Coinfection. Medical search

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. It is genetically heterogeneous, of human origin, and transmitted by blood or blood products. Despite its alternate name (Hepatitis G virus), its pathogenicity remains controversial.

Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE.

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.

Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.

A tick-borne disease characterized by FEVER; HEADACHE; myalgias; ANOREXIA; and occasionally RASH. It is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; HORSES; and humans. The primary species causing human disease are EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; and Ehrlichia ewingii.

An idiopathic disorder characterized by the loss of filiform papillae leaving reddened areas of circinate macules bound by a white band. The lesions heal, then others erupt.

A genus of the family ORTHOMYXOVIRUS causing HUMAN INFLUENZA and other diseases primarily in humans. In contrast to INFLUENZAVIRUS A, no distinct antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HEMAGGLUTININS) and NEURAMINIDASE are recognized.

Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

A genus in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE causing influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. It contains many strains as well as antigenic subtypes of the integral membrane proteins hemagglutinin (HEMAGGLUTININS) and NEURAMINIDASE. The type species is INFLUENZA A VIRUS.

A species of protozoa infecting humans via the intermediate tick vector IXODES scapularis. The other hosts are the mouse PEROMYSCUS leucopus and meadow vole MICROTUS pennsylvanicus, which are fed on by the tick. Other primates can be experimentally infected with Babesia microti.

Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.

Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.

A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms are distributed in Central and South America. Characteristics include a smooth cuticle and an enlarged anterior end.

A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes in the STOMACH of laboratory MICE; CATS; and DOGS. It is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild GASTRITIS in CATS.

A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including ZOONOSES in humans. They are caused by protozoa of the genus BABESIA, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick IXODES SCAPULARIS.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.

A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.

Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

A species of intestinal nematode parasites which occur most commonly in mice. Infection is by ingesting larvae. This particular species is used extensively in immunological research.

A species of SPUMAVIRUS causing non-pathogenic infections in chimpanzees and humans.

Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.

Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.

A family of RNA viruses, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. There are three genera FLAVIVIRUS; PESTIVIRUS; and HEPACIVIRUS, as well as several unassigned species.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.

The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.

A species ARTERIVIRUS, occurring in a number of transplantable mouse tumors. Infected mice have permanently elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.

The amount time between exposure to an infectious agent and becoming symptomatic.

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.

A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.

A species of parasitic nematode widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries. The females and their larvae inhabit the mucosa of the intestinal tract, where they cause ulceration and diarrhea.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.

Infection with ROSEOLOVIRUS, the most common in humans being EXANTHEMA SUBITUM, a benign disease of infants and young children.

The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.

The inter- and intra-relationships between various microorganisms. This can include both positive (like SYMBIOSIS) and negative (like ANTIBIOSIS) interactions. Examples include virus - bacteria and bacteria - bacteria.

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ANAPLASMA, family ANAPLASMATACEAE, formerly called Ehrlichia phagocytophila or Ehrlichia equi. This organism is tick-borne (IXODES) and causes disease in horses and sheep. In humans, it causes human granulocytic EHRLICHIOSIS.

Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2, closely related to the human HTLV-1 virus. The clinical, hematological, and histopathological characteristics of the disease in STLV-infected monkeys are very similar to those of human adult T-cell leukemia. Subgroups include the African green monkey subtype (STLV-I-AGM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 95% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1, and the Asian rhesus macaque subtype (STLV-I-MM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 90% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A genus in the subfamily PARVOVIRINAE comprising three species: Bovine parvovirus, Canine minute virus, and HUMAN BOCAVIRUS.

A species of free-living soil amoeba in the family Balamuthiidae, causing AMEBIASIS and a deadly form of ENCEPHALITIS in humans.

Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.

Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.

Small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in circulating LYMPHOCYTES. They are the etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases of humans; DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; and HORSES.

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.

Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.

Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.

An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of infected ticks. The families Ixodidae and Argasidae contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals and probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents they transmit. Many of the tick-borne diseases are zoonotic.

Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Infections with ASTROVIRUS, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.

The presence of viruses in the blood.

Pathological processes of the UTERINE CERVIX.

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.

Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.

A species of non-enveloped DNA virus in the genus ANELLOVIRUS, associated with BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS; and HEPATITIS. However, no etiological role has been found for TTV in hepatitis.

Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.

A species in the genus RHADINOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, isolated from patients with AIDS-related and "classical" Kaposi sarcoma.

The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.

A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (LUNG) and BRONCHI, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE in humans. In SHEEP, it is caused by MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE. In CATTLE, it may be caused by MYCOPLASMA DISPAR.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects SWINE; PSITTACINES; and non-psittacine BIRDS. Species include Beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds, and Porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs (PORCINE POSTWEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME).

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.

The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. The phenotypic expression of the genotype in a particular environment determines how genetically fit an organism will be.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.

Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.

Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.

The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.

Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.

OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A genus of the subfamily PNEUMOVIRINAE, containing two members: Turkey rhinotracheitis virus and a human Metapneumovirus. Virions lack HEMAGGLUTININ and NEURAMINIDASE.

Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.

A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 that can transform normal T-lymphocytes and can replicate in both T- and B-cell lines. The virus is related to but distinct from HTLV-1.

A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.

A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.

A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.

REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS : AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIVE ROLES OF HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERCURRENT NEPHRITIC SYNDROME. (1/1033)

1. The vital importance of the cellular defense forces in the resistance of the monkey to combined streptococcus and influenza virus infections has been demonstrated. 2. Some of the conditions prejudicial to the maintenance of an optimum cellular reserve in the infected animal have been revealed; viz., undernutrition, physical cold, intratracheal route of infection. 3. The potential threat exerted by latent foci of streptococci, and the importance, in relation to the combined infection with virus, of cellular and humoral immunity, together or separately, have been demonstrated. The essential role of optimum nutrition (notably as concerns the vitamin B complex, and folic acid specifically) in the prevention of disastrous illness from these infectious agents, individually or in combination, would seem to have been proven. 4. Signs of glomerular nephritis appeared in a significant number of monkeys receiving Streptococcus hemolyticus and influenza virus in sequence, followed by reinoculation or spontaneous reappearance of the streptococci. 5. Reinoculation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, resulted in a prompt "booster" increase in the opsonic index. Virus instillation was followed by just as sudden a depression in this index. 6. Reinoculation failed to evoke either the granulocytosis or the leucopenia in monkeys which are characteristic effects of the streptococcus and the virus respectively when these agents are introduced for the first time by way of the nasal mucous membrane. 7. Simultaneous intranasal inoculation of influenza virus, type A, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, in nutritionally normal Macaca mulatta failed to produce obvious signs of disease. In most of the animals, however, a streptococcus-induced leucocytosis followed by a delayed virus-induced granulopenia developed. 8. Inoculation of influenza virus followed in 4 to 17 days by streptococci produced obvious signs of disease in five of eleven animals which had become leucopenic as result of the action of the virus, and fatal streptococcal septicemia in two monkeys. 9. The development of signs of infection in previously healthy monkeys exposed to virus followed by streptococci confirms both the clinical and laboratory experience of other observers, that virus infection may predispose to secondary bacterial invasion, and, that at times, under unfavorable circumstances, the infection may become overwhelming. Although the complete mechanism of resistance is as yet not wholly clear, the depressant or inhibitory effect of the virus on both its cellular and humoral elements has been established. (+info)

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV co-infection. (2/1033)

Chronic HCV co-infection is present in up to one third of HIV-positive patients in Europe. In recent years, apart from the traditional transmission route of intravenous drug abuse, outbreaks of sexually transmitted acute HCV infections, mainly among HIV-positive men who have sex with men, have contributed to the overall disease burden. - Because the natural course of HCV infection is substantially accelerated in HIV-co-infection, end-stage liver disease has become the most frequent cause of non-AIDS related death in this population. Therefore every HIV/HCV co-infected patient should be evaluated for possible anti-HCV therapy with the goal of reaching a sustained virological response and thus cure of hepatitis C infection. The standard of care for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in HIV-infected remains a pegylated interferon in combination with weight-adapted ribavirin. - HAART should not be withheld from HCV co-infected patients due to concerns of drug related hepatotoxicity and in patients with reduced CD4-cell counts HAART should be started first. Under pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy drug to drug interactions and cumulated toxicity between nucleoside analogues and anti-HCV therapy may be observed and concomitant didanosine use is contraindicated and zidovudine and stavudine should be avoided if possible. - The development of new drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C represents a promising perspective also for HIV positive patients. However, these substances will probably reach clinical routine for HIV patients later than HCV monoinfected patients. Therefore at present waiting for new drugs is not an alternative to a modern pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy. (+info)

The impact of HIV/HCV co-infection on health care utilization and disability: results of the ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) Cohort. (3/1033)

(+info)

Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: successful prophylaxis with fluconazole, as demonstrated by prospective randomized control trial. (4/1033)

(+info)

Short communication decreased incidence of dual infections in South african subtype C-infected women compared to a cohort ten years earlier. (5/1033)

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HIV-malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa. (6/1033)

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Description of the parasite Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae identified in follicular fluid following transvaginal oocyte retrieval. (7/1033)

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IL-22 production is regulated by IL-23 during Listeria monocytogenes infection but is not required for bacterial clearance or tissue protection. (8/1033)

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Coinfection[edit]. Coinfection is a major concern with neglected tropical diseases, making NTDs more damaging than their ... For this reason, coinfection carries a higher risk of mortality. NTDs may also play a role in infection with other diseases, ... NTD co-infection can also make HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis more deadly.[3] ... "Diagnosing Neglected Tropical Diseases in HIV Coinfection". Human Parasitic Diseases. 2015 (7): 11. doi:10.4137/HPD.S19569 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglected_Tropical_Diseases

TB-HIV co-infection. References[edit]. *^ "Swaziland 2016 Country factsheet". UNAIDS. Retrieved 14 January 2018.. .mw-parser- ... More than one-third of Swazi women between the ages of 15 and 49 are living with HIV;[22] this is accompanied by high HIV-TB co-infection ... HIV and tuberculosis (TB) co-infection[edit]. Eswatini not only has the highest adult HIV prevalence globally, it also has the ... second highest rate of HIV-tuberculosis (TB) co-infection in the world.[43] Accompanying this statistic, TB-related mortality ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Swaziland

Tick-borne coinfections[edit]. Main article: Tick-borne disease. Ticks that transmit B. burgdorferi to humans can also carry ... Coinfections complicate Lyme symptoms, especially diagnosis and treatment. It is possible for a tick to carry and transmit one ... with high risks of coinfection in roe deer.[159] Nevertheless, in the 2000s, in roe deer in Europe "two species of Rickettsia ... should be investigated for possible coinfection with other tick-borne diseases, such as ehrlichiosis and babesiosis.[30] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

Coinfection Narayan, O; Griffin, DE; Chase, J (1977). "Antigenic shift of visna virus in persistently infected sheep". Science ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_shift

