Coinfection
HIV Infections
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally, and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.
GB virus C
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.
Hepatitis B
CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Hepacivirus
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
Viral Load
HIV-1
Hookworm Infections
Antiviral Agents
Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.
Hepatitis C, Chronic
Anti-HIV Agents
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
Tuberculosis
Ehrlichiosis
A tick-borne disease characterized by FEVER; HEADACHE; myalgias; ANOREXIA; and occasionally RASH. It is caused by several bacterial species and can produce disease in DOGS; CATTLE; SHEEP; GOATS; HORSES; and humans. The primary species causing human disease are EHRLICHIA CHAFFEENSIS; ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM; and Ehrlichia ewingii.
Glossitis, Benign Migratory
Influenzavirus B
Prevalence
Influenzavirus A
Babesia microti
Schistosomiasis mansoni
Primate Diseases
Ribavirin
Virus Replication
Superinfection
A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Mansonella
Helicobacter felis
Babesiosis
Liver Cirrhosis
Schistosoma mansoni
Hepatitis D
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS, a defective RNA virus that can only infect HEPATITIS B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.
Dependovirus
Hepatitis B virus
The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.
Comorbidity
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
Hepatitis B, Chronic
Mansonelliasis
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
Nematospiroides dubius
Simian foamy virus
Helminths
Flaviviridae
Genotype
Antitubercular Agents
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
Herpesvirus 6, Human
The type species of ROSEOLOVIRUS isolated from patients with AIDS and other LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS. It infects and replicates in fresh and established lines of hematopoietic cells and cells of neural origin. It also appears to alter NK cell activity. HHV-6; (HBLV) antibodies are elevated in patients with AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, sarcoidosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and certain malignancies. HHV-6 is the cause of EXANTHEMA SUBITUM and has been implicated in encephalitis.
Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus
Cohort Studies
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Helminthiasis, Animal
Macaca nemestrina
Infectious Disease Incubation Period
Interferon-alpha
One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells. In addition to antiviral activity, it activates NATURAL KILLER CELLS and B-LYMPHOCYTES, and down-regulates VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR expression through PI-3 KINASE and MAPK KINASES signaling pathways.
Bacteriophage phi 6
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)
Hepatitis C Antibodies
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Helper Viruses
Adenoviruses, Human
Species of the genus MASTADENOVIRUS, causing a wide range of diseases in humans. Infections are mostly asymptomatic, but can be associated with diseases of the respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Serotypes (named with Arabic numbers) have been grouped into species designated Human adenovirus A-F.
Recombination, Genetic
Disease Progression
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Protozoan Infections
Simian immunodeficiency virus
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.
Colobus
A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.
Risk Factors
Strongyloidiasis
Strongyloides stercoralis
HIV Seropositivity
Roseolovirus Infections
Ixodes
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.
Drug Therapy, Combination
Microbial Interactions
Lamivudine
Bartonella
A genus of gram-negative bacteria characteristically appearing in chains of several segmenting organisms. It occurs in man and arthropod vectors and is found only in the Andes region of South America. This genus is the etiologic agent of human bartonellosis. The genus Rochalimaea, once considered a separate genus, has recently been combined with the genus Bartonella as a result of high levels of relatedness in 16S rRNA sequence data and DNA hybridization data.
Erythroplasia
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Simian T-lymphotropic virus 1
A strain of PRIMATE T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2, closely related to the human HTLV-1 virus. The clinical, hematological, and histopathological characteristics of the disease in STLV-infected monkeys are very similar to those of human adult T-cell leukemia. Subgroups include the African green monkey subtype (STLV-I-AGM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 95% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1, and the Asian rhesus macaque subtype (STLV-I-MM), for which the nucleotide sequence is 90% homologous with that of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1.
Virulence
Seroepidemiologic Studies
Plasmodium
A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.
Retrospective Studies
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Bocavirus
Balamuthia mandrillaris
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.
Adenovirus Infections, Human
Ehrlichia
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
Cytomegalovirus Infections
Organophosphonates
Papillomavirus Infections
Tick-Borne Diseases
Bacterial, viral, or parasitic diseases transmitted to humans and animals by the bite of infected ticks. The families Ixodidae and Argasidae contain many bloodsucking species that are important pests of man and domestic birds and mammals and probably exceed all other arthropods in the number and variety of disease agents they transmit. Many of the tick-borne diseases are zoonotic.
Anthelmintics
Polyethylene Glycols
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
Adenoviridae
Prospective Studies
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Base Sequence
Astroviridae Infections
Hepatitis D, Chronic
Influenza, Human
Viral Interference
Cote d'Ivoire
Torque teno virus
Host-Parasite Interactions
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Tumor Virus Infections
Defective Viruses
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
Mycobacterium bovis
Herpesvirus 8, Human
Parasitemia
Indinavir
Rotavirus
Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Cross-Sectional Studies
Pandemics
Influenza A virus
The type species of the genus INFLUENZAVIRUS A that causes influenza and other diseases in humans and animals. Antigenic variation occurs frequently between strains, allowing classification into subtypes and variants. Transmission is usually by aerosol (human and most non-aquatic hosts) or waterborne (ducks). Infected birds shed the virus in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces.
Incidence
Cytokines
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
Treatment Outcome
Latent Tuberculosis
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
Circovirus
A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects SWINE; PSITTACINES; and non-psittacine BIRDS. Species include Beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds, and Porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs (PORCINE POSTWEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME).
Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype
CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
Gonorrhea
Genetic Fitness
Macaca mulatta
Leukocytes, Mononuclear
Spodoptera
Disease Models, Animal
Genetic Vectors
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
Biopsy
Interferons
Proteins secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers. They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions.
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic
Herpesvirus 4, Human
Interferon-gamma
The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.
Proviruses
Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Herpes Genitalis
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Fatal Outcome
Liver
Metapneumovirus
Cat Diseases
South Africa
Human T-lymphotropic virus 2
Schistosomiasis haematobia
Hepatitis Delta Virus
Alanine Transaminase
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Lung
CD4-CD8 Ratio
Leishmaniasis, Visceral
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTAL MIXED INFLUENZA AND STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS : AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIVE ROLES OF HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF AN INTERCURRENT NEPHRITIC SYNDROME. (1/1033)
1. The vital importance of the cellular defense forces in the resistance of the monkey to combined streptococcus and influenza virus infections has been demonstrated. 2. Some of the conditions prejudicial to the maintenance of an optimum cellular reserve in the infected animal have been revealed; viz., undernutrition, physical cold, intratracheal route of infection. 3. The potential threat exerted by latent foci of streptococci, and the importance, in relation to the combined infection with virus, of cellular and humoral immunity, together or separately, have been demonstrated. The essential role of optimum nutrition (notably as concerns the vitamin B complex, and folic acid specifically) in the prevention of disastrous illness from these infectious agents, individually or in combination, would seem to have been proven. 4. Signs of glomerular nephritis appeared in a significant number of monkeys receiving Streptococcus hemolyticus and influenza virus in sequence, followed by reinoculation or spontaneous reappearance of the streptococci. 5. Reinoculation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, resulted in a prompt "booster" increase in the opsonic index. Virus instillation was followed by just as sudden a depression in this index. 6. Reinoculation failed to evoke either the granulocytosis or the leucopenia in monkeys which are characteristic effects of the streptococcus and the virus respectively when these agents are introduced for the first time by way of the nasal mucous membrane. 7. Simultaneous intranasal inoculation of influenza virus, type A, and Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C, in nutritionally normal Macaca mulatta failed to produce obvious signs of disease. In most of the animals, however, a streptococcus-induced leucocytosis followed by a delayed virus-induced granulopenia developed. 8. Inoculation of influenza virus followed in 4 to 17 days by streptococci produced obvious signs of disease in five of eleven animals which had become leucopenic as result of the action of the virus, and fatal streptococcal septicemia in two monkeys. 9. The development of signs of infection in previously healthy monkeys exposed to virus followed by streptococci confirms both the clinical and laboratory experience of other observers, that virus infection may predispose to secondary bacterial invasion, and, that at times, under unfavorable circumstances, the infection may become overwhelming. Although the complete mechanism of resistance is as yet not wholly clear, the depressant or inhibitory effect of the virus on both its cellular and humoral elements has been established. (+info)The treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV co-infection. (2/1033)
Chronic HCV co-infection is present in up to one third of HIV-positive patients in Europe. In recent years, apart from the traditional transmission route of intravenous drug abuse, outbreaks of sexually transmitted acute HCV infections, mainly among HIV-positive men who have sex with men, have contributed to the overall disease burden. - Because the natural course of HCV infection is substantially accelerated in HIV-co-infection, end-stage liver disease has become the most frequent cause of non-AIDS related death in this population. Therefore every HIV/HCV co-infected patient should be evaluated for possible anti-HCV therapy with the goal of reaching a sustained virological response and thus cure of hepatitis C infection. The standard of care for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in HIV-infected remains a pegylated interferon in combination with weight-adapted ribavirin. - HAART should not be withheld from HCV co-infected patients due to concerns of drug related hepatotoxicity and in patients with reduced CD4-cell counts HAART should be started first. Under pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy drug to drug interactions and cumulated toxicity between nucleoside analogues and anti-HCV therapy may be observed and concomitant didanosine use is contraindicated and zidovudine and stavudine should be avoided if possible. - The development of new drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C represents a promising perspective also for HIV positive patients. However, these substances will probably reach clinical routine for HIV patients later than HCV monoinfected patients. Therefore at present waiting for new drugs is not an alternative to a modern pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy. (+info)The impact of HIV/HCV co-infection on health care utilization and disability: results of the ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) Cohort. (3/1033)
(+info)Fungal peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: successful prophylaxis with fluconazole, as demonstrated by prospective randomized control trial. (4/1033)
(+info)Short communication decreased incidence of dual infections in South african subtype C-infected women compared to a cohort ten years earlier. (5/1033)
(+info)HIV-malaria co-infection: effects of malaria on the prevalence of HIV in East sub-Saharan Africa. (6/1033)
(+info)Description of the parasite Wucheria bancrofti microfilariae identified in follicular fluid following transvaginal oocyte retrieval. (7/1033)
(+info)IL-22 production is regulated by IL-23 during Listeria monocytogenes infection but is not required for bacterial clearance or tissue protection. (8/1033)
(+info)
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Neglected tropical diseases
Coinfection[edit]. Coinfection is a major concern with neglected tropical diseases, making NTDs more damaging than their ... For this reason, coinfection carries a higher risk of mortality. NTDs may also play a role in infection with other diseases, ... NTD co-infection can also make HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis more deadly.[3] ... "Diagnosing Neglected Tropical Diseases in HIV Coinfection". Human Parasitic Diseases. 2015 (7): 11. doi:10.4137/HPD.S19569 ...
