Cognitive reserve. Medical search

Capacity that enables an individual to cope with and/or recover from the impact of a neural injury or a psychotic episode.

Clinical or physiological indicators that precede the onset of disease.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.

Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.

Type of declarative memory, consisting of personal memory in contrast to general knowledge.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.

The ability to learn and to deal with new situations and to deal effectively with tasks involving abstractions.

A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)

Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.

Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.

Voluntary use of free time for activities outside the daily routine.

'Reading' in a medical context often refers to the act or process of a person interpreting and comprehending written or printed symbols, such as letters or words, for the purpose of deriving information or meaning from them.

Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another.

Prominent hippocampal CA3 gene expression profile in neurocognitive aging. (1/57)

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White matter hyperintensities and cognition: testing the reserve hypothesis. (2/57)

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IQ trajectory, cognitive reserve, and clinical outcome following a first episode of psychosis: a 3-year longitudinal study. (3/57)

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Cognitive reserve and brain volumes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (4/57)

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Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. (5/57)

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Intracranial volume and dementia: some evidence in support of the cerebral reserve hypothesis. (6/57)

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Cognitive reserve in aging. (7/57)

Cognitive reserve explains why those with higher IQ, education, occupational attainment, or participation in leisure activities evidence less severe clinical or cognitive changes in the presence of age-related or Alzheimer's disease pathology. Specifically, the cognitive reserve hypothesis is that individual differences in how tasks are processed provide reserve against brain pathology. Cognitive reserve may allow for more flexible strategy usage, an ability thought to be captured by executive functions tasks. Additionally, cognitive reserve allows individuals greater neural efficiency, greater neural capacity, and the ability for compensation via the recruitment of additional brain regions. Taking cognitive reserve into account may allow for earlier detection and better characterization of age-related cognitive changes and Alzheimer's disease. Importantly, cognitive reserve is not fixed but continues to evolve across the lifespan. Thus, even late-stage interventions hold promise to boost cognitive reserve and thus reduce the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other age-related problems. (+info)

Association of plasma beta-amyloid level and cognitive reserve with subsequent cognitive decline. (8/57)

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Cognitive reserve refers to the ability of the brain to compensate for cognitive decline or damage by using alternative neural pathways or strategies. It is a theoretical construct used in neuropsychology and neurology to explain why some individuals with similar levels of brain damage or disease progression show greater preservation of cognitive function than others.

Cognitive reserve is thought to be influenced by factors such as education, intelligence, occupational complexity, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities throughout the lifespan. These factors contribute to the development of a more extensive and efficient neural network that can help maintain cognitive function despite brain changes associated with aging or neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease.

It is important to note that cognitive reserve does not prevent cognitive decline but rather delays its onset or reduces its severity. Additionally, while cognitive reserve may provide some protection against cognitive impairment, it does not guarantee immunity from it.

Prodromal symptoms refer to the early, often nonspecific signs or symptoms that appear before the onset of a particular disease or condition. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific illness, and they may include things like fatigue, headache, muscle aches, or changes in appetite or sleep patterns.

In some cases, prodromal symptoms may be mild and easily dismissed as simply feeling "under the weather." However, they can also serve as important warning signs that a more serious condition is on the horizon. For example, prodromal symptoms of a migraine headache might include mood changes, food cravings, or neck stiffness in the days leading up to the actual headache.

It's worth noting that not everyone who experiences prodromal symptoms will go on to develop the full-blown illness. However, if you notice any unusual or persistent symptoms that concern you, it's always a good idea to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and guidance.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

Episodic memory is a type of declarative (explicit) memory that involves the ability to recall and mentally reexperience specific events or episodes, including their temporal and spatial contexts. It is the memory for particular events or episodes that are embedded in a personal autobiographical timeline, along with the details of what happened, where it happened, who was involved, and when it happened. Episodic memories are often formed through conscious effort and can be voluntarily retrieved. They are susceptible to interference and decay over time, making them less reliable than other types of memory.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "multilingualism" is not a medical term. It refers to the ability to communicate in and use two or more languages. Multilingualism can be observed at various levels, such as speaking, reading, and writing, and it can be an innate ability or acquired through education and experience.

Multilingualism is a common phenomenon worldwide, and it has been shown to have cognitive benefits, such as improved problem-solving skills and increased cultural sensitivity. However, it is not a medical concept and does not fall under the purview of medical definitions.

Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).

In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.

I must clarify that I cannot provide a "medical definition" of intelligence, as intelligence is not a concept that is typically defined within the field of medicine. Intelligence is a term used to describe the ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or decisions based on reason, experience, and information. It is often measured through various cognitive abilities such as problem-solving, critical thinking, creativity, and knowledge acquisition.

The concept of intelligence is studied in many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and education. In medicine, healthcare professionals may assess a person's cognitive abilities to better understand their health status or develop treatment plans. However, there is no specific "medical definition" for intelligence. Instead, it is a multifaceted concept that can be influenced by various genetic, environmental, and experiential factors.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to waste away (degenerate) and die. It's the most common cause of dementia — a continuous decline in thinking, behavioral and social skills that disrupts a person's ability to function independently.

The early signs of the disease include forgetting recent events or conversations. As the disease progresses, a person with Alzheimer's disease will develop severe memory impairment and lose the ability to carry out everyday tasks.

Currently, there's no cure for Alzheimer's disease. However, treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life.

Verbal learning is a type of learning that involves the acquisition, processing, and retrieval of information presented in a verbal or written form. It is often assessed through tasks such as list learning, where an individual is asked to remember a list of words or sentences after a single presentation or multiple repetitions. Verbal learning is an important aspect of cognitive functioning and is commonly evaluated in neuropsychological assessments to help identify any memory or learning impairments.

Atrophy is a medical term that refers to the decrease in size and wasting of an organ or tissue due to the disappearance of cells, shrinkage of cells, or decreased number of cells. This process can be caused by various factors such as disuse, aging, degeneration, injury, or disease.

For example, if a muscle is immobilized for an extended period, it may undergo atrophy due to lack of use. Similarly, certain medical conditions like diabetes, cancer, and heart failure can lead to the wasting away of various tissues and organs in the body.

Atrophy can also occur as a result of natural aging processes, leading to decreased muscle mass and strength in older adults. In general, atrophy is characterized by a decrease in the volume or weight of an organ or tissue, which can have significant impacts on its function and overall health.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Dementia is a broad term that describes a decline in cognitive functioning, including memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment, severe enough to interfere with daily life. It is not a specific disease but rather a group of symptoms that may be caused by various underlying diseases or conditions. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-80% of cases. Other causes include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's disease.

The symptoms of dementia can vary widely depending on the cause and the specific areas of the brain that are affected. However, common early signs of dementia may include:

* Memory loss that affects daily life
* Difficulty with familiar tasks
* Problems with language or communication
* Difficulty with visual and spatial abilities
* Misplacing things and unable to retrace steps
* Decreased or poor judgment
* Withdrawal from work or social activities
* Changes in mood or behavior

Dementia is a progressive condition, meaning that symptoms will gradually worsen over time. While there is currently no cure for dementia, early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life for those affected.

I'm happy to help, but I must clarify that the term "leisure activities" is quite broad and can encompass many different types of activities. It generally refers to activities that people do in their free time for enjoyment or relaxation. Leisure activities can include hobbies, sports, games, socializing, travel, and creative pursuits, among other things.

In a medical context, leisure activities are often discussed in relation to their potential health benefits. For example, research has shown that engaging in regular leisure activities can help reduce stress, improve mood, boost cognitive function, and even increase longevity. However, it's important to note that the specific health benefits of leisure activities may vary depending on the type and frequency of activity.

Here are some medical definitions related to leisure activities:

* Physical activity: Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. This can include structured exercise, sports, or other forms of physical exertion during leisure time.
* Exercise: A subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive with the goal of improving or maintaining physical fitness.
* Social support: The perception and actuality of being cared for, valued, and part of a social network. Engaging in social activities during leisure time can provide a sense of connection and belonging, which has been linked to numerous health benefits.
* Creative expression: The process of using creative skills and imagination to express oneself through various forms of art, music, writing, or other creative outlets. Creative pursuits have been shown to have numerous mental and emotional health benefits.
* Relaxation techniques: Practices that help reduce stress and promote relaxation, such as meditation, deep breathing, yoga, or progressive muscle relaxation. These techniques can be particularly beneficial during leisure time for those who struggle with anxiety or stress-related disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "reading" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Reading is the activity or process of deciphering and understanding written words or text. It is a fundamental skill in language acquisition and communication, and is not typically used in a medical context unless there is a concern related to reading difficulties or disorders, such as dyslexia. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to try to help answer those for you!

In the context of medicine and healthcare, "individuality" refers to the unique characteristics, traits, and needs that distinguish one person from another. This concept recognizes that each patient is a distinct individual with their own genetic makeup, lifestyle factors, personal history, and social circumstances, all of which can influence their health status and response to medical interventions.

Individuality in healthcare emphasizes the importance of tailoring medical treatments and care plans to meet the specific needs and preferences of each patient, rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach. This personalized approach can lead to better outcomes, improved patient satisfaction, and reduced healthcare costs.

Factors that contribute to an individual's medical individuality include their genetic makeup, epigenetic factors, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices (such as diet, exercise, and substance use), and social determinants of health (such as income, education, and access to care). All of these factors can interact in complex ways to influence a person's health status and risk for disease.

