Colonic Diseases
Crohn Disease
Colon
Enema
Colitis, Ulcerative
Intestinal Mucosa
Colonic Diseases, Functional
Colonic Polyps
Hirschsprung Disease
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret
Enteric Nervous System
SOXE Transcription Factors
Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors
Receptor, Endothelin B
Waardenburg Syndrome
Kentucky
Metagenome
Microbiota
Gastrointestinal Tract
Fatty Acids, Volatile
Collagen Type VI
The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. (1/304)
BACKGROUND: Both psychological and physiological disturbances have been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). AIMS: To investigate how the psychological factors act, and the involvement of infective and physiological factors. METHODS: Consecutive patients hospitalised for gastroenteritis reported life events for the previous 12 months, and past illness experiences on standardised questionnaires. They also completed psychometric questionnaires for anxiety, neuroticism, somatisation, and hypochondriasis. In some patients, rectal biopsy specimens were obtained during the acute illness and at three months postinfection. RESULTS: Ninety four patients completed all questionnaires: 22 patients were diagnosed with IBS after their gastroenteritis (IBS+), and 72 patients returned to normal bowel habits (IBS-). IBS+ patients reported more life events and had higher hypochondriasis scores than IBS- patients. The predictive value of the life event and hypochondriasis measures was highly significant and independent of anxiety, neuroticism, and somatisation scores, which were also elevated in IBS+ patients. Rectal biopsy specimens from 29 patients showed a chronic inflammatory response in both IBS+ and IBS- patients. Three months later, specimens from IBS+ patients continued to show increased chronic inflammatory cell counts but those from IBS- patients had returned to normal levels. IBS+ and IBS- patients exhibited rectal hypersensitivity and hyper-reactivity and rapid colonic transit compared with normal controls, but there were no significant differences between IBS+ and IBS- patients for these physiological measurements. CONCLUSION: Psychological factors most clearly predict the development of IBS symptoms after gastroenteritis but biological mechanisms also contribute towards the expression of symptoms. (+info)Validation of a specific quality of life questionnaire for functional digestive disorders. (2/304)
BACKGROUND: Dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome are suitable conditions for assessment of quality of life. Their similarities justify the elaboration of a single specific questionnaire for the two conditions. AIMS: To examine the process leading to the validation of the psychometric properties of the functional digestive disorders quality of life questionnaire (FDDQL). METHODS: Initially, the questionnaire was given to 154 patients, to assess its acceptability and reproducibility, analyse its content, and reduce the number of items. Its responsiveness was tested during two therapeutic trials which included 428 patients. The questionnaire has been translated into French, English, and German. The psychometric validation study was conducted in France, United Kingdom, and Germany by 187 practitioners. A total of 401 patients with dyspepsia or irritable bowel syndrome, defined by the Rome criteria, filled in the FDDQL and generic SF-36 questionnaires. RESULTS: The structure of the FDDQL scales was checked by factorial analysis. Its reliability was expressed by a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.94. Assessment of its discriminant validity showed that the more severe the functional digestive disorders, the more impaired the quality of life (p<0.05). Concurrent validity was supported by the correlation found between the FDDQL and SF-36 questionnaire scales. The final version of the questionnaire contains 43 items belonging to eight domains. CONCLUSIONS: The properties of the FDDQL questionnaire, available in French, English, and German, make it appropriate for use in clinical trials designed to evaluate its responsiveness to treatment among patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. (+info)Determination of prostaglandin synthetase activity in rectal biopsy material and its significance in colonic disease. (3/304)
A method is described for determining prostaglandin synthetase activity in milligram amounts of tissue. The procedure is based on the conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha-like substances. High levels of prostaglandin synthetase activity occurred in the inflamed mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis and fell during successful drug therapy, but it is not yet known whether the cause of the inflammation first involves increased PG synthetase activity, or whether inflammation caused increase of PG synthetase. (+info)Level of chronic life stress predicts clinical outcome in irritable bowel syndrome. (4/304)
BACKGROUND: Life stress contributes to symptom onset and exacerbation in the majority of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD); research evidence is conflicting, however, as to the strength of these effects. AIMS: To test prospectively the relation of chronic life stress threat to subsequent symptom intensity over time. PATIENTS: One hundred and seventeen consecutive outpatients satisfying the modified Rome criteria for IBS (66% with one or more concurrent FD syndromes) participated. METHODS: The life stress and symptom intensity measures were determined from interview data collected independently at entry, and at six and 16 months; these measures assessed the potency of chronic life stress threat during the prior six months or more, and the severity and frequency of IBS and FD symptoms during the following two weeks. RESULTS: Chronic life stress threat was a powerful predictor of subsequent symptom intensity, explaining 97% of the variance on this measure over 16 months. No patient exposed to even one chronic highly threatening stressor improved clinically (by 50%) over the 16 months; all patients who improved did so in the absence of such a stressor. CONCLUSION: The level of chronic life stress threat predicts the clinical outcome in most patients with IBS/FD. (+info)Functional disability in adolescents and young adults with symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: the role of academic, social, and athletic competence. (5/304)
OBJECTIVE: To examine perceived academic, social, and athletic competence as potential moderators of the relation between symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional disability in adolescents and young adults with a history of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). METHODS: We assessed IBS symptoms, competence, and disability by telephone interview in RAP patients five years following their medical evaluation. RESULTS: For both male and female subjects, the relation between symptoms and disability was stronger at lower levels of perceived academic competence. Furthermore, among females, the relation between symptoms and disability was stronger at lower levels of perceived social competence; among males, the relation was stronger at lower levels of perceived athletic competence. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived competence moderated the relation between IBS symptoms and functional disability. Interventions designed to enhance patient competence in various roles may be useful in reducing disability among adolescents and young adults with symptoms of IBS. (+info)Controlled trial of oligofructose in the management of irritable bowel syndrome. (6/304)
A double-blind crossover trial of oligofructose (Raftilose P95) 2 g three times daily against sucrose (1 g) three times daily was performed in patients suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. Each treatment was followed for 4 wk. Patients consumed a standardized diet during the last 14 d of each treatment period, and symptoms were assessed using a previously validated questionnaire. Fecal weight and pH, whole-gut transit time and fasting breath hydrogen concentrations were measured at the start of the study and at the end of each treatment period. Oligofructose produced no significant change in any of these parameters even when patients were divided into those with predominant diarrhea (n = 14) and those with predominant constipation (n = 7). Oligofructose at a dose of 6 g/d had no therapeutic value in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. (+info)Recommendations for the management of irritable bowel syndrome in family practice. IBS Consensus Conference Participants. (7/304)
To help family physicians manage patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a consensus conference was convened in June 1997 at which 5 internationally recognized experts in IBS presented position papers on selected topics previously circulated to the conference participants. Five working groups comprising family physicians, gastroenterologists and allied health care professionals from across Canada were then charged with developing recommendations for the diagnosis, patient education, psychosocial management, dietary advice and pharmacotherapy, respectively. An evidence-based approach was used where possible; otherwise, recommendations were made by consensus. The participants concluded that family physicians can make a positive diagnosis of IBS using symptom criteria. The pathophysiology is poorly understood, but motility and sensory disturbances appear to play a role. Neither psychological nor specific dietary factors cause IBS, but both can trigger symptoms. Drug therapy is not recommended for the routine treatment of IBS, but short-term trials of drug therapy may be targeted to predominant symptoms in selected patients. A step-wise, patient-centred approach to management is outlined. (+info)Fundamentals of neurogastroenterology. (8/304)
Current concepts and basic principles of neurogastroenterology in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders are reviewed. Neurogastroenterology is emphasized as a new and advancing subspecialty of clinical gastroenterology and digestive science. As such, it embraces the investigative sciences dealing with functions, malfunctions, and malformations in the brain and spinal cord, and the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions of the autonomic innervation of the digestive tract. Somatomotor systems are included insofar as pharyngeal phases of swallowing and pelvic floor involvement in defecation, continence, and pelvic pain are concerned. Inclusion of basic physiology of smooth muscle, mucosal epithelium, and the enteric immune system in the neurogastroenterologic domain relates to requirements for compatibility with neural control mechanisms. Psychologic and psychiatric relations to functional gastrointestinal disorders are included because they are significant components of neurogastroenterology, especially in relation to projections of discomfort and pain to the digestive tract. (+info)Colonic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the colon, also known as the large intestine or large bowel. The colon is the final segment of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and storing and eliminating waste products.
