Coinfection. Medical search

Simultaneous infection of a host organism by two or more pathogens. In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.

A species of virus (unassigned to a genus) in the family FLAVIVIRIDAE. It is genetically heterogeneous, of human origin, and transmitted by blood or blood products. Despite its alternate name (Hepatitis G virus), its pathogenicity remains controversial.

Infections with viruses of the family FLAVIVIRIDAE.

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.

Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.

A tick-borne disease characterized by FEVER; HEADACHE; myalgias; ANOREXIA; and occasionally RASH. It is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; HORSES; and humans. The primary species causing human disease are EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; and Ehrlichia ewingii.

An idiopathic disorder characterized by the loss of filiform papillae leaving reddened areas of circinate macules bound by a white band. The lesions heal, then others erupt.

A genus of the family ORTHOMYXOVIRUS causing HUMAN INFLUENZA and other diseases primarily in humans. In contrast to INFLUENZAVIRUS A, no distinct antigenic subtypes of hemagglutinin (HEMAGGLUTININS) and NEURAMINIDASE are recognized.

Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

A genus in the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE causing influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. It contains many strains as well as antigenic subtypes of the integral membrane proteins hemagglutinin (HEMAGGLUTININS) and NEURAMINIDASE. The type species is INFLUENZA A VIRUS.

A species of protozoa infecting humans via the intermediate tick vector IXODES scapularis. The other hosts are the mouse PEROMYSCUS leucopus and meadow vole MICROTUS pennsylvanicus, which are fed on by the tick. Other primates can be experimentally infected with Babesia microti.

Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.

Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.

A nucleoside antimetabolite antiviral agent that blocks nucleic acid synthesis and is used against both RNA and DNA viruses.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A genus of parasitic nematodes whose organisms are distributed in Central and South America. Characteristics include a smooth cuticle and an enlarged anterior end.

A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes in the STOMACH of laboratory MICE; CATS; and DOGS. It is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild GASTRITIS in CATS.

A group of tick-borne diseases of mammals including ZOONOSES in humans. They are caused by protozoa of the genus BABESIA, which parasitize erythrocytes, producing hemolysis. In the U.S., the organism's natural host is mice and transmission is by the deer tick IXODES SCAPULARIS.

Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.

Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.

A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.

The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.

The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.

Infection with nematodes of the genus MANSONELLA. Symptoms include pruritus, headache, and articular swelling.

Agents used to treat RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

A species of intestinal nematode parasites which occur most commonly in mice. Infection is by ingesting larvae. This particular species is used extensively in immunological research.

A species of SPUMAVIRUS causing non-pathogenic infections in chimpanzees and humans.

Virus infections caused by the PARVOVIRIDAE.

Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.

A family of RNA viruses, many of which cause disease in humans and domestic animals. There are three genera FLAVIVIRUS; PESTIVIRUS; and HEPACIVIRUS, as well as several unassigned species.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.

The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.

A species ARTERIVIRUS, occurring in a number of transplantable mouse tumors. Infected mice have permanently elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.

A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.

The amount time between exposure to an infectious agent and becoming symptomatic.

One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.

Virulent bacteriophage and sole member of the genus Cystovirus that infects Pseudomonas species. The virion has a segmented genome consisting of three pieces of doubled-stranded DNA and also a unique lipid-containing envelope.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS C ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.

Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.

A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Infection with nematodes of the genus STRONGYLOIDES. The presence of larvae may produce pneumonitis and the presence of adult worms in the intestine could lead to moderate to severe diarrhea.

A species of parasitic nematode widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries. The females and their larvae inhabit the mucosa of the intestinal tract, where they cause ulceration and diarrhea.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.

Infection with ROSEOLOVIRUS, the most common in humans being EXANTHEMA SUBITUM, a benign disease of infants and young children.

The largest genus of TICKS in the family IXODIDAE, containing over 200 species. Many infest humans and other mammals and several are vectors of diseases such as LYME DISEASE, tick-borne encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, TICK-BORNE), and KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.

The inter- and intra-relationships between various microorganisms. This can include both positive (like SYMBIOSIS) and negative (like ANTIBIOSIS) interactions. Examples include virus - bacteria and bacteria - bacteria.

A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A condition of the mucous membrane characterized by erythematous papular lesions. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus ANAPLASMA, family ANAPLASMATACEAE, formerly called Ehrlichia phagocytophila or Ehrlichia equi. This organism is tick-borne (IXODES) and causes disease in horses and sheep. In humans, it causes human granulocytic EHRLICHIOSIS.

