic (except for nalidixic acid) E. coli strains were significantly more sensitive to nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and enrofloxacin than nonfimbriated, nontoxigenic, eae-negative strains. Moreover, eae-positive strains were significantly more sensitive to enoxacin and enrofloxacin than F5-positive strains. Thus, the result of this study suggest that the bovine E. coli strains that produce some potential virulence factors are more sensitive to quinolones than those that do not express these factors. (+info)

Antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against Clostridium difficile. (7/6028)

Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen responsible for pseudomembranous colitis and many cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Because of potential relapse of disease with current antimicrobial therapy protocols, there is a need for additional and/or alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of disease caused by C. difficile. We have synthesized a systematic series of 14 structurally simple bismuth compounds and assessed their biological activities against C. difficile and four other gastrointestinal species, including Helicobacter pylori. Here, we report on the activities of six compounds that exhibit antibacterial activities against C. difficile, and some of the compounds have MICs of less than 1 microgram/ml. Also tested, for comparison, were the activities of bismuth subcitrate and ranitidine bismuth citrate obtained from commercial sources. C. difficile and H. pylori were more sensitive both to the synthetic bismuth compounds and to the commercial products than were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis, and the last three species were markedly resistant to the commercial bismuth salts. Testing with human foreskin fibroblast cells revealed that some of the synthetic compounds were more cytotoxic than others. Killing curves for C. difficile treated with the more active compounds revealed rapid death, and electron microscopy showed that the bismuth of these compounds was rapidly incorporated by C. difficile. Energy dispersive spectroscopy X-ray microanalysis of C. difficile cells containing electron-dense material confirmed the presence of internalized bismuth. Internalized bismuth was not observed in C. difficile treated with synthetic bismuth compounds that lacked antimicrobial activity, which suggests that the uptake of the metal is required for killing activity. The nature of the carrier would seem to determine whether bismuth is transported into susceptible bacteria like C. difficile. (+info)

Treatment of murine fusariosis with SCH 56592. (8/6028)

Doses of 10 to 100 mg of the azole antifungal agent SCH 5692/kg of body weight/day were studied in immunocompetent mice as therapy for systemic infection by Fusarium solani. Treatment was begun 1 h after intravenous infection and continued daily for 4 or 13 doses. Prolongation of survival and organ clearance were dependent on both the dose and the duration of SCH 56592 therapy, with the best results seen at 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. The results at the highest doses of SCH 56592 used (50 or 100 mg/kg/day) were comparable to those obtained with amphotericin B at 1 mg/kg/day. SCH 56592 has potential for therapy of systemic infections caused by F. solani. (+info)

This is because the counting of CFU assumes that every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell. The ... and when counting colonies, it is uncertain if the colony arose from one cell or a group of cells. Expressing results as colony ... Counting with colony-forming units requires culturing the microbes and counts only viable cells, in contrast with microscopic ... "Colony Counters: Robotic Colony Counter - Plate Handler". www.neutecgroup.com. Retrieved 2018-09-28. "Fully Automatic Colony ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit

... since colony counts of airborne microbes are typically quite different from direct counts. Culture-based methods also need ... In a study by Wouters et al., they investigated the effects of indoor storage of organic household waste on microbial ... in which colony forming units (CFU) on selective media are counted. Cultivating methods have several disadvantages. Culture- ... Bioaerosols are natural or artificial particles of biological (microbial, plant, or animal) origin suspended in the air. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_bioaerosol

... colony count, microbial MeSH E05.200.875.595 - microbial sensitivity tests MeSH E05.200.875.595.800 - serum bactericidal test ... cell count MeSH E05.200.500.195.107 - blood cell count MeSH E05.200.500.195.107.330 - erythrocyte count MeSH E05.200.500.195. ... leukocyte count MeSH E05.200.500.195.107.595.500 - lymphocyte count MeSH E05.200.500.195.107.595.500.150 - cd4 lymphocyte count ... colony-forming units assay MeSH E05.200.500.383.910 - tumor stem cell assay MeSH E05.200.500.385 - cytogenetic analysis MeSH ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(E05)

Practices for Determining Microbial Colony Counts from Waters Analyzed by Plating Methods D5466 - 15 Test Method for ... Test Method for Determination of the Microbial Condition of Paint, Paint Raw Materials, and Plant Areas D5589 - 19 Test Method ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ASTM_International_standards_(D5001-6000)

At the end of the incubation period the number of colony forming units are counted. This count is used to calculate the log ... In order to establish a microbial count the extraction media is filtered and the filters are then placed onto agar plates for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycolicibacter_terrae

The aim of bioburden testing is to measure the total number of viable micro-organisms (total microbial count) on a medical ... The bioburden quantification is expressed in colony forming unit (CFU). There are generally established guidelines for the ... Bioburden or microbial limit testing on these products proves that these requirements have been met. Bioburden testing for ... is then placed onto Soybean-Casein Digest Agar and incubated in order to be able to determine the total aerobic microbial count ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioburden

Conidia and colony characteristics of the culture led to identification of N. sphaerica as the fungal pathogen. It was ... Air samples were collected using an RCS microbial air sampler. Fungal spores trapped on the agar strips were developed and ... Results showed N. sphaerica with the highest spore counts at ground levels and low altitudes around 40m. During asexual ... N. sphaerica colonies grow rapidly and appear hairy or woolly. The conidiophores are short and clustered surfacing from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrospora_sphaerica

The Virtual Colony Count antibacterial assay was originally developed to measure the activity of all six human alpha defensins ... However, it is generally believed that killing is a consequence of disruption of the microbial membrane. The polar topology of ... Subsequently, some defensins can aggregate to form 'channel-like' pores; others might bind to and cover the microbial membrane ... Defensins are produced constitutively and/or in response to microbial products or proinflammatory cytokines. Some defensins are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_defensin

Several reports have shown that pulse-powered systems yield significantly lower counts of bacteria colony forming units ... the induced fields have a direct effect in preventing mineral scale formation on equipment surfaces and controlling microbial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed-power_water_treatment

He automated the process of pouring out agar, spreading culture, and counting colonies of cells using a machine he called the ... 112 The company did microbial strain improvement,: 96-97 and then genetic engineering,: 110 becoming the first biotechnology ... It took photographs, administered chemicals, and had a mechanical hand to pick up colonies.: 76-77 While continuing to work at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser

Analyst performance assessment for colony counts ISO 14461-2:2005 Part 2: Determination of the reliability of colony counts of ... Microbial coagulants - Determination of total milk-clotting activity ISO 15188:2001 Project management guidelines for ... Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C ISO 15216 Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for determination of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards,_14000-15999

The use of dip slides is the method most frequently used to measure and observe microbial activity in liquid-based systems. It ... Bacteria present in the sample liquid will grow and form colonies. A bacterial reference chart is used to determine the number ... Once water treatment is effective the bacterial count produced by the dip slide test should be low, approximately ... The culture is then incubated, allowing for microbial growth. Most Dip slides consist of 1 - 2 agars attached to a flexible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip_slide

