Codon nonsense. Medical search

An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.

A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.

A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).

A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the terminal amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. This termination process is signaled from the MESSENGER RNA, by one of three termination codons (CODON, TERMINATOR) that immediately follows the last amino acid-specifying CODON.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.

Proteins that are involved in the peptide chain termination reaction (PEPTIDE CHAIN TERMINATION, TRANSLATIONAL) on RIBOSOMES. They include codon-specific class-I release factors, which recognize stop signals (TERMINATOR CODON) in the MESSENGER RNA; and codon-nonspecific class-II release factors.

Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE only in the homozygous state.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.

An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.

The magnitude of INBREEDING in humans.

The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate. A deficiency in humans causes nonspherocytic hemolytic disease (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC, CONGENITAL NONSPHEROCYTIC). EC 5.3.1.1.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various STREPTOMYCES.

The three possible sequences of CODONS by which GENETIC TRANSLATION may occur from one nucleotide sequence. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated as 5'AUC.. or 5'UCC.. or 5'CCG.., depending on the location of the START CODON.

Genes that have a suppressor allele or suppressor mutation (SUPPRESSION, GENETIC) which cancels the effect of a previous mutation, enabling the wild-type phenotype to be maintained or partially restored. For example, amber suppressors cancel the effect of an AMBER NONSENSE MUTATION.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Genes that influence the PHENOTYPE both in the homozygous and the heterozygous state.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tryptophan to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.

A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

DNA sequences recognized as signals to end GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein from two or more OVERLAPPING GENES. The process is programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the MRNA and is sometimes also affected by the secondary or tertiary mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in VIRUSES (especially RETROVIRUSES); RETROTRANSPOSONS; and bacterial insertion elements but also in some cellular genes.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.

That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.

The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.

A characteristic symptom complex.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

A congenital abnormality in which there is only a rudimentary iris. This is due to the failure of the optic cup to grow. Aniridia also occurs in a hereditary form, usually autosomal dominant.

A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.

A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Ribonucleic acid in fungi having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A superfamily of proteins containing the globin fold which is composed of 6-8 alpha helices arranged in a characterstic HEME enclosing structure.

A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.

The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Genetic diseases that are linked to gene mutations on the X CHROMOSOME in humans (X CHROMOSOME, HUMAN) or the X CHROMOSOME in other species. Included here are animal models of human X-linked diseases.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

Agents which are destructive to amebae, especially the parasitic species causing AMEBIASIS in man and animal.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

The health status of the family as a unit including the impact of the health of one member of the family on the family as a unit and on individual family members; also, the impact of family organization or disorganization on the health status of its members.

A phenomenon that is observed when a small subgroup of a larger POPULATION establishes itself as a separate and isolated entity. The subgroup's GENE POOL carries only a fraction of the genetic diversity of the parental population resulting in an increased frequency of certain diseases in the subgroup, especially those diseases known to be autosomal recessive.

Identification of genetic carriers for a given trait.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Conditions with abnormally low levels of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL) in the blood. It is defined as LDL values equal to or less than the 5th percentile for the population. They include the autosomal dominant form involving mutation of the APOLIPOPROTEINS B gene, and the autosomal recessive form involving mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. All are characterized by low LDL and dietary fat malabsorption.

A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION, when an amino acid is transferred from its cognate TRANSFER RNA to the lengthening chain of PEPTIDES.

A copy number variation that results in reduced GENE DOSAGE due to any loss-of-function mutation. The loss of heterozygosity is associated with abnormal phenotypes or diseased states because the remaining gene is insufficient.

Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.

Detection of a MUTATION; GENOTYPE; KARYOTYPE; or specific ALLELES associated with genetic traits, heritable diseases, or predisposition to a disease, or that may lead to the disease in descendants. It includes prenatal genetic testing.

Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A subclass of enzymes that aminoacylate AMINO ACID-SPECIFIC TRANSFER RNA with their corresponding AMINO ACIDS.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying glutamic acid to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL; and POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the southeastern and eastern areas of the Asian continent.

Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)

N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The analysis of a sequence such as a region of a chromosome, a haplotype, a gene, or an allele for its involvement in controlling the phenotype of a specific trait, metabolic pathway, or disease.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.