Malaria co-infectionEdit. Co-infection with hookworm and Plasmodium falciparum is common in Africa.[52] Although exact numbers ... Knowles SC (August 2011). "The effect of helminth co-infection on malaria in mice". Int. J. Parasitol. 41 (10): 1041-51. doi: ... Additionally, both malaria and helminth infection can cause anemia, but the effect of co-infection and possible enhancement of ... While original hypotheses stated that co-infection with multiple parasites would impair the host's immune response to a single ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookworm_infection

Bruchfeld J, Correia-Neves M, Källenius G (February 2015). "Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection

Coinfection is common among adolescents. An STI can have a large negative physiological and psychological effect on an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality

Further Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Screening should be performed as HIV positive women are at a higher risk for co-infection ... Hepatitis A, B, and C Screening should be performed in all pregnant women with HIV because coinfection is common. ... "Hepatitis B Virus/HIV Coinfection , Special Populations , Antepartum Care , Perinatal , ClinicalInfo". clinicalinfo.hiv.gov. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy

... increases the risk of HIV transmission by two to five times, and coinfection is common (30-60% in some urban centers ... Karp, G; Schlaeffer, F; Jotkowitz, A; Riesenberg, K (January 2009). "Syphilis and HIV co-infection". European Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis

"TB and HIV , Co-infection, statistics, diagnosis & treatment". TB Facts.org. Retrieved 2018-03-19. Prevention, CDC - Centers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_medicine

Coinfection by multiple parasites is common. Autoinfection, where (by exception) the whole of the parasite's life-cycle takes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism

Karp, G; Schlaeffer, F; Jotkowitz, A; Riesenberg, K (January 2009). "Syphilis and HIV co-infection". European Journal of ... and coinfection is common (30-60% in some urban centers).[2][14] In 2015, Cuba became the first country to eliminate mother-to- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_syphilis

Okwor, I; Uzonna, JE (May 2013). "The immunology of Leishmania/HIV co-infection". Immunologic Research. 56 (1): 163-71. doi: ... Olivier, M; Badaró, R; Medrano, FJ; Moreno, J (2003). "The pathogenesis of Leishmania/HIV co-infection: cellular and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmania_donovani

A cross infection and co-infection study". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 150: 101-105. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.09.014. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triatoma_virus

Kwenti TE (2018). "Malaria and HIV coinfection in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence, impact, and treatment strategies". Research ... Frischknecht F, Fackler OT (July 2016). "Experimental systems for studying Plasmodium/HIV coinfection". FEBS Letters. 590 (13 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy-associated_malaria

Coinfection of HIV with malaria increases mortality. Kidney failure is a feature of blackwater fever, where haemoglobin from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria

If co-infection occurs, then reassortment is possible. A notable example of this was the reassortment of a swine, avian, and ... ICV-associated hospitalization most commonly occurs in children under the age of 3 and is frequently accompanied by co-infection ... complex with other pathogens during co-infection. BRD is a concern for the cattle industry, so IDV's possible involvement in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

Ortega, Omayra Y (2008-01-01). "Evaluation of rotavirus models with coinfection and vaccination". Theses and Dissertations. doi ... Her dissertation was on mathematical epidemiology, titled "Evaluation of Rotavirus models with coinfection and vaccination" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omayra_Ortega

May RM, Nowak MA (August 1995). "Coinfection and the evolution of parasite virulence" (PDF). Proceedings. Biological Sciences. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycovirus

Applied Mathematical & Computational Sciences (2008). Evaluation of Rotavirus Models with Coinfection and Vaccination. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hummus

2016). "Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in Vietnam". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 46 (2): 12-22. doi:10.1016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam

"AIDS 2010: Halving HIV/TB Co-infection Deaths; Financial Transaction Tax Discussed, And More". globalhealth.kff.org. 2011. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_International_AIDS_Conference,_2010

Co-infection is known to cause earlier liver deterioration and more severe illness. Adult and larval worms migrate through the ... This is an important diagnostic tool because co-infection with S. haematobium (having a terminal-spined eggs) is common, and ... Gasim, Gasim I; Bella, Abdelhaleem; Adam, Ishag (2015). "Schistosomiasis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C co-infection". Virology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosoma_mansoni

More studies and research must be done to determine the synergistic effect of co-infection and its effect on the human body. So ... ISBN 978-0-321-73360-3. Swanson, Stephen J.; Neitzel, David; Reed, Kurt D.; Belongia, Edward A. (2006-10-01). "Coinfections ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi

Coinfections run an acute course; expression of the HDV is accompanied by a weak and transient antibody response and is ... In simultaneous coinfection with the HBV, the HDV is rescued by the partner HBV with which it shares the HBsAg coat; in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_Hepatitis_D

Masukume, Gwinyai; Mapanga, Witness; Grinberg, Sagy; Zyl, Doreen S. van (2021). "COVID-19 and HIV co-infection an emerging ... has included guidelines to support HIV-affected individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy safely and COVID-19 and HIV co-infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindisiwe_van_Zyl

Numerous studies reported high rates of coinfection with helminthes. However, recent study has failed to show any association ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dientamoebiasis

Superinfection Remion, Azaria; Delord, Marc; Saragosti, Sentob; Mammano, Fabrizio (2013-09-19). "Co-infection, super-infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_interference

... coinfection among people of color in the United States and its territories. Topics covered include prevention, screening, ...

https://aidsetc.org/hivhcv

Co-infection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species, for instance multi-parasite infections. Co- ... Co-infections with Babesia microti and Plasmodium parasites along the China-Myanmar border Babesiosis is an emerging health ... Malaria endemicity and co-infection with tissue-dwelling parasites in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review Mechanisms and outcomes of ... Development, coinfection, and the syndemics of pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa Notable among gaps in the achievement of the ...