Recognizing and respecting individuality is essential for providing high-quality, patient-centered care. Healthcare providers who take the time to understand their patients' unique needs and preferences are better able to build trust, promote adherence to treatment plans, and achieve positive outcomes.

Patients with high cognitive reserve showed a delay in cognitive decline when compared to patients with low cognitive reserve. ... cognitive reserve helps to cope with cognitive decline. Thus, individuals with high cognitive reserve cope better than those ... patients with high cognitive reserve show rapid cognitive decline. The presence of cognitive reserve implies that people with ... Cognitive reserve is commonly used to refer to both brain and cognitive reserves in the literature. In 1988 a study published ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_reserve

Bilingualism may be one of the environmental factors which contributes to 'cognitive reserve'. Cognitive reserve is the idea ... Stern Y (March 2002). "What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept". Journal of the ... Schweizer TA, Ware J, Fischer CE, Craik FI, Bialystok E (September 2012). "Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: ... Several other studies replicated the finding that bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve. For example, Abutalebi et al ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_effects_of_bilingualism

... a test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 166 (1): 50-7. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp. ... Their cognitive abilities may equip them with a better propensity for understanding the injury and health risks of certain ... Cognitive epidemiology is a field of research that examines the associations between intelligence test scores (IQ scores or ... A study of one million Swedish men found "a strong link between cognitive ability and the risk of death." A similar study of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_epidemiology

He is Institute Professor and Professor of Cognitive Science at Case Western Reserve University. He has won an Anneliese Maier ... Official website Department of Cognitive Science at Case Western Reserve University Reviews by David Brooks in The Atlantic ... Conceptual blending Conceptual metaphor Cognitive linguistics Cognitive rhetoric Cognitive philology Metaphor "Case Department ... Cognitive Approaches to Old English Poetry. D. S. Brewer. "Cognitive Science Network". Archived from the original on October 20 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Turner_(cognitive_scientist)

The ability of an individual to demonstrate no cognitive signs of aging despite an aging brain is called cognitive reserve. ... Whalley LJ, Deary IJ, Appleton CL, Starr JM (November 2004). "Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging". ... Studies of cognitive reserve explore the specific biological, genetic and environmental differences which make some people more ... Scarmeas, N.; Stern, Y. (2003). "Cognitive reserve and lifestyle". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 25 (5 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_brain

Pai MC, Tsai JJ (2005). "Is cognitive reserve applicable to epilepsy? The effect of educational level on the cognitive decline ... There are two mains areas of focus: neurological rehabilitation and cognitive reserve, the brain's resistance to the effects of ... Roe CM, Mintun MA, D'Angelo G, Xiong C, Grant EA, Morris JC (November 2008). "Alzheimer's and Cognitive Reserve: Education ... Moreover, this research also suggests that environmental enrichment leads to a greater level of cognitive reserve, the brain's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_enrichment

Robertson, Ian H. (January 2013). "A noradrenergic theory of cognitive reserve: implications for Alzheimer's disease". ... coeruleus-noradrenergic system throughout the lifespan may enhance cognitive stimulation contributing to cognitive reserve ... "Noradrenergic Theory of Cognitive Reserve" which postulates that the upregulation of the locus ... identifying a locus coeruleus biomarker of cognitive reserve in healthy aging". Neurobiology of Aging. 37: 117-126. doi:10.1016 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus

The findings could reflect upon lacking cognitive reserves developed over their lifespan. Exposure to racism, access to ... "Cognitive Aging in Black and White Americans: Cognition, Cognitive Decline, and Incidence of Alzheimer Disease Dementia". ... resources, and exposures to neurotoxins have consequentially leading to poorer cognitive function and disproportionately ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States

He edited a book on cognitive reserve. Stern's earliest work focused on identifying cognitive changes in nondemented patients ... Stern, Y. (2002). "What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept". Journal of the ... Stern's work in cognitive reserve is the most cited in the list of 300 papers in Alzheimer's Disease research compiled by the ... Stern, Yaakov (2006). Cognitive Reserve: Theory and Applications (1st ed.). New York and London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_Stern

Cognitive activity strengthens neural plasticity and together they help to support cognitive reserve. The neglect of these risk ... Cheng ST (September 2016). "Cognitive Reserve and the Prevention of Dementia: the Role of Physical and Cognitive Activities". ... Cognitive awareness is needed for eating and swallowing and progressive cognitive decline results in eating and swallowing ... Breton A, Casey D, Arnaoutoglou NA (February 2019). "Cognitive tests for the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia

... an implication of cognitive reserve theory". Journal of Sleep Research. 14 (1): 69-75. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2004.00436.x. ... Obstructive sleep apnea has shown to influence cognitive function in both children and adults. Other sleep disorders also ... Alchanatis M, Zias N, Deligiorgis N, Amfilochiou A, Dionellis G, Orphanidou D (March 2005). "Sleep apnea-related cognitive ... sleep-deprived college students performed significantly worse than peers who had adequate sleep on cognitive skills. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_deprivation_in_higher_education

One exception is older adults with higher cognitive reserve, who may be able to maintain processing resources for longer ... Cognitive reserve moderates older adults' memory errors in an autobiographical reality monitoring task. Psychology & ... Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(5), 955-969. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21263 Mitchell, K. J., Johnson, M. K., Raye, C. L., & ... Two cognitive judgment processes exist regarding source-monitoring; these are commonly called heuristic and systematic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-monitoring_error

These results support the hypothesis maintaining that bilingualism works as a contributor to cognitive reserve and acts as a ... Not only do these data support the notion of bilingualism contributing to cognitive reserve, thereby compensating for higher ... as their enhanced cognitive reserve brought about by bilingualism would allow a higher level of functioning than would usually ... It is thought that bilingualism might be a factor contributing to cognitive reserve, which in turn, may help delay the onset of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Bialystok

Cognitive reserve refers to the idea that engaging in stimulating physical or mental activity maintains cognitive functioning ( ... It is believed that bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve by preventing effects of cognitive delay and prolonging the ... To test whether or not bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve, Bialystok et al. (2012) looked at hospital records among ... making the argument the bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve even stronger (Bialystok et al., 2012). That finding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolingualism

These programs have been shown to increase cognitive reserves and thereby lessen the possibility of succumbing to cognitive ... While much of the published work has been positive, the ideas of cognitive reserve and lifelong are not without detractors. In ... In the 2021 paper "Cognitive Reserve, Alzheimer's Neuropathology, and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ... While some normal cognitive decline is to be expected with aging, the effects of cognitive decline-related diseases like ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning

Other models of mental disorder or phenomena development concern, e.g. the "motivational reserve" (parallel to cognitive ... ISBN 978-0-8039-5257-7. Forstmeier, S. & Maercker, A. (2008). Motivational reserve: Lifetime motivational abilities contribute ... reserve) (with S. Forstmeier) of older people which is based on life and learning history resources and is assumed to ... to cognitive and emotional health in old age. In: Psychology and Aging. 23, 886-899. Build brainpower to slow Alzheimer's (2007 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Maercker

Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization Richards, M., Sacker, A. (2003) Lifetime Antecedents of Cognitive Reserve ... In one study which measured around 70,000 children in the UK, they investigated how a general factor in the Cognitive Abilities ... Child Development, 65, 684-698 Baltes, P., & Reinert, G. (1969). Cohort effects in cognitive development in children as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_and_education

employees, Women cognitive scientists, New media artists, Stanford University faculty, Case Western Reserve University faculty ... Woolsey also serves as Adjunct Faculty in the Department of Cognitive Science at Case Western Reserve University. She was ... Kristina Hooper Woolsey is an American scholar and cognitive scientist known as the "mother of multimedia" for her pioneering ... American cognitive scientists, Living people, Atari people, Apple Inc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Hooper_Woolsey

Almond, N.M., Use-it-or-lose-it: Investigating the cognitive reserve hypothesis and use-dependency theory, PhD thesis. 2010, ... Schulman, A., The Art of the Puzzler, in Cognitive Ecology: Handbook of Perception and Cognition, M.P. Friedman and E.C. ... Introduction to linguistics/cognitive science. 2012, London: Routledge. Aarons, D.L. (2015). "Following Orders: Playing Fast ... Several discrete areas have been explored: the cognitive or linguistic challenges posed by cryptic clues; the mechanisms by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptic_crossword

Cognitive reserve is the capacity of a person to meet the various cognitive demands of life and is evident in an ability to ... Cognitive training includes interventions targeted at improving cognitive abilities. One hypothesis to support cognitive ... might help maintain or improve cognitive reserve. Cognitive training studies often target clinical groups such as people with ... Scarmeas, N; Y Stern (2003). "Cognitive reserve and lifestyle". J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 25 (5): 625-33. doi:10.1076/jcen.25.5. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_training

Also, a number of studies of people with Alzheimer's disease have found a greater brain or cognitive reserve in men. Another ... Damage to the blood brain barrier seems to be connected to cognitive decline and several forms of dementia, including ... Irvine, Karen; Laws, Keith R.; Gale, Tim M.; Kondel, Tejinder K. (2012). "Greater cognitive deterioration in women than men ... Laws, Keith R; Irvine, Karen; Gale, Tim M (2016-03-22). "Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease". World ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory

In the fall of 2005, Donald became the founding chair of the cognitive science department at Case Western Reserve University. ... "Merlin Donald-Adjunct Professor of Cognitive Science". Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved 18 April 2013. Merlin Donald ... human cognitive phylogenesis and the possibility of continuing cognitive evolution." In D. Johnson & C. Ermeling (Eds.) The ... Cognitive psychologists, Canadian cognitive scientists, Canadian neuroscientists, Yale University faculty, Academic staff of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Donald