SDF hardens carious dentin, such that it is twice as hard as healthy dentin Colony Forming Unit counts (CFU) and studies of ... summarized how the constituents in SDF each have a role in the arrest of microbial species that cause dental caries. The higher ... CFU counts on Streptococci mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_diammine_fluoride

Colony-forming unit Blood culture Microbial dark matter Microbial Food Cultures Screening cultures Sputum culture Synchronous ... low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the preferred gelling agent comparing to agar for the counting or isolation ... A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in ... Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture

The plate count method relies on bacteria growing a colony on a nutrient medium so that the colony becomes visible to the naked ... is widely utilised for the evaluation of the effectiveness of water treatment by the inactivation of representative microbial ... Colonies that develop in the body of the medium can be counted by eye after incubation. The total number of colonies is ... Typical media include plate count agar for a general count or MacConkey agar to count Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriological_water_analysis

A typical coral colony forms several thousand larvae per year to overcome the odds against formation of a new colony. ... The lower the ratio the healthier the microbial community is. This ratio was developed after the microbial mucus of coral was ... According to the biogeography of coral species gene flow cannot be counted on as a dependable source of adaptation as they are ... Fission occurs in some corals, especially among the family Fungiidae, where the colony splits into two or more colonies during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral

Hesse's suggestion of using agar also proved to be central to her husband's success in analyzing microbial counts in air, as he ... "Koch's colonies and the culinary contribution of Fanny Hesse" (PDF). Microbiology Today. 28: 136-137. Hitchens, Arthur Parker; ... Walter Hesse and Koch had attempted using potato slices as a medium to culture pure colonies. Once this proved to be ... which allowed for better plating and isolation of bacterial colonies in the conditions Walther and Koch performed their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Hesse

For verification, the positive control is plated in a hundred fold dilution to count colony forming units. The microbes ... Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), which is the minimum antibacterial concentration resulting in microbial death, is ... The microbe, or the inoculating agent, must come from the same colony-forming unit, and must be at the correct concentration. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration

By growing and counting colonies of fecal coliform bacteria from a sample of water, the amount of bacteria originally present ... 2016). "Naphthoquinone glycosides for bioelectroanalytical enumeration of the faecal indicator Escherichia coli". Microbial ... Each cell develops into a separate colony, which can be counted directly, and the initial inoculum size can be determined. ... with the goal of achieving a final desirable colony density range of 20 to 60 colonies per filter. Contaminated sources may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_coliform

Automated counting of bacterial colony forming units on agar plates. PLoS ONE. 7(3):1-6. Chang G, Grinshpun S, Willeke K, ... Complex media is important because it allows for a wide range of microbial growth. The bacteria growth can be supported by this ... Factors affecting microbiological colony count accuracy for bioaerosol sampling and analysis. American Industrial Hygiene ... From these mixed colonies, single bacterial or fungal species can be identified based on their morphological (size/shape/colour ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaking_(microbiology)

... preventing overgrowth of luxuriant species and assisting accurate counting of colonies. Differential or indicator media ... and organic growth factors so as to prevent microbial multiplication Transport media used in the isolation of anaerobes must be ... Minimal media are those that contain the minimum nutrients possible for colony growth, generally without the presence of amino ... Dichloran and rose bengal restrict the growth of mould colonies, ... nutrient agar plate count agar trypticase soy agar A defined ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_medium

Witt A, Mason MJ, Burgess K, Flocke S, Zyzanski S (January 2014). "A case control study of bacterial species and colony count ... Research has also found that there are similarities between human milk and infant gut microbial flora, suggesting that dietary ... analyses of faecal samples found higher counts of coliform bacteria and lower counts of Lactobacilli in infants with colic ... The normal concentration of bacteria in milk from healthy women was about 103 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_milk_microbiome

This study did not find a difference in the A. mellifera-associated microbial communities based on hive or sample type, but a ... Henein, Maryam (19 August 2017). "3 Reasons To Go Against The Flow Hive". Honey Colony. Retrieved 23 October 2022. "Does honey ... Sawers, Paul (9 March 2015). "Indiegogo's new crowdfunding record: $5.3M and counting for a smart beekeeping system". Venture ... next to a Flow Hive A study comparing Langstroth hives to the Flow Hive has found no significant differences in the microbial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_Hive

Count of Lichtenburg (d. 1480) 1417 - Catherine of Cleves, Duchess consort regent of Guelders (d. 1479) 1550 - Camillus de ... 31st and 33rd Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (d. 1776) 1783 - Philip P. Barbour, American ... Phoenix lander touches down in the Green Valley region of Mars to search for environments suitable for water and microbial life ... Secretary of State for the Colonies (d. 1873) 1803 - Ralph Waldo Emerson, American poet and philosopher (d. 1882) 1818 - Jacob ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_25

Aurein Bacteriocin Cathelicidin Copsin Diptericin Peripheral membrane proteins Virtual colony count Ageitos JM, Sánchez-Pérez A ... ADAM (A Database of Anti-Microbial peptides) at ntou.edu.tw AntiFP Prediction of antifungal peptides AntiMPmod Prediction of ... Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides at National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH) DBAASP - Database of ... A Database of Anti-Microbial peptides), BioPD (Biologically active Peptide Database), CAMP (Collection of sequences and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides

Bacterial colony forming unit (CFU) counting requires overnight incubation and detects bacteria that readily grow on solid ... There are quite a few physical characteristics that promote anti-microbial activity. However, most metal ions have the ability ... Clinical trials are currently being conducted on microbial strains unique to individual healthcare facilities around the world ... focus on anti-microbial properties". Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces. 79 (1): 5-18. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.03.029 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_surface

The blood is then subcultured, meaning it is streaked onto an agar plate to isolate microbial colonies for full identification ... People who are hospitalized and have a fever, a low body temperature, a high white blood cell count or a low count of ... the presence of visible microbial colonies, or a change in colour from the digestion of blood, which is called hemolysis. Some ... in which microbial proteins are ionized and characterized on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratios; each microbial species ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_culture

... a neurologic disease associated with mutations in the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor gene. Complete blood count ... Briefly, antigen presentation describes a process during which microbial fragments that are present in the monocytes after ... A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count and is expressed either as a percentage of monocytes among all white blood ... A very low count of these cells is found after therapy with immuno-suppressive glucocorticoids. Also, non-classical slan+ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte

... of the microbial community in the Baltic sea redoxcline based on CARD-FISH cell counts and Sulfurimonas spp. accounted for a ... Sulfurimonas paralvinellae is associated with deep-sea polychaete colonies located adjacent to hydrothermal vents. Nests of ... Xu, Jianping (2006-06-01). "INVITED REVIEW: Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and ... significant number of the Campylobacterota reads in a survey of microbial diversity at deep-sea diffuse flow vents using ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurimonas

... due to that government's belief that the chemical was implicated in recent dramatic drops in bee counts, and possibly in Colony ... The state-of-the-art academic formulation (as of 2019) is able to maintain microbial populations for 9 months, quite a bit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_treatment