HIV/AIDS in Eswatini
TB-HIV co-infection. References[edit]. *^ "Swaziland 2016 Country factsheet". UNAIDS. Retrieved 14 January 2018.. .mw-parser- ... More than one-third of Swazi women between the ages of 15 and 49 are living with HIV;[22] this is accompanied by high HIV-TB co-infection ... HIV and tuberculosis (TB) co-infection[edit]. Eswatini not only has the highest adult HIV prevalence globally, it also has the ... second highest rate of HIV-tuberculosis (TB) co-infection in the world.[43] Accompanying this statistic, TB-related mortality ...
Lyme disease
Tick-borne coinfections[edit]. Main article: Tick-borne disease. Ticks that transmit B. burgdorferi to humans can also carry ... Coinfections complicate Lyme symptoms, especially diagnosis and treatment. It is possible for a tick to carry and transmit one ... with high risks of coinfection in roe deer.[159] Nevertheless, in the 2000s, in roe deer in Europe "two species of Rickettsia ... should be investigated for possible coinfection with other tick-borne diseases, such as ehrlichiosis and babesiosis.[30] ...
Antigenic shift
Coinfection Narayan, O; Griffin, DE; Chase, J (1977). "Antigenic shift of visna virus in persistently infected sheep". Science ...
Hookworm infection
Malaria co-infectionEdit. Co-infection with hookworm and Plasmodium falciparum is common in Africa.[52] Although exact numbers ... Knowles SC (August 2011). "The effect of helminth co-infection on malaria in mice". Int. J. Parasitol. 41 (10): 1041-51. doi: ... Additionally, both malaria and helminth infection can cause anemia, but the effect of co-infection and possible enhancement of ... While original hypotheses stated that co-infection with multiple parasites would impair the host's immune response to a single ...
Opportunistic infection
Bruchfeld J, Correia-Neves M, Källenius G (February 2015). "Tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives ...
Adolescent sexuality
Coinfection is common among adolescents. An STI can have a large negative physiological and psychological effect on an ...
HIV and pregnancy
Further Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Screening should be performed as HIV positive women are at a higher risk for co-infection ... Hepatitis A, B, and C Screening should be performed in all pregnant women with HIV because coinfection is common. ... "Hepatitis B Virus/HIV Coinfection , Special Populations , Antepartum Care , Perinatal , ClinicalInfo". clinicalinfo.hiv.gov. ...
Syphilis
... increases the risk of HIV transmission by two to five times, and coinfection is common (30-60% in some urban centers ... Karp, G; Schlaeffer, F; Jotkowitz, A; Riesenberg, K (January 2009). "Syphilis and HIV co-infection". European Journal of ...
Tropical medicine
"TB and HIV , Co-infection, statistics, diagnosis & treatment". TB Facts.org. Retrieved 2018-03-19. Prevention, CDC - Centers ...
Parasitism
Coinfection by multiple parasites is common. Autoinfection, where (by exception) the whole of the parasite's life-cycle takes ...
Syphilis
Karp, G; Schlaeffer, F; Jotkowitz, A; Riesenberg, K (January 2009). "Syphilis and HIV co-infection". European Journal of ... and coinfection is common (30-60% in some urban centers).[2][14] In 2015, Cuba became the first country to eliminate mother-to- ...
Leishmania donovani
Okwor, I; Uzonna, JE (May 2013). "The immunology of Leishmania/HIV co-infection". Immunologic Research. 56 (1): 163-71. doi: ... Olivier, M; Badaró, R; Medrano, FJ; Moreno, J (2003). "The pathogenesis of Leishmania/HIV co-infection: cellular and ...
Triatoma virus
A cross infection and co-infection study". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 150: 101-105. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2017.09.014. PMID ...
Pregnancy-associated malaria
Kwenti TE (2018). "Malaria and HIV coinfection in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence, impact, and treatment strategies". Research ... Frischknecht F, Fackler OT (July 2016). "Experimental systems for studying Plasmodium/HIV coinfection". FEBS Letters. 590 (13 ...
Malaria
Coinfection of HIV with malaria increases mortality. Kidney failure is a feature of blackwater fever, where haemoglobin from ...
Influenza
If co-infection occurs, then reassortment is possible. A notable example of this was the reassortment of a swine, avian, and ... ICV-associated hospitalization most commonly occurs in children under the age of 3 and is frequently accompanied by co-infection ... complex with other pathogens during co-infection. BRD is a concern for the cattle industry, so IDV's possible involvement in ...
Omayra Ortega
Ortega, Omayra Y (2008-01-01). "Evaluation of rotavirus models with coinfection and vaccination". Theses and Dissertations. doi ... Her dissertation was on mathematical epidemiology, titled "Evaluation of Rotavirus models with coinfection and vaccination" ...
Mycovirus
May RM, Nowak MA (August 1995). "Coinfection and the evolution of parasite virulence" (PDF). Proceedings. Biological Sciences. ...
Abu Hummus
Applied Mathematical & Computational Sciences (2008). Evaluation of Rotavirus Models with Coinfection and Vaccination. ...