This one percent is reserved for students with severe cognitive disabilities, who will be required to take an alternate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Student_Succeeds_Act

The cognitive trail of Nagliai is the only place from which you can explore the reserve's objects. In 1675-1854 four Nagliai ... Nagliai nature reserve is a place for habitats of rare plants, included in the Red Book, four villages and two old cemetery ... Nagliai nature reserve protects the Dead dunes. Dead (Mirusios), or Gray (Pilkosios) dunes are large sand hills built by strong ... Any human activity is prohibited in the reserve except for scientific observations. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curonian_Spit_National_Park_(Lithuania)

... such as cognitive reserve and resilience to stress. Sahakian recently presented on neuroscience and mental health policy at the ... differential diagnosis and proof of concept studies using cognitive enhancing drugs and cognitive training. In her research, ... Sahakian is best known for her work on cognitive enhancement using pharmacological treatments, early detection of Alzheimer's ... Sahakian's research is aimed at understanding the neural basis of cognitive, emotional and behavioural dysfunction to develop ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Sahakian

Per Aage Brandt and Jakob Simonsen), was published, with funding from Case Western Reserve University. The editorial board ... Cognitive semiotics has many sources. The first person to suggest the integration of the cognitive sciences and semiotics seems ... Cognitive science is also incorporated in a combination with linguistics and semiotics to form what is called cognitive ... Contrary to classical cognitive science, cognitive semiotics is explicitly involved with questions of meaning, having recourse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_semiotics

Pharmacological intervention is reserved for more severe symptoms, while psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) ... Children with TS-only do not show cognitive deficits. They are faster than average for their age on timed tests of motor ... Sadek B, Saad A, Sadeq A, Jalal F, Stark H (October 2016). "Histamine H3 receptor as a potential target for cognitive symptoms ... The ability to suppress tics depends on brain circuits that "regulate response inhibition and cognitive control of motor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome

Pharmacological intervention is reserved for more severe symptoms, while psychotherapy or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) ... Additional side effects can be school phobia (a form of separation anxiety), depression, weight gain, and cognitive blunting ( ... and cognitive function. Co-occurring OCD can also be a source of impairment, necessitating treatment. Not all persons with tics ... and cognitive function, accounted for by the comorbid ADHD, highlighting the importance of identifying and treating other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_Tourette_syndrome

This increase of cognitive reserve might be attributed to the increase of grey matter in bilingual individuals. Since bilingual ... an ischemic stroke have shown to have a better cognitive outcome which researchers believe is due to a higher cognitive reserve ... This is attributed again to the increase of grey matter since it is involved in cognitive control and higher cognitive ... Cognitive Brain Research. 20 (2): 165-182. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.03.002. PMID 15183389. Pyers JE, Gollan TH, Emmorey K ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_multilingualism

... and associates with people engaging in more challenging cognitive activities) results in greater resilience (cognitive reserve ... 1800-present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800-". Retrieved 2023-05-28. Ganz ML ( ... Joshi G (26 February 2016). "A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults ... develop cognitive skills such as symbolic play, reduce disruptive behavior, and generalize learned skills by applying them to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_reserve

... and five markers of cognitive reserve (education, vocabulary, cognitive activities, cognitive demand of lifetime occupation, ... Cognitive and brain reserve theories suggest that aspects of neural architecture or cognitive processes modify the impact of ... Cognitive and Brain Reserve and the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients: Analysis of Data From a Prospective ... "Cognitive and Brain Reserve and the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients: Analysis of Data From a Prospective ...

https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/37372605

The cognitive reserve variables were found to correlate highly with one another (thereby providing evidence of convergent ... The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of cognitive reserve by examining both its convergent and its ... the cognitive reserve construct was highly related to an executive functioning construct. ... Cognitive reserve is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform models of cognitive aging and is presumed to be ...

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D85T4Z0Z

We assessed in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) whether higher CR moderates the association between low ... shows protective effects on cognitive function in older adults. Here, we focused on the effects of CR at the functional network ... Cognitive reserve (CR) shows protective effects on cognitive function in older adults. Here, we focused on the effects of CR at ... Franzmeier-2017-Cognitive reserve moderates th.pdf application/pdf 1.33 MB Download File ...

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8184K0N

At Case Western Reserve University, our cognitive science program is unique in that we are open to additional input from the ... Minor in Cognitive Science. This minor provides a good basic grounding in cognitive science, and allows you to narrow your ... Discover the minor in cognitive science.. Graduate Academic Offerings. Master of Arts in Cognitive Linguistics In this program ... In addition to taking courses in traditional areas of cognitive science (cognitive neuroscience, philosophy), our students also ...

https://case.edu/artsci/cognitivescience/academics

Stay up to date with the latest news and events from the Department of Cognitive Science at Case Western Reserve University. ... Stay up to date with the latest news and events from the Department of Cognitive Science at Case Western Reserve University. ... Cognitive sciences Fey Parrill, Jeffrey J. Shymanski write article published in Applied Cognitive Psychology ...

https://case.edu/artsci/cognitivescience/news-and-events

Novel cognitive reserve indicators were significantly associated with a higher adjusted RR of reversion vs progression (higher ... We estimated RRs of reversion vs progression for age, APOE, and potential cognitive reserve indicators: education, academic ... and indicators of cognitive reserve on the RR of reversion vs progression using multistate Markov modeling. Methods We ... Research on cognitive trajectories would benefit from incorporating predictors of reverse transitions and competing events, ...

https://uknowledge.uky.edu/sbcoa_facpub/208/

Cognitive reserve (CR) may offer some protection against cognitive dysfunction in PD. The present study used two proxies of CR ... Cognitive reserve, executive function, and memory in parkinsons disease. 87971.pdf (253.9Kb) ... Cognitive reserve, executive function, and memory in parkinsons disease. Brain Sciences. 11 (8): Article No. 992. ... Cognitive impairment is acknowledged as a feature of Parkinsons disease (PD), and the most common cognitive declines are in ...

https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/88169

Cognitive functions significantly increased from T1 to T3 in attention (p=0.001), delayed recall (p=0.001), working memory ( ... Cognitive functions significantly increased from T1 to T3 in attention (p = 0.001), delayed recall (p = 0.001), working memory ... As hearing loss is proposed to be one modifiable risk factor for dementia, the impact of auditory rehabilitation on cognitive ... Various cognitive subdomains such as attention, inhibition, working memory, verbal fluency, mental flexibility and (delayed) ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.1009087/full

... helps explain the mismatch between expected cognitive decline and observed maintenance of cognitive functioning in older age. ... We found a significant, but variable gain and identified verbal memory, cognitive flexibility and problem solving as ... assessment of capacity to gain from practice in a standardized challenging cognitive task that demands activation of cognitive ... and additionally examined the possible contribution of complex mental activities and quality of sleep to cognitive performance ...

https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-SOCSCI.ADKHNX.v1

The Cognitive Reserve (CR) construct seeks to explain the brains ability of compensate for degeneration caused by age or ... Palavras-chave : cognitive reserve; measurement instruments; evaluation; scales/ questionnaires; cognition. · resumo em ... Instruments for measuring cognitive reserve: a systematic review. Psicol. teor. prat. [online]. 2019, vol.21, n.2, pp. 58-74. ...

http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1516-36872019000200003&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en

"Cognitive Reserve" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cognitive Reserve" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Cognitive Reserve" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Cognitive Reserve" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Cognitive Reserve". ...

https://profiles.ouhsc.edu/display/26675

"Cognitive Reserve" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cognitive Reserve" was a major or minor topic of these ... Effects of Cognitive Reserve on Cognition in Individuals With Central Nervous System Disease. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2021 12 02; 34 ... "Cognitive Reserve" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Cognitive Reserve" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.uchicago.edu/profiles/display/36542

Avoiding Cognitive Decline. Of those aged 60 and older, 12 to 18 percent have mild cognitive impairment. People living with ... Cambridge and Financial Reserve are not affiliated. Check out the background of firms and investment professionals on FINRAs ... Mild Cognitive Impairment, which involves mild memory loss such as forgetting important events or appointments, or an inability ... Its best not to self-diagnose or treat yourself if you think you are suffering from cognitive impairment. Visit your doctor to ...

https://www.financialreserve.com/resource-center/lifestyle/avoiding-cognitive-decline

Novelty and Brain: 6 Best ways to improve Cognitive Reserve Disha enjoys every bit of her life! She loves what she does! Yes, ... What Everyone Ought To Know About COGNITIVE RESERVE According to the World Health Organisation Report, Life expectancy ... What are cognitive skills? Cognitive skills are the fundamental skills the brain uses to think, remember, learn, read, pay ... Novelty and Brain: 6 Best ways to improve Cognitive Reserve Read More ...

https://cognitivereserve.org/

How much influence do such activities really have on cognitive abilities? ... Are there limits to the cognitive reserve?. While experts agree that a persons cognitive reserve is important in helping them ... Engaging activities boost cognitive reserve To begin, MNT spoke with Dr. Joyce Gomes-Osman, vice president of interventional ... She explained that cognitive reserve is developed over the life span through education and life experiences- especially those ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/do-reading-puzzles-and-similar-activities-really-stave-off-dementia