The CBW program resulted in at least 809 recorded deaths, but the true count almost certainly was well over 1,000.[page needed ... the former colony became the independent country of Zimbabwe. The project was the brainchild of Professor Robert Symington, who ... "Historical Perspectives of Microbial Bioterrorism". In Anderson, Burt; Friedman, Herman; Bendinelli, Mauro (eds.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction

Sometimes an underlying medical condition is sought, and this may include blood tests for full blood count and hematinics. If a ... Investigations have quantified oral carriage of Candida albicans at 300-500 colony forming units in healthy persons. More ... such as regular toothbrushing and use of anti-microbial mouthwashes. Since smoking is associated with many of forms of oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_candidiasis

In a select subset of high risk patients, granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) can be used to aid immune system ... A patient's risk level for developing an opportunistic infection is approximated using the patient's CD4 T-cell count and ... Gordon SV, Parish T (April 2018). "Microbe Profile: Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Humanity's deadly microbial foe". Microbiology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection

... their presence is visible to the unaided eye only when they form large colonies. A mold colony does not consist of discrete ... Laboratory results also quantify fungal growth by way of a spore count for comparison among samples. The pump operation time is ... various cheeses including Brie and Blue cheese Rhizomucor miehei - microbial rennet for making vegetarian and other cheeses ... Although a small volume of air is actually analyzed, common laboratory reports extrapolate the spore count data to estimate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold

Bacterial edge detector) Gerry Sussman, MIT AI Lab Ron Weiss, MIT (rule triggering, microbial colony language, coli pattern ... A wave propagates through the medium and the hop-count across the medium will effectively encode a distance gradient from the ... "Wave Propagation". (Ref 1) A device emits a message with an encoded hop-count. Devices which have not seen the message ... previously, increment the hop count, and re-broadcast. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_computing

As the grape matures, the microbial count increases due to nutrient availability and expansion of its surface area. Researchers ... and typically produce yellow-pigmented colonies. The GSL serves to protect the bacteria from antibacterial substances. Unlike ... Liu, Di; Zhang, Pangzhen; Chen, Deli; Howell, Kate (2019). "From the Vineyard to the Winery: How Microbial Ecology Drives ... The management of these microbial factors, within the fermentation process, allows producers to control the prevalence of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomonas

"8 men and women once sealed themselves inside this enormous fake Mars colony for 2 years - here's what it's like today". ... total leukocyte count, cholesterol, and blood pressure in humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ... rock to track how this nonliving soil slowly develops over several years into a rich soil which is able to support microbial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_2

The large colony can typically be found in clinal settings while the small is found in nature. The third, however, is present ... Advances in Microbial Physiology. Vol. 52. pp. 1-71. doi:10.1016/S0065-2911(06)52001-6. ISBN 9780120277520. PMID 17027370. ... The study observed that their protein count and GC content ranged between 5500 and 7352 (average: 6192) and between 65.6 and ... The colony morphology itself also displays several varieties. The main two types are large, smooth, with a flat edge and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa

Chuang, Rivoire, and Liebler (2009) constructed a non-mammalian commons dilemma using colonies of the bacteria Escherichia coli ... Chuang, J. S.; Rivoire, O. & Leibler, S. (2009). "Simpson's paradox in a synthetic microbial system". Science. 323 (5911): 272- ... research shows that people need to believe their actions count and are significant, and they should be aware of the negative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_trap

Ages for clonal colonies are estimates, often based on current growth rates. A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica ... A specimen of Fitzroya cupressoides in Chile was measured by ring count as 3,651 years old, meaning this species has the second ... 28 July 2020). "Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years". Nature Communications. ... for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms

The United States leads the worldwide count with almost 49 million confirmed cases. Deaths in The United States have crossed ... Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats; Knobler, S.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S.; Pray, L. (2003-06-01). The Impact ... but the residents spread the disease to others throughout the thirteen colonies. Smallpox broke out in six separate epidemics ... Forum on Microbial Threats. Nap.edu. doi:10.17226/11588. ISBN 978-0-309-10098-4. PMID 21850784. Archived from the original on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_disease

Colony-count technique ISO 13731:2001 Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Vocabulary and symbols ISO 13732 Ergonomics of ... Guidelines for a standardized description of microbial inhibitor tests ISO 13970:2011 Recreational diving services - ... Colony-count technique at 30 degrees C ISO/IEC 13560:2009 Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards,_12000-13999

Blood tests such as a complete blood count may show neutrophilia. Microbiological culture of the urine, with or without blood ... Louis, Missouri: Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Washington University. Archived from the original ... cell debris and central germ colonies (hematoxylinophils). Tubules are damaged by exudate and may contain neutrophil casts. In ... serial white blood cell count and temperature are closely monitored. Typically, the intravenous antibiotics are continued until ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyelonephritis

"Total Species Count". World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Retrieved 26 October 2020. "How ... NASA predicts that space stations or space colonies will one day rely on plants for life support. Ancient trees are revered and ... The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice (XA21, 1995) and in Arabidopsis thaliana ( ... Plants use pattern-recognition receptors to recognize conserved microbial signatures. This recognition triggers an immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant

In Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel Dracula, and its many film adaptations, the eponymous Count Dracula is a blood- ... Parratt, Steven R.; Laine, Anna-Liisa (January 2016). "The role of hyperparasitism in microbial pathogen ecology and evolution ... "Social Parasites in the Ant Colony". Antkeepers. Retrieved 4 April 2016. Emery, Carlo (1909). "Über den Ursprung der ... a eusocial bee whose virgin queens escape killer workers and invade another colony without a queen. An extreme example of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism

Studies suggest that colonies of C. neoformans and related fungi growing on the ruins of the melted down reactor of the ... Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens". Infect Genet Evol. 8 (3): 267- ... oral fluconazole 400-800 mg daily for ten weeks and then 200 mg daily for at least one year and until the patient's CD4 count ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans

A study on changes in the population size of the Adélie penguin colonies and relative krill abundance in the Prydz Bay ( ... providing evidence of a deviation from the vertebral count present in all extant crocodilians, is published by Scheyer et al. ( ... "Cretaceous dinosaur bone contains recent organic material and provides an environment conducive to microbial communities". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_archosaur_paleontology

David L. Valentine, a professor of microbial geochemistry at UC Santa Barbara, said that the capability of microbes to break ... These numbers, coupled with the National Audubon Society scientists' observations of bird colonies and bird mortality well ... and a felony count of lying to the United States Congress. BP also agreed to four years of government monitoring of its safety ... Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill

In 1976, geographer William Denevan used the existing estimates to derive a "consensus count" of about 54 million people. ... They inhabited up to 7 pueblos (towns). Extrapolated from 3,000 warriors × 5. Taylor, Alan (2002). American colonies; Volume 1 ... but the result of microbial pestilence and purposeful genocide working in tandem. He also wrote: ...Despite frequent ... ISBN 978-0-521-49666-7. 20th century estimates in Thornton, p. 22; Denevan's consensus count; recent lower estimates. Archived ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