Vietnam
2016). "Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection in Vietnam". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 46 (2): 12-22. doi:10.1016 ...
XVIII International AIDS Conference, 2010
"AIDS 2010: Halving HIV/TB Co-infection Deaths; Financial Transaction Tax Discussed, And More". globalhealth.kff.org. 2011. ...
Schistosoma mansoni
Co-infection is known to cause earlier liver deterioration and more severe illness. Adult and larval worms migrate through the ... This is an important diagnostic tool because co-infection with S. haematobium (having a terminal-spined eggs) is common, and ... Gasim, Gasim I; Bella, Abdelhaleem; Adam, Ishag (2015). "Schistosomiasis, hepatitis B and hepatitis C co-infection". Virology ...
Borrelia burgdorferi
More studies and research must be done to determine the synergistic effect of co-infection and its effect on the human body. So ... ISBN 978-0-321-73360-3. Swanson, Stephen J.; Neitzel, David; Reed, Kurt D.; Belongia, Edward A. (2006-10-01). "Coinfections ...
Epidemiology of Hepatitis D
Coinfections run an acute course; expression of the HDV is accompanied by a weak and transient antibody response and is ... In simultaneous coinfection with the HBV, the HDV is rescued by the partner HBV with which it shares the HBsAg coat; in ...
Sindisiwe van Zyl
Masukume, Gwinyai; Mapanga, Witness; Grinberg, Sagy; Zyl, Doreen S. van (2021). "COVID-19 and HIV co-infection an emerging ... has included guidelines to support HIV-affected individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy safely and COVID-19 and HIV co-infection ...
Dientamoebiasis
Numerous studies reported high rates of coinfection with helminthes. However, recent study has failed to show any association ...
Viral interference
Superinfection Remion, Azaria; Delord, Marc; Saragosti, Sentob; Mammano, Fabrizio (2013-09-19). "Co-infection, super-infection ...
HIV/HCV Co-infection: An AETC National Curriculum | AIDS Education and Training Centers National Coordinating Resource Center ...
Co-infection and syndemics
Co-infection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species, for instance multi-parasite infections. Co- ... Co-infections with Babesia microti and Plasmodium parasites along the China-Myanmar border Babesiosis is an emerging health ... Malaria endemicity and co-infection with tissue-dwelling parasites in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review Mechanisms and outcomes of ... Development, coinfection, and the syndemics of pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa Notable among gaps in the achievement of the ...
TB & HIV Coinfection | Basic TB Facts | TB | CDC
People infected with HIV who also have either latent TB infection or TB disease can be effectively treated. The first step is to ensure that people living with HIV are tested for TB infection. If found to have TB infection, further tests are needed to rule out TB disease. The next step is to start treatment for latent TB infection or TB disease based on test results.. Treatment. Untreated latent TB infection can quickly progress to TB disease in people living with HIV since the immune system is already weakened. And without treatment, TB disease can progress from sickness to death.. Fortunately, there are a number of treatment options for people living with HIV who also have either latent TB infection or TB disease.. Learn about Treatment.. ...
Anaplasma Co-infections | Anaplasmosis | CDC
Coinfection - Wikipedia
Anaplasmosis Bacteriophage coinfection GB virus C HIV-HCV coinfection HIV-TB coinfection (enhances TB transmission and ... Coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. In virology, coinfection includes ... Coinfection with helminths affects around 800 million people worldwide. Coinfection is of particular human health importance ... Other common examples of coinfections are AIDS, which involves coinfection of end-stage HIV with opportunistic parasites and ...
HIV and Hepatitis C Co-infection: Guideline and Commentary
HIV and Hepatitis C Co-infection: Guideline and Commentary
HCV and HIV Coinfection - Hepatitis C - MedHelp
Just wondering if HCV And HIV coinfection can cause delayed seroconversion and what is the window period for HCV because i am ... HCV and HIV Coinfection. Just wondering if HCV And HIV coinfection can cause delayed seroconversion and what is the window ... Just wondering if HCV And HIV coinfection can cause delayed seroconversion and what is the window period for HCV because i am ... Such tests are done at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months, and longer in specific circumstances, such as co-infection ...
Leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection: current challenges
Almost 35 countries have reported autochthonous coinfections. Visceral leishmaniasis is more frequently described. However, ... coinfection can manifest itself as tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. ... Leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection: current challenges HIV AIDS (Auckl). 2016 Oct 7;8:147-156. doi: 10.2147/HIV.S93789. eCollection ... Leishmaniasis - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection can manifest itself as tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. ...
Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. - PubMed - NCBI
Bacterial coinfection complicated nearly all influenza deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic and up to 34% of 2009 pandemic ... Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review.. Chertow DS1, Memoli MJ. ... Complex viral, bacterial, and host factors contribute to the pathogenesis of coinfection. Reductions in morbidity and mortality ... infection admitted to 35 intensive care units in the United States reveal that bacterial coinfection commonly occurs within the ...
Iron and coinfections
HCV Coinfection & Neurologic Impairment
Some studies have found rates of neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV/HCV coinfection not to be significantly worse than rates in ... cause cerebral changes on magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain.3-5 The combined effect of both HIV and HCV coinfection ... HCV-monoinfected individuals.6,7 Other studies observe a trend for patients with HIV/HCV coinfection to perform worse ...