Some common colonic diseases include:
1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause inflammation and irritation in the lining of the digestive tract.
2. Diverticular disease: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the walls of the colon, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
3. Colorectal cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, often starting as benign polyps that grow and become malignant over time.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): This is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements, but without any underlying structural or inflammatory causes.
5. Constipation: This is a common condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, or both.
6. Infectious colitis: This occurs when the colon becomes infected with bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.
Treatment for colonic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition.
The specific causes of Crohn's disease are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. The disease can affect people of any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in young adults between the ages of 15 and 35.
There is no cure for Crohn's disease, but treatments such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the disease, as well as the individual patient's needs and preferences.
The colon, also known as the large intestine, is a part of the digestive system in humans and other vertebrates. It is an organ that eliminates waste from the body and is located between the small intestine and the rectum. The main function of the colon is to absorb water and electrolytes from digested food, forming and storing feces until they are eliminated through the anus.
The colon is divided into several regions, including the cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus. The walls of the colon contain a layer of muscle that helps to move waste material through the organ by a process called peristalsis.
The inner surface of the colon is lined with mucous membrane, which secretes mucus to lubricate the passage of feces. The colon also contains a large population of bacteria, known as the gut microbiota, which play an important role in digestion and immunity.
An enema is a medical procedure in which liquid is introduced into the lower part of the large intestine, specifically the sigmoid colon or rectum, through the anus using a special device called an enema kit. The liquid used can be plain water, saline solution, or a medicated solution, and it is typically retained for a short period of time before being expelled.
The purpose of an enema may vary, but it is often used to relieve constipation, prepare the bowel for medical procedures such as colonoscopy, or administer medications or nutrients that cannot be taken by mouth. Enemas can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as to stimulate the immune system or promote relaxation.
It is important to follow proper instructions when administering an enema to avoid injury or discomfort. Possible side effects of enemas may include cramping, bloating, nausea, or electrolyte imbalances. If you have any health concerns or conditions that may be affected by an enema, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using one.
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that affects the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. In ulcerative colitis, the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops ulcers or open sores that produce pus and mucous. The symptoms of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding.
The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is not known, but it is thought to be related to an abnormal immune response in which the body's immune system attacks the cells in the digestive tract. The inflammation can be triggered by environmental factors such as diet, stress, and infections.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition that can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe. It can also lead to complications such as anemia, malnutrition, and colon cancer. There is no cure for ulcerative colitis, but treatment options such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications.
The rectum is the lower end of the digestive tract, located between the sigmoid colon and the anus. It serves as a storage area for feces before they are eliminated from the body. The rectum is about 12 cm long in adults and is surrounded by layers of muscle that help control defecation. The mucous membrane lining the rectum allows for the detection of stool, which triggers the reflex to have a bowel movement.
A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the large intestine, also known as the colon and rectum. It is performed using a flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end, called a colonoscope, which is inserted into the rectum and gently guided through the entire length of the colon.
The procedure allows doctors to visually inspect the lining of the colon for any abnormalities such as polyps, ulcers, inflammation, or cancer. If any polyps are found during the procedure, they can be removed immediately using special tools passed through the colonoscope. Colonoscopy is an important tool in the prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer, which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
Patients are usually given a sedative to help them relax during the procedure, which is typically performed on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic setting. The entire procedure usually takes about 30-60 minutes to complete, although patients should plan to spend several hours at the medical facility for preparation and recovery.
The intestinal mucosa is the innermost layer of the intestines, which comes into direct contact with digested food and microbes. It is a specialized epithelial tissue that plays crucial roles in nutrient absorption, barrier function, and immune defense. The intestinal mucosa is composed of several cell types, including absorptive enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, hormone-producing enteroendocrine cells, and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages.
The surface of the intestinal mucosa is covered by a single layer of epithelial cells, which are joined together by tight junctions to form a protective barrier against harmful substances and microorganisms. This barrier also allows for the selective absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. The intestinal mucosa also contains numerous lymphoid follicles, known as Peyer's patches, which are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens.
In addition to its role in absorption and immunity, the intestinal mucosa is also capable of producing hormones that regulate digestion and metabolism. Dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa can lead to various gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and food allergies.
Functional colonic diseases are a group of disorders of the large intestine (colon) that do not have a structural or biochemical explanation. They are characterized by chronic and often intermittent symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, but do not show any visible abnormalities or damage to the tissue of the colon during routine examination or testing.
The most common functional colonic diseases include:
1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, such as constipation or diarrhea.
2. Functional Constipation: A condition where a person experiences difficult or infrequent bowel movements, but there is no obvious structural or biochemical cause.
3. Functional Diarrhea: A disorder characterized by frequent loose stools, but without any underlying structural or biochemical abnormalities.
4. Abdominal Bloating: A condition where the belly feels full and tight, often accompanied by discomfort or pain, but without any visible distention.
5. Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome: A disorder characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain that is not associated with any structural or biochemical abnormalities.
The exact cause of functional colonic diseases is unknown, but they are believed to be related to a combination of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, altered gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, and psychological factors such as stress and anxiety. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications, such as changes in diet and exercise, and medication to manage symptoms.
Colonic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the large intestine, also known as the colon. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The two most common types of colonic neoplasms are adenomas and carcinomas.
Adenomas are benign tumors that can develop into cancer over time if left untreated. They are often found during routine colonoscopies and can be removed during the procedure.
Carcinomas, on the other hand, are malignant tumors that invade surrounding tissues and can spread to other parts of the body. Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, and colonic neoplasms are a significant risk factor for developing this type of cancer.
Regular screenings for colonic neoplasms are recommended for individuals over the age of 50 or those with a family history of colorectal cancer or other risk factors. Early detection and removal of colonic neoplasms can significantly reduce the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
Colonic polyps are abnormal growths that protrude from the inner wall of the colon (large intestine). They can vary in size, shape, and number. Most colonic polyps are benign, meaning they are not cancerous. However, some types of polyps, such as adenomas, have a higher risk of becoming cancerous over time if left untreated.
Colonic polyps often do not cause any symptoms, especially if they are small. Larger polyps may lead to symptoms like rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, or iron deficiency anemia. The exact cause of colonic polyps is not known, but factors such as age, family history, and certain medical conditions (like inflammatory bowel disease) can increase the risk of developing them.
Regular screening exams, such as colonoscopies, are recommended for individuals over the age of 50 to detect and remove polyps before they become cancerous. If you have a family history of colonic polyps or colorectal cancer, your doctor may recommend earlier or more frequent screenings.