In 1435 Count John IV of Katzenelnbogen, a wealthy member of the Holy Roman high nobility near Frankfurt, was the first to ... They introduced the V. vinifera vine to and made wine in their numerous colonies in modern-day Italy, Sicily, southern France, ... Castro-Sowinski, Susana (17 November 2016). Microbial Models: From Environmental to Industrial Sustainability. Springer. p. 42 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wine

Colonies of B. cereus were originally isolated from a gelatine plate left exposed to the air in a cow shed in 1887. In the ... He presented with chills, tachypnea, and high-grade fever, his white blood cell count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( ... Roberts TA, Baird-Parker AC, Tompkin RB (1996). Characteristics of Microbial Pathogens. London: Blackie Academic & Professional ... The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_cereus

... it can be generally assumed that each cell will give rise to a single colony or Colony Forming Unit (CFU). The colonies can ... A Coulter counter is an appliance that can count cells as well as measure their volume. It is based on the fact that cells show ... The microbial concentration is estimated on the time required for the monitored electrical parameters to deviate from the ... instead of obtaining single colonies that can be counted, a so-called "lawn" will form: thousands of colonies lying over each ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_counting

Fecal egg count reduction; closest article is on anthelmintic FFS (or F4S) - Fit for School FGD - Focus group discussion; ... Colony-forming unit COD - Controlled open defecation COD - Chemical oxygen demand CoP - Community of practice CP - Contact ... Microbial fuel cell MFI - Microfinance institution mg - Milligram μg - Microgram MHM - Menstrual hygiene management ML - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_sanitation

Heterotrophic plate counts and drinking-water safety : the significance of HPCs for water quality and human health / J. Bartram ... "Colony Count, Microbial". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0-9 ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Colony+Count%2C+Microbial&type=mesh

Food Microbial Count Plate - for rapid counting of food microbiology colonies Food Microbial Count Plate - for rapid counting ... Microbial Count Plates are based on dehydrated culture medium to detect food microbial contamination, which is quick, accurate ... With enhanced coloring agent, all colonies can be observed by nake eye. The enumeration can be done directly by eye. ... Compared with conventional method, this count plate can considerably reduce the test time. ...

https://ringbio.com/solutions/microbiology

Colony Count, Microbial * DNA / genetics * DNA / isolation & purification * Female * Gastritis, Atrophic / microbiology ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11159201/?dopt=Abstract

Colony Count, Microbial [‎1]‎. Color [‎1]‎. Color Perception Tests [‎1]‎. Color Vision Defects [‎1]‎. ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?rpp=20&offset=1146&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=D&order=ASC

Colony count methods. In: Speck ML, ed. Compendium of methods for the microbial examination of foods. Washington, DC: American ... Eight (73%) showed relatively high levels of contamination ( greater than or equal to 105 colony-forming units (CFU) of ... To study the prevalence of Acanthamoeba and other microbial contaminants, investigators asked controls to submit contact-lens ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000926.htm

At each time point, a diluted aliquot of microbial BHI-mixture was plated on chocolate agar; fungal colony forming units (CFUs ... were counted after a 24-h incubation period. The experiment was done in triplicate. ... Rarefied data was used to summarize microbial composition and its changes among groups (Fig. 1). These microbial communities ... Microbial colonization and lung function in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J. Cyst. Fibros. Off. J. Eur. Cyst. Fibros. Soc. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-60015-4?error=cookies_not_supported

... microbial colony count: 4 x 10E3 cfu/mL). In conclusion the ultimate biodegradation of the AAPBs was proven; a mean elimination ... microbial colony count: 4 x 10E3 cfu/mL). ...

https://www.echa.europa.eu/et/web/guest/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12545/5/3/3

Microbial counting. Fungal/yeast colony counting (including sample treatment). 94,00. 94,00. ...

https://bccm.belspo.be/pricelists/ihem-pricelist

Microbial counts were expressed as colony-forming units (CFU) in log scale per millilitre of juice (log10 CFU/mL). Plates with ... Microbial Counting. The serial dilution-pour plate technique was employed for microbial counting of aerobic mesophiles as well ... Effect of PL on Microbial Counts. Figure 2 summarises the analysed microbial counts of all pineapple juices. In the fresh juice ... After both the most intense PL treatment (2.4 kV/187 pulses, 1479 J·cm−2) and thermal pasteurisation, microbial counts were ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11947-020-02460-7

... it should not contain a total viable microbial count greater than 200 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml. The dialysis fluid should ... J Clin Microbial 1982;15:408-15. * Garner JS, Simmons BP. Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals. Infect Control 1983 ... The microbial flora of the skin consists of resident and transient microorganisms; the resident microorganisms survive and ... Sterilization, on the other hand, is the destruction of all forms of microbial life; it is carried out in the hospital with ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000412/p0000412.asp

Colony count is significantly higher, and colonies are very clear and relatively large in size. ... Microbial contamination of the medium is totally absent.. *Incorporation of urease test in the medium provides clear evidence ... in 1991 described egg yolk emulsion agar (EYE) [10]. When this medium was compared with other media, the colony count for EYE ... After that time H. pylori growth was observed as a few, tiny transparent colonies. The isolated H. pylori colonies were then ...

http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-14-2008/volume-14-issue-2/article3.html

Features counts colonies on peel plate microbial tests that further stores plate images, exports to SQL databases, and ... Pill counting machines automatically count transparent tablets, capsules, softgels, lozenges and discharge them into bottles ... TC3 tablet counter counts at up to 2,500 pills per minute and TC4 electronic tablet counter fits on a common table or ... Counts and discharges the pills into bottles, shifting non-stop, back and forth, from the left discharge chute to the right. ...

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Microbial load; i.e., aerobic and anaerobic colony forming units (CFU). Here, petri dishes containing plate count agar were ... In the second step, researchers looked in greater depth at microbial levels, as well as the relative abundance of natural ... The number of bacterial colonies was assayed and the means of at least two technical replicates were calculated. ... Microbial analyses was carried out in two ways:. 1. ...

https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/formulas-products/article/21835735/mind-your-microbes-gentle-malodor-protection-supports-the-axillary-microbiome

Filters: Keyword is Colony Count, Microbial and Author is Duan, Jingyun [Clear All Filters] ...

https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/biblio?f%5Bkeyword%5D=1011&f%5Bauthor%5D=40726&s=type&o=asc

Probiotic CFU counts may be included on product labels (e.g., 1 × 109 for 1 billion CFU, 1 × 1010 for 10 billion CFU). Many ... Probiotics are referred to by their genus, species, and strain and are measured in colony-forming units (CFU). CFU indicate an ... The human gut is thought to contain trillions of microbial cells of different species that are responsible for various ... However, a higher CFU count does not necessarily increase a products claimed health benefit.7 ...

https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/probiotic-use-in-gastrointestinal-disorders

Results determined by visual counting of colonies or indicated by color reactions ... Find out more about these solutions for microbial monitoring of surfaces:. Swab & Sampler Test Kits. MilliporeSigmas swab & ...