https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/CIS

People infected with HIV who also have either latent TB infection or TB disease can be effectively treated. The first step is to ensure that people living with HIV are tested for TB infection. If found to have TB infection, further tests are needed to rule out TB disease. The next step is to start treatment for latent TB infection or TB disease based on test results.. Treatment. Untreated latent TB infection can quickly progress to TB disease in people living with HIV since the immune system is already weakened. And without treatment, TB disease can progress from sickness to death.. Fortunately, there are a number of treatment options for people living with HIV who also have either latent TB infection or TB disease.. Learn about Treatment.. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/basics/tbhivcoinfection.htm

Risk of coinfection. *Anaplasma coinfection with non-rickettsial pathogens has been reported in ,10% of patients. ... The presence of a rash might indicate that the patient has a coinfection with Lyme disease, or another tickborne disease. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/anaplasmosis/healthcare-providers/co-infections.html

Anaplasmosis Bacteriophage coinfection GB virus C HIV-HCV coinfection HIV-TB coinfection (enhances TB transmission and ... Coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. In virology, coinfection includes ... Coinfection with helminths affects around 800 million people worldwide. Coinfection is of particular human health importance ... Other common examples of coinfections are AIDS, which involves coinfection of end-stage HIV with opportunistic parasites and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinfection

The high rate of HIV/HCV co-infection and the similar routes of transmission of both viruses underscore the importance of ... HIV and Hepatitis C Co-infection: Guideline and Commentary - Medscape - Jan 05, 2011. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/734975_4

Influence of Hepatitis C Virus Co-Infection and Hepatitis C Virus Treatment on Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV-Positive ... HIV and Hepatitis C Co-infection: Guideline and Commentary - Medscape - Jan 05, 2011. ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/734975_7

Just wondering if HCV And HIV coinfection can cause delayed seroconversion and what is the window period for HCV because i am ... HCV and HIV Coinfection. Just wondering if HCV And HIV coinfection can cause delayed seroconversion and what is the window ... Just wondering if HCV And HIV coinfection can cause delayed seroconversion and what is the window period for HCV because i am ... Such tests are done at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months, and longer in specific circumstances, such as co-infection ...

http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Hepatitis-C/HCV-and-HIV-Coinfection/show/1624584

Almost 35 countries have reported autochthonous coinfections. Visceral leishmaniasis is more frequently described. However, ... coinfection can manifest itself as tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. ... Leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection: current challenges HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2016 Oct 7;8:147-156. doi: 10.2147/HIV.S93789. eCollection ... Leishmaniasis - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection can manifest itself as tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27785103/?dopt=Abstract

Bacterial coinfection complicated nearly all influenza deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic and up to 34% of 2009 pandemic ... Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review.. Chertow DS1, Memoli MJ. ... Complex viral, bacterial, and host factors contribute to the pathogenesis of coinfection. Reductions in morbidity and mortality ... infection admitted to 35 intensive care units in the United States reveal that bacterial coinfection commonly occurs within the ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23321766?tool=MedlinePlus

Fry labs said I was clear of all coinfections (had the whole enchilada of tests they offer, and all came up negative). I dont ... I know iron does not encourage Lyme, but what about coinfections? Does anyone know if iron feeds Bartonella, Babesia or ...

https://www.healingwell.com/community/default.aspx?f=30&m=1481304&g=1481380

Some studies have found rates of neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV/HCV coinfection not to be significantly worse than rates in ... cause cerebral changes on magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain.3-5 The combined effect of both HIV and HCV coinfection ... HCV-monoinfected individuals.6,7 Other studies observe a trend for patients with HIV/HCV coinfection to perform worse ...

http://www.natap.org/2009/HIV/082809_01.htm

The burden of co-infection is especially high in certain high-risk groups, such as intravenous drug users and men who have sex ... Due to the similar routes of transmission of HIV and HCV, HIV-positive individuals are at great risk of HIV and HCV co-infection ... In contrast to HIV and HCV co-infection, there has been significant research delineating the signs and symptoms of each of ... This suggests that interventions aiming to reduce the disease burden associated with HIV and HCV co-infection must consist of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_and_HIV_coinfection

HIV/tuberculosis co-infection: Tunneling towards better diagnosis. CNRS. Journal. Cell Reports. Funder. CNRS, Inserm. Keywords ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-03/c-hct032119.php

Ask the Experts > Forum on Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection > Q & A HCV. Sep 16, 2012 My MPX test came back positive and ...

http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Hepatitis/Q224812.html

Ask the Experts > Forum on Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection > Q & A serocovert. Sep 12, 2010 hi what is seroconvertion stage means ...

http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Hepatitis/Q210731.html

... Marcos Marvá,1 Ezio Venturino,2 and Rafael Bravo de la Parra1 ... E. C. Griffiths, A. B. P. Pedersen, A. Fenton, and O. L. Petchey, "The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans," ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jam/2015/275485/ref/

This review discusses the current literature on mammalian coinfection with B. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative ... Keywords: Babesia; Borrelia; Babesiosis; Lyme disease; coinfection; tick-borne pathogens Babesia; Borrelia; Babesiosis; Lyme ... Parveen, N.; Bhanot, P. Babesia microti-Borrelia burgdorferi Coinfection. Pathogens 2019, 8, 117. ... This review discusses the current literature on mammalian coinfection with B. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/8/3/117/xml