Hirschsprung disease is a gastrointestinal disorder that affects the large intestine, specifically the section known as the colon. This condition is congenital, meaning it is present at birth. It occurs due to the absence of ganglion cells (nerve cells) in the bowel's muscular wall, which are responsible for coordinating muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
The affected segment of the colon cannot relax and propel the contents within it, leading to various symptoms such as constipation, intestinal obstruction, or even bowel perforation in severe cases. Common diagnostic methods include rectal suction biopsy, anorectal manometry, and contrast enema studies. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the aganglionic segment and reattachment of the normal colon to the anus (known as a pull-through procedure).
Proto-oncogene proteins c-RET are a group of gene products that play crucial roles in the development and functioning of the nervous system, as well as in other tissues. The c-RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is a type of enzyme that helps transmit signals from the outside to the inside of cells. This receptor is activated by binding to its ligands, leading to the activation of various signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival.
Mutations in the c-RET proto-oncogene can lead to its overactivation, resulting in the conversion of this gene into an oncogene. Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer when they are mutated or abnormally expressed. Activating mutations in c-RET have been implicated in several types of human cancers, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), papillary thyroid carcinoma, and certain types of lung and kidney cancers. These mutations can lead to the constitutive activation of c-RET, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that directly controls the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, small intestine, colon, and rectum. It is sometimes referred to as the "second brain" because it can operate independently of the central nervous system (CNS).
The ENS contains around 500 million neurons that are organized into two main plexuses: the myenteric plexus, which lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut, and the submucosal plexus, which is located in the submucosa. These plexuses contain various types of neurons that are responsible for regulating gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow.
The ENS can communicate with the CNS through afferent nerve fibers that transmit information about the state of the gut to the brain, and efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the brain back to the ENS. However, the ENS is also capable of functioning independently of the CNS, allowing it to regulate gastrointestinal functions in response to local stimuli such as food intake, inflammation, or infection.
SOXE transcription factors are a subgroup of the SOX (SRY-related HMG box) family of proteins, which are involved in various developmental processes, including cell fate specification and differentiation. The SOXE group includes SOX8, SOX9, and SOX10, all of which contain a conserved high mobility group (HMG) box DNA-binding domain. They play crucial roles in the development of several tissues, such as the nervous system, skeletal system, and urogenital system.
SOXE transcription factors are known to regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences, often acting in combination with other transcription factors to control various cellular processes. Dysregulation of SOXE transcription factors has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptors are a group of proteins found on the surface of certain cells in the body that bind to GDNF and transmit signals into the cell, thereby activating various cellular responses. GDNF is a type of signaling protein called a neurotrophic factor, which supports the survival and development of neurons (nerve cells).
The GDNF receptor complex consists of two main components: the Ret tyrosine kinase receptor and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored coreceptor called GDNF family receptor alpha (GFRα). There are four different GFRα isoforms (GFRα1, GFRα2, GFRα3, and GFRα4) that can form complexes with Ret and bind to different members of the GDNF ligand family.
When GDNF binds to the GFRα-Ret complex, it induces a conformational change leading to Ret autophosphorylation and activation of various downstream signaling pathways, including Ras/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and PLCγ. These signaling cascades ultimately regulate cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, depending on the cellular context.
GDNF receptors are widely expressed in various tissues, but they have crucial roles in the nervous system, where they support neuronal survival, promote axon growth and guidance, and maintain synaptic plasticity. Dysregulation of GDNF signaling has been implicated in several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The Endothelin B (ETB) receptor is a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds to endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor peptide. ETB receptors are expressed in various tissues, including vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. When endothelin binds to the ETB receptor, it can cause both vasodilation and vasoconstriction, depending on the location of the receptor. In endothelial cells, activation of ETB receptors leads to the production of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator. However, in vascular smooth muscle cells, activation of ETB receptors can cause vasoconstriction by increasing intracellular calcium levels.
ETB receptors have also been implicated in various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cardiovascular function, kidney function, and neurotransmission. In the cardiovascular system, ETB receptors play a role in regulating blood pressure and vascular remodeling. In the kidneys, they are involved in the regulation of sodium and water balance. Additionally, ETB receptors have been implicated in the development of pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease.
Overall, Endothelin B receptors play a critical role in regulating various physiological processes, and their dysregulation has been associated with several pathological conditions.
Waardenburg Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the development of melanin, a pigment responsible for hair, skin, and eye color. Named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Petrus Waardenburg who first described it in 1907, this syndrome is characterized by distinctive physical features and hearing loss.
There are four types of Waardenburg Syldrome (WS1, WS2, WS3, and WS4), each with varying degrees of symptoms. Common features include:
1. Differential coloring of the hair, skin, and eyes (poliosis, vitiligo, and heterochromia)
2. Distinctive facial features (wide-set eyes, broad nasal root, and a high arched or cleft palate)
3. Hearing loss, which can be unilateral (one-sided) or bilateral (both-sided), conductive, sensorineural, or mixed
4. Pigmentary changes in the iris, such as different colors between the eyes or within one eye
5. Sometimes, musculoskeletal abnormalities and/or developmental delays
WS1 and WS2 are more common than WS3 and WS4. The genetic causes of Waardenburg Syndrome involve mutations in several different genes associated with melanin production and transport. These include PAX3, MITF, SNAI2, EDN3, and EDNRB.
Diagnosis is typically based on clinical findings, including physical features and hearing tests. Genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis and help determine the specific type of Waardenburg Syndrome. Treatment usually involves addressing individual symptoms, such as using hearing aids or cochlear implants for hearing loss and managing any skin or eye concerns.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kentucky" is not a medical term or condition. It is a geographical location, being the name of a state in the United States. If you have any questions related to medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
A metagenome is the collective genetic material contained within a sample taken from a specific environment, such as soil or water, or within a community of organisms, like the microbiota found in the human gut. It includes the genomes of all the microorganisms present in that environment or community, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, whether they can be cultured in the lab or not. By analyzing the metagenome, scientists can gain insights into the diversity, abundance, and functional potential of the microbial communities present in that environment.
Medical Definition of Microbiota:
The community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microscopic life forms, that inhabit a specific environment or body part. In the human body, microbiota can be found on the skin, in the mouth, gut, and other areas. The largest concentration of microbiota is located in the intestines, where it plays an essential role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.
The composition of the microbiota can vary depending on factors such as age, diet, lifestyle, genetics, and environmental exposures. Dysbiosis, or imbalance of the microbiota, has been linked to various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, allergies, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders.
Therefore, maintaining a healthy and diverse microbiota is crucial for overall health and well-being. This can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and other lifestyle practices that support the growth and maintenance of beneficial microorganisms in the body.
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is responsible for ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food and waste materials. The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus), and accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The primary function of this system is to process and extract nutrients from food while also protecting the body from harmful substances, pathogens, and toxins.
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are a type of fatty acid that have a low molecular weight and are known for their ability to evaporate at room temperature. They are produced in the body during the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins in the absence of oxygen, such as in the digestive tract by certain bacteria.
The most common volatile fatty acids include acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. These compounds have various roles in the body, including providing energy to cells in the intestines, modulating immune function, and regulating the growth of certain bacteria. They are also used as precursors for the synthesis of other molecules, such as cholesterol and bile acids.
In addition to their role in the body, volatile fatty acids are also important in the food industry, where they are used as flavorings and preservatives. They are produced naturally during fermentation and aging processes, and are responsible for the distinctive flavors of foods such as yogurt, cheese, and wine.