Infections with nematodes of the order STRONGYLIDA.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2, closely related to the human HTLV-1 virus. The clinical, hematological, and histopathological characteristics of the disease in STLV-infected monkeys are very similar to those of human adult T-cell leukemia. Subgroups include the African green monkey subtype (STLV-I-AGM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 95% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1, and the Asian rhesus macaque subtype (STLV-I-MM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 90% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.

Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

A genus in the subfamily PARVOVIRINAE comprising three species: Bovine parvovirus, Canine minute virus, and HUMAN BOCAVIRUS.

A species of free-living soil amoeba in the family Balamuthiidae, causing AMEBIASIS and a deadly form of ENCEPHALITIS in humans.

Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.

Virus diseases caused by the HERPESVIRIDAE.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.

A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Respiratory and conjunctival infections caused by 33 identified serotypes of human adenoviruses.

Small, often pleomorphic, coccoid to ellipsoidal organisms occurring intracytoplasmically in circulating LYMPHOCYTES. They are the etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases of humans; DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; and HORSES.

A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.

Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.

Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.

Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.

An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of infected ticks. The families Ixodidae and Argasidae contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals and probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents they transmit. Many of the tick-borne diseases are zoonotic.

Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Infections with ASTROVIRUS, causing gastroenteritis in human infants, calves, lambs, and piglets.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS in conjunction with HEPATITIS B VIRUS and lasting six months or more.

The presence of viruses in the blood.

Pathological processes of the UTERINE CERVIX.

An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.

Virus diseases caused by the CIRCOVIRIDAE.

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.

Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.

A species of non-enveloped DNA virus in the genus ANELLOVIRUS, associated with BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS; and HEPATITIS. However, no etiological role has been found for TTV in hepatitis.

Infections with species of the genus MYCOPLASMA.

The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The bovine variety of the tubercle bacillus. It is called also Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis.

A species in the genus RHADINOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, isolated from patients with AIDS-related and "classical" Kaposi sarcoma.

The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.

A genus of REOVIRIDAE, causing acute gastroenteritis in BIRDS and MAMMALS, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. Seven species (Rotaviruses A thru G) are recognized.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (LUNG) and BRONCHI, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE in humans. In SHEEP, it is caused by MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE. In CATTLE, it may be caused by MYCOPLASMA DISPAR.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people.

The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

The dormant form of TUBERCULOSIS where the person shows no obvious symptoms and no sign of the causative agent (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in the SPUTUM despite being positive for tuberculosis infection skin test.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects SWINE; PSITTACINES; and non-psittacine BIRDS. Species include Beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds, and Porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs (PORCINE POSTWEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME).

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.

The capability of an organism to survive and reproduce. The phenotypic expression of the genotype in a particular environment determines how genetically fit an organism will be.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

A republic in western Africa, south of BURKINA FASO and west of TOGO. Its capital is Accra.

Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.

Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.

The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

Infection with human herpesvirus 4 (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN); which may facilitate the development of various lymphoproliferative disorders. These include BURKITT LYMPHOMA (African type), INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS, and oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY).

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.

Infection of the genitals (GENITALIA) with HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS in either the males or the females.

OXAZINES with a fused BENZENE ring.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.

Pathological processes of the LIVER.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A genus of the subfamily PNEUMOVIRINAE, containing two members: Turkey rhinotracheitis virus and a human Metapneumovirus. Virions lack HEMAGGLUTININ and NEURAMINIDASE.

Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.

A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.

A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2 that can transform normal T-lymphocytes and can replicate in both T- and B-cell lines. The virus is related to but distinct from HTLV-1.

A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.

A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.

A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.

REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS : AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIVE ROLES OF HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERCURRENT NEPHRITIC SYNDROME. (1/1033)