The results also suggest prevention of simultaneous co-infection is not as important as preventing co-infection regardless of ... How Co-Infection of Ribwort Plantain with Powdery Mildew Can Explain Epidemic Spread. Sources: Wikipedia; Modifications: Jason ... But the number of plants with over 60% co-infection was over 10 times higher than at the start of the experiment. This result ... There is still not enough evidence to reveal if simultaneous co-infections could lead to an worsening epidemic or even the ...

https://www.popsci.com/challenging-consequences-co-infections/

... infection unless they are known to have HIV/HCV coinfection (see HIV/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection) (AIII). ... Panels Recommendations Regarding HIV/Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection. Panels Recommendations *All pregnant women living with ... For additional information on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, see HIV/Hepatitis B (HBV) Coinfection in the Adult and ... Nearly 10% of infants born to mothers with HIV/HBV coinfection had HBV DNA detected by age 48 weeks despite being immunized ...

https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/3/perinatal/159/hiv-hepatitis-b-virus-coinfection

... Oh, So You Thought If You Got Vaccinated You Would Avert Death By ... This is called co-infection. This is the missing piece of the COVID-19 puzzle, which vaccination will not prevent. ... In another study those patients with severe COVID-19 were 2.9 to 18.2 times more likely to have coinfections with bacteria or ... It is possible that some patients die from bacterial coinfection rather than the COVID-19 virus itself. In the 2009 H1N1 flu ...

https://www.lewrockwell.com/2021/05/bill-sardi/the-missing-piece-of-the-covid-19-death-puzzle-co-infection/

On behalf of HHC, thank you for the opportunity to discuss HIV/AIDS - Hepatitis C co-infection. I will begin with an overview ... But, if he has Hepatitis C co-infection, his lifespan will be markedly reduced to only 10-30 years beyond diagnosis unless the ... City Council Committee Oversight Hearing on HIV/AIDS - Hepatitis C Co-Infection. JOSEPH MASCI, M.D.,FACP. DIRECTOR OF MEDICINE ... All persons with HIV and Hepatitis C co-infection should have an ultrasound of their liver yearly to screen for hepatocellular ...

http://www.nyc.gov/html/hhc/html/about/oversight-hearing-hiv-hepatitis-20110411.shtml

HIV Infection Hepatitis B Coinfection Drug: Tenofovir Drug: Zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (LAM), efavirenz (EFV) Phase 4 ... Coinfection. Liver Diseases. Digestive System Diseases. Lentivirus Infections. Retroviridae Infections. RNA Virus Infections. ... Virological and Clinical Anti-HBV Efficacy of Tenofovir in Antiretroviral naïve Patients With HIV/HBV Co-infection. ... multi-centre trial of tenofovir vs lamivudine vs tenofovir/lamivudine in antiretroviral naïve subjects with HIV/HBV co-infection ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00192595?order=88

These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of influenza coinfection and the differences in pathogenesis of ... and how the 1918 influenza PB1-F2 protein and the bacterial strain and dose contribute to coinfection kinetics. We find that ...

https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1003238

However, very little was known about the extent of HIV/HCV coinfection prior to this study, which was the first global study of ... Paper: Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis by L ... The study shows the greatest burden of HIV/HCV coinfection in Eastern Europe and central Asia, where there are an estimated ... The researchers included studies with estimates of HCV coinfection in the main HIV population, as well as sub-groups of PWID, ...

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2016/march/hiv-hcv-coinfection.html

... Ansicht/. Öffnen. emhj_1998_4_2_388_390. ... 1998)‎. [‎Co-infection Leishmania/HIV: epidemiological analysis of 692 retrospoective cases]‎. EMHJ - Eastern Mediterranean ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/118274?locale-attribute=de

HBV-HIV Coinfection Research Network. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study ... However, chronic liver disease due to coinfection with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) virus has emerged as the second leading ... Coinfection. Hepadnaviridae Infections. DNA Virus Infections. Virus Diseases. Hepatitis, Viral, Human. Hepatitis. Liver ... What are the long term risks of TDF-based therapy for HBV in HIV coinfection? In short, what are the risks and benefits of TDF- ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01924455?term=%22+August+07%2C++2013%22%3A%22+September+06%2C++2013%22%5BFIRST-RECEIVED-DATE%5DAND+HIV%5BCONDITION%5D&rank=8

... co-infections, HIV-exposed uninfected children adherence and disclosure within care, treatment interruption, and accelerated ... and efficacy of these interventions for the prevention and treatment of HIV and its co-morbidities/co-infections thereby ...

https://depts.washington.edu/gwach/hiv-and-co-infections/

Other common examples of coinfections are AIDS, which involves coinfection of end-stage HIV with opportunistic parasites and polymicrobial infections like Lyme disease with other diseases. (wikipedia.org)
The presence of a rash might indicate that the patient has a coinfection with Lyme disease , or another tickborne disease. (cdc.gov)
I know iron does not encourage Lyme, but what about coinfections? (healingwell.com)
This review discusses the current literature on mammalian coinfection with B. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi , the causative agent Lyme disease. (mdpi.com)
Two of the most common and damaging Lyme coinfections are Bartonella and Mycoplasma. (innertraditions.com)
Coinfections may be common - at least among those with chronic Lyme disease. (lymedisease.org)
A recently published LDo survey over 3,000 patients with chronic Lyme disease found that over 50% had coinfections, with 30% reporting two or more coinfections. (lymedisease.org)
Chronic coinfections in patients diagnosed with chronic lyme disease: a systematic review. (duke.edu)