Collagen Type VI is a type of collagen that is widely expressed in various tissues, including skeletal muscle, skin, and blood vessels. It is a major component of the extracellular matrix and plays important roles in maintaining tissue structure and function. Collagen Type VI forms microfilaments that provide structural support to the basement membrane and regulate cell-matrix interactions. Mutations in the genes encoding collagen Type VI can lead to several inherited connective tissue disorders, such as Bethlem myopathy and Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy.
Butyrates are a type of fatty acid, specifically called short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), that are produced in the gut through the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut bacteria. The name "butyrate" comes from the Latin word for butter, "butyrum," as butyrate was first isolated from butter.
Butyrates have several important functions in the body. They serve as a primary energy source for colonic cells and play a role in maintaining the health and integrity of the intestinal lining. Additionally, butyrates have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, regulate gene expression, and may even help prevent certain types of cancer.
In medical contexts, butyrate supplements are sometimes used to treat conditions such as ulcerative colitis, a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), due to their anti-inflammatory properties and ability to promote gut health. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential therapeutic uses of butyrates and their long-term effects on human health.
Gastrointestinal disease
Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, 1st Baronet
Functional gastrointestinal disorder
List of MeSH codes (C06)
Félicien M. Steichen
Phenotypic heterogeneity
Gastrointestinal wall
Bowel obstruction
Large intestine
ADAM17
P-Cresol
Endoscope
Hirschsprung's disease
Jejunoileal bypass
Constipation
LCTL
Malabsorption
Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
Butyric acid
Polycarbophil calcium
Cholecystokinin A receptor
Megacolon
Polystyrene sulfonate
Alosetron
Gene desert
Interleukin 26
Bile acid
ROR2
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Fraser syndrome
Long-term risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease after removal of the colonic microbiota by colectomy: a cohort...
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Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Quality of Life in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome - McMaster Experts
The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease | Nature
Common Anorectal Conditions: Part I. Symptoms and Complaints | AAFP
China good quality Health Analyzer Machine on sales
Multiple roles of Ret signalling during enteric neurogenesis | Crick
Parasite Journals | Journal of Parasitic Diseases
Portal LIS - Localizador de Informação em Saúde
IL-12 and IL-23 pathway inhibition in inflammatory bowel disease | Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Bio2Vec
Psychosomatic disorders of the colon - статья
Hirschsprung's Disease and Allied Disorders, Third Edition edited by Alexander M. Holschneider, Prem Puri
Bravo Probiotic Suppository | BioPure | Colostrum, 12 Count
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CHARACTERIZATION OF INVASION PLASMID ANTIGEN B AND C (IpaB AND IpaC) TRANSLOCATOR COMPLEXES AND TRANSLOCATOR/CHAPERONE...
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Megacolon - American College of Veterinary Surgeons
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Faecal calprotectin for screening of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease: diagnostic meta-analysis | The BMJ
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Microbiota12
- Objectives The hypothesis of the study was that if the gut microbiota is involved in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), total colectomy may reduce the long-term risk of CVDs. (bmj.com)
- Elucidation of the mechanisms that distinguish between homeostatic and pathogenic microbiota-host interactions could identify therapeutic targets for preventing or modulating inflammatory diseases and for boosting the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. (nature.com)
- This study] adds to the considerable evidence that the microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerations," commented Robert Friedland of the University of Louisville in Kentucky, who was not involved in the work. (alzforum.org)
- Despite the accepted health benefits of consuming dietary fiber, little is known about the mechanisms by which fiber deprivation impacts the gut microbiota and alters disease risk. (wellnessresources.com)
- Using a gnotobiotic mouse model, in which animals were colonized with a synthetic human gut microbiota composed of fully sequenced commensal bacteria, we elucidated the functional interactions between dietary fiber, the gut microbiota, and the colonic mucus barrier, which serves as a primary defense against enteric pathogens. (wellnessresources.com)
- We show that during chronic or intermittent dietary fiber deficiency, the gut microbiota resorts to host-secreted mucus glycoproteins as a nutrient source, leading to erosion of the colonic mucus barrier. (wellnessresources.com)
- Given the important roles of the gut microbiome in regulating host physiology and gene expression, a better understanding of the relationship between the host and the symbiont microbiota should provide new insights into human health and disease risk. (biomedcentral.com)
- Activation of ribonucleoprotein complex biosynthesis and cytokine signaling pathway mediated by the gut microbiota affected DNA repair, IFN-γ signaling, etc. in the colonic mucosa and was associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune-related colitis. (nii.ac.jp)
- Effects of Resistant Starch on Symptoms, Fecal Markers and Gut Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease - the RESISTA-PD Trial. (cdc.gov)
- Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype. (cdc.gov)
- In a healthy symbi- posed of about as many microorgan- after the pioneering work of Gordon otic state, the colonic microbiota isms as there are cel s in the human and collaborators [1]. (who.int)
- The colonic microbiome view is controversial, some people Metagenomics of the Human Intes- is the most diverse and also the best consider the gut microbiota to be tinal Tract (MetaHIT) consortium re- characterized microbial community. (who.int)
Ulcerative Colitis8
- Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition of unknown aetiology, classified as either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, that can affect the intestines and other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. (wikipedia.org)
- This Review provides a summary of the biology of the IL-12 family cytokines IL-12 and IL-23, discusses the role of these cytokines in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation, and highlights IL-12- and IL-23-directed drug development for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. (nature.com)
- Multiple IL-12- and/or IL-23-neutralizing antibodies have been tested in immune-mediated diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. (nature.com)
- 1 2 The disorder includes two major forms of chronic intestinal inflammation: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. (bmj.com)
- Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, is a relapsing and remitting condition characterized by chronic inflammation at various sites in the gastrointestinal. (merckmanuals.com)
- Two recently published GWAS meta-analyses[1,2] have identified more than 30 genetic regions that increase susceptibility to both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). (crohnsforum.com)
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced immune-associated colitis showed functional similarities in gut tissue and microbial composition with ulcerative colitis, but decreased Bacteroides species resulted in an enhanced fatty acid transport system and immune cell reorganization in both diseases. (nii.ac.jp)
- [ 4-7 ] Research over the past decade has indicated an increasing incidence for lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis, with some studies noting an incidence at least as high as that of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. (medscape.com)
Aganglionosis5
- however, a subset of term or near-term babies experience colonic obstruction with a characteristic caliber reduction in the sigmoid and descending colon unrelated to meconium inspissation or aganglionosis (ie, NSLCS). (medscape.com)
- Because Hirschsprung disease with a splenic flexure transition zone is clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from NSLCS, all infants must undergo a suction rectal biopsy to exclude aganglionosis. (medscape.com)
- These findings suggest that the functional abnormalities in Hirschsprung disease result from a combination of colonic aganglionosis and deficits in neuronal circuitry of more proximal gut segments. (crick.ac.uk)
- Hirschsprung disease is caused by congenital absence of the Meissner and Auerbach autonomic plexus (aganglionosis) in the intestinal wall. (msdmanuals.com)
- Surgical treatment of children with total colonic aganglionosis: functional and metabolic long-term outcome. (msdmanuals.com)
Intestinal20