Hepatitis C and HIV coinfection - Wikipedia
The burden of co-infection is especially high in certain high-risk groups, such as intravenous drug users and men who have sex ... Due to the similar routes of transmission of HIV and HCV, HIV-positive individuals are at great risk of HIV and HCV co-infection ... In contrast to HIV and HCV co-infection, there has been significant research delineating the signs and symptoms of each of ... This suggests that interventions aiming to reduce the disease burden associated with HIV and HCV co-infection must consist of ...
HIV/tuberculosis co-infection: Tunneling towards better diagnosis | EurekAlert! Science News
HCV - Forum on Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection - TheBody.com
serocovert - Forum on Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection - TheBody.com
A Time Scales Approach to Coinfection by Opportunistic Diseases
Pathogens | Free Full-Text | Babesia microti-Borrelia burgdorferi Coinfection
This review discusses the current literature on mammalian coinfection with B. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative ... Keywords: Babesia; Borrelia; Babesiosis; Lyme disease; coinfection; tick-borne pathogens Babesia; Borrelia; Babesiosis; Lyme ... Parveen, N.; Bhanot, P. Babesia microti-Borrelia burgdorferi Coinfection. Pathogens 2019, 8, 117. ... This review discusses the current literature on mammalian coinfection with B. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative ...
The Challenging Consequences of Co-Infections | Popular Science
The results also suggest prevention of simultaneous co-infection is not as important as preventing co-infection regardless of ... How Co-Infection of Ribwort Plantain with Powdery Mildew Can Explain Epidemic Spread. Sources: Wikipedia; Modifications: Jason ... But the number of plants with over 60% co-infection was over 10 times higher than at the start of the experiment. This result ... There is still not enough evidence to reveal if simultaneous co-infections could lead to an worsening epidemic or even the ...
HIV/Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection | Perinatal | AIDSinfo
... infection unless they are known to have HIV/HCV coinfection (see HIV/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection) (AIII). ... Panels Recommendations Regarding HIV/Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection. Panels Recommendations *All pregnant women living with ... For additional information on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, see HIV/Hepatitis B (HBV) Coinfection in the Adult and ... Nearly 10% of infants born to mothers with HIV/HBV coinfection had HBV DNA detected by age 48 weeks despite being immunized ...
The Missing Piece of the Covid-19 Death Puzzle: Co-Infection
... Oh, So You Thought If You Got Vaccinated You Would Avert Death By ... This is called co-infection. This is the missing piece of the COVID-19 puzzle, which vaccination will not prevent. ... In another study those patients with severe COVID-19 were 2.9 to 18.2 times more likely to have coinfections with bacteria or ... It is possible that some patients die from bacterial coinfection rather than the COVID-19 virus itself. In the 2009 H1N1 flu ...
City Council Committee Oversight Hearing on HIV/AIDS - Hepatitis C Co-Infection
On behalf of HHC, thank you for the opportunity to discuss HIV/AIDS - Hepatitis C co-infection. I will begin with an overview ... But, if he has Hepatitis C co-infection, his lifespan will be markedly reduced to only 10-30 years beyond diagnosis unless the ... City Council Committee Oversight Hearing on HIV/AIDS - Hepatitis C Co-Infection. JOSEPH MASCI, M.D.,FACP. DIRECTOR OF MEDICINE ... All persons with HIV and Hepatitis C co-infection should have an ultrasound of their liver yearly to screen for hepatocellular ...
Tenofovir in HIV/HBV Coinfection - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
HIV Infection Hepatitis B Coinfection Drug: Tenofovir Drug: Zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (LAM), efavirenz (EFV) Phase 4 ... Coinfection. Liver Diseases. Digestive System Diseases. Lentivirus Infections. Retroviridae Infections. RNA Virus Infections. ... Virological and Clinical Anti-HBV Efficacy of Tenofovir in Antiretroviral naïve Patients With HIV/HBV Co-infection. ... multi-centre trial of tenofovir vs lamivudine vs tenofovir/lamivudine in antiretroviral naïve subjects with HIV/HBV co-infection ...
Kinetics of Coinfection with Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae
March: HIV & HCV co-infection study | News | University of Bristol
However, very little was known about the extent of HIV/HCV coinfection prior to this study, which was the first global study of ... Paper: Prevalence and burden of HCV co-infection in people living with HIV: a global systematic review and meta-analysis by L ... The study shows the greatest burden of HIV/HCV coinfection in Eastern Europe and central Asia, where there are an estimated ... The researchers included studies with estimates of HCV coinfection in the main HIV population, as well as sub-groups of PWID, ...
Co-infection Leishmania/HIV: epidemiological analysis of 692 retrospoective cases]
HBV-HIV Coinfection Research Network - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
HBV-HIV Coinfection Research Network. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study ... However, chronic liver disease due to coinfection with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) virus has emerged as the second leading ... Coinfection. Hepadnaviridae Infections. DNA Virus Infections. Virus Diseases. Hepatitis, Viral, Human. Hepatitis. Liver ... What are the long term risks of TDF-based therapy for HBV in HIV coinfection? In short, what are the risks and benefits of TDF- ...