1. The vital importance of the cellular defense forces in the resistance of the monkey to combined streptococcus and influenza virus infections has been demonstrated. 2. Some of the conditions prejudicial to the maintenance of an optimum cellular reserve in the infected animal have been revealed; viz., undernutrition, physical cold, intratracheal route of infection. 3. The potential threat exerted by latent foci of streptococci, and the importance, in relation to the combined infection with virus, of cellular and humoral immunity, together or separately, have been demonstrated. The essential role of optimum nutrition (notably as concerns the vitamin B complex, and folic acid specifically) in the prevention of disastrous illness from these infectious agents, individually or in combination, would seem to have been proven. 4. Signs of glomerular nephritis appeared in a significant number of monkeys receiving Streptococcus hemolyticus and influenza virus in sequence, followed by reinoculation or spontaneous reappearance of the streptococci. 5. Reinoculation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, resulted in a prompt "booster" increase in the opsonic index. Virus instillation was followed by just as sudden a depression in this index. 6. Reinoculation failed to evoke either the granulocytosis or the leucopenia in monkeys which are characteristic effects of the streptococcus and the virus respectively when these agents are introduced for the first time by way of the nasal mucous membrane. 7. Simultaneous intranasal inoculation of influenza virus, type A, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, in nutritionally normal Macaca mulatta failed to produce obvious signs of disease. In most of the animals, however, a streptococcus-induced leucocytosis followed by a delayed virus-induced granulopenia developed. 8. Inoculation of influenza virus followed in 4 to 17 days by streptococci produced obvious signs of disease in five of eleven animals which had become leucopenic as result of the action of the virus, and fatal streptococcal septicemia in two monkeys. 9. The development of signs of infection in previously healthy monkeys exposed to virus followed by streptococci confirms both the clinical and laboratory experience of other observers, that virus infection may predispose to secondary bacterial invasion, and, that at times, under unfavorable circumstances, the infection may become overwhelming. Although the complete mechanism of resistance is as yet not wholly clear, the depressant or inhibitory effect of the virus on both its cellular and humoral elements has been established. (+info)

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV co-infection. (2/1033)

Chronic HCV co-infection is present in up to one third of HIV-positive patients in Europe. In recent years, apart from the traditional transmission route of intravenous drug abuse, outbreaks of sexually transmitted acute HCV infections, mainly among HIV-positive men who have sex with men, have contributed to the overall disease burden. - Because the natural course of HCV infection is substantially accelerated in HIV-co-infection, end-stage liver disease has become the most frequent cause of non-AIDS related death in this population. Therefore every HIV/HCV co-infected patient should be evaluated for possible anti-HCV therapy with the goal of reaching a sustained virological response and thus cure of hepatitis C infection. The standard of care for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in HIV-infected remains a pegylated interferon in combination with weight-adapted ribavirin. - HAART should not be withheld from HCV co-infected patients due to concerns of drug related hepatotoxicity and in patients with reduced CD4-cell counts HAART should be started first. Under pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy drug to drug interactions and cumulated toxicity between nucleoside analogues and anti-HCV therapy may be observed and concomitant didanosine use is contraindicated and zidovudine and stavudine should be avoided if possible. - The development of new drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C represents a promising perspective also for HIV positive patients. However, these substances will probably reach clinical routine for HIV patients later than HCV monoinfected patients. Therefore at present waiting for new drugs is not an alternative to a modern pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy. (+info)

The impact of HIV/HCV co-infection on health care utilization and disability: results of the ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) Cohort. (3/1033)

(+info)

Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: successful prophylaxis with fluconazole, as demonstrated by prospective randomized control trial. (4/1033)

(+info)

Short communication decreased incidence of dual infections in South african subtype C-infected women compared to a cohort ten years earlier. (5/1033)

(+info)

HIV-malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa. (6/1033)

(+info)

Description of the parasite Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae identified in follicular fluid following transvaginal oocyte retrieval. (7/1033)

(+info)

IL-22 production is regulated by IL-23 during Listeria monocytogenes infection but is not required for bacterial clearance or tissue protection. (8/1033)

(+info)

No data available that match "coinfection"

Why should I be concerned about TB and HIV coinfection?. *How can your organization help prevent HIV-related TB in your clients ... Why should I be concerned about TB and HIV coinfection?. *Without treatment, as with any other opportunistic infection, HIV and ...

https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/pamphlets/tb_hivcoinfection/default.htm

... : Expert Commentary Although hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable infection, it remains common, with an ... Coinfection with HIV and HBV presents both a challenge and an opportunity for clinicians, because coinfected patients may ... Care of patients with chronic hepatitis B and HIV co-infection: recommendations from an HIV-HBV International Panel. AIDS. 2005 ... HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV coinfection, and outcomes following highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2003;4:241-249. Abstract ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/830053

... dc.contributor.author. Anonymous. ... Co-infection Leishmania/HIV: epidemiological analysis of 692 retrospoective cases]‎. EN. dc.relation.ispartofjournal. EMHJ - ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/118274?show=full

The Sustainable Development Goals (‎SDGs)‎ aim to transform our world. They are a call to action to end poverty and inequality, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy health, justice and prosperity. It is ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Coinfection&type=mesh