- The neonatal small left colon syndrome (NSLCS) is an uncommon condition characterized by an abrupt intestinal caliber transition at or near the splenic flexure and colonic obstruction. (medscape.com)
- Distal intestinal obstruction of the newborn may be anatomic (eg, imperforate anus , colonic atresia, colonic stenosis ) or functional. (medscape.com)
- If these signs are present, then patients are more likely to also have anal and esophageal lesions and experience other extra-intestinal disease manifestations. (wikipedia.org)
- WHO research shows over 90% of diseases is related to constipation, impacted feces, over-accumulated intestinal toxins. (healthanalyzermachine.com)
- Absence of enteric ganglia from the distal colon are the hallmark of Hirschsprung disease, a congenital disorder characterised by severe intestinal dysmotility. (crick.ac.uk)
- With an emphasis on conceptual breakthroughs, its goal is to facilitate rapid publication and circulation of novel discoveries in the field of esophageal, gastric, intestinal, colonic, hepatic and pancreatic diseases. (alliedacademies.org)
- Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), which belong to the IL-12 family of cytokines, have a key role in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation and are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. (nature.com)
- IL-12 and IL-23, which are members of the IL-12 family of cytokines, have a key role in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation, including in inflammatory bowel disease. (nature.com)
- Whether these microbial changes are a cause or consequence of the disease process is unclear, although a study in mice colonized with human microbes suggested both may be true: PD somehow alters the composition of the intestinal flora, which in turn accelerates pathology (see Dec 2016 news ). (alzforum.org)
- Objective To evaluate whether including a test for faecal calprotectin, a sensitive marker of intestinal inflammation, in the investigation of suspected inflammatory bowel disease reduces the number of unnecessary endoscopic procedures. (bmj.com)
- However, in a specific subgroup of patients suffering from diarrhoea-predominant IBS (D-IBS), alterations in the intestinal barrier have been demonstrated, narrowing the spectrum of IBS as a true functional disease [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The intestinal barrier acts as a sophisticated anatomical and functional structure lying between the strictly regulated intestinal milieu and the external environment. (hindawi.com)
- A dysfunctional gut barrier leads to variations of small intestinal permeability (s-IP) and could be the origin or the consequence of the persistent, low-grade immune activation characterising the abovementioned D-IBS subtype and, with greater severity, other inflammatory GI diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease (CD) [ 6 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
- We combine our expertise in encapsulation and targeted delivery to the gastro-intestinal track to achieve effective colonic delivery. (lonza.com)
- They increase small intestinal water volume and colonic gas production that can induce gastrointestinal symptoms in people with visceral hypersensitivity. (medscape.com)
- Intraoral involvement in Crohn disease occurs in 8-29% of patients and may precede intestinal involvement. (medscape.com)
- Oral manifestations can prove crucial in diagnosis and usually parallel the intestinal disease course. (medscape.com)
- [ 8 ] However, oral manifestations at follow-up once disease is controlled may not be a marker for recurring intestinal disease. (medscape.com)
- Whether patients with orofacial granulomatoses will subsequently develop intestinal manifestations of Crohn disease is uncertain, but histologic similarities between the oral lesions and the intestinal lesions are obvious. (medscape.com)
- Oral findings as described above warrant a full systemic evaluation for intestinal Crohn disease, including referral for colonoscopy and biopsy with histopathologic correlation. (medscape.com)
Obstruction6
- Prenatal ultrasonography demonstrating bowel obstruction is rare, except in cases of total colonic involvement. (medscape.com)
- Megacolon is secondary to colonic inertia (functional obstruction) or outlet obstruction (mechanical obstruction). (acvs.org)
- Hirschsprung´s disease (congenital megacolon ) is a common cause of lower bowel obstruction in neonates. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Its main characteristic is that a section of the bowel is unable to relax, causing functional colonic obstruction. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Hirschsprung disease is a congenital anomaly consisting of a failure of neuronal colonization (and thus a failure of innervation) of the lower intestine, usually limited to the colon, resulting in partial or total functional obstruction. (msdmanuals.com)
- It is thus a functional obstruction. (britannica.com)
Hirschsprung14
- Hirschsprung disease should be considered in any newborn with delayed passage of meconium or in any child with a history of chronic constipation since birth. (medscape.com)
- Older children with Hirschsprung disease usually have chronic constipation since birth. (medscape.com)
- Despite significant constipation and abdominal distention, children with Hirschsprung disease rarely develop encopresis (fecal incontinence secondary to impacted stools). (medscape.com)
- A low imperforate anus with a perineal orifice may have a similar presentation to that of a patient with Hirschsprung disease. (medscape.com)
- Trans-ethnic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for Hirschsprung disease. (medscape.com)
- RET mutational spectrum in Hirschsprung disease: evaluation of 601 Chinese patients. (medscape.com)
- Functional analyses of RET mutations in Chinese Hirschsprung disease patients. (medscape.com)
- Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase RET have been identified in approximately 50% of familial cases of Hirschsprung disease but the cellular processes misregulated in this condition remain unclear. (crick.ac.uk)
- In mutant mice, progenitors of enteric neurons fail to colonise the distal colon, indicating that failure of colonisation of the distal intestine is a major contributing factor for the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease. (crick.ac.uk)
- These observations enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease and highlight potential approaches for its treatment. (crick.ac.uk)
- Other disorders associated with Hirschsprung disease include Waardenburg syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome, and cartilage-hair hypoplasia. (msdmanuals.com)
- Approximately 20 to 25% of patients with Hirschsprung disease have another congenital anomaly. (msdmanuals.com)
- The science of Hirschsprung disease: What we know and where we are headed. (msdmanuals.com)
- Aganglionic megacolon , or Hirschsprung disease, is a condition of unknown cause that is characterized by the absence of ganglion cells and normal nerve fibres from the distal (or lower) 3 to 40 cm (1 to 16 inches) of the large intestine. (britannica.com)
Constipation14
- 850-862, 895-903 Diseases of the intestine may cause vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation, and altered stool, such as with blood in stool. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast, children with functional constipation or stool-withholding behaviors more commonly develop encopresis. (medscape.com)
- Even before motor symptoms appear, colonic dysfunction, and constipation, had been recognized as a risk-factor for PD. (movementdisorders.org)
- Functional constipation has no evidence of structural or metabolic disease to account for the symptoms. (mims.com)
- Functional constipation is often seen in children, affecting quality of life and imposing a considerable bur- den on health care services. (who.int)
- This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between functional constipation and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Turkish children aged 6-18 years. (who.int)
- In this case-control study, 221 children with functional constipation (cases) were selected from a paediatric gastroenterology clinic between May 2018 and September 2019, and 230 children without constipation (controls) were randomly selected from those attending a well-child check-up. (who.int)
- Good adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of functional constipation, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet decreased with age. (who.int)
- Functional constipation is often seen in children and has diseases, and various cancers (9,10) . (who.int)
- Function- also be useful in improving functional gastrointestinal al constipation is characterized by a slowing of bowel symptoms. (who.int)
- A recent study reported a low prevalence of movements with no structural or biochemical disorder, functional constipation in children with good adherence painful defecation and sometimes faecal incontinence (3) . (who.int)
- Olives, olive oil and cereals are important functional constipation include genetic disposition, low in the Mediterranean dietary culture and are known to socioeconomic status, impaired mobility and insufficient have been grown and used in the region since ancient daily fibre intake (5) . (who.int)
- The purpose of this study was to investigate position to constipation in children with low vegetable, the relationship between functional constipation and fruit and cereal consumption and low fibre intake (6,7) . (who.int)