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MO-21 determines microbial contamination of the ISS atmosphere, specifically the total bacterial and fungal microflora counts ... and microflora composition according to morphologic criteria of microorganism colonies.] The three crewmembers conducted their ... microbial analysis (T+7 days) on the air samples collected on 7/23 and incubated since then in the MO-21 equipment in Medium 2 ...

https://spaceref.com/status-report/nasa-iss-on-orbit-status-30-july-2008/

After incubation for 24 hours, the microbial load was assessed by colony counting as described previously [33] and bacterial ... M. Bista, R. C. M. Amatya, and P. Basnet, "Tonsillar microbial flora: a comparison of infected and noninfected tonsils," ... R. A. Chole and B. T. Faddis, "Anatomical evidence of microbial biofilms in tonsillar tissues: a possible mechanism to explain ... G. Almadori, L. Bastianini, F. Bistoni, G. Paludetti, and M. Rosignoli, "Microbial flora of surface versus core tonsillar ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijoto/2013/408238/

... based on colony forming units (CFUs) count method. At the end of the recolonization process (14 days), the four containers for ... 2015). Increasing aridity reduces soil microbial diversity and abundance in global drylands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. ... each cyst was crushed in 1 ml of tap water and the number of viable J2 was counted under a stereomicroscope. From this count, ... Microbial DNA Sample Preparation. Soil DNA extractions were performed from three replicate samples per NS and per RS collected ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.536932/full

Colonies in the drops were counted and the numbers of yeast and bacteria per millilitre of fermentation broth was calculated. ... The microbial stability of the ethanol fermentation was not negatively affected by the presence of the biocontrol yeast in the ... Microbial quantification. Samples from the test fermentations were diluted in steps of 10-fold dilutions and 10 μl of the ... Microbial populations in the test fermentations. Due to the high proportion of non-soluble particles in the substrate ...

https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1754-6834-2-16

The colony forming units per plate were counted and the number of colony-forming units was calculated per milliliter (CFU/mL). ... Dynamics of microbial colonization of the oral cavity in newborns. Braz Dent J 2013;24:415-419.,1818 Neu, J; Rushing, J. ... The samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar, incubated and the colonies counted and identified. For each strain, the minimum ... Dynamics of microbial colonization of the oral cavity in newborns. Braz Dent J 2013;24:415-419.. These and other pathogenic ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/bdj/a/6xwTnjtGxJvmzKLCTT5GT4d/?lang=en

4-Part Series on Strengthening a Weak Link in Microbial Testing (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4) ... A Summary of the BioPhorum Operations Group (BPOG) Data on a Comparison of Automated Colony Counting Systems ... and Implementation of Automated Colony Counting Systems. A PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology publication. In ... and Implementation of Automated Colony Counting Systems. This article covers robust data provided by several industry experts ...

https://www.rapidmicrobio.com/learning-center/webinars/summary-of-bpog-data-on-a-comparison-of-automated-colony-counting-systems

Colony Count, Microbial, Antibiotic Prophylaxis, Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use, Streptococcal Infections - ...

https://medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/883733

At days 6, 8 and 10, left lungs were removed, homogenized, cultured overnight, and colony-forming units counted to assess ... Right lungs were lavaged to recover phagocytes and lavage fluid to measure the production of the anti-microbial agent, nitric ... These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. They help ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=respiratory&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=510&RecNo=5098&View=f&

E5.240.374 Colony Count, Microbial E1.370.225.875.220 Colony-Forming Units Assay E1.370.225.500.383 E5.242.383 Color G1.201. ... E5.200.812.460 Leukocyte Count E1.450.375.107.595 E1.370.225.500.195.107.595 E1.370.225.625.107.595 E5.200.625.107.595 E5.242. ... E5.200.625.225 Erythrocyte Count E1.450.375.107.330 E1.370.225.500.195.107.330 E1.370.225.625.107.330 E5.200.625.107.330 E5.242 ... E5.200.812.482 Lymphocyte Count E1.450.375.107.595.500 E1.370.225.500.195.107.595.500 E1.370.225.625.107.595.500 E5.200.625.107 ...

https://decs.bvs.br/P/mnchg2012.txt

Total Microbial Count.. Colonies/gr. ,500. 10. Total Mould $ Yeast Count. Colonies/gr ...

http://ashkanchemistry.com/index.php/fa/products/2020-02-07-20-12-16/14-base-cream/52-oserin-400-fa

... count the number of cells deposited, incubate them for a period of time, and count the number of colonies that appear. Each ... A standard procedure for measuring microbial DNA change (mutation) is to place the microbes in a petri dish where they cannot ... By counting these colonies and analyzing the population dynamics of the selected bacteria, we can determine whether selection ... Colonies typically appear two to three days after the appropriate DNA change has occurred. In most cases studied, suitable ...

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/experimental-evolution-ho_b_1619171

Bacteria; DNA, Ribosomal; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Colony Count, Microbial; Ecosystem; Petroleum; ... Effects of temperature and biostimulation on oil-degrading microbial communities in temperate estuarine waters ... suggesting the presence of a pre-adapted oil-degrading microbial community and sufficient supply of nutrients. Relatively rapid ... Effects of temperature and biostimulation on oil-degrading microbial communities in temperate estuarine waters. Environmental ...