HIV and Co-Infections Through the Lifecycle | Global WACh
LymePathogensAntiretroviral therapyNecessitate cesarean deliveryViral hepatitisBacterialInfectionPrevalenceMycoplasmaChronic liver dVisceralAIDSLiverCytokineTenofovirPatientsMalariaPathogenEpidemiologyTransmissionInfectionsStreptococcusUncommonImplicationsHerpesClinicalAIIIMortalitySpeciesVirusesPregnantStudyRatesRiskImmuneCareCommonVirusHumanDisease
Lyme8
- Other common examples of coinfections are AIDS, which involves coinfection of end-stage HIV with opportunistic parasites and polymicrobial infections like Lyme disease with other diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- The presence of a rash might indicate that the patient has a coinfection with Lyme disease , or another tickborne disease. (cdc.gov)
- I know iron does not encourage Lyme, but what about coinfections? (healingwell.com)
- This review discusses the current literature on mammalian coinfection with B. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi , the causative agent Lyme disease. (mdpi.com)
- Two of the most common and damaging Lyme coinfections are Bartonella and Mycoplasma. (innertraditions.com)
- Coinfections may be common - at least among those with chronic Lyme disease. (lymedisease.org)
- A recently published LDo survey over 3,000 patients with chronic Lyme disease found that over 50% had coinfections, with 30% reporting two or more coinfections. (lymedisease.org)
- Chronic coinfections in patients diagnosed with chronic lyme disease: a systematic review. (duke.edu)
Pathogens1
- In coinfection, although two pathogens are identified, a potential pathogen may be present but may not be a cause of existing vaginal symptoms. (nih.gov)
Antiretroviral therapy4
- All pregnant and postpartum women with HIV/HBV coinfection should receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). (nih.gov)
- WHO commissioned the study to inform an update of its guidelines on screening of coinfections and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and to inform regional and national strategies for HCV screening and management. (bristol.ac.uk)
- Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on Liver Related Mortality in Patients with HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection," Lancet, Vol. 362, No. 9397, 2003, pp. 1708-1713. (scirp.org)
- We propose a population model for TB-HIV/AIDS coinfection transmission dynamics, which considers antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection and treatments for latent and active tuberculosis. (aimsciences.org)
Necessitate cesarean delivery2
Viral hepatitis3
- Women with chronic HBV infection who have not already received the hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine series should be screened for immunity to HAV because they are at increased risk of complications from coinfection with other viral hepatitis infections. (nih.gov)
- Women with HCV infection who have not already received the hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine series should be screened for immunity to HAV, because they are at increased risk of complications from coinfection with other viral hepatitis infections (AIII) . (nih.gov)
- To learn more about HIV and viral hepatitis coinfection, go here . (hepb.org)
Bacterial13
- Bacterial coinfection in influenza: a grand rounds review. (nih.gov)
- Bacterial coinfection complicated nearly all influenza deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic and up to 34% of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infections managed in intensive care units worldwide. (nih.gov)
- Data from 683 critically ill patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) infection admitted to 35 intensive care units in the United States reveal that bacterial coinfection commonly occurs within the first 6 days of influenza infection, presents similarly to influenza infection occurring alone, and is associated with an increased risk of death. (nih.gov)
- Complex viral, bacterial, and host factors contribute to the pathogenesis of coinfection. (nih.gov)
- The whole article is mainly about the problem of bacteria overgrow on polymere medical stuff like contact lenses, prostheses, etc. and the iron thing is only mentioned en passant as they research different ways to keep the bacterial load on such material small. (healingwell.com)
- To understand how different therapies perturb the dynamics of influenza infection and bacterial coinfection and to quantify the benefit of increasing a drug's efficacy or targeting a different infection process, I analyzed data from mice treated with an antiviral, an antibiotic, or an immune modulatory agent with kinetic models. (springer.com)
- For a coinfection, immunotherapy could control low bacterial loads with as little as 20 % efficacy, but more effective drugs would be necessary for high bacterial loads. (springer.com)
- Bacterial and fungal infections are uncommon in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but coinfection is associated with high mortality and antibiotic use is widespread, according to a study published in the July issue of Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology . (doctorslounge.com)
- FRIDAY, July 31, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- Bacterial and fungal infections are uncommon in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but coinfection is associated with high mortality and antibiotic use is widespread, according to a study published in the July issue of Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology . (doctorslounge.com)
- Priya Nori, M.D., from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in Bronx, New York, and colleagues conducted a retrospective observational study of COVID-19 patients admitted between March 1, 2020, and April 18, 2020, to characterize the microbiology of bacterial and fungal coinfections during the pandemic surge. (doctorslounge.com)
- Therefore a mechanism is proposed for coinfection where influenza-induced TRAIL-expressing inflammatory monocytes cause lung damage, allowing bacterial colonization, while neutrophils and TNF-α counter subsequent bacterial outgrowth. (bl.uk)
- Other aspects of coinfection, such as bacterial spread to the brain and other facets of the immune response, are also investigated. (bl.uk)
- Viral and bacterial coinfection is associated with increasing hospital admissions and more severe symptoms. (thefreelibrary.com)
Infection13
- Coinfection is the simultaneous infection of a host by multiple pathogen species. (wikipedia.org)
- In virology, coinfection includes simultaneous infection of a single cell by two or more virus particles. (wikipedia.org)