- Symptoms of Crohn disease include intermittent attacks of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and fever. (medscape.com)
Disorders20
- Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was the first occurring CVD event in any of the seven diagnostic domains (hypertensive disorders, acute ischaemic heart diseases, chronic ischaemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases and other arterial diseases) and the secondary outcomes were the first occurring event within each of these domains. (bmj.com)
- Recent investigations have shown that bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine is associated with a number of functional somatic disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome. (nih.gov)
- Tai Chi is a mind-body medicine practice with proven efficacy in other functional disorders. (qigonginstitute.org)
- Oesophageal diseases include a spectrum of disorders affecting the oesophagus. (wikipedia.org)
- Chronic diseases might include congenital diseases such as Zenker's diverticulum and esophageal webbing, and oesophageal motility disorders including the nutcracker oesophagus, achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, and oesophageal stricture. (wikipedia.org)
- Aims and Scope The aim of Journal of Parasitic Disease: Diagnosis and Therapy is to provide readers with a broad spectrum of themes in clinical parasitic disease including diagnostic, endoscopic, interventional and therapeutic advances in cancer, inflammatory diseases, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. (alliedacademies.org)
- Hirschsprung's Disease and Allied Disorders is the third edition of a comprehensive study of the neuronal disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract in children. (chipsbooks.com)
- Important new studies and progress in research on bowel motility and motility disorders are covered in detail as well as new aspects concerning the embryology, functional anatomy of the enteric nervous system. (chipsbooks.com)
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disease characterized by abdominal pain and defecation disorders. (iasp-pain.org)
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), with a prevalence ranging from 9% to 23% of the worldwide population [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- A wide variety of diseases and disorders occur in the large intestine. (britannica.com)
- In acromegaly, a severe disease that is often diagnosed late, morbidity and mortality rates are high, particularly as a result of associated cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory disorders and malignancies. (medscape.com)
- Background Microscopic colitis shares certain common clinical manifestations with functional bowel disorders, especially diarrhoea-dominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional diarrhoea. (medscape.com)
- However, the exact relationship between microscopic colitis and functional bowel disorders has not been systematically assessed. (medscape.com)
- Aim To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic overlap between functional bowel disorders and microscopic colitis. (medscape.com)
- Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCOPUS databases, as well as the abstract books of the major gastroenterology meetings, to investigate the prevalence of microscopic colitis among patients with functional bowel disorders (considering all subtypes of both disorders) and vice versa. (medscape.com)
- Conclusions There is a significant overlap of symptoms between microscopic colitis and functional bowel disorders, especially in diarrhoeal subtypes. (medscape.com)
- Microscopic colitis (MC) is a term used to identify a group of chronic inflammatory bowel disorders characterised by chronic or recurrent watery diarrhoea in the absence of abnormal radiological examinations, with normal or near-normal endoscopic appearance and specific microscopic abnormalities in colonic biopsies. (medscape.com)
- Patients with functional bowel disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - mainly the diarrhoea subtype (IBS-D) - or functional diarrhoea share similar symptoms and endoscopic results with MC patients, with both disorders having a substantial negative impact on health-related quality of life. (medscape.com)
- The Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of functional gastrointestinal disorders. (who.int)
Inflammation9
- It can effectively prevent digestive system diseases such as colon inflammation and rectum cancer. (healthanalyzermachine.com)
- A new research led by Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) in chemically induced mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) reveals the role of protein signaling pathway in the generation of macrophages that may induce inflammation in the colon. (medindia.net)
- However, an inappropriate immune response can lead to chronic inflammation and the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) . (medindia.net)
- A team of Japanese scientists led by Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) used a chemically induced mouse model of IBD to show that a protein signaling pathway is crucial to the generation of macrophages that cause colonic inflammation. (medindia.net)
- This shows the importance of the IFNγ-Stat1 signaling pathway in colonic inflammation. (medindia.net)
- As well as contributing to the differentiation of inflammatory monocytes into macrophages capable of inducing colonic inflammation, the team also found that IFNγ signaling was required to maintain this macrophage population in the inflamed colon. (medindia.net)
- Crohn disease is an idiopathic disorder that can involve the entire GI tract with transmural inflammation, noncaseating granulomas, and fissures. (medscape.com)
- Acute and chronic inflammation, with lymphocytic and giant cell perivascular infiltrates, and lymphoid follicles are the most common histologic findings in oral and GI Crohn disease. (medscape.com)
- According to a hypothesis, polyphenol (PP) activity against several forms of cancer, proliferative diseases, inflammation and neurodegeneration is mainly exerted through the inhibiting and modulating activities against a wide range of receptors, enzymes and transcription molecules 88 . (bvsalud.org)
Bacterial5
- Functional characterization of IgA-targeted bacterial taxa from undernourished Malawian children that produce diet-dependent enteropathy. (nature.com)
- Their data clarify with greater detail than previously available the nature of bacterial populations in the colonic lumen in PD. (alzforum.org)
- The composition of bacterial species in the gut, shown here at the genus level, reorients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. (alzforum.org)
- The 21st conference, hosted by the Ministry of Health of Vietnam and held in Hanoi during February 26-March 1, 2019, focused on bacterial and parasitic diseases. (cdc.gov)
- Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease. (cdc.gov)
Surgical3
- 5-9 Disease management has evolved over the years from very invasive procedures performed in several stages including three surgeries, to minimally invasive procedures carried out in a single surgical intervention. (scielo.sa.cr)
- The ASCRS Manual of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Second Edition is designed to provide a rapid access pocket reference for residents, fellows, private clinicians, and allied health professionals caring for patients with colorectal surgical diseases. (nshealth.ca)
- If medical therapy for active Crohn disease fails, surgical resection of the inflamed bowel, with restoration of continuity, is indicated. (medscape.com)
Colitis1
- The high proportion of microscopic colitis among diarrhoea-dominant functional syndromes should serve as a call for more active diagnosis in selected patients. (medscape.com)
Expressed genes1
- The research on screening differentially expressed genes in Hirschsprung's disease by using Microarray. (medscape.com)
Cancer8
- When gastritis persists in a chronic state, it is associated with several diseases, including atrophic gastritis, pyloric stenosis, and gastric cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- It cures the disease and removes all risk of developing cancer in the colon or rectum. (singhealth.com.sg)
- However, there is an increased risk of ongoing disease in the rectum, increased stool frequency, and cancer in the retained rectum. (singhealth.com.sg)
- When discussing men's health issues, we tend to hear the same diseases brought up time and again: prostate cancer, testicular cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, to name just a handful. (jimstoppani.com)
- But there's one other disease that's almost never brought up that I'd like to call your attention to: male breast cancer. (jimstoppani.com)
- For this reason, many cases of male breast cancer are diagnosed when the disease is more advanced. (jimstoppani.com)
- Campylobacter showae a bacterium historically linked to gingivitis and periodontitis, has recently been associated with inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. (figshare.com)
- Emergency surgery for colonic cancer in a defined population. (cancercentrum.se)
Colon7
- Megacolon itself is not a specific disease entity, but it will usually result in obstipation (inability to defecate), since feces is retained in the colon in a larger diameter than is able to pass through the pelvis. (acvs.org)