A more modern explanation of cognitive reserve suggests that higher cognitive abilities enable the brain to have a better ... These data have led to the cognitive reserve hypothesis, suggesting that patients with better baseline cognitive abilities can ... Because most patients with DS have intellectual disability and limited baseline cognitive ability, the cognitive reserve ... Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimers disease. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Nov. 11 (11):1006-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1136117-overview

Brain Reserve and Cognitive Reserve explained. What is Reserve?. The idea of reserve following damage to the brain is rather a ... Cognitive Reserve. Brain reserve can be differentiated from cognitive reserve which is seen more as the brain actively ... Brain reserve is the idea of brain reserves as a rather passive process. This is in contrast to cognitive reserve which is the ... In this model, persons are considered to have the same amount of brain reserve capacity and the cognitive reserve model does ...

http://www.neurodynamics.com.au/brain_injury_outcome.html

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1136117-194322/how-are-the-complications-of-alzheimer-disease-ad-in-down-syndrome-ds-prevented

Home » Brain Science News » Cognitive reserve protects against effects of MS Cognitive reserve protects against effects of MS. ... Researchers have found that brain reserve and cognitive reserve can have positive long-term benefits in the fight against ... This site reports research related to the cognitive training industry and the human brain. You or your child may or may not see ... All rights reserved.. Use of this site is subject to our privacy policy ...

https://www.learningrx.org/cognitive-reserve-protects-against-effects-of-ms/

2012) Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: evidence from brain atrophy in Alzheimers disease. Cortex 48:991-996 ... "cognitive prime years," the effects of bilingualism on cognitive control have been mixed, with some studies reporting small ... Cognitive and demographic measures. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test.. This is a culture-fair measure used to assess ... Cognitive control refers to the ability to flexibly shape thoughts and behavior to meet internal goals in the face of ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/node/378987.full.print

... Maria Teresa Angelillo;Donato Impedovo; ... Education may play a key role in developing "cognitive reserve" against neurodegenerative dementia. In this work, we ... Education may play a key role in developing "cognitive reserve" against neurodegenerative dementia. In this work, we ... The results we obtained suggest that: (i) handwriting of MCI subjects with high reserve is quite similar to that of controls; ( ...

https://ricerca.uniba.it/handle/11586/243252

... and cognitive efficiency in patients with relapsing-remitting MS.A Cognitive Reserve Index was calculated including education, ... and cognitive efficiency in patients with relapsing-remitting MS.A Cognitive Reserve Index was calculated including education, ... Cognitive reserve and cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study.. AMATO, MARIA PIA;Razzolini, L;GORETTI, ... To test the cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis in the model of multiple sclerosis (MS) by assessing the interactions among CR, ...

https://flore.unifi.it/handle/2158/818491

... researchers discuss their recent study investigating the effect that cognitive reserve has on brain integrity and cognitive ... "By assessing cognitive reserve in distinct populations, a more complete understanding of how cognitive reserve relates to ... "cognitive reserve." The rather new concept of cognitive reserve suggests that certain factors, such as engaging in education, ... Exploring the Impact of Cognitive Reserve on Cognitive Resilience. By Kathryn Atkins July 20, 2023 July 20, 2023. Blog ...

https://www.mishablagosklonny.com/2023/07/20/exploring-the-impact-of-cognitive-reserve-on-cognitive-resilience/

It all has to do with building up a brain reserve. What are brain reserve and cognitive reserve?. Cognitive reserve is an ... consider brain reserve the hardware while cognitive reserve is the software running inside of it. The term that encompasses ... Cognitive reserve is your minds ability to resist damage to your brain. ... Specifically, "The term cognitive reserve is thus meant to represent physiological robustness within functional brain ...

https://bigthink.com/health/brain-reserve/

keywords = "AD spectrum, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, cognitive aging, cognitive reserve, multimodal neuroimaging", ... The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) has been proposed as a protective factor that modifies the effect of brain pathology on ... Effects of Cognitive Reserve in Alzheimers Disease and Cognitively Unimpaired Individuals. the Alzheimers Disease ... Effects of Cognitive Reserve in Alzheimers Disease and Cognitively Unimpaired Individuals. / the Alzheimers Disease ...

https://pure.korea.ac.kr/en/publications/effects-of-cognitive-reserve-in-alzheimers-disease-and-cognitivel

Neural reserve, neuronal density in the locus ceruleus, and cognitive decline. Neurology. 2013 Mar 26; 80(13):1202-8. ...

https://profiles.rush.edu/display/146077

What is a cognitive reserve?. Cognitive reserve is the idea that some people can retain normal brain function, even in the face ... How to increase your cognitive reserve. Now that you know how important it is to have a cognitive reserve, how can you build or ... Building a Cognitive Reserve Today May Prevent Cognitive Decline Years from Now ... If you have young children, they can help build your own cognitive reserve as you help them develop theirs. Thinking of ways to ...

https://completehuman.com/building-a-cognitive-reserve-today-may-prevent-cognitive-decline-years-from-now/

In recent years, many studies have made use of concepts such as cognitive reserve and brain reserve to take account of the ... In recent years, many studies have made use of concepts such as cognitive reserve and brain reserve to take account of the ... Cognitive and brain reserve for mind-body therapeutic approaches in multiple sclerosis: A review. CRESCENTINI, CRISTIANO;URGESI ... Methods and Results:We provide an updated and extensive overviewof the studies that have explored cognitive and brain reserve ...

https://air.uniud.it/handle/11390/1025953

Furthermore, those with higher capacity showed more rapid decline once becoming clinically impaired, probably indicating a failure of all compensatory systems and strategies put in place by the individual with greater reserve to cope with the increasing neuropathological damage. (wikipedia.org)
Education is known to play a role in cognitive decline in normal aging, as well as in degenerative diseases or traumatic brain injuries. (wikipedia.org)
Discussion Knowledge of frequent reversion from MCI to NC may alleviate concerns of inevitable cognitive decline in those with MCI. (uky.edu)
Can cochlear implantation prevent cognitive decline in the long-term follow-up? (frontiersin.org)
Cognitive function and hearing are known to both decline in older adults. (frontiersin.org)
As hearing loss is proposed to be one modifiable risk factor for dementia, the impact of auditory rehabilitation on cognitive decline has been gaining increasing attention. (frontiersin.org)
Large multicenter studies using standardized protocols have to be undertaken in the future to find out whether hearing restoration might help to prevent cognitive decline. (frontiersin.org)
As no causal treatment exists to reverse cognitive decline, efforts must focus on prevention ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, the question arises: can auditory rehabilitation via hearing devices in middle age delay or even reverse cognitive decline ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Cognitive reserve (CR) helps explain the mismatch between expected cognitive decline and observed maintenance of cognitive functioning in older age. (scienceopen.com)
Genetic resilience to amyloid related cognitive decline. (uchicago.edu)
Reading, learning a musical instrument, and playing cards or board games are all activities that stimulate the brain and may reduce cognitive decline. (financialreserve.com)
They additionally found people with a higher reading ability experienced slower cognitive decline than those with a lower reading ability. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The better question may be: How can certain individuals preserve their cognitive abilities and delay the onset of dementia despite the presence of significant neuropathologies that would otherwise suggest cognitive decline? (mishablagosklonny.com)
The rather new concept of cognitive reserve suggests that certain factors, such as engaging in education, mental stimulation and challenging activities, can create a buffer against cognitive decline and delay the onset of cognitive impairment or dementia. (mishablagosklonny.com)
Most of the participants (n = 457) were without dementia (including those with subjective cognitive decline and amnestic mild cognitive impairment) and the remaining participants were with dementia syndrome (n = 113). (mishablagosklonny.com)
we assessed the inter-link between cognitive reserve, neuropathology, and cognitive functioning among participants with subjective cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. (mishablagosklonny.com)
And finally, future studies should also assess older adults across the cognitive spectrum to determine when cognitive reserve is protective against brain health decline and neuropathology, and when its effectiveness diminishes. (mishablagosklonny.com)
Neural reserve, neuronal density in the locus ceruleus, and cognitive decline. (rush.edu)
While researchers haven't come to a consensus about how to measure or otherwise assess cognitive reserve, it seems that people who go through life using their cognitive skills at a higher-than-average rate are better able to fight cognitive decline later in life. (completehuman.com)
Nevertheless, there exists a large variability in the neuropsychological profiles of MS patients and some of them appear to withstand better than others the MS-related brain pathology before showing cognitive decline. (uniud.it)
Context: Lower plasma β-amyloid 42 and 42/40 levels have been associated with incident dementia, but results are conflicting and few have investigated cognitive decline among elders without dementia. (elsevierpure.com)
Objective: To determine if plasma β-amyloid is associated with cognitive decline and if this association is modified by measures of cognitive reserve. (elsevierpure.com)
Measures of cognitive reserve modified this association whereby among those with high reserve (at least a high school diploma, higher than sixth-grade literacy, or no APOE e4 allele), β-amyloid 42/40 was less associated with multivariate adjusted 9-year decline. (elsevierpure.com)
Conclusion: Lower plasma β-amyloid 42/40 is associated with greater cognitive decline among elderly persons without dementia over 9 years, and this association is stronger among those with low measures of cognitive reserve. (elsevierpure.com)
By linking β-amyloid pathology with impaired NREM SWA, these data implicate sleep disruption as a mechanistic pathway through which β-amyloid pathology may contribute to hippocampus-dependent cognitive decline in the elderly. (nature.com)
Much of late life cognitive decline is not due to common neurodegenerative pathologies. (nature.com)
We first found a 30%-50% postmortem loss of SHANK3a associated with cognitive decline in the parietal cortex of individuals with AD. (jneurosci.org)
The results of this study in human samples show lower levels of SHANK3a in AD brain, correlating with cognitive decline. (jneurosci.org)
Engaging in regular cognitive training can help build a cognitive reserve, which refers to the brain's ability to withstand age-related decline. (total-health-care.com)
As individuals age, cognitive functions naturally decline, making them more susceptible to cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. (total-health-care.com)
However, by challenging the brain and keeping it active through cognitive training, individuals can potentially delay cognitive decline and reduce the risk of developing such disorders. (total-health-care.com)
Recent studies have demonstrated a close relationship between cognitive function and everyday behavior, an avenue of research that holds great promise for the early detection of cognitive decline. (jmir.org)
One area of behavior that changes with cognitive decline is language use. (jmir.org)
These results suggest that early decline in cognitive function may be detected from the terms people search for when they use the Internet. (jmir.org)
By continuously tracking basic aspects of Internet search terms, it may be possible to detect cognitive decline earlier than currently possible, thereby enabling proactive treatment and intervention. (jmir.org)
AD is marked by an insidious onset and gradual, subtle decline of cognitive function. (jmir.org)
The authors' conclusion: "Investment in problem-solving throughout life could enhance cognitive performance, providing an individual with a higher cognitive point from which to decline. (latimes.com)
The authors, led by researchers at the University of Aberdeen, stress that since the study is observational, it's not possible to infer that any factors linked to cognitive change actually cause such decline. (latimes.com)
This increase may affect cognitive reserve and resilience, and potentially lead to cognitive decline. (cdc.gov)
Discussion: In addition to the known resistance against amyloid-β deposition, the larger GM volumes in key brain regions may confer APOE ε2 homozygotes additional protection against AD-related cognitive decline. (lu.se)
Prior studies have identified that decline in characterized by relative decrement in incidence of cognitive function of HIV + patients were strongly the severe form of HAND (i.e. (who.int)
Dementia and cognitive decline in older adulthood: are agricultur al workers at greater risk? (cdc.gov)
Growth curve models indicated that while agricultur al work exposure was associated with lower initial levels of cognitive functioning, over time, the pattern reversed with individuals in non-AFF jobs, showing more accelerated cognitive decline. (cdc.gov)
however, sex-specific resilience factors also exist and have implications for may have different care strategies to ameliorate cognitive decline. (medscape.com)