- An example is the coinfection of liver cells with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus, which can arise incrementally by initial infection followed by superinfection. (wikipedia.org)
- Global prevalence or incidence of coinfection among humans is unknown, but it is thought to be commonplace, sometimes more common than single infection. (wikipedia.org)
- All pregnant women living with HIV should be screened during the current pregnancy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and unless they are known to have HIV/HBV coinfection and for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection unless they are known to have HIV/HCV coinfection (see HIV/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection ) (AIII) . (nih.gov)
- If ARV drugs that include anti-HBV activity are discontinued in women with HIV/HBV coinfection, frequent monitoring of liver function tests for potential exacerbation of HBV infection is recommended, with prompt re-initiation of treatment for HBV if a flare is suspected (BIII) . (nih.gov)
- For additional information on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV, see HIV/Hepatitis B (HBV) Coinfection in the Adult and Adolescent Guidelines 1 and Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Adult and Adolescent OI Guidelines . (nih.gov)
- 2 The management of HIV/HBV coinfection in pregnancy is complex and consultation with an expert in HIV and HBV infection is strongly recommended. (nih.gov)
- Therefore, the definition of "coinfection", "super-infection" or "mixed infections" is not always clear. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection unless they are known to have HCV/HIV coinfection (AIII) . (nih.gov)
- Infants born to women with HCV/HIV coinfection should be evaluated for HCV infection (AIII) . (nih.gov)
- For additional information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, see Hepatitis C Virus in the Pediatric Opportunistic Infection Guidelines , Hepatitis C Virus/HIV Coinfection in the Adult and Adolescent Guidelines , and Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the Adult and Adolescent Opportunistic Infection Guidelines . (nih.gov)
- 6 ) The risk of HCV infection via sexual contact among MSM appears to increase with HIV coinfection, concurrent sexually transmitted disease such as syphilis, drug use, and sex practices that may injure rectal epithelia, such as fisting. (ucsf.edu)
Prevalence1
- The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coinfection with malaria and intestinal parasites, as well as to determine its association with anaemia in children aged 10 years and below in Muyuk. (biomedcentral.com)
Mycoplasma2
- A Case of Influenza B and Mycoplasma pneumoniae Coinfection in an Adult. (thefreelibrary.com)
- In this report, we describe a case of influenza B virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae coinfection in a healthy young woman. (thefreelibrary.com)
Chronic liver d1
- However, chronic liver disease due to coinfection with hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) virus has emerged as the second leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected persons. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Visceral1
- Leishmaniasis - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection can manifest itself as tegumentary or visceral leishmaniasis. (nih.gov)
AIDS3
- Multiple viral coinfections among HIV/AIDS patients in China. (nih.gov)
- A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine seroprevalence and correlates of coinfections of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Bar virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus including type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in China. (nih.gov)
- This study suggests that HIV/AIDS patients with different regional and sociodemographic backgrounds and HIV transmission mode in China have different profiles of viral coinfections and should be subject to differential considerations in related health care programs. (nih.gov)
Liver7
- Pregnant women with HIV/HBV coinfection receiving antiretroviral (ARV) drugs should be counseled about signs and symptoms of liver toxicity, and liver transaminases should be assessed 1 month following initiation of ARV drugs and at least every 3 months thereafter during pregnancy (BIII) . (nih.gov)
- The HBRN will not address the critical issue of HBV liver disease progression in HIV-infected persons because patients with HIV coinfection will be excluded. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Collectively, this study will fulfill many of the key priorities outlined in the NIH Action Plan for Liver Disease for HBV-HIV coinfection. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- These tests are especially important in cases of coinfection with hepatitis B. In those cases , doctors should closely monitor liver function using blood tests. (tht.org.uk)
- Pregnant women with HCV/HIV coinfection who are receiving ART should be counseled about signs and symptoms of liver toxicity, and hepatic transaminases should be assessed 1 month following initiation of ART and at least every 3 months thereafter during pregnancy (BIII) . (nih.gov)
- The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the International Antiviral Society-USA maintain updated information about treating patients with HCV/HIV coinfection. (nih.gov)
- HCV replication is enhanced in the presence of HIV coinfection, resulting in higher serum and liver HCV RNA levels. (ucsf.edu)
Cytokine2
- He explains how these coinfections create cytokine cascades in the body--essentially sending the immune system into an overblown, uncontrolled response in much the same way that rheumatoid arthritis or cancer can. (innertraditions.com)
- in contrast, coinfection induces a strong proinflammatory cytokine response and an influx of functional neutrophils. (bl.uk)
Tenofovir1
- Antepartum ART in pregnant women with HIV/HBV coinfection should include tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus lamivudine or emtricitabine (AI) . (nih.gov)
Patients8
- Some studies have found rates of neurocognitive dysfunction in HIV/HCV coinfection not to be significantly worse than rates in HCV-monoinfected individuals.6,7 Other studies observe a trend for patients with HIV/HCV coinfection to perform worse neurocognitively than patients infected solely with HIV. (natap.org)
- In short, what are the risks and benefits of TDF-based therapy for CHB in patients with HIV coinfection? (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The compounding effect of coinfection makes the care for these patients a major challenge. (who.int)