In coinfection, although two pathogens are identified, a potential pathogen may be present but may not be a cause of existing vaginal symptoms. (nih.gov)

All pregnant and postpartum women with HIV/HBV coinfection should receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). (nih.gov)
WHO commissioned the study to inform an update of its guidelines on screening of coinfections and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and to inform regional and national strategies for HCV screening and management. (bristol.ac.uk)
Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Liver Related Mortality in Patients with HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection," Lancet, Vol. 362, No. 9397, 2003, pp. 1708-1713. (scirp.org)
We propose a population model for TB-HIV/AIDS coinfection transmission dynamics, which considers antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection and treatments for latent and active tuberculosis. (aimsciences.org)

HIV/HBV coinfection does not necessitate cesarean delivery, if not otherwise indicated (see Intrapartum Care ) (AIII) . (nih.gov)
HCV coinfection does not necessitate cesarean delivery when it is not otherwise indicated (see Transmission and Mode of Delivery ) (AIII) . (nih.gov)

Women with chronic HBV infection who have not already received the hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine series should be screened for immunity to HAV because they are at increased risk of complications from coinfection with other viral hepatitis infections. (nih.gov)
Women with HCV infection who have not already received the hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine series should be screened for immunity to HAV, because they are at increased risk of complications from coinfection with other viral hepatitis infections (AIII) . (nih.gov)
To learn more about HIV and viral hepatitis coinfection, go here . (hepb.org)

Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. (nih.gov)
Bacterial coinfection complicated nearly all influenza deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic and up to 34% of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infections managed in intensive care units worldwide. (nih.gov)
Data from 683 critically ill patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection admitted to 35 intensive care units in the United States reveal that bacterial coinfection commonly occurs within the first 6 days of influenza infection, presents similarly to influenza infection occurring alone, and is associated with an increased risk of death. (nih.gov)
Complex viral, bacterial, and host factors contribute to the pathogenesis of coinfection. (nih.gov)
The whole article is mainly about the problem of bacteria overgrow on polymere medical stuff like contact lenses, prostheses, etc. and the iron thing is only mentioned en passant as they research different ways to keep the bacterial load on such material small. (healingwell.com)
To understand how different therapies perturb the dynamics of influenza infection and bacterial coinfection and to quantify the benefit of increasing a drug's efficacy or targeting a different infection process, I analyzed data from mice treated with an antiviral, an antibiotic, or an immune modulatory agent with kinetic models. (springer.com)
For a coinfection, immunotherapy could control low bacterial loads with as little as 20 % efficacy, but more effective drugs would be necessary for high bacterial loads. (springer.com)
Bacterial and fungal infections are uncommon in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but coinfection is associated with high mortality and antibiotic use is widespread, according to a study published in the July issue of Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology . (doctorslounge.com)
FRIDAY, July 31, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- Bacterial and fungal infections are uncommon in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but coinfection is associated with high mortality and antibiotic use is widespread, according to a study published in the July issue of Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology . (doctorslounge.com)
Priya Nori, M.D., from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Bronx, New York, and colleagues conducted a retrospective observational study of COVID-19 patients admitted between March 1, 2020, and April 18, 2020, to characterize the microbiology of bacterial and fungal coinfections during the pandemic surge. (doctorslounge.com)
Therefore a mechanism is proposed for coinfection where influenza-induced TRAIL-expressing inflammatory monocytes cause lung damage, allowing bacterial colonization, while neutrophils and TNF-α counter subsequent bacterial outgrowth. (bl.uk)
Other aspects of coinfection, such as bacterial spread to the brain and other facets of the immune response, are also investigated. (bl.uk)
Viral and bacterial coinfection is associated with increasing hospital admissions and more severe symptoms. (thefreelibrary.com)

Coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. (wikipedia.org)
In virology, coinfection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles. (wikipedia.org)
An example is the coinfection of liver cells with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection. (wikipedia.org)
Global prevalence or incidence of coinfection among humans is unknown, but it is thought to be commonplace, sometimes more common than single infection. (wikipedia.org)
All pregnant women living with HIV should be screened during the current pregnancy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and unless they are known to have HIV/HBV coinfection and for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection unless they are known to have HIV/HCV coinfection (see HIV/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection ) (AIII) . (nih.gov)
If ARV drugs that include anti-HBV activity are discontinued in women with HIV/HBV coinfection, frequent monitoring of liver function tests for potential exacerbation of HBV infection is recommended, with prompt re-initiation of treatment for HBV if a flare is suspected (BIII) . (nih.gov)
For additional information on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, see HIV/Hepatitis B (HBV) Coinfection in the Adult and Adolescent Guidelines 1 and Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Adult and Adolescent OI Guidelines . (nih.gov)
2 The management of HIV/HBV coinfection in pregnancy is complex and consultation with an expert in HIV and HBV infection is strongly recommended. (nih.gov)
Therefore, the definition of "coinfection", "super-infection" or "mixed infections" is not always clear. (biomedcentral.com)
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection unless they are known to have HCV/HIV coinfection (AIII) . (nih.gov)
Infants born to women with HCV/HIV coinfection should be evaluated for HCV infection (AIII) . (nih.gov)
For additional information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, see Hepatitis C Virus in the Pediatric Opportunistic Infection Guidelines , Hepatitis C Virus/HIV Coinfection in the Adult and Adolescent Guidelines , and Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the Adult and Adolescent Opportunistic Infection Guidelines . (nih.gov)
6 ) The risk of HCV infection via sexual contact among MSM appears to increase with HIV coinfection, concurrent sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis, drug use, and sex practices that may injure rectal epithelia, such as fisting. (ucsf.edu)