- Idiopathic megacolon is a disease in cats where the colon loses its normal motility and becomes progressively larger. (acvs.org)
- Modulation of colonic function in irritable bowel syndrome rats by electroacupuncture at ST25 and the neurobiological links between ST25 and the colon. (iasp-pain.org)
- The likelihood of disease among family members increases with increasing length of the involved gut-3 to 8% for disease of the distal colon and up to 20% for disease involving the entire colon. (msdmanuals.com)
- Because water is normally absorbed from the colonic content, principally in the ascending, or right, colon, diarrhea can be caused by any inflammatory, neoplastic, or vascular disturbance of that part of the colon. (britannica.com)
- Concise yet comprehensive, The ASCRS Manual of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Second Edition is very useful for physicians and researchers dealing with diseases of the colon and rectum. (nshealth.ca)
- Colonic drug delivery is historically utilized to treat colon-specific diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome but is also increasingly explored for other therapeutic applications, taking advantage of the colon's extensive absorptive surface area. (lonza.com)
Epithelial2
- In order to elicit disease, the pathogen must pass through the digestive tract and induce its uptake by colonic epithelial cells. (ku.edu)
- The SCFAs are rapidly adsorbed from the colonic lumen and constitute a preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Crohn's Disease5
- Crohn's disease is sometimes termed orofacial granulomatosis when it involves the mouth alone). (wikipedia.org)
- Eight C. showae genomes were assessed, four strains isolated from inflamed gut tissues from paediatric Crohn's disease patients, three strains from colonic adenomas, and one from a gastroenteritis patient stool. (figshare.com)
- on the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (SES-CD), the mean lower gastrointestinal score fell from 13 to 4 in the treatment group but remained unchanged in the control group. (medscape.com)
- The treatment group also showed a greater decrease than the control group in median Crohn's Disease Activity Index score (approximately 165 vs 50 points). (medscape.com)
- Personal view: food for thought--western lifestyle and susceptibility to Crohn's disease . (medscape.com)
Symptoms6
- Chronic or congenital diseases might be investigated using barium swallows, endoscopy and biopsy, whereas acute diseases such as reflux may be investigated and diagnosed based on symptoms and a medical history alone. (wikipedia.org)
- Other common symptoms that stomach disease might cause include indigestion or dyspepsia, vomiting, and in chronic disease, digestive problems leading to forms of malnutrition. (wikipedia.org)
- 8 Also, it remains an open question how an initiation exclusively in the gut would be compatible with early olfactory dysfunction, one of the most frequent symptoms at early stages of the disease. (movementdisorders.org)
- To investigate all patients referred to our center with non-responsive celiac disease (NRCD), to establish a cause for their continued symptoms. (wjgnet.com)
- Appreciate that any patient with foodborne illness may ing suspicious symptoms, disease clusters, and etiologic agents, represent the sentinel case of a more widespread outbreak. (cdc.gov)
- Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: the FODMAP approach. (medscape.com)
Mucosal1
- As in the case of MC, no distinctive biological, endoscopic or physiological parameters have been defined for IBS, and, in the absence of a colonoscopy with colonic mucosal biopsies, there is no marker for an accurate differential diagnosis between the two conditions. (medscape.com)
Clinical4
- the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the cases of Hirschsprung's Disease analyzed are similar to those reported in the literature. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Clinical and functional outcome after restorative proctocolectomy. (ox.ac.uk)
- Our aim was to generate genome sequences for new clinical C. showae strains and identify functional properties explaining their pathogenic potential. (figshare.com)
- The development of biologic anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents (eg, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and natalizumab) has significantly advanced the treatment of Crohn disease and improved the induction and maintenance of clinical remission in patients with moderate to severe disease, especially in those who are corticosteroid dependent. (medscape.com)
Pancreatic4
- PURPOSE: Hyperglycemia and abnormal glucose tolerance tests observed in some patients with chronic Chagas' disease suggest the possibility of morphological changes in pancreatic islets and/or denervation. (scielo.br)
- The purpose of this study was to describe the morphology and morphometry of pancreatic islets in chronic Chagas' disease. (scielo.br)
- Discrete fibrosis and leukocytic infiltrates were found in pancreatic ganglia and pancreatic islets of the patients with Chagas' disease. (scielo.br)
- Individuals with the Megas form of Chagas' disease showed increased area and density of pancreatic islets in the tail of the pancreas. (scielo.br)
Chronic5
- The most common condition of the oesophagus in Western countries is gastroesophageal reflux disease, which in chronic forms is thought to result in changes to the epithelium of the oesophagus, known as Barrett's oesophagus. (wikipedia.org)
- It may also be necessary for those who have the chronic form of the disease, where medication fails to work or when the side-effects of medication are intolerable. (singhealth.com.sg)
- METHODS: Morphologic and computerized morphometric studies were performed in fragments of the head, body, and tail regions of the pancreas obtained at necropsies of 8 normal controls and 17 patients with chronic Chagas' disease: 8 with the digestive form (Megas) and 9 with the congestive heart failure form. (scielo.br)
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. (singhealth.com.sg)
- Fissures or fistulas may occur in persons with chronic disease. (medscape.com)
Celiac disease6
- We assessed all patients referred to our center with non-responsive celiac disease over an 18-mo period. (wjgnet.com)
- Twelve were found not to have celiac disease (CD). (wjgnet.com)
- A number of interesting new genes were implicated in this study, including genes associated with other autoimmune conditions such as celiac disease (TAGAP), type 1 diabetes (IL2RA, TAGAP), ankylosing spondylitis (ERAP1), multiple sclerosis (IL2RA), asthma (DENND1B), and rheumatoid arthritis (TAGAP), suggesting a common shared biological pathway across inflammatory diseases. (crohnsforum.com)
- A gluten-free diet, inspired by what is prescribed to treat celiac disease, has gained popularity in recent years. (medscape.com)
- Lebwohl B, Ludvigsson J, Gree P. Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. (medscape.com)
- Specific nongluten proteins of wheat are novel target antigens in celiac disease humoral response. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis10
- Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Diagnosis and Therapy is a peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to advancing the science and practice of parasitic diseases. (alliedacademies.org)
- Articles published in Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Diagnosis and Therapy have been cited by esteemed scholars and scientists all around the world. (alliedacademies.org)
- Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Diagnosis and Therapy has got h-index 6 , which means every article in Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Diagnosis and Therapy has got 6 average citations. (alliedacademies.org)
- RITM undertakes research activities in the diagnosis, control and prevention of tropical diseases that are major causes of mortality and morbidity in the Philippines, develops cost-effective strategie. (bvsalud.org)
- Co-first authors Janis Bedarf in Bonn and Falk Hildebrand at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg wanted to measure microbiome changes in the earliest stages of the disease, within one year of diagnosis and prior to starting dopaminergic therapy. (alzforum.org)
- Nine of them will not have inflammatory bowel disease, and diagnosis will be delayed in 8% of the affected children. (bmj.com)
- Early diagnosis and management avoids the potential complications of patients with Hirschsprung's disease. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Patients with the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease were included during the established term, who had undergone surgery. (scielo.sa.cr)
- New genetic test helps in early diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and also predict its severity. (medindia.net)
- [ 14 ] Currently, diagnosis of IBS is symptom-based, with diagnostic criteria for each IBS-subtype as well as for functional diarrhoea. (medscape.com)
Therapeutic1
- Thus it may be a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (medindia.net)
Biopsies1
- For example, alpha-synuclein, one of the most reliable markers of the disease, can be found in gastrointestinal biopsies of patients with PD. (movementdisorders.org)
Microbiome1
- The gut microbiome, a key constituent of the colonic environment, has been implicated as an important modulator of human health. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene5