Solving the mystery of virus coinfections will reveal whether they should be viewed as a serious concern for public health. ... Despite the potential impact on public health, we know only little about the occurrence and consequences of such coinfections. ... Here, we review the impact of coinfection on clinical disease in humans, discuss the possibility for co-transmission from ... has resulted in coinfection of humans with multiple viruses. ... Co-infections Is the Subject Area "Co-infections" applicable to ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000130

co-infectionEiger Biopharmaceuticalshepatitis Dhepatitis delta connect. Baruch S. Blumberg Institute. Search Blog for:. Search ... Tag Archives: co-infection. Hepatitis B Diagnosis & Monitoring, Hepatitis Delta (HDV) Hepatitis B Foundation Launches Education ... Hepatitis D can be acquired either through coinfection (becoming infected with hepatitis D and B at the same time) or a super- ... There are promising new treatments that could help prevent the serious complications related to a hepatitis B and D coinfection ...

https://www.hepb.org/blog/tag/co-infection/

Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis coinfection: impact of case definition on coinfection rates and illness ... Prospective study of coinfection in patients with erythema migrans.. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2003; 36: 1078-1081. View in Article * ... Modelling co-infection with malaria and lymphatic filariasis.. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2013; 9: e1003096. View in Article *Scopus ( ... Ecological rules governing helminth-microparasite coinfection.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008; 105: 566-570. View in ...

https://www.cell.com/trends/parasitology/fulltext/S1471-4922

A study released today from an international team of researchers shines new light on co-infections, infectious diseases that ... Researchers shine new light on hookworm-malaria co-infections. *Download PDF Copy ... seems best to explain the outcome of worm-malaria co-infection. So this [collaboration] allows us to ask, Wow, this resource ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20180209/Researchers-shine-new-light-on-hookworm-malaria-co-infections.aspx

The journal AIDS recently published a study showing that HIV coinfection has no impact on adherence to HCV treatment. The ... Nevertheless, the researchers found that HIV/HCV coinfection had no effect on patients adherence. Despite a higher pill burden ... HIV Coinfection Doesnt Affect Hep C Treatment Adherence. .social-ris-container { display: flex; justify-content: space-between ...

https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/hiv-coinfection-doesnt-affect-hep-c-treatment-adherence

Co-Infection for HCV and HIV. Living well with HIV and HCV. Its estimated that 25% of people living with HIV in the United ... Patients living with co-infection may need to adjust their HIV regimen to avoid drug-drug interactions, but no one should ever ... Learn more about medications approved for co-infection and how to manage HIV and HCV treatment simultaneously. ... TPANs staff can share more information about treatment for co-infection. Learn more at positivelyaware.com. ...

https://www.tpan.com/co-infection-hcv-and-hiv

Men who have sex with men (MSM) make up the majority of people with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) who have co-infection with ... "Diagnosed co-infection is mainly associated with high-risk sexual behaviour, rather than injecting drug use, the dominant risk ... Factors associated with co-infection included male sex and black ethnicity, while older age and Asian ethnicity were associated ... The people with co-infection were overwhelmingly male (88%), of white ethnicity (71%) and were diagnosed via sexual health ...

https://www.aidsmap.com/news/aug-2018/hiv-and-chronic-hcv-co-infection-prevalence-england-highest-among-msm

co-EC Study: Eliminating hepatitis C/HIV coinfection. co-EC Study: Hepatitis C infection and treatment to eliminate HIV- ... hepatitis C co-infection among gay and bisexual men. The co-EC study aims to eliminate hepatitis C/HIV coinfection in the ... This study will offer proof of concept that scaling up treatment could lead to elimination of HCV/HIV co-infection in gay and ... In Victoria Australia, the highest prevalence of HCV/HIV co-infection is in gay and bisexual men. ...

https://www.burnet.edu.au/projects/256_eliminating_hepatitis_c_transmission_by_enhancing_care_and_treatment_among_hiv_co_infected_individuals_the_co_ec_study

Health care officials say its especially important to receive a flu shot this year - and to get it early.

https://www.daily-times.com/story/news/local/2020/10/04/doctors-flu-coronavirus-coinfections-serious-problems-new-mexico/3598161001/

Absolute tenofovir levels are highest and may exceed exposures for which there are established renal safety data when tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is administered with ritonavir- or cobicistat-containing regimens. Due to lack of sufficient safety data with this drug combination, consideration should be given to changing the antiretroviral regimen. If the combination is used, renal monitoring is recommended during the dosing period. Tenofovir alafenamide may be an alternative to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate during ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment for patients taking cobicistat or ritonavir as part of their antiretroviral therapy ...