http://repository.essex.ac.uk/17153/

To study the prevalence of Acanthamoeba and other microbial contaminants, investigators asked controls to submit contact-lens solutions and lens-care hardware* to CDC to be examined for contamination with Acanthamoeba, bacteria, and fungi (2,3). (cdc.gov)
Eight (73%) showed relatively high levels of contamination ( greater than or equal to 105 colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria and fungi per milliliter). (cdc.gov)
The human gut is thought to contain trillions of microbial cells of different species that are responsible for various metabolic functions, protect against disease-causing bacteria, and maintain overall intestinal health. (uspharmacist.com)
Reintroducing beneficial bacteria, which are present in probiotic products, has been found instrumental in restoring gut microbial homeostasis. (uspharmacist.com)
By counting these colonies and analyzing the population dynamics of the selected bacteria, we can determine whether selection affects the process of genome change. (huffpost.com)
Initially, they found antiperspirants had a negative effect on the amount of armpit microbes - but after one day of no product use, antiperspirant users had fewer colonies of cultural bacteria than deodorant users or no-product users. (medicaldaily.com)
With a small incubator, some pipettes, and a bag of Microbial Peel Plate Tests , you can test indicator organisms, such as Aerobic Bacteria (AC), Coliforms (CC), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and E. coli (EC). (charm.com)
Viable counts of adhered bacteria were determined by the number of colony-forming units (CFU) on agar media on each lens. (edu.hk)
Since culture-based tests can't distinguish between fungi and bacteria colonies, all colonies that grow in the culture are counted, and these off-target bacteria colonies can trigger false positives. (medicinalgenomics.com)
Nectar-inhabiting microbial communities affect plant reproduction and pollinator behavior, and are excellent models for studying dispersal of bacteria and fungi in a metacommunity framework. (datadryad.org)
Our microbial dispersal experiment demonstrates that bacteria disperse among habitat patches more readily than fungi via thrips. (datadryad.org)
The finding that bacteria are more common among flowers sampled here, in part due to superior insect-mediated dispersal, may have broad relevance for microbial life-history, community assembly of microbes and plant-pollinator interactions. (datadryad.org)
For convenience, we refer to the total number of colonies on YMA as "fungi" and colonies on R2A as "bacteria" throughout the manuscript although some colonies on each media type may be comprised by microbes resistant to the antimicrobial compounds used here (e.g. bacteria resistant to chloramphenicol (Dhami et al. (datadryad.org)
It's the complete removal of all other microbial forms, including viruses, bacteria, fungus, spores, and other vegetative cells from the surface or the culture media. (conductscience.com)
The main types of The 3М™ Petrifilm™ Aqua Plates for water testing are tests for determination of the number of heterotrophic bacteria (total microbial count), coliforms and enterobacteria (glucose-positive coliform bacteria), yeast and mold. (vstnews.ru)
Are all colonies on the 'pale side' considered to be bacteria? (aidian.eu)
Here we compared the persistence of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 in experimental planktonic co-cultures subsided with iron, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other non Legionella bacteria (quantified as Heterotrophic Plate Count, HPC at 37°C), isolated from drinking water sources of a large hospital. (biomedcentral.com)
Because of the potential to form biofilm, CDC recommends that all dental unit waterlines be treated regularly with disinfectants to meet the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory standards for drinking water (i.e., ≤500 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of heterotrophic water bacteria). (cdc.gov)
The lactic acid bacteria counts of coalho cheese from producers A and B were 106 and the highest counts (109 UFC/g) were found in cheese samples from producer C. Forty-nine lactic acid bacteria from three rural properties were selected and predominant genera was Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus and Leuconostoc. (bvsalud.org)

Microbial Count Plates are based on dehydrated culture medium to detect food microbial contamination, which is quick, accurate and easy to use, suitable for large sample screening. (ringbio.com)
In hospitals, one of the ways to control microbial contamination is by disinfecting the furniture used by patients. (scielosp.org)
A complete sterile condition protects the pure microbial culture from contamination by other organisms entering through the air, water, or other unsterile sources. (conductscience.com)
[3] However, the procedure must be repeated several times to eliminate contamination by other microbes and achieve a pure culture of the microbial strain, which is then observed in culture plates as discrete/isolated individual colonies. (conductscience.com)
Easicult dipslide tests are intended for monitoring microbiological contamination (total bacterial count and fungi) in various industrial environments. (aidian.eu)
They assist in optimising the correct usage of biocides and thus prolong the lifecycle of industrial process fluids, prevent clogging and/or corrosion process and process break-ups caused by microbial contamination. (aidian.eu)
Easicult dipslide tests are available in five versions: Easicult Combi for simultaneous estimation of total bacterial count, yeasts and moulds, Easicult TTC for estimation of total bacterial count and Easicult M for monitoring fungal contamination. (aidian.eu)
A significant limitation of these studies is the universal lack of data defining the relative risk for transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens based on specific levels of microbial contamination of surfaces (bio-burden). (medscape.com)
2.5 colony-forming units [CFU]/cm 2 ), but whether this level of contamination is associated with a lower risk for transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens is unknown. (medscape.com)

It's a basic technique used in microbiology labs to place microbial cultures onto a culture medium. (conductscience.com)

It involves the killing of contaminants or microbial forms using heat, sunlight, drying, filtration, or irradiation techniques (e.g. (conductscience.com)

The samples were inoculated on MacConkey agar, incubated and the colonies counted and identified. (scielo.br)
Agar plates were incubated at 28 o C and colony-forming units (CFUs) counted after 48-72 hours. (datadryad.org)
Water Quality - Enumeration of culturable micro-organisms - Colony count by inoculation in a nutrient agar culture medium. (vstnews.ru)
Furthermore, agar dip slides were used to compare the aerobic bacterial colony counts on surfaces adjacent to the fluorescent marker before and after cleaning. (medscape.com)

Right lungs were lavaged to recover phagocytes and lavage fluid to measure the production of the anti-microbial agent, nitric oxide (NO) and immuno-modulatory cytokines, including IL-2 and IL-10. (cdc.gov)
Samples for blood and synovial fluid cultures were obtained and anti-microbial therapy with intravenous cefuroxime was started. (cdc.gov)

Rapid method technologies can detect the presence of diverse types of microorganisms or a specific microbial species, enumerate the number of microorganisms present in a sample, and can identify microbial cultures to the genus, species and sub-species levels. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
Isolation is a microbiological technique in which a specific microbial strain is isolated from a mixed culture of microorganisms by culturing the microbes on a selective culture media. (conductscience.com)

Molecular geneticists agree that adaptive mutation (observed in different microorganisms) occurs when selective stress triggers natural genetic engineering activities that carry out DNA changes allowing mutated cells to form colonies. (huffpost.com)
Examples include bioburden testing, microbial limits, environmental monitoring, sterility testing and the identification or presence/absence of microorganisms. (europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com)
The plate counts for the various microorganisms were either of borderline acceptability or unacceptable for Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. (who.int)
These requirements vary for different microorganisms, thus a spectrum of culture medium recipes have been developed by scientists to obtain the desired microbial strain. (conductscience.com)

Treatments with 2.4 kV and either 94 or 187 pulses (757/1479 J·cm −2 ) resulted in a 5-log reduction in aerobic mesophiles and the yeast and mould counts. (springer.com)
Are all colonies on the 'pink side' of the Easicult Combi dipslide considered to be yeast or mould? (aidian.eu)

These microbial communities are home to helpful germs and pathogens (harmful germs). (cdc.gov)
Differential expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DC (pDCs) has been suggested to influence the type of immune response induced by microbial pathogens. (rupress.org)

The percentages of unacceptable samples for the combined years were: 23.0% for total aerobic count, 21.0% for total coliforms, 15.2% for faecal coliforms, 1.0% for Staphylococcus aureus, 10.3% for moulds, 2.3% for yeasts and 14.3% for Escherichia coli. (who.int)
The slide is intended for simultaneous estimation of total bacterial counts, yeasts and moulds. (aidian.eu)
Usually, yeasts and moulds need a longer time for growing, whereas bacterial colonies appear earlier. (aidian.eu)

Before introducing the microbial strain to the culture media , the isolation and inoculation techniques are followed. (conductscience.com)

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA . (bvsalud.org)

Bioburden is outlined as the variety in conditions of proportion, colony or cell rely of micro organism that prosper on a supplied unsterilized surface. (dansealsforcongress.com)
Bioburden tests on top of that referred to as microbial restrict testing delivers quantification of the bacterial cell cultures on a presented unsterilized surface area. (dansealsforcongress.com)