This might indicate a vulnerability to the manifestation of clinical cognitive impairment, although there may be other explanations. (wikipedia.org)
We assessed in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) whether higher CR moderates the association between low internetwork cross-talk on memory performance. (columbia.edu)
Cognitive Reserve and Mild Cognitive Impairment" by Maryam Iraniparast, Yidan Shi et al. (uky.edu)
Background and Objectives Little is known about the effect of education or other indicators of cognitive reserve on the rate of reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition (NC) or the relative rate (RR) of reversion from MCI to NC vs progression from MCI to dementia. (uky.edu)
and Tyas, Suzanne L., "Cognitive Reserve and Mild Cognitive Impairment" (2022). (uky.edu)
Cognitive impairment is acknowledged as a feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the most common cognitive declines are in executive function (EF) and memory. (edu.au)
Of those aged 60 and older, 12 to 18 percent have mild cognitive impairment. (financialreserve.com)
People living with mild cognitive impairment are more likely to develop Alzheimer's, and almost two-thirds of people currently living with Alzheimer's are women. (financialreserve.com)
Mild Cognitive Impairment, which involves mild memory loss such as forgetting important events or appointments, or an inability or difficulty with finding the right word in a conversation. (financialreserve.com)
Dementia, which includes Alzheimer's disease, is a chronic, progressive, irreversible and comprehensive cognitive impairment that may affect daily functioning. (financialreserve.com)
It's best not to self-diagnose or treat yourself if you think you are suffering from cognitive impairment. (financialreserve.com)
As a result a brain injury may appear less in a person with a high brain reserve since their function remains above a functional impairment cutoff threshold. (neurodynamics.com.au)
In contrast a person with a lower brain reserve who sustain the same degree of injury may subsequently fall below the functional impairment cutoff threshold. (neurodynamics.com.au)
In this model, persons are considered to have the same amount of brain reserve capacity and the cognitive reserve model does not assume that there is some fixed cut-off or threshold at which functional impairment will occur. (neurodynamics.com.au)
We carried out an exploratory study involving a sample of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, with high and low education respectively, and a sample of healthy elder controls. (uniba.it)
Purpose: Cognitive impairment is one of the most disabling symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), affecting a large proportion of patients and having a severe impact on their quality of life. (uniud.it)
In recent years, many studies have made use of concepts such as cognitive reserve and brain reserve to take account of the inter-individual discrepancy between cognitive impairment and MS pathology. (uniud.it)
The results of this study in human brain samples and in transgenic mice are consistent with the hypothesis that Shank3 deficiency makes a key contribution to cognitive impairment in AD. (jneurosci.org)
Data gathered in a novel transgenic mouse suggest that Shank3a deficiency synergizes with AD neuropathology to induce cognitive impairment, consistent with a causal role in AD. (jneurosci.org)
Objective To summarise evidence on the preventive effects of continuing education on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's-type dementia in adults 45 years or older. (bmj.com)
This paper investigates the role of brain-based learning tools, like the Muslim spiritual songs 'Nasheed' in maintaining the cognitive reserve (CR) of dementia patients and its role in mitigating the speed of progression of the spillovers of the disease impairment symptoms. (iaeme.com)
The concept of cognitive reserve -CR- postulates two forms that prevent cognitive impairment: neural reserve and neural compensation. (uai.cl)
Objective: Prior studies indicate that olfactory function may be an early marker for cognitive impairment, but the body of evidence has been largely restricted to white populations. (palmbeachneurological.com)
ABSTRACT Objective: Renal dysfunction has been linked with increased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia, but studies are conflicting. (palmbeachneurological.com)
Cognitive impairment can be caused by conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, brain injury and stroke, as well as treatable health issues like medication side effects, vitamin B12 deficiency and depression. (americashealthrankings.org)
While people of all ages can experience cognitive impairment, age is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's. (americashealthrankings.org)
Hearing loss is also associated with an increased risk of dementia, but using hearing aids can help protect against severe cognitive impairment. (americashealthrankings.org)
Older adults with cognitive impairment spend twice as many days hospitalized as older adults without it. (americashealthrankings.org)
The cost of caring for adults with severe cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's and other dementias, was estimated at $321 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach nearly $1 trillion by 2050. (americashealthrankings.org)
We examined if hearing impairment, depression, and physical health indicators mediated the relationship between agricultur al work and cognitive functioning. (cdc.gov)
The relationship between AFF exposure and cognitive functioning was not mediated by hearing impairment, depression, or physical health indicators. (cdc.gov)
Emerging evidence consistently shows that women suffer significantly greater cognitive impairment across a wide range of cognitive domains including both visual and verbal processing, as well as semantic and episodic memory. (medscape.com)
has cognitive impairment, eliciting a history may be complicated. (who.int)

A study published in Neurology in 2021 found that high levels of cognitive activity, such as reading, playing games like checkers and puzzles, and writing letters, can delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease by 5 years among those aged 80 years and over. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Additionally, the team wrote that future studies would be improved by investigating a range of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, such as beta-amyloid and tau, individually and together, to understand how they influence the associations between cognitive reserve, brain health and cognition. (mishablagosklonny.com)
People with large brain reserves can circumvent Alzheimer's. (bigthink.com)
Cognitive reserve is an individual's ability to avoid cognitive symptoms even when affected by a pathology such as Alzheimer's disease. (bigthink.com)
the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) 2022, ' Effects of Cognitive Reserve in Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitively Unimpaired Individuals ', Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , vol. 13, 784054. (korea.ac.kr)
15] Stern, Y. (2012) Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. (iaeme.com)
Family, friends and other unpaid caregivers often bear the responsibility of providing daily assistance and emotional support to older adults with severe cognitive impairments such as Alzheimer's , the most common form of dementia. (americashealthrankings.org)
Women are more impacted by Alzheimer's disease than men - they are at significantly greater risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, and recent research shows that they also appear to suffer a greater cognitive deterioration than men at the same disease stage. (medscape.com)
The purpose of this article is to review recent studies on examining sex differences in cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)
Evidence is steadily and increasingly accumulating to confirm the poorer cognitive outcome for women than men with Alzheimer's disease. (medscape.com)

In addition to taking courses in traditional areas of cognitive science (cognitive neuroscience, philosophy), our students also study the relationship between cognition and culture (language, literature, film, design, music, etc. (case.edu)
The findings indicate that using only one proxy has the potential to be misleading and suggest that when testing the relationship between CR and cognition, studies should include tasks that measure different aspects of the cognitive domain(s) of interest. (edu.au)
Effects of Cognitive Reserve on Cognition in Individuals With Central Nervous System Disease. (uchicago.edu)
She said that cognitively stimulating activities such as reading and crossword puzzles reduce dementia risk and boost cognition by increasing the cognitive reserve , which she likened to the size of one's mental library. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The team examined the influence of cognitive reserve proxies on the relationship between brain integrity and cognition. (mishablagosklonny.com)
Considering socially vulnerable contexts with reduced cultural capital and educational levels, the neural reserve function would be the most relevant and best predictor of aspects related to social cognition and executive functions. (uai.cl)
This study is the first preliminary research to present a relationship between cognitive reserve and social cognition factors in elderly subjects. (uai.cl)
The primary outcome is cognition, including general functioning (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score), as well as executive functions, processing speed, and episodic memory (composite Z -scores based on validated neuropsychological tests and computerized tasks). (biomedcentral.com)