https://www.hcvguidelines.org/print/node/662/print-summary

i,Conclusion,/i,. Coinfection with other respiratory pathogens and opportunistic infections are possible. ... D. Kim, J. Quinn, B. Pinsky, N. H. Shah, and I. Brown, "Rates of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory ... Coinfection with other respiratory pathogens and opportunistic infections are possible.. 1. Introduction. The Severe Acute ... Coinfection with other respiratory pathogens and opportunistic infections are possible. SARS-CoV-2 infection can elicit ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/cricc/2020/8877641/

Molina I, Marcolino MS, Pires MC, Ramos LEF, Silva RT, Guimarães-Júnior MH, et al. Chagas disease and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection ... The high co-infection mortality rate for older age groups is consistent with patterns of deaths for both infections in Brazil ... The real effect of death from co-infection might be underestimated in Brazil. Efforts must be made to ensure a high COVID-19 ... Deaths Related to Chagas Disease and COVID-19 Co-Infection, Brazil, March-December 2020 On This Page ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/11/21-2158_article

Although the incidence of coinfections in chronic Lyme disease is unknown, many people assume that co-infections are rare in ... So we asked over 3,000 chronic Lyme patients whether they had coinfections that were confirmed by laboratory tests. ... Laboratory confirmed co-infections were reported by 53% of respondents and 30% reported two or more co-infections. Similar ... This study makes it clear that co-infections are common in those with chronic Lyme. We dont know the rate of co-infections ...

https://www.lymedisease.org/lymepolicywonk-study-finds-coinfections-in-lyme-disease-common-2/

Disastrous co-infection. Usually, once treated, patients become immune to the parasite. However, this was not the case for ... Kasaye, 55, is a secondary kala azar patient with HIV co-infection. Over the past 16 years, he has had 13 recurrences of the ... Zoya is one of the many patients navigating the social stigma that is associated with HIV-kala azar co-infection in Bihar. ... Ethiopia: Diagnosing, treating and researching HIV-Kala Azar co-infection. Kasaye sits on his bed in the intensive care unit of ...

https://msfaccess.org/hiv-kala-azar-co-infection-stories

COINFECTIONS(83 articles). *Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Coinfection and Associated Neoplasia in HIV-positive Men and Women ... Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Coinfection and Associated Neoplasia in HIV-positive Men and Women. Jason Bratcher, MD, MBA. ... Anal HPV Coinfection and AIN in HIV-negative and -positive Women. *Effects of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on the ... Anal HPV Coinfection and AIN in HIV-negative and -positive. Men who have Sex with Men. Top of page. ...

https://prn.org/index.php/coinfections/article/anogenital_hpv_neoplasia_hiv_positive_502

Cpn/Lyme Co-Infections: can anyone write up a page?. By Jim K 14 years 6 months ago ...

http://cpnhelp.org/index.php/forums/related_discussi_0?sort=asc&order=Topic

major/HIV co-infection in Cameroon: results of a large cross-sectional study. . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 106. : 137. -. 142. . ... major/HIV co-infection in Cameroon: results of a large cross-sectional study. . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 106. : 137. -. 142. . ... HIV and L. braziliensis coinfection is unusual, mainly due to the low prevalence of HIV-infected individuals living in L. ... Clinical features and epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania major/HIV co-infection in Cameroon: results of a ...

https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/93/6/article-p1219.xml?rskey=VDMRqJ&result=1

Data from: Antibodies and coinfection drive variation in nematode burdens in wild mice. Clerc, Melanie, University of Edinburgh ... Coinfections with parasitic helminths and microparasites are highly common in nature and can lead to complex within-host ... coccidia), in order to investigate how host demographic factors, coinfection and the host´s immune response affected parasite ... Clerc, Melanie; Devevey, Godefroy; Fenton, Andy; Pedersen, Amy B. (2019), Data from: Antibodies and coinfection drive variation ...

https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.hv8qm00

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal , All issues , Volume 12, 2006 , Volume 12, issue 3/4 , Prevalence of HCV/HIV co-infection ... There is conflicting opinion about the outcome of HIV/HCV co-infection. Some studies have, however, indicated that there is a ... Co-infection was significantly higher among these patients (2 = 4.3, P , 0.005) (Table 1). ... Prévalence de la co-infection VHC-VIH chez des patients hémophiles à Bagdad ...