A standard procedure for measuring microbial DNA change (mutation) is to place the microbes in a petri dish where they cannot grow into colonies, count the number of cells deposited, incubate them for a period of time, and count the number of colonies that appear. (huffpost.com)
CDC invests in microbial ecology research to study the interactions of microbes among people, animals, plants, food, and surfaces (e.g., counter tops), all of which can serve as sources of microbes that can lead to infection. (cdc.gov)

We thus developed a tool for rapid detection of Paenibacillus that has the potential to identify raw milk with microbial spoilage potential as a pasteurized product. (cornell.edu)
In salmon, trimethylamine was the main spoilage product and bacterial colony counts reached an average of 7.3 log10 cfu/g. (helsinki.fi)

Microbiologists have always wanted a colony counter that combines throughput and automatic colony ID," commented Kate George, Divisional Manager at Synbiosis, "but because at Synbiosis we're willing to go that extra mile with colony imaging, we've made this challenging task a reality. (labbulletin.com)

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Ed, 1998, method 9215A6a - Heterotrophic plate count. (vstnews.ru)

Synbiosis, a world-leading manufacturer with over 16 years' experience of automated microbiological systems, is delighted to introduce a vibrant new automated colony counting and chromogenic identification system, Protos 3. (labbulletin.com)

To evaluate the effect of extended post-harvest hanging time on pork carcass sides ( n = 20), aerobic plate count (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, yeast and mold populations, pH, and moisture content were determined. (iastatedigitalpress.com)

Longer incubation of the selection plates often produces a large increase in the number of colonies. (huffpost.com)
This system allows walk-away colony counts, as well as accurate identification of colonies cultured on chromogenic plates. (labbulletin.com)
What makes the new Protos 3 outperform other commercial colony counters is the system's ability to count colonies in seconds and identify microbial species by their colour on chromogenic plates. (labbulletin.com)

Microbial (colony counts, 16S rRNA gene amplification), chemical (pH, 1H NMR spectroscopy) and sensory changes in raw Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and tuna (Thunnus albacares) fillets stored under vacuum at 3 °C were evaluated over a period of 12 days. (helsinki.fi)
The microbial culture and physico-chemical analysis was done at the department of botany, Gauhati university. (indjst.org)
There is limited literature available concerning the microbial profile and physico chemical analysis of faeces of Dendrocygna javanica and Anas platyrhynchos domesticus. (indjst.org)
GD Animal Health tests various aspects of water, such as the microbial count (colony forming units), content levels of various minerals and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). (gdanimalhealth.com)

It is intended for estimating total bacterial counts. (aidian.eu)

At days 6, 8 and 10, left lungs were removed, homogenized, cultured overnight, and colony-forming units counted to assess pulmonary bacterial clearance. (cdc.gov)
250 colony forming units (CFU) per 15-minute exposure. (charm.com)
All water samples tested from the dental units showed microbial counts higher than the level recommended by CDC and multiple species of NTM were identified in syringe water samples from five of the six treatment rooms. (cdc.gov)
Microbial testing of the water samples taken from the dental units showed very high microbial counts of Mycobacterium abscessus . (cdc.gov)

however, these counts were below 10 8 log CFU/g, which is when meat is considered spoiled. (iastatedigitalpress.com)

The cost of setting up a small lab to conduct sanitation and environmental microbial monitoring is minimal, and the information you receive is invaluable. (charm.com)

While neutral effects such as drift, dispersal, and speciation influence microbial communities, selective pressures are the biogeochemical determinants that drive changes in microbial community composition based on variations in the relative fitness of microbial sub-populations [ 2 ]. (nature.com)

2.5 CFU/cm 2 ), and 85% of surfaces would have been counted as "clean" prior to actual cleaning. (medscape.com)
Stated another way, using only post-cleaning colony counts, 98% of surfaces would be declared "clean," whereas using the fluorescent marker showed that only 66% of surfaces were "cleaned. (medscape.com)

CDC knows there is an important connection between microbial ecology and the health and wellbeing of people. (cdc.gov)
Leveraging microbial ecology to advance and protect our health involves a cross-cutting and dynamic effort from diverse collaborators, including public health experts, academic researchers, private industry, and regulatory experts. (cdc.gov)
Expanding our microbial ecology knowledge at the intersection of public health will lead us to new strategies to prevent infections and combat antimicrobial resistance, especially in healthcare settings. (cdc.gov)
Although scientists know that microbial ecology plays an important role in maintaining human health, there are remaining scientific questions. (cdc.gov)
However, more research is needed in the field of microbial ecology to expand upon and develop new therapeutic strategies that address colonization, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), and antimicrobial resistance, all while considering patient safety and the implications for a patient's microbiome. (cdc.gov)

abstract = "Aim: To investigate whether cosmetic contact lenses (CCL) with surface pigments affect microbial adherence. (edu.hk)

The table below shows the microbial composition of three cannabis samples before and after two different types of culture tests. (medicinalgenomics.com)
These results show that what grows in a culture medium is not representative of the microbial composition on the cannabis flower and may lead to false positive results. (medicinalgenomics.com)
The earlier graph shows the microbial composition of three samples where our qPCR test detected Aspergillus DNA on the cannabis flower sample prior to culture-based testing. (medicinalgenomics.com)

After 40 days, viable J2 remaining in cysts were counted to determine the efficiency of root exudates to stimulate hatching in different soils. (frontiersin.org)

The presence of significant bacteriuria (105 CFU/ml) was determined on the culture plate using the plate count method. (who.int)

In the most contaminated wells, the microbial community is enriched in the Rhodanobacter genus. (nature.com)

Based on Check-style evaluation the sector is segmented into Cardio Count, Anaerobic Depend, Fungi/Mold Depend and Spores Depend. (dansealsforcongress.com)

Features counts colonies on peel plate microbial tests that further stores plate images, exports to SQL databases, and generates reports. (thomasnet.com)
Our team used genetic sequencing technology to evaluate the accuracy of culture-based microbial tests on cannabis flower, and our findings were peer reviewed and published on F1000 . (medicinalgenomics.com)
Our team obtained 15 cannabis samples, that had failed culture-based microbial testing, from 7 different growers and tested them on the Medicinal Genomics' PathoSEEK™ Microbial Safety Testing Platform , as well as the two most popular culture-based tests, 3M and BioMerieux (BMX). (medicinalgenomics.com)
Centered on Close-user variety it handles Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Providers, Medical Product Brands, Contract Producing Corporations (CMOS), Makers of Foodstuff & Beverage and Agriculture Products and solutions, Microbial Tests and Laboratories. (dansealsforcongress.com)

Holding an inoculating loop in her right hand, Ms. Shams was pointing out the bacterial colonies, which grew atop the medium contained in the Petri dish she held in her left hand. (cdc.gov)