An mRNA metabolic process that distinguishes a normal STOP CODON from a premature stop codon (NONSENSE CODON) and facilitates rapid degradation of aberrant mRNAs containing premature stop codons.

A class of genetic disorders resulting in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY that is associated either with mutations of GENES located on the X CHROMOSOME or aberrations in the structure of the X chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS).

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

Tumor suppressor genes located in the 5q21 region on the long arm of human chromosome 5. The mutation of these genes is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI) and GARDNER SYNDROME, as well as some sporadic colorectal cancers.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.

A group of transfer RNAs which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying tyrosine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

A muscle protein localized in surface membranes which is the product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy gene. Individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually lack dystrophin completely while those with Becker muscular dystrophy have dystrophin of an altered size. It shares features with other cytoskeletal proteins such as SPECTRIN and alpha-actinin but the precise function of dystrophin is not clear. One possible role might be to preserve the integrity and alignment of the plasma membrane to the myofibrils during muscle contraction and relaxation. MW 400 kDa.

Form of epidermolysis bullosa having onset at birth or during the neonatal period and transmitted through autosomal recessive inheritance. It is characterized by generalized blister formation, extensive denudation, and separation and cleavage of the basal cell plasma membranes from the basement membrane.

Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.

The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.

Infrequent translation of a nonsense codon is sufficient to decrease mRNA level. (1/1486)

In many organisms nonsense mutations decrease the level of mRNA. In the case of mammalian cells, it is still controversial whether translation is required for this nonsense-mediated RNA decrease (NMD). Although previous analyzes have shown that conditions that impede translation termination at nonsense codons also prevent NMD, the residual level of termination was unknown in these experiments. Moreover, the conditions used to impede termination might also have interfered with NMD in other ways. Because of these uncertainties, we have tested the effects of limiting translation of a nonsense codon in a different way, using two mutations in the immunoglobulin mu heavy chain gene. For this purpose we exploited an exceptional nonsense mutation at codon 3, which efficiently terminates translation but nonetheless maintains a high level of mu mRNA. We have shown 1) that translation of Ter462 in the double mutant occurs at only approximately 4% the normal frequency, and 2) that Ter462 in cis with Ter3 can induce NMD. That is, translation of Ter462 at this low (4%) frequency is sufficient to induce NMD. (+info)

Genetic heterogeneity in propionic acidemia patients with alpha-subunit defects. Identification of five novel mutations, one of them causing instability of the protein. (2/1486)

The inherited metabolic disease propionic acidemia (PA) can result from mutations in either of the genes PCCA or PCCB, which encode the alpha and beta subunits, respectively, of the mitochondrial enzyme propionyl CoA-carboxylase. In this work we have analyzed the molecular basis of PCCA gene defects, studying mRNA levels and identifying putative disease causing mutations. A total of 10 different mutations, none predominant, are present in a sample of 24 mutant alleles studied. Five novel mutations are reported here for the first time. A neutral polymorphism and a variant allele present in the general population were also detected. To examine the effect of a point mutation (M348K) involving a highly conserved residue, we have carried out in vitro expression of normal and mutant PCCA cDNA and analyzed the mitochondrial import and stability of the resulting proteins. Both wild-type and mutant proteins were imported into mitochondria and processed into the mature form with similar efficiency, but the mature mutant M348K protein decayed more rapidly than did the wild-type, indicating a reduced stability, which is probably the disease-causing mechanism. (+info)

Facile characterization of translation initiation via nonsense codon suppression. (3/1486)

A new strategy for studying the mechanism of translation initiation in eukaryotes has been developed. The strategy involves the use of an in vitro translation system to incorporate a non-natural fluorescent amino acid into a protein from a suppressor tRNAPheCUA misacylated with that amino acid. It is thereby possible to monitor translation initiation efficiency at an AUG codon in different contexts; this is illustrated for three constructs encoding Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase mRNA with different translation initiation regions. Fluorescence measurements after in vitro translation of the mRNAs in rabbit reticulocyte lysate reflected differences in the position and efficiency of translation initiation and, therefore, can be used for characterization of the translation initiation process. (+info)

A newly identified patient with clinical xeroderma pigmentosum phenotype has a non-sense mutation in the DDB2 gene and incomplete repair in (6-4) photoproducts. (4/1486)