http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-12-2006/volume-12-issue-3-4/prevalence-of-hcvhiv-co-infection-among-haemophilia-patients-in-baghdad.html

The ERS-education website provides centralised access to all educational material produced by the European Respiratory Society. It is the worlds largest CME collection for lung diseases and treatment offering high quality e-learning and teaching resources for respiratory specialists. This distance learning portal contains up-to-date study material for the state-of-the-art in Pulmonology.

https://dev.ers-education.org/lr/show-details/?idP=238438

Coinfection HIV Infections Homosexuality, Male Humans Male Middle Aged Notes From The Field Secondary Prevention Syphilis Young ... Repeat Syphilis Infection and HIV Coinfection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men - Baltimore, Maryland, 2010-2011. ... Title : Repeat Syphilis Infection and HIV Coinfection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men - Baltimore, Maryland, 2010-2011 Personal ... Repeat Syphilis Infection and HIV Coinfection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men - Baltimore, Maryland, 2010-2011 ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/54682

... pneumoniae coinfection. RESULTS:We identified 11 patients with S. pneumoniae coinfection. The median age was 77 years ( ... However, bacterial coinfection is considered relatively infrequent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and the co- ... This study highlights the importance of monitoring bacterial coinfection in patients with viral lung infection due to SARS-CoV- ... Subsequent cohort studies documented bacterial coinfections, with only a few studies reporting S. pneumoniae coinfection [7,10 ...

https://medscimonit.com/abstract/full/idArt/928754

2nd Asia Pacific AIDS and Coinfection Conference Add data to my Website *About ... 2nd Asia Pacific AIDS and Coinfection Conference ...

https://scholars.duke.edu/display/ins2ndasiapacificaidsandcoinfectionconference

Mycoplasma genitalium co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among asymptomatic patients: the silent ... Mycoplasma genitalium co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among asymptomatic patients: the silent ... Mycoplasma genitalium co-infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among asymptomatic patients: the silent ...

https://sti.bmj.com/content/95/5/391.share

In two cases co-infection of serotype 14 with other serotypes (18C and 19A) was observed, but in our study the co-infection was ... Furthermore, we compared patients with and without co-infection regarding age and found that the mean age of patients with co- ... of samples showed co-infection with two different serotypes of S. pneumoniae. In Ndlangisa et al.s study [28], IPD co- ... only one study has described IPD co-infection with different serotypes of S. pneumoniae [28]. In this study, IPD co-infection ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-022-07606-w

Infection Pathogens Respiratory COVID Lyme Infections 2020 Anaplasma Patients Dengue Monoinfection Researchers Tuberculosis AIDS Study Clinical Deaths Humans Immune Treatment Severe Virus Risk Public Cases

Hepatitis D can be acquired either through coinfection (becoming infected with hepatitis D and B at the same time) or a super-infection (becoming infected with hepatitis D after a person has hepatitis B). A coinfection generally resolves spontaneously after about six months, but it can sometimes result in life-threatening or fatal liver failure. (hepb.org)
coccidia), in order to investigate how host demographic factors, coinfection and the host´s immune response affected parasite burdens and infection probability, and to determine what factors predict parasite-specific and total antibody levels. (datadryad.org)
This study highlights the importance of monitoring bacterial coinfection in patients with viral lung infection due to SARS-CoV-2. (medscimonit.com)
Although men are at increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) infection, the risk for severe forms of TB and TB and HIV coinfection is higher among women compared with men. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
They also assessed the incidence of HIV coinfection among individuals who developed TB infection between 2011 and 2017. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
Both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) lead to chronic infection in a high percentage of persons, and an expanding epidemic of HIV-1-HCV coinfection has recently been identified. (ox.ac.uk)
In virology, coinfection commonly refers to simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more different viruses. (liu.edu)
A key question is whether patterns of coinfection arise because infection by one parasite species affects susceptibility to others or because of inherent differences between hosts. (salford.ac.uk)

Coinfection with other respiratory pathogens and opportunistic infections are possible. (hindawi.com)

SARS-CoV-2 coinfection with additional respiratory virus does not predict severe disease: a retrospective cohort study. (cornell.edu)