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coinfection with malaria and intestinal parasites, as well as to determine its association with anaemia in children aged 10 years and below in Muyuk. (biomedcentral.com)

A Case of Influenza B and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Coinfection in an Adult. (thefreelibrary.com)
In this report, we describe a case of influenza B virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae coinfection in a healthy young woman. (thefreelibrary.com)

However, chronic liver disease due to coinfection with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) virus has emerged as the second leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected persons. (clinicaltrials.gov)

Leishmaniasis - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection can manifest itself as tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. (nih.gov)

Multiple viral coinfections among HIV/AIDS patients in China. (nih.gov)
A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine seroprevalence and correlates of coinfections of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Bar virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus including type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in China. (nih.gov)
This study suggests that HIV/AIDS patients with different regional and sociodemographic backgrounds and HIV transmission mode in China have different profiles of viral coinfections and should be subject to differential considerations in related health care programs. (nih.gov)

Pregnant women with HIV/HBV coinfection receiving antiretroviral (ARV) drugs should be counseled about signs and symptoms of liver toxicity, and liver transaminases should be assessed 1 month following initiation of ARV drugs and at least every 3 months thereafter during pregnancy (BIII) . (nih.gov)
The HBRN will not address the critical issue of HBV liver disease progression in HIV-infected persons because patients with HIV coinfection will be excluded. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Collectively, this study will fulfill many of the key priorities outlined in the NIH Action Plan for Liver Disease for HBV-HIV coinfection. (clinicaltrials.gov)
These tests are especially important in cases of coinfection with hepatitis B. In those cases , doctors should closely monitor liver function using blood tests. (tht.org.uk)
Pregnant women with HCV/HIV coinfection who are receiving ART should be counseled about signs and symptoms of liver toxicity, and hepatic transaminases should be assessed 1 month following initiation of ART and at least every 3 months thereafter during pregnancy (BIII) . (nih.gov)
The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the International Antiviral Society-USA maintain updated information about treating patients with HCV/HIV coinfection. (nih.gov)
HCV replication is enhanced in the presence of HIV coinfection, resulting in higher serum and liver HCV RNA levels. (ucsf.edu)

He explains how these coinfections create cytokine cascades in the body--essentially sending the immune system into an overblown, uncontrolled response in much the same way that rheumatoid arthritis or cancer can. (innertraditions.com)
in contrast, coinfection induces a strong proinflammatory cytokine response and an influx of functional neutrophils. (bl.uk)

Antepartum ART in pregnant women with HIV/HBV coinfection should include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus lamivudine or emtricitabine (AI) . (nih.gov)

Some studies have found rates of neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV/HCV coinfection not to be significantly worse than rates in HCV-monoinfected individuals.6,7 Other studies observe a trend for patients with HIV/HCV coinfection to perform worse neurocognitively than patients infected solely with HIV. (natap.org)
In short, what are the risks and benefits of TDF-based therapy for CHB in patients with HIV coinfection? (clinicaltrials.gov)
The compounding effect of coinfection makes the care for these patients a major challenge. (who.int)
HIV Coinfection Shortens the Survival of Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Related Decompensated Cirrhosis," Hepatology, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2005, pp. 779-789. (scirp.org)
Direct-acting antiviral therapy was safe and highly effective in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C, according to study results from the Madrid Coinfection Registry, or Madrid-CoRe. (healio.com)
Berenguer and colleagues prospectively followed 2,396 patients with HIV/HCV-coinfection during treatment. (healio.com)
amfAR's TREAT Asia program advocates for HCV treatment access and trains physicians in the care of patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. (amfar.org)
Individuals with TB and HIV coinfection were younger and symptomatic for a shorter time before their diagnosis of TB, compared with TB patients without HIV. (eurosurveillance.org)

E. A. Bakare and C. R. Nwozo, "Mathematical Analysis of Malaria-Schistosomiasis Coinfection Model," Epidemiology Research International , vol. 2016, Article ID 3854902, 19 pages, 2016. (hindawi.com)

Coinfection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. (wikipedia.org)
By contrast, pathogen coinfection occurs frequently in women with vaginitis. (nih.gov)

Improvement in the surveillance of HCV and HIV is imperative to help define the epidemiology of coinfection and inform appropriate policies for testing, prevention, care and treatment to those in need. (bristol.ac.uk)

Rates of mother-to-child HCV transmission generally are low but increase with maternal HIV coinfection. (ucsf.edu)
Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that neither HBV, nor EBV and HSV-1 coinfection was associated with sociodemographic characteristics and HIV transmission mode, but HCV coinfection was associated with geographic region, age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and HIV transmission mode, whereas HSV-2 coinfection was associated with geographic region, ethnicity and HIV transmission mode. (nih.gov)

The general patterns of ecological interactions between parasite species are unknown, even among common coinfections such as those between sexually transmitted infections. (wikipedia.org)
Understudied, coinfections are more frequent in pig farms than single infections. (biomedcentral.com)

Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is a major cause of influenza-associated mortality. (bl.uk)

TB and HIV coinfection was relatively uncommon in Scotland in the study period. (eurosurveillance.org)

Both coinfection and mixed vaginitis have significant clinical and therapeutic implications and are worthy of further investigation. (nih.gov)

For example, coinfection with cytomegalovirus, which belongs to the family of Herpes viruses, and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus can be critical. (innovations-report.com)