Brain reserve may be defined as the brain's resilience, its ability to cope with increasing damage while still functioning adequately. (wikipedia.org)
Cognitive reserve also indicates a resilience to neuropathological damage, but the emphasis here is in the way the brain uses its damaged resources. (wikipedia.org)
In a new editorial, researchers discuss their recent study investigating the effect that cognitive reserve has on brain integrity and cognitive resilience. (mishablagosklonny.com)
Brain reserve refers to the brain structures that provide resilience against neurodegenerative diseases. (bigthink.com)
Brain reserve specifically references individual differences in the brain's structural properties that affords one resilience against neurodegenerative diseases. (bigthink.com)
Results: Carrying at least one ε2 allele was associated with larger GM volumes in brain areas typically affected by AD and also in areas associated with cognitive resilience. (lu.se)
The key themes to emerge were sex differences in cognitive function, risk factors, resilience, and cognitive reserve. (medscape.com)
Explanations have been linked to a variety of factors including differences in cognitive reserve, resilience, as well as genetics (apolipoprotein ε4) and functional and structural brain changes. (medscape.com)
Sex-related differences in risk factors, resilience, cognitive reserve, and rates of deterioration have implications for clinical practice. (medscape.com)

This is an efficiency model, rather than a threshold model, and it implies that the task is processed using less resources or using neural resources more efficiently, resulting in better cognitive performance. (wikipedia.org)
Cognitive and brain reserve theories suggest that aspects of neural architecture or cognitive processes modify the impact of neuropathological processes on cognitive outcomes. (harvard.edu)
Such an approach would also fit into a model of task-related brain activity depending on the level of task demands, which helps to explain interindividual differences in the context of brain reserve and thus of the neural basis of CR [ 13 ]. (scienceopen.com)
Here, we provide the first direct evidence of a neural basis for the bilingual cognitive control boost in aging. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that lifelong bilingualism offsets age-related declines in the neural efficiency for cognitive control processes. (jneurosci.org)
Specifically , "The term 'cognitive reserve' is thus meant to represent physiological robustness within functional brain networks, while the term 'brain reserve' refers to differences in available structural neural substrates. (bigthink.com)
12] Steffener J, Reuben A, Rakitin BC, Stern Y. (2011) Supporting performance in the face of age-related neural changes: testing mechanistic roles of cognitive reserve. (iaeme.com)
By consistently engaging in cognitive exercises, individuals can strengthen neural connections, improve cognitive abilities, and enhance overall mental performance. (total-health-care.com)
The benefits of cognitive engagement, such as the creation and maintenance of neural connections, are significant regardless of when we start. (wellandgood.com)
However, it's important to note that learning can occur at any age, and the benefits of cognitive engagement, such as the creation and maintenance of neural connections, are significant regardless of when we start. (wellandgood.com)

Stay up to date with the latest news and events from the Department of Cognitive Science at Case Western Reserve University. (case.edu)

The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) attempts to explain interindividual variability in susceptibility to changes in brain function in pathological, but also normal aging of the brain [ 1 , 2 ]. (scienceopen.com)
The concept of cognitive reserve (CR) has been proposed as a protective factor that modifies the effect of brain pathology on cognitive performance. (korea.ac.kr)

In a recent study - published in 2022 in Neurology - researchers investigated how childhood cognitive skills, education attainment, and leisure activities affected cognitive reserve. (medicalnewstoday.com)

We hypothesize that individuals with poorer cognitive function will search using fewer unique terms, employ shorter words, and use less obscure words in their searches. (jmir.org)

Research on cognitive trajectories would benefit from incorporating predictors of reverse transitions and competing events, such as death, into statistical modeling. (uky.edu)
The observed trajectories of two exemplary cognitive subdomains (delayed recall and working memory) were then fitted over time using multilevel growth models to adjust for sociodemographic covariates and compared with 5-year longitudinal data from a sample of older adults from the representative Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) study. (frontiersin.org)
In the end, the study allowed the researchers to compare the cognitive trajectories of 98 subjects essentially from grade school to the age of 82. (latimes.com)
We employed growth curve models to investigate implications of agricultur al work on age trajectories of cognitive functioning. (cdc.gov)

We examined the association of three markers of brain reserve (head circumference, MRI-derived brain volume, and leisure time physical activity) and five markers of cognitive reserve (education, vocabulary, cognitive activities, cognitive demand of lifetime occupation, and interpersonal demand of lifetime occupation) and the risk of postoperative delirium in a prospective observational study of 566 older adults free of dementia undergoing scheduled surgery. (harvard.edu)
Cognitive reserve (CR) shows protective effects on cognitive function in older adults. (columbia.edu)
Physical activity and cognitive training can help enhance older adults' cognitive and physical health and prevent the negative collateral impacts of social isolation and physical inactivity. (biomedcentral.com)
This trial will document the remote monitoring of home-based physical exercise alone and home-based physical combined with cognitive training to enhance cognitive and physical health of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic period. (biomedcentral.com)
The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between Internet searches as a measure of language and cognitive function in older adults. (jmir.org)
The cognitive reserve framework may explain the seemingly paradoxical result on age patterning of cognitive performance across older adults with different work histories. (cdc.gov)
Are subjective cognitive complaints associated with executive functions and mental health of older adults? (bvsalud.org)

Cognitive reserve (CR) may offer some protection against cognitive dysfunction in PD. (edu.au)
Critically, these studies have left open the fundamental issue of the clinical implications of this research for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in MS. Methods and Results:We provide an updated and extensive overviewof the studies that have explored cognitive and brain reserve in MS and discuss their implications for non-pharmacological therapeutic strategies aimed at potentiating patients' reserve. (uniud.it)
16] Sumowski JF, Chiaravalloti N, Deluca J. (2009) Cognitive reserve protects against cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. (iaeme.com)

Studies use factors like education, occupation, and lifestyle as proxies for cognitive reserve because they tend to positively correlate with higher cognitive reserve. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, two most commonly used proxies to study cognitive reserve are education and occupation. (wikipedia.org)
A key finding of this study is the varying contribution of CR proxies to different aspects of the same cognitive domain. (edu.au)
3 ] proposed four factors (general intelligence ("g"), complex mental activity, processing resources, and executive function) as "potential reserve proxies" for CR in normal aging. (scienceopen.com)
The researchers examined the influence of education and occupational position (cognitive reserve proxies) on the relationship between the participants' hippocampal or total gray matter volume and cognitive performance. (mishablagosklonny.com)
Several wording changes to the three questions were proposed and tested through two rounds of cognitive interviews with veterans and proxies. (cdc.gov)
All participants, including proxies were federal employees (from the VA, BLS and the Federal Reserve). (cdc.gov)

Researchers from Melbourne, Australia looked at cognitive reserve and age as factors to predict the cognitive recovery after a mild to severe traumatic brain injury. (stark-stark.com)

Overall, the results showed that cognitive reserve affects the relationship between brain volume and cognitive performance, with greater cognitive reserve related to a stronger link before dementia diagnosis and a weaker link after. (mishablagosklonny.com)

Our findings suggest that the reserve markers that are important for delirium may be different from those considered to be important for dementia. (harvard.edu)
Additional longitudinal analysis confirmed these findings in a rigorous multilevel approach in two exemplary cognitive subdomains. (frontiersin.org)
p = 0.044) were the only predictors of deteriorating cognitive performance.Our findings suggest that higher CR in individuals with MS may mediate between cognitive performance and brain pathology. (unifi.it)
Findings showed that a higher education and occupational position magnified the associations between brain volume and cognitive performance in participants without dementia. (mishablagosklonny.com)
These findings were based on the kind of long-running study of cognitive health you just don't find every day: On a single June day in 1947, every 11-year-old child who went to school in Scotland was administered the same standardized intelligence test. (latimes.com)
The findings are generally consistent with the finding that people who are more highly educated, and whose career paths involved more intellectual challenge, build a "cognitive reserve" that can delay the worst depredations of dementia. (latimes.com)
The implication of the findings is that early life performance on cognitive tests could be used to identify potential at-risk populations who might especially benefit from interventions aimed at modifying their dementia risk, such as those promoting social/mental stimulation," wrote Serhiy Dekhtyar, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, to Alzforum. (alzforum.org)

More education and cognitively complex occupation are some of the factors that predict higher cognitive abilities in old age. (wikipedia.org)
Safely challenging our cognitive abilities, as long as it doesn't lead to frustration, is healthy and will even improve our confidence and sense of independence. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Recent behavioral data have shown that lifelong bilingualism can maintain youthful cognitive control abilities in aging. (jneurosci.org)
Why do some individuals maintain cognitive abilities throughout their lifespan and others do not? (mishablagosklonny.com)
Cognitive training plays a vital role in enhancing mental acuity and boosting cognitive abilities. (total-health-care.com)
This not only improves problem-solving abilities but also enhances overall cognitive flexibility. (total-health-care.com)
Engaging in puzzles, riddles, and brain teasers is an excellent way to challenge cognitive abilities. (total-health-care.com)
These activities require individuals to think critically, make connections, and find solutions, thereby exercising and strengthening their cognitive abilities. (total-health-care.com)
Practicing mental math exercises without the aid of calculators or pen and paper can sharpen cognitive abilities, particularly in the areas of attention, calculation, and problem-solving. (total-health-care.com)
Depressive disorders in elderly people can affect their cognitive and physical abilities and nutritional status. (who.int)
The elderly often present attributable to a reduction in mental, cognitive and phys- with somatic or non-specific symptoms rather than the ical abilities, increased probability of death among their typical symptoms of depression, such as low energy, friends or loved ones, retirement and loss of communi- fatigue, reduction in physical movements and cognitive cation with people. (who.int)