- HIV Coinfection Shortens the Survival of Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Related Decompensated Cirrhosis," Hepatology, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2005, pp. 779-789. (scirp.org)
- Direct-acting antiviral therapy was safe and highly effective in patients coinfected with HIV and hepatitis C, according to study results from the Madrid Coinfection Registry, or Madrid-CoRe. (healio.com)
- Berenguer and colleagues prospectively followed 2,396 patients with HIV/HCV-coinfection during treatment. (healio.com)
- amfAR's TREAT Asia program advocates for HCV treatment access and trains physicians in the care of patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. (amfar.org)
- Individuals with TB and HIV coinfection were younger and symptomatic for a shorter time before their diagnosis of TB, compared with TB patients without HIV. (eurosurveillance.org)
Malaria1
- E. A. Bakare and C. R. Nwozo, "Mathematical Analysis of Malaria-Schistosomiasis Coinfection Model," Epidemiology Research International , vol. 2016, Article ID 3854902, 19 pages, 2016. (hindawi.com)
Pathogen2
- Coinfection is of particular human health importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. (wikipedia.org)
- By contrast, pathogen coinfection occurs frequently in women with vaginitis. (nih.gov)
Epidemiology1
- Improvement in the surveillance of HCV and HIV is imperative to help define the epidemiology of coinfection and inform appropriate policies for testing, prevention, care and treatment to those in need. (bristol.ac.uk)
Transmission2
- Rates of mother-to-child HCV transmission generally are low but increase with maternal HIV coinfection. (ucsf.edu)
- Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that neither HBV, nor EBV and HSV-1 coinfection was associated with sociodemographic characteristics and HIV transmission mode, but HCV coinfection was associated with geographic region, age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and HIV transmission mode, whereas HSV-2 coinfection was associated with geographic region, ethnicity and HIV transmission mode. (nih.gov)
Infections2
- The general patterns of ecological interactions between parasite species are unknown, even among common coinfections such as those between sexually transmitted infections. (wikipedia.org)
- Understudied, coinfections are more frequent in pig farms than single infections. (biomedcentral.com)
Streptococcus1
- Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is a major cause of influenza-associated mortality. (bl.uk)
Uncommon1
- TB and HIV coinfection was relatively uncommon in Scotland in the study period. (eurosurveillance.org)
Implications1
- Both coinfection and mixed vaginitis have significant clinical and therapeutic implications and are worthy of further investigation. (nih.gov)
Herpes1
- For example, coinfection with cytomegalovirus, which belongs to the family of Herpes viruses, and the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus can be critical. (innovations-report.com)
Clinical2
- While clinical research can help improve case management, a broader and deeper understanding of all dimensions of VL and VL-HIV coinfection is required to effectively tackle it. (plos.org)
- Clinical trials also provide unique opportunities for laboratory research, including biomarker/diagnostic studies, and cellular and molecular studies on the immunopathogenesis of VL-HIV coinfection. (plos.org)
AIII1
- When considering HCV treatment in a pregnant woman with HIV coinfection, consultation with an expert in HIV and HCV is strongly recommended (AIII) . (nih.gov)
Mortality1
- Coinfection with otherwise mild influenza and S. pneumoniae strains is shown to synergistically cause mortality and severe disease. (bl.uk)
Species1
- The authors report only the second case in literature with coinfection of plasmodium species presenting with haemoperitoneum. (biomedsearch.com)
Viruses1
- In pigs, the term "Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex" (PRDC) is often used to describe coinfections involving viruses such as. (biomedcentral.com)
Pregnant1
- The researchers included studies with estimates of HCV coinfection in the main HIV population, as well as sub-groups of PWID, men who have sex with men, heterosexually exposed and pregnant women, other high-risk groups and the general population. (bristol.ac.uk)
Study2
- However, very little was known about the extent of HIV/HCV coinfection prior to this study, which was the first global study of its kind. (bristol.ac.uk)
- This study investigated the extent of, and risk factors for, TB and HIV coinfection in Scotland from 2001 to 2010. (eurosurveillance.org)
Rates1
- The idea is to see whether children living with HIV have the same T cell deficiencies and immune exhaustion markers as the laboratory animals do, and whether those markers correlate with TB coinfection rates. (eurekalert.org)
Risk3
- The search focused on published medical literature, and excluded samples drawn from populations with other comorbidities, or undergoing interventions that put them at increased risk of coinfection. (bristol.ac.uk)
- McDonald E , Smith-Palmer Alison , Wallace L A , Blatchford O . Risk factors for TB and HIV coinfection in Scotland, 2001 to 2010. (eurosurveillance.org)
- In conclusion, individuals with HIV/HCV coinfection had an increased risk compared to those with HIV monoinfection. (medworm.com)
Immune2
- However, network analysis of a food web of coinfection in humans suggests that there is greater potential for interactions via shared food sources than via the immune system. (wikipedia.org)
- Influenza-mediated immune impairment and lung damage have been proposed as mechanisms of coinfection. (bl.uk)
Care1
- Late in 2013, Andrea Cox, M.D., Ph.D., an associate professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, presented an update on HCV coinfection for an audience of HIV care providers . (thebodypro.com)
Common2
- A globally common coinfection involves tuberculosis and HIV. (wikipedia.org)
- Coinfections appear to be common and several pathways have been identified for transmitting multiple virions to a single host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Virus2
- Coinfections sometimes can epitomize a zero sum game of bodily resources, and precise viral quantitation demonstrates children co-infected with rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus or parainfluenza virus have lower nasal viral loads than those with rhinovirus alone. (wikipedia.org)
- However, it is also a great opportunity to discuss the possibility of coinfection with hepatitis B virus, HBV. (hepb.org)
Human1
- The net effect of coinfection on human health is thought to be negative. (wikipedia.org)