While clinical research can help improve case management, a broader and deeper understanding of all dimensions of VL and VL-HIV coinfection is required to effectively tackle it. (plos.org)
Clinical trials also provide unique opportunities for laboratory research, including biomarker/diagnostic studies, and cellular and molecular studies on the immunopathogenesis of VL-HIV coinfection. (plos.org)

When considering HCV treatment in a pregnant woman with HIV coinfection, consultation with an expert in HIV and HCV is strongly recommended (AIII) . (nih.gov)

Coinfection with otherwise mild influenza and S. pneumoniae strains is shown to synergistically cause mortality and severe disease. (bl.uk)

The authors report only the second case in literature with coinfection of plasmodium species presenting with haemoperitoneum. (biomedsearch.com)

In pigs, the term "Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex" (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as. (biomedcentral.com)

The researchers included studies with estimates of HCV coinfection in the main HIV population, as well as sub-groups of PWID, men who have sex with men, heterosexually exposed and pregnant women, other high-risk groups and the general population. (bristol.ac.uk)

However, very little was known about the extent of HIV/HCV coinfection prior to this study, which was the first global study of its kind. (bristol.ac.uk)
This study investigated the extent of, and risk factors for, TB and HIV coinfection in Scotland from 2001 to 2010. (eurosurveillance.org)

The idea is to see whether children living with HIV have the same T cell deficiencies and immune exhaustion markers as the laboratory animals do, and whether those markers correlate with TB coinfection rates. (eurekalert.org)

The search focused on published medical literature, and excluded samples drawn from populations with other comorbidities, or undergoing interventions that put them at increased risk of coinfection. (bristol.ac.uk)
McDonald E , Smith-Palmer Alison , Wallace L A , Blatchford O . Risk factors for TB and HIV coinfection in Scotland, 2001 to 2010. (eurosurveillance.org)
In conclusion, individuals with HIV/HCV coinfection had an increased risk compared to those with HIV monoinfection. (medworm.com)

However, network analysis of a food web of coinfection in humans suggests that there is greater potential for interactions via shared food sources than via the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Influenza-mediated immune impairment and lung damage have been proposed as mechanisms of coinfection. (bl.uk)

Late in 2013, Andrea Cox, M.D., Ph.D., an associate professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, presented an update on HCV coinfection for an audience of HIV care providers . (thebodypro.com)

A globally common coinfection involves tuberculosis and HIV. (wikipedia.org)
Coinfections appear to be common and several pathways have been identified for transmitting multiple virions to a single host cell. (wikipedia.org)

Coinfections sometimes can epitomize a zero sum game of bodily resources, and precise viral quantitation demonstrates children co-infected with rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus or parainfluenza virus have lower nasal viral loads than those with rhinovirus alone. (wikipedia.org)
However, it is also a great opportunity to discuss the possibility of coinfection with hepatitis B virus, HBV. (hepb.org)

The net effect of coinfection on human health is thought to be negative. (wikipedia.org)

As a neglected disease, VL and VL-HIV coinfection have traditionally not ranked high on the health agenda in many endemic countries. (plos.org)
Blockade of TRAIL - a cell-death inducing ligand - during the viral phase prior to coinfection ameliorates disease. (bl.uk)

Anatomy10

Organisms66

Diseases87

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes22

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science6

Named Groups1

Health Care17

Geographicals9

REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS : AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIVE ROLES OF HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERCURRENT NEPHRITIC SYNDROME. (1/1033)

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV co-infection. (2/1033)

The impact of HIV/HCV co-infection on health care utilization and disability: results of the ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) Cohort. (3/1033)

Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: successful prophylaxis with fluconazole, as demonstrated by prospective randomized control trial. (4/1033)

Short communication decreased incidence of dual infections in South african subtype C-infected women compared to a cohort ten years earlier. (5/1033)

HIV-malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa. (6/1033)

Description of the parasite Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae identified in follicular fluid following transvaginal oocyte retrieval. (7/1033)

IL-22 production is regulated by IL-23 during Listeria monocytogenes infection but is not required for bacterial clearance or tissue protection. (8/1033)

Coinfection

HIV Infections

Hepatitis C

GB virus C

Flaviviridae Infections

HIV

Hepatitis B

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

Hepacivirus

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections

Viral Load

HIV-1

Hookworm Infections

Antiviral Agents

Hepatitis C, Chronic

Anti-HIV Agents

RNA, Viral

Hepatitis, Viral, Human

DNA, Viral

Tuberculosis

HTLV-II Infections

Ehrlichiosis

Glossitis, Benign Migratory

Influenzavirus B

Helminthiasis

Prevalence

Influenzavirus A

Babesia microti

Schistosomiasis mansoni

Primate Diseases

Ribavirin

Virus Replication

Superinfection

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mansonella

Helicobacter felis

Babesiosis

Liver Cirrhosis

HTLV-I Infections

Substance Abuse, Intravenous

Schistosoma mansoni

Hepatitis D

Dependovirus

Hepatitis B virus

Comorbidity

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Mansonelliasis

DNA Virus Infections

Anti-Retroviral Agents

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Nematospiroides dubius

Simian foamy virus

Parvoviridae Infections

Helminths

Flaviviridae

Genotype

Antitubercular Agents

Herpesvirus 6, Human

Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus

Cohort Studies

Helminthiasis, Animal

Macaca nemestrina

Infectious Disease Incubation Period

Interferon-alpha

Bacteriophage phi 6

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Liver Failure

Hepatitis C Antibodies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Brazil

Helper Viruses

Adenoviruses, Human

Recombination, Genetic

Disease Progression

Molecular Sequence Data

Protozoan Infections

Simian immunodeficiency virus

Lyme Disease

Colobus