The proposed marker was tested by the correlation with CR proxy and modulation of brain pathology effects on cognitive function. (korea.ac.kr)

An individual with a substantial brain reserve is able to tolerate age-related changes without showing clinical symptoms of disease. (bigthink.com)
The postsynaptic protein Shank3 (SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains) is of particular interest, as the loss of a single allele of the SHANK3 gene is sufficient to cause profound cognitive symptoms in children. (jneurosci.org)
By the time cognitive and functional symptoms are detected through clinical assessment, disease progression may already be too advanced for treatment to be most effective. (jmir.org)
Changes in the brain often occur before symptoms of cognitive difficulty appear, suggesting that it may be possible to delay the onset of symptoms. (americashealthrankings.org)

In addition to preserving a good physical constitution, maintaining cognitive function is quite important ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
It can be considered as the idea that there is a reserve of function following brain damage. (neurodynamics.com.au)
This is in contrast to cognitive reserve which is the idea of reserve against concussion and brain damage as a result of active function. (neurodynamics.com.au)
Cognitive function was measured using Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery.Fifty-two patients with relapsing-remitting MS were evaluated at baseline and 35 of them were reassessed after a 1.6-year follow-up period. (unifi.it)
Neurodegenerative diseases slowly take away everything that makes our loved ones "themselves," including a reduction in cognitive function. (completehuman.com)
Keeping up your cognitive function through regular brain puzzles, diet, exercise and avoiding smoking is the best way to ensure that you have a "cognitive reserve" ready as you age, thus ensuring your brain stays sharp well into your 80s and 90s. (completehuman.com)
Cognitive reserve is the idea that some people can retain normal brain function, even in the face of brain damage or degenerative diseases. (completehuman.com)
Conclusion Available results demonstrate that cognitive reserve increases through continuing education and show a positive association of cognitive leisure activities with both improved cognitive function and lower dementia incidence. (bmj.com)
Multiple groups have demonstrated a close relationship between cognitive function and vocabulary size, verbal fluency, and semantic ability, using conventional in-person cognitive testing. (jmir.org)
Cognitive function was evaluated as a z-normalized summary score capturing five unique cognitive domains. (jmir.org)
Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between cognitive function and Internet searches by controlling for variables such as age, sex, and education. (jmir.org)
Individuals with higher cognitive function used more unique terms per search (beta=.39, P =.002) and employed less common terms in their searches (beta=1.39, P =.02). (jmir.org)
Cognitive function was not significantly associated with the length of the words used in the searches. (jmir.org)
First conceptualized in the late 1980s, cognitive reserve is a term for the brain's ability to compensate for the natural age-related loss in volume (as well as other pathological changes) and still retain its function. (wellandgood.com)
This study, conducted by researchers in the United Kingdom, tackles the "use it or lose it" conjecture - the widely held belief that a person can maintain or enhance his or her cognitive function, and offset age-related declines in mental performance, by engaging in intellectual "exercise. (latimes.com)
Studies that track a person's cognitive function from youth to old age are rare. (alzforum.org)
The scores in the subscales were 51 (36.88) for seizures worry, 48.86 (25.44) for overall QOL, 45.60 (26.73) for well-being, 41.28 (25.37) for energy and fatigue, 47.55 (28.33) for cognitive function, 66.83 (39.49) for medication effects and 52.44 (30.26) for social functioning. (who.int)
An interview-based questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic char- acteristics, nutritional habits, anthropometric measurements, cognitive function (using the Montreal cognitive assess- ment tool), and functional status (using activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living scales). (who.int)

Cognitive training is based on the concept of neuroplasticity, which suggests that the brain has the ability to change and adapt throughout a person's life. (total-health-care.com)
But even after accounting for those factors, the researchers found that the greater the engagement in problem-solving over the lifespan, the higher a person's late-life cognitive performance level tended to be. (latimes.com)

The training was formal education, low baseline CD4, and un- given by the primary investigator on how to employment were found to be significantly associated administer the cognitive assessment tool. (who.int)

As part of Project Talent, 377,016 students from 1,225 secondary schools in the U.S. underwent detailed tests that probed general cognitive ability, language skills, perception, visualization, and mathematics, as well as complex intellectual aptitudes such as creativity and abstract reasoning. (alzforum.org)

Cognitive reserve is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform models of cognitive aging and is presumed to be indicative of life experiences that may mitigate the effects of brain pathology. (columbia.edu)
Brain reserve can be differentiated from cognitive reserve which is seen more as the brain actively attempting to cope with or compensate for pathology. (neurodynamics.com.au)

It could be defined as the ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks and/or alternative cognitive strategies. (wikipedia.org)
We estimated RRs of reversion vs progression for age, APOE , and potential cognitive reserve indicators: education, academic performance (high school grades), and written language skills (idea density, grammatical complexity). (uky.edu)
In this study, we applied a testing-the-limits paradigm to a group of 136 healthy elderly subjects (60-75 years) and additionally examined the possible contribution of complex mental activities and quality of sleep to cognitive performance gain. (scienceopen.com)
It is also plausible that other variables, such as mood [ 9 ] and quality of sleep [ 10 ] may also determine cognitive performance in older age. (scienceopen.com)
Based on this framework, one would predict that subjects with higher functional brain reserve would also show higher performance in such a task because they can activate more cognitive resources in this condition. (scienceopen.com)
A proposed definition of cognitive reserve is: the ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks, which perhaps reflect the use of alternate cognitive strategies. (neurodynamics.com.au)
The team found that the association between brain volume and cognitive performance varies based on cognitive reserve. (mishablagosklonny.com)
The proposed marker was associated with years of education and modulated the effect of pathological burden on cognitive performance in the AD spectrum. (korea.ac.kr)
Systematic reviews consistently reported a positive association between participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities and reduced incidence of dementia and improved cognitive test performance. (bmj.com)
Fluid intelligence functions as a highly related factor to protect the performance of executive functions, along with other social-cognitive factors relevant to facilitating the conditions of social adaptation. (uai.cl)
Regularly engaging in cognitive exercises can train the brain to sustain attention for longer periods, leading to increased productivity, better performance, and a higher level of concentration in various tasks. (total-health-care.com)
The researchers set out to follow these Scots for roughly the next 15 years, testing two dimensions of their cognitive health - mental speed and verbal memory performance - four times as they aged. (latimes.com)
However, no study had examined how performance in multiple cognitive domains related to disease. (alzforum.org)
Almost all other cognitive domains trended in the same direction, meaning poor performance tended to increase risk. (alzforum.org)

We are an enthusiast of Educational Neuroscience, also called Mind Brain education, an emerging scientific field & deeply involved with Cognitive Training of children, youth and adults. (cognitivereserve.org)

However, the functional neuroanatomic bases of bilingual cognitive control advantages in aging remain unknown. (jneurosci.org)
Objective: To test whether higher global functional connectivity of the left frontal cortex (LFC) in Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with more years of education (a proxy of cognitive reserve [CR]) and mitigates the association between AD-related fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET hypometabolism and episodic memory. (palmbeachneurological.com)
Is Cognitive Reserve a Determinant of Functional and Mental Health in Older People of the Sardinian Blue Zone? (bvsalud.org)
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depressive disorders in older Palestinians and its relationship with nutritional, functional and cognitive status. (who.int)

Evidence from a twin study indicates a genetic contribution to cognitive functions. (wikipedia.org)

These results focus on cognitive reserve and its importance because they show that elderly people in vulnerable contexts who strengthen these aspects protect themselves against the deterioration of cognitive skills. (uai.cl)

In this article, we will explore the benefits of cognitive training and provide valuable insights on how to elevate your mental acuity through this effective practice. (total-health-care.com)
One of the key benefits of cognitive training is its ability to enhance memory functions. (total-health-care.com)

Rather than considering that these individuals brains are grossly anatomically different than those with less reserve (e.g., they have more synapses), the cognitive reserve hypothesis posits that they process tasks in a more efficient manner. (neurodynamics.com.au)
To test the cognitive reserve (CR) hypothesis in the model of multiple sclerosis (MS) by assessing the interactions among CR, brain atrophy, and cognitive efficiency in patients with relapsing-remitting MS.A Cognitive Reserve Index was calculated including education, premorbid leisure activities, and IQ. (unifi.it)

The use of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), a multi-tasking cognitive measure [ 15 ], in a testing-the-limits paradigm with systematic repetition offers a way to assess CR in a dynamic way. (scienceopen.com)
Conclusions: We conclude that these techniques represent challenging mental enriching activities that may help cultivating cognitive reserve and more systematic research on their efficacy to protect against cognitive degradation in MS is encouraged. (uniud.it)
17] Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. (2005) Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review. (iaeme.com)

Cognitive reserve is the mind's and brain's resistance to damage of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
The Cognitive Reserve (CR) construct seeks to explain the brain's ability of compensate for degeneration caused by age or neuropathology. (bvsalud.org)
This skill-your brain's ability to change itself throughout your life through its ability to transfer functions to different regions-is the basis of cognitive reserve. (bigthink.com)

Different biomarkers may lead to varied results in how cognitive reserve moderates these associations. (mishablagosklonny.com)