Coulon, Frédéric and McKew, Boyd A and Osborn, A Mark and McGenity, Terry J and Timmis, Kenneth N (2007) 'Effects of temperature and biostimulation on oil-degrading microbial communities in temperate estuarine waters. (essex.ac.uk)

They will then remove the bags from the stream and count and identify the macroinvertebrates. (stroudcenter.org)
Furthermore, our general high-throughput approach can be applied to other environments, isolates, and conditions to systematically help identify selective pressures on microbial communities. (nature.com)
Often selective pressures are inferred based on correlations between the relative abundances of microbial taxa and geochemical parameters (e.g., toxic stressors or nutrients), but correlative analysis does not identify causal relationships, and observed correlations can be misleading. (nature.com)
Thus, laboratory approaches to measure microbial fitness in biogeochemical gradients can be very useful to help identify likely selective pressures. (nature.com)

Des échantillons de muqueuse ont été prélevés grâce à une biopsie antrale sur 136 patients dyspeptiques consécutifs pour lesquels un diagnostic d'ulcère gastro-duodénal avait été établi par endoscopie à l'hôpital général de Bassora (Basra) en Iraq. (who.int)
[ 5 ] Provide supportive care in these patients, maintain the platelet count above 20 × 10 9 /L, if possible, and consider administering cyclosporine. (medscape.com)
Note that monotherapy with hematopoietic growth factors (eg, recombinant human erythropoietin [rHuEPO], granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) is not recommended for newly diagnosed patients. (medscape.com)
Frequent outpatient follow-up for patients with aplastic anemia is needed to monitor blood counts and any adverse effects of various drugs. (medscape.com)
La présente étude consistaità évaluer le diagnostic clinique de la radiographie pulmonaire et la résistance à la rifampicine, des patients admis en urgence et suspect de TBP dans l'Hôpital provincial de Bongor. (bvsalud.org)

These results indicate that pork carcasses and vacuum-packaged steaks fabricated from pork carcasses have acceptable microbial quality when they undergo an extended hanging time. (iastatedigitalpress.com)

Total Microbial Count. (ashkanchemistry.com)
The sensory indicators, pH value, conductivity, total bacterial count and coliform group must be inspected in each batch, and can only leave the factory after passing the inspection. (water-filling.com)

Workplace exposure assessment of BNNT from two manufacturing facilities measured boron concentrations in personal breathing zones from non-detectable to 0.95g/m3 and TEM structure counts of 0.0123 0.0094 structures/cm3, concentrations well below what was found with other engineered high aspect ratio nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. (cdc.gov)

Pill counting machines automatically count transparent tablets, capsules, softgels, lozenges and discharge them into bottles with 99.95% accuracy. (thomasnet.com)
Counts and discharges the pills into bottles, shifting non-stop, back and forth, from the left discharge chute to the right. (thomasnet.com)
The storage tank shall be easy to discharge water to avoid microbial pollution caused by the formation of dead water layer. (water-filling.com)

Ref: A Study of Microbial Colonisation of Orthopaedic Tourniquets. (hemaclear.com)
Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the microbial quality of pork carcasses and vacuum-packaged pork blade steaks fabricated from these carcasses during extended post-harvest cold storage. (iastatedigitalpress.com)

We all have our own microbial communities, called microbiomes, on our skin and in our gut that help us maintain good health. (cdc.gov)

On days three and six, they did genetic sequencing to see if product use also affected microbial diversity. (medicaldaily.com)

Quantica 500 ™ offers high counting efficiency thanks to its first-class camera resolution and carefully selected algorithms. (eyown.com)
The synovial fluid aspirated from his knee was turbid with an elevated leukocyte count and a high percentage of polymorphonuclear cells. (cdc.gov)
The air of some indoor work environments may be expected to have high pollen counts, for example, in premises where large numbers of flowering plants are present for aesthetic reasons, or in commercial glasshouses. (com.ng)

The students learned lab practices such as pipetting and plating water samples, identifying and counting bacterial colonies, and determining if water was safe for human contact. (stroudcenter.org)

This is a common program for food-plant verification of microbial control. (charm.com)

In the second step, researchers looked in greater depth at microbial levels, as well as the relative abundance of natural microbiota, by applying the novel ex vivo human axillary microbiome model. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)

By Item Examination this market place is segmented on the basis of Consumables, Tradition Media and Reagents Kits, Other Consumables, Devices, Automatic Microbial Identification Devices, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Microscopes and Other Instruments. (dansealsforcongress.com)

Browsing by Subject Colony Count, Microbial — Browsing by Subject "Colony Count, Microbial" (extranet.who.int)

Microbiological and chemical profile of Lebanese qishta [‎heat-coagulated milk]‎ (extranet.who.int)

Anatomy17

Organisms18

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs24

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment27

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes30

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science2

Health Care7

A sustained rat model for studying the long-lasting catabolic state of sepsis. (1/6028)

RecA-Mediated gene conversion and aminoglycoside resistance in strains heterozygous for rRNA. (2/6028)

Efflux-mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei. (3/6028)

In vitro and in vivo activities of NS-718, a new lipid nanosphere incorporating amphotericin B, against Aspergillus fumigatus. (4/6028)

Two-step acquisition of resistance to the teicoplanin-gentamicin combination by VanB-type Enterococcus faecalis in vitro and in experimental endocarditis. (5/6028)

In vitro activities of cephalosporins and quinolones against Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic dairy calves. (6/6028)

Antimicrobial activities of synthetic bismuth compounds against Clostridium difficile. (7/6028)

Treatment of murine fusariosis with SCH 56592. (8/6028)

Colony Count, Microbial

Bacteria, Aerobic

Bacteriuria

Bacteriological Techniques

Bacteria

Culture Media

Agar

Pyuria

Leukocyte Count

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Evaluation Studies as Topic

Cell Count

Bacterial Load

Amphotericin B

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

Platelet Count

Colony-Forming Units Assay

Candidiasis

Urine

Chlorhexidine

Equipment Contamination

Air Microbiology

Anti-Infective Agents, Local

Anaerobiosis

Urinary Tract Infections

Antifungal Agents

Water Microbiology

Candida albicans

Time Factors

Disinfectants

Escherichia coli

Specimen Handling

Staphylococcus aureus

Lactobacillus

Rumen

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Microbial Viability

Staphylococcus

Vagina

Blood Cell Count

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Gentamicins

Streptococcus

Bacteremia

Drug Synergism

Vancomycin

Colony Collapse

Drug Therapy, Combination

Disease Models, Animal

Staphylococcal Infections

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Erythrocyte Count

Lymphocyte Count

Sensitivity and Specificity

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Ants

Sperm Count

Lung

Rabbits

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Bees

Bone Marrow Cells

Clone Cells

Cell Division

Colony-Stimulating Factors

HIV Infections

Bone Marrow

Hematopoiesis

Granulocytes

Parasite Egg Count

Reticulocyte Count

Cells, Cultured

Tumor Stem Cell Assay

Megakaryocytes

Phenotype

Beekeeping

Erythropoiesis

Viral Load

Thrombocytopenia