However, bacterial coinfection is considered relatively infrequent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and the co-prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae is low. (medscimonit.com)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and dengue viral infections have similar presentations and laboratory findings, including fever and thrombocytopenia, and there have been reports of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and arthropod-borne virus. (who.int)
Dengue serology in Indonesian COVID-19 patients: Coinfection or serological overlap? (who.int)
Coinfection, coepidemics of COVID‐19, and dengue in dengue‐endemic countries: A serious health concern. (who.int)
En cas de suspicion du paludisme en zone impaludée, il parait non négligeable de considérer la COVID-19 comme un diagnostic différentiel. (bvsalud.org)

Coinfection by Borrelia burgdorferi , the primary agent of Lyme disease, and Babesia microti , the primary agent of babesiosis, is a useful model to study vector-borne pathogen interaction. (cell.com)
Coinfection likely contributes to the emergence of babesiosis in areas endemic for Lyme disease. (cell.com)
Although the incidence of coinfections in chronic Lyme disease is unknown, many people assume that co-infections are rare in Lyme patients. (lymedisease.org)
So we asked over 3,000 chronic Lyme patients whether they had coinfections that were confirmed by laboratory tests. (lymedisease.org)
I am wondering if it is really true that acute lyme cases that are easily cured and do not progress to chronic are the ones without coinfections. (lymedisease.org)

To perform a molecular screening to detect infections by the mayaro virus and possible coinfections with Chikungunya during an outbreak in the state of Tocantins/Brazil in 2017. (biomedcentral.com)
Mettre à jour les données sur la prévalence des infections transmissibles par transfusion en contexte de pandémie à coronavirus est très important pour la sécurité transfusionnelle dans notre milieu. (bvsalud.org)

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients subsequently admitted to AMITA Health Saint Francis Hospital between March 1 and June 30, 2020, with documented SARS-CoV-2 and S. pneumoniae coinfection. (medscimonit.com)

Angelica sinensis is used in the treatment of Ehrlichia (Anaplasma) coinfection. (lymeherbs.eu)

Coinfection with HIV and HBV presents both a challenge and an opportunity for clinicians, because coinfected patients may progress to end-stage liver disease more rapidly than HBV-monoinfected patients, and they have higher rates of hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
Nevertheless, the researchers found that HIV/HCV coinfection had no effect on patients' adherence. (pharmacytimes.com)
Similar results were found in a study of 106 patients by Dr. Janet Sperling and colleagues in Canada, with 50% reporting laboratory confirmed coinfections and 36% reporting two or more. (lymedisease.org)
We identified 11 patients with S. pneumoniae coinfection. (medscimonit.com)
justifiant de ce fait une meilleure prise en charge de ces patients. (bvsalud.org)
La présente étude détermine la prévalence de l'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C en en determinant les génotypes ainsi que les facteurs y associés dans ce groupe de patients. (bvsalud.org)

One recent paper by Aguilar-Luis [ 19 ] sought to show the emergence of the MAYV and cases of coinfection with Dengue virus (DENV) in Peru. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we report a case of SARS-CoV-2-dengue virus coinfection in the Philippines in a female aged 62 years, whose early symptom was fever and who was positive for SARS-CoV-2 and positive for dengue. (who.int)

The remaining samples were detected with CHIKV monoinfection (41 cases), DENV monoinfection (50 cases) and coinfection between CHIKV/DENV (5 cases). (biomedcentral.com)

Men are well recognized as a high-risk group for TB, but disaggregated gender differences reveal that women are a high-risk group for various forms of EPTB [extrapulmonary tuberculosis] and TB-HIV coinfection," the researchers noted. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
MONTREAL - Interim results of ALLIANCE, the first head-to-head trial comparing two different tenofovir-containing antiretroviral regimens for the treatment of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) coinfection, demonstrate the superiority of bictegravir / emtricitabine /tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) over dolutegravir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DTG + F/TDF), researchers reported at a meeting of the International AIDS Society. (mdedge.com)

Women had a higher risk for both severe forms of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV coinfection than men, suggesting additional research is needed to assess gender disparities in TB. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)

The journal AIDS recently published a study showing that HIV coinfection has no impact on adherence to HCV treatment. (pharmacytimes.com)

These interdisciplinary studies may serve as a paradigm for the study of other vector-borne coinfections. (cell.com)
The co-EC study aims to eliminate hepatitis C/HIV coinfection in the community through scale up treatment of Hepatitis C in primary care and hospital settings.This study involves an open label, non-randomised clinical trial of hepatitis C treatment for people with HIV coinfection. (edu.au)
In a systematic review showing the frequency and clinical presentation of coinfections involving the Zika virus, a study reported a single case of coinfection between this virus and MAYV [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In summary, our study demonstrates that coinfection of enterocytes with C. albicans and P. mirabilis can result in increased host cell damage which is mediated by bacterial virulence factors as a result of fungal niche modification via nutrient consumption and production of soluble factors. (leibniz-hki.de)
Visceral leishmaniasis and leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection: comparative study. (scielo.br)