- A genome-wide association study identifies IL23R as an inflammatory bowel disease gene. (nature.com)
- A knowledge graph of biological entities such as genes, gene functions, diseases, phenotypes and chemicals. (edu.sa)
- At Digestive Disease Week (DDW) 2010, The International IBD Genetics Consortium presented 2 studies[3,4] that continue the recent trend of combining individual genetic studies, thereby increasing statistical power and strengthening the gene-disease association. (crohnsforum.com)
- A very well-conducted candidate gene study that identified RAC1 as a likely CD susceptibility gene[6] highlights the increased understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. (crohnsforum.com)
- Our generated cell lines might be a beneficial tool for future studies on disease modeling and targeted gene therapies. (bvsalud.org)
Metabolic1
- Brain disease , metabolic failure, or drugs can dull the normal signals that give rise to the urge to defecate. (britannica.com)
Carcinogenesis1
- Some studies suggest that fermented milks containing Bifidobacterium strains may be able to inhibit colonic carcinogenesis [Picard et al 2005]. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
Perforation1
- This may progress to colonic perforation, causing life-threatening sepsis. (medscape.com)
Acute1
- 863-865 Acute disease might include infections such as oesophagitis, trauma caused by the ingestion of corrosive substances, or rupture of veins such as oesophageal varices, Boerhaave syndrome or Mallory-Weiss tears. (wikipedia.org)
Neuronal2
- Langer JC, Betti PA, Blennerhassett MG. Smooth muscle from aganglionic bowel in Hirschsprung's disease impairs neuronal development in vitro. (medscape.com)
- LINE-1 retrotransposons drive human neuronal transcriptome complexity and functional diversification. (lu.se)
Strains1
- Functional assays indicated that colonic strains segregated into 2 groups: adherent/invasive vs. non-adherent/non-invasive strains. (figshare.com)
Tumor1
- Secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome, which is very rare compared to the primary variant, is due to compression of the hepatic vein by an outside structure (such as a tumor or polycystic kidney disease ). (wikipedia.org)
Hirschsprung's Disease5
- Heanue TA, Pachnis V. Enteric nervous system development and Hirschsprung's disease: advances in genetic and stem cell studies. (medscape.com)
- Okamoto E, Takashi U. Embryogenesis of intramural ganglia of the gut and its relation to Hirschsprung's disease. (medscape.com)
- Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the intestine. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Upon approval of the study by the institutional bioethics committee, the medical records were reviewed as population taking all patients discharged from the National Children's Hospital diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease from January 2000 to December 2010. (scielo.sa.cr)
- Cases with incomplete records and all patients who had Hirschsprung's disease ruled out were excluded from the analysis. (scielo.sa.cr)
Dysfunction1
- In recent years, the importance of non-motor features in Parkinson's disease (PD) has become increasingly recognized, and one of them that may have a pathophysiologic role is the gastrointestinal dysfunction. (movementdisorders.org)
Pathogenesis1
- The academic world of genetic research has been dominated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genetic research in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been no exception -- the publication of individual and meta-analyses of GWAS have led to significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD. (crohnsforum.com)
Meconium1
- Cystic fibrosis that produces a colonic variant of meconium ileus should be considered and the appropriate DNA testing performed. (medscape.com)
Enteric1
- Delayed release and/or enteric protection is provided by a functional coating of tablets and multiparticulates, or through the use of specialized enteric capsule technologies. (lonza.com)
Patients15
- The major strength of the study is based on the availability of information in the entire Danish Patient Register from 1996 to 2014, which allows historical prospective assessment of the risk of new occurrences of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) during long-term, essentially complete follow-up in patients after colectomy by comparison with matched patients that had undergone other types of surgery. (bmj.com)
- This predisposition is more common in patients with longer-segment disease. (medscape.com)
- Conclusion: The current study suggests that the functional variant (rs1044129) in the miR-367 binding site of RYR3 may be a potential marker for prognosis in patients following curative surgery for CRC. (iiarjournals.org)
- Inclusion criteria Studies that had collected data prospectively in patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease and allowed for construction of a two by two table. (bmj.com)
- Conclusion Testing for faecal calprotectin is a useful screening tool for identifying patients who are most likely to need endoscopy for suspected inflammatory bowel disease. (bmj.com)
- Endoscopic evaluation with histopathological sampling are generally considered indispensable in the investigation of patients with suspected inflammatory bowel disease. (bmj.com)
- Eventually, we likely deal with a multifactorial disease, and therefore, different mechanisms may be at play in different patients. (movementdisorders.org)
- This book provides a valuable resource for surgeons and health care providers who care for patients with colorectal disease at all stages of their careers. (nshealth.ca)
- Soixante-douze virgule deux pour cent des patients déclaraient satisfaits de leur prise en charge. (bvsalud.org)
- Conclusion: Le développement extensif de la chirurgie ambulatoire est basé sur la sélection des patients à qui l'on propose ce type de prise en charge. (bvsalud.org)
- Matériel et méthode d'étude : Il s'agit d'une étude transversale descriptive et analytique ayant porté sur les patients reçus en consultation pour une pathologie thyroïdienne dans le service d'endocrinologie diabétologie sur une période de 10 ans. (bvsalud.org)
- In 2013, the first randomized controlled trial of stem cell transplantation in treatment-resistant Crohn disease was performed in 45 patients with moderately to severely active disease. (medscape.com)
- Many patients with an exacerbation of Crohn disease can be treated on an outpatient basis. (medscape.com)
- Patients should be examined on a regular basis, with the frequency of examination depending on the severity and activity of their disease. (medscape.com)
- Functional implications of microbial and viral gut metagenome changes in early stage L-DOPA-naïve Parkinson's disease patients. (cdc.gov)
Pathophysiology1
- Chang, J. T. Pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. (nature.com)
Gastric1
- 863-867 Gastric diseases refer to diseases affecting the stomach. (wikipedia.org)
Systemic diseases1
- [2] Other less common risk factors include systemic diseases such as aspergillosis , Behçet's disease , connective tissue disease , mastocytosis , inflammatory bowel disease HIV infection , sarcoidosis or myeloma . (wikipedia.org)
FODMAP1
- Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment. (medscape.com)
Bacteria4
- Immunoglobulin A coating identifies colitogenic bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. (nature.com)
- It contains a rich supply of blood vessels that actively exchange substances, and mucous membranes that harbor vast communities of functional bacteria. (drvitaminsolutions.com)
- Bacteria are responsible for more than half of cases, [3] typically via foodborne illness and waterborne diseases . (wikipedia.org)
- Scientists aim to pinpoint particular functional pathways affected by these bacteria that may have an impact on skeletal health. (medindia.net)
Therapy1
- Therapy for mild Crohn disease is typically administered in a sequential "step-up" approach, in which less aggressive and less toxic treatments are initiated first, followed by more potent medications or procedures if the initial therapy fails. (medscape.com)
Gastrointestinal diseases2
- Gastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. (wikipedia.org)
- The oral cavity is part of the gastrointestinal system and as such the presence of alterations in this district can be the first sign of both systemic and gastrointestinal diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Incidence of inflammatory bowel d1
- The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease is on the increase in both adults and children. (bmj.com)
Barrier1
- The colonic microflora normally presents a barrier to invading organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Microbial2
- Reporting April 28 in Genome Medicine, researchers led by Ullrich Wüllner of the University of Bonn in Germany describe striking changes in the microbial communities living in the intestines of people in the earliest stages of the disease. (alzforum.org)
- Recent changes in human demographics and food preferences, changes in food production and distribution systems, microbial adaptation, and lack of support for public health resources and infrastructure have led to the emergence of novel as well as traditional foodborne diseases. (cdc.gov)
Parkinson's1
- Based on the available data, do you think that Parkinson's disease could start in the gut? (movementdisorders.org)