Cognitive reserve and cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study. (unifi.it)
The authors advocate for conducting longitudinal studies to track how cognitive reserve operates in individuals as they progress from normal to dementia. (mishablagosklonny.com)

Education may play a key role in developing "cognitive reserve" against neurodegenerative dementia. (uniba.it)
People who are adept at any or all of the six skills below have a strong brain reserve, and therefore can recover from insults to the brain such as neurodegenerative disease. (bigthink.com)

Cross-sectional studies may not fully capture disease-related changes in neuropathology and could present a distorted view of the linkages between cognitive reserve, neuropathology and cognitive outcomes. (mishablagosklonny.com)

A more direct approach to examine CR is through the assessment of capacity to gain from practice in a standardized challenging cognitive task that demands activation of cognitive resources. (scienceopen.com)
The presence of depressive disorders was also significantly associated with lower scores on the instrumental activities of daily living scale and the Montreal cognitive assessment tool, and with hypercholesterolaemia, chewing and swallowing difficulties and lack of appetite. (who.int)

In this program, you'll dive deep into cognitive linguistics-an approach to the study of language that begins with the assumption that language is not separate from other cognitive processes. (case.edu)

Of the reserve markers examined, only the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) was significantly associated with the risk of delirium. (harvard.edu)

We found a significant but variable gain and identified verbal memory, cognitive flexibility, and problem-solving as significant factors. (scienceopen.com)

Cognitive science ("cogsci") programs started to develop in the 1980s in response to a call for a more integrated approach that did not restrict the study of the mind to a single discipline. (case.edu)

There are two models that can be used when exploring the concept of "reserve": brain reserve and cognitive reserve. (wikipedia.org)
Using a computer analogy, brain reserve can be seen as hardware and cognitive reserve as software. (wikipedia.org)
Structures like the cerebellum contribute to brain reserve. (wikipedia.org)
Cerebellar circuitry is a site of multiple forms of neuronal plasticity, a factor playing a major role in terms of brain reserve. (wikipedia.org)
Brain reserve is the idea of brain reserves as a rather passive process. (neurodynamics.com.au)
Brain reserve capacity is a theoretical construct that may include synapse count. (neurodynamics.com.au)
Persons are considered to have different amounts of brain reserve capacity as dependent on a number of factors (e.g., level of education, age, intelligence, learning disabilities, etc). (neurodynamics.com.au)
Thus more brain reserve can be considered as a protective factor and less brain reserve would impart vulnerability. (neurodynamics.com.au)
It all has to do with building up a brain reserve. (bigthink.com)
What are brain reserve and cognitive reserve? (bigthink.com)
Another way to think about it: consider brain reserve the hardware while cognitive reserve is the software running inside of it. (bigthink.com)
What is the physiology of brain reserve? (bigthink.com)
The cerebellum is one brain structure that contributes to brain reserve. (bigthink.com)
The following six practices can help you build a strong brain reserve. (bigthink.com)

This unanswered question has driven researchers to consider the idea of " cognitive reserve . (mishablagosklonny.com)
Researchers continue to study cognitive reserve to better understand its mechanisms and potential implications for maintaining brain health and designing effective interventions. (mishablagosklonny.com)
While the study's recruits differed in their levels of ingoing intelligence, educational attainment and lifelong intellectual engagement, the researchers could measure and account for these factors to show how they influenced cognitive aging in recruits. (latimes.com)

Cognitive reserve is your mind's ability to resist damage to your brain. (bigthink.com)

The best way to increase your cognitive reserve is to seek out mental stimulation in a variety of forms. (completehuman.com)
Cognitive training promotes mental flexibility, allowing individuals to adapt to new situations and learn new information quickly. (total-health-care.com)
At an even broader level, the mental calculus involved in playing chess could help fortify what scientists call "cognitive reserve, " says Dr. Begeti, referring to the fact that the brains of those who participate in intellectually challenging jobs or activities "show an increased number of connections and greater overall thickness. (wellandgood.com)

Higher reserve was found to provide a greater threshold before clinical deficit appears. (wikipedia.org)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of cognitive reserve by examining both its convergent and its discriminant validity across three different samples of participants using structural equation modeling. (columbia.edu)
They followed 1,184 people from the United Kingdom from childhood until the age of 69 years, at which point the participants undertook a cognitive test with a maximum score of 100. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Participants were recruited from the VA office, with special care to recruit Gulf War veterans, female veterans, veterans who have been deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan, or veterans who have been called up from the Reserve or the National Guard. (cdc.gov)

A study combining twin and adoption studies found all cognitive functions to be heritable. (wikipedia.org)
In this relatively large and well-designed study, most markers of reserve fail to predict delirium risk. (harvard.edu)
The COVEPIC study aims to document the effects of 6 months of home-based physical exercise alone versus home-based physical exercise combined with cognitive training on cognitive and physical functions in adults 50 years and older. (biomedcentral.com)
A Life-Course Study of Cognitive Reserve in Dementia-From Childhood to Old Age. (lu.se)

Although small in size, the effects occur across a broad range of cognitive domains including visuospatial, verbal, episodic memory, and semantic memory - some of which typically reveal a sex-related processing advantage for healthy women. (medscape.com)

Anatomy1

Diseases4

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Psychiatry and Psychology10

Phenomena and Processes1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science2

Health Care1

Prominent hippocampal CA3 gene expression profile in neurocognitive aging. (1/57)

White matter hyperintensities and cognition: testing the reserve hypothesis. (2/57)

IQ trajectory, cognitive reserve, and clinical outcome following a first episode of psychosis: a 3-year longitudinal study. (3/57)

Cognitive reserve and brain volumes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (4/57)

Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. (5/57)

Intracranial volume and dementia: some evidence in support of the cerebral reserve hypothesis. (6/57)

Cognitive reserve in aging. (7/57)

Association of plasma beta-amyloid level and cognitive reserve with subsequent cognitive decline. (8/57)

Cognitive Reserve

Prodromal Symptoms

Cognition Disorders

Neuropsychological Tests

Cognition

Memory, Episodic

Aging

Multilingualism

Educational Status

Intelligence

Alzheimer Disease

Verbal Learning

Atrophy

Brain

Dementia

Leisure Activities

Reading

Individuality

Prominent hippocampal CA3 gene expression profile in neurocognitive aging. (1/57)

White matter hyperintensities and cognition: testing the reserve hypothesis. (2/57)

IQ trajectory, cognitive reserve, and clinical outcome following a first episode of psychosis: a 3-year longitudinal study. (3/57)

Cognitive reserve and brain volumes in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (4/57)

Delaying the onset of Alzheimer disease: bilingualism as a form of cognitive reserve. (5/57)

Intracranial volume and dementia: some evidence in support of the cerebral reserve hypothesis. (6/57)

Cognitive reserve in aging. (7/57)

Association of plasma beta-amyloid level and cognitive reserve with subsequent cognitive decline. (8/57)

Cognitive reserve

Cognitive effects of bilingualism

Cognitive epidemiology

Mark Turner (cognitive scientist)

Aging brain

Environmental enrichment

Locus coeruleus

Race and health in the United States

Yaakov Stern

Dementia

Sleep deprivation in higher education

Source-monitoring error

Ellen Bialystok

Monolingualism

Lifelong learning

Andreas Maercker

Intelligence and education

Kristina Hooper Woolsey

Cryptic crossword

Brain training

Sex differences in memory

Merlin Donald

Every Student Succeeds Act

Curonian Spit National Park (Lithuania)

Barbara Sahakian

Cognitive semiotics

Tourette syndrome

Management of Tourette syndrome

Neuroscience of multilingualism

Autism therapies

Cognitive reserve - Wikipedia

Cognitive and Brain Reserve and the Risk of Postoperative Delirium in Older Patients: Analysis of Data From a Prospective...

Construct Validity of Cognitive Reserve in a Multiethnic Cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study | Academic Commons

Cognitive Reserve Moderates the Association between Functional Network Anti-Correlations and Memory in MCI | Academic Commons

Academics | Department of Cognitive Science | Case Western Reserve University

News and Events | Department of Cognitive Science | Case Western Reserve University

"Cognitive Reserve and Mild Cognitive Impairment" by Maryam Iraniparast, Yidan Shi et al.

Cognitive reserve, executive function, and memory in parkinson's disease

Frontiers | Can cochlear implantation prevent cognitive decline in the long-term follow-up?

Cognitive Reserve in the Healthy Elderly: Cognitive and Psychological Factors - ScienceOpen

Instruments for measuring cognitive reserve: a systematic review

Cognitive Reserve | Profiles RNS

Cognitive Reserve | Profiles RNS

Avoiding Cognitive Decline | Financial Reserve

Cognitive Reserve | Unleash True Potential

Dementia: Can reading and 'mental exercises' help lower risk?

Alzheimer Disease in Down Syndrome: Overview, Pathophysiology/Risk Factors, Epidemiology

Brain injury: Outcome - Brain Reserve and Cognitive Reserve explained

Alzheimer Disease in Down Syndrome: Overview, Pathophysiology/Risk Factors, Epidemiology

Cognitive reserve protects against effects of MS | http://www.learningrx.org

Lifelong Bilingualism Maintains Neural Efficiency for Cognitive Control in Aging | Journal of Neuroscience

Handwriting Dynamics as an Indicator of Cognitive Reserve: An Exploratory Study

Cognitive reserve and cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal study.

Exploring the Impact of Cognitive Reserve on Cognitive Resilience | Misha Blagosklonny