Children who were discharged before clinical recovery and those with coinfections were excluded. (medicaldialogues.in)

Survival analysis included cases of TB / HIV coinfection deaths (ICD 20.0). (bvsalud.org)

Studies in ticks, reservoir hosts, and humans indicate that coinfection with B. burgdorferi and B. microti is common, promotes transmission and emergence of B. microti in the enzootic cycle, and causes greater disease severity and duration in humans. (cell.com)
Coinfections with parasitic helminths and microparasites are highly common in nature and can lead to complex within-host interactions between parasite species which can cause negative health outcomes for humans, and domestic and wild animals. (datadryad.org)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-hepatitis C virus coinfection: intraindividual comparison of cellular immune responses against two persistent viruses. (ox.ac.uk)

If no diagnosis and treatment until late, then the coinfections now must be treated too. (lymedisease.org)

Public health strategies for TB control/prevention must recognize that women are more likely to develop severe forms of TB and TB-HIV coinfection. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)

In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART), liver disease has emerged as an important cause of death among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection. (elsevier.com)
En virología la coinfección se refiere comúnmente a la infección simultánea de una sola célula mediante dos o más diferentes virus. (bvsalud.org)

95% CI, 0.88-0.95) demonstrated a 17% and 8% lower risk for TB and HIV coinfection compared with women in the same age groups, respectively. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
However, as age increased, the risk for TB and HIV coinfection between men and women equalized. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)

Arbovirus coinfection and co-transmission: A neglected public health concern? (plos.org)

Some studies have shown cases of coinfection between MAYV and other arboviruses. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms66

Diseases87

Chemicals and Drugs32

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment25

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes22

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science6

Named Groups1

Health Care17

Geographicals9

REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS : AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIVE ROLES OF HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERCURRENT NEPHRITIC SYNDROME. (1/1033)

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV co-infection. (2/1033)

The impact of HIV/HCV co-infection on health care utilization and disability: results of the ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) Cohort. (3/1033)

Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: successful prophylaxis with fluconazole, as demonstrated by prospective randomized control trial. (4/1033)

Short communication decreased incidence of dual infections in South african subtype C-infected women compared to a cohort ten years earlier. (5/1033)

HIV-malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa. (6/1033)

Description of the parasite Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae identified in follicular fluid following transvaginal oocyte retrieval. (7/1033)

IL-22 production is regulated by IL-23 during Listeria monocytogenes infection but is not required for bacterial clearance or tissue protection. (8/1033)

No data available that match "coinfection"

Coinfection

HIV Infections

Hepatitis C

GB virus C

Flaviviridae Infections

HIV

Hepatitis B

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

Hepacivirus

Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections

Viral Load

HIV-1

Hookworm Infections

Antiviral Agents

Hepatitis C, Chronic

Anti-HIV Agents

RNA, Viral

Hepatitis, Viral, Human

DNA, Viral

Tuberculosis

HTLV-II Infections

Ehrlichiosis

Glossitis, Benign Migratory

Influenzavirus B

Helminthiasis

Prevalence

Influenzavirus A

Babesia microti

Schistosomiasis mansoni

Primate Diseases

Ribavirin

Virus Replication

Superinfection

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mansonella

Helicobacter felis

Babesiosis

Liver Cirrhosis

HTLV-I Infections

Substance Abuse, Intravenous

Schistosoma mansoni

Hepatitis D

Dependovirus

Hepatitis B virus

Comorbidity

Hepatitis B, Chronic

Mansonelliasis

DNA Virus Infections

Anti-Retroviral Agents

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

Nematospiroides dubius

Simian foamy virus

Parvoviridae Infections

Helminths

Flaviviridae

Genotype

Antitubercular Agents

Herpesvirus 6, Human

Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus

Cohort Studies

Helminthiasis, Animal

Macaca nemestrina

Infectious Disease Incubation Period

Interferon-alpha

Bacteriophage phi 6

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Liver Failure

Hepatitis C Antibodies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Brazil

Helper Viruses

Adenoviruses, Human

Recombination, Genetic

Disease Progression

Molecular Sequence Data

Protozoan Infections

Simian immunodeficiency virus

Lyme Disease

Colobus