We report here a patient (Ops1) with clinical photosensitivity, including pigmented or depigmented macules and patches, and multiple skin neoplasias (malignant melanomas, basal cell carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas in situ) in sun-exposed areas. These clinical features are reminiscent of xeroderma pigmentosum. As cells from Ops1 showed normal levels in DNA repair synthesis in vivo (unscheduled DNA synthesis and recovery of RNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation), we performed a postreplication repair assay and recovery of replicative DNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation to investigate if Ops1 cells belonged to a xeroderma pigmentosum variant pattern. Ops1 cells were normal, but there was an incomplete pattern repair in (6-4) photoproducts in contrast to a normal pattern repair in cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by repair kinetics using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, Ops1 cells were defective in a damage-specific DNA binding protein and carried a non-sense mutation in the DDB2 gene. These results suggest that (i) the DDB2 gene is somewhat related to skin carcinogenesis, photoaging skin, and the removal of (6-4) photoproducts; (ii) although it is believed that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are the principal mutagenic lesion and (6-4) photoproducts are less likely to contribute to ultraviolet-induced mutations in mammals, Ops1 is one of the ultraviolet-induced mutagenic models induced by (6-4) photoproducts. (+info)

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in health and disease. (5/1486)

All eukaryotes possess the ability to detect and degrade transcripts harboring premature signals for the termination of translation. Despite the ubiquitous nature of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and its demonstrated role in the modulation of phenotypes resulting from selected nonsense alleles, very little is known regarding its basic mechanism or the selective pressure for complete evolutionary conservation of this function. This review will present the current models of NMD that have been generated during the study of model organisms and mammalian cells. The physiological burden of nonsense transcripts and the emerging view that NMD plays a broad and critical role in the regulation of gene expression will also be discussed. Such issues are relevant to the proposal that pharmacological manipulation of NMD will find therapeutic application. (+info)

Clinical and molecular genetic analysis of 19 Wolfram syndrome kindreds demonstrating a wide spectrum of mutations in WFS1. (6/1486)

Wolfram syndrome is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy. mtDNA deletions have been described, and a gene (WFS1) recently has been identified, on chromosome 4p16, encoding a predicted 890 amino acid transmembrane protein. Direct DNA sequencing was done to screen the entire coding region of the WFS1 gene in 30 patients from 19 British kindreds with Wolfram syndrome. DNA was also screened for structural rearrangements (deletions and duplications) and point mutations in mtDNA. No pathogenic mtDNA mutations were found in our cohort. We identified 24 mutations in the WFS1 gene: 8 nonsense mutations, 8 missense mutations, 3 in-frame deletions, 1 in-frame insertion, and 4 frameshift mutations. Of these, 23 were novel mutations, and most occurred in exon 8. The majority of patients were compound heterozygotes for two mutations, and there was no common founder mutation. The data were also analyzed for genotype-phenotype relationships. Although some interesting cases were noted, consideration of the small sample size and frequency of each mutation indicated no clear-cut correlations between any of the observed mutations and disease severity. There were no obvious mutation hot spots or clusters. Hence, molecular screening for Wolfram syndrome in affected families and for Wolfram syndrome-carrier status in subjects with psychiatric disorders or diabetes mellitus will require complete analysis of exon 8 and upstream exons. (+info)

Mutations in VPS16 and MRT1 stabilize mRNAs by activating an inhibitor of the decapping enzyme. (7/1486)

Decapping is a rate-limiting step in the decay of many yeast mRNAs; the activity of the decapping enzyme therefore plays a significant role in determining RNA stability. Using an in vitro decapping assay, we have identified a factor, Vps16p, that regulates the activity of the yeast decapping enzyme, Dcp1p. Mutations in the VPS16 gene result in a reduction of decapping activity in vitro and in the stabilization of both wild-type and nonsense-codon-containing mRNAs in vivo. The mrt1-3 allele, previously shown to affect the turnover of wild-type mRNAs, results in a similar in vitro phenotype. Extracts from both vps16 and mrt1 mutant strains inhibit the activity of purified Flag-Dcp1p. We have identified a 70-kDa protein which copurifies with Flag-Dcp1p as the abundant Hsp70 family member Ssa1p/2p. Intriguingly, the interaction with Ssa1p/2p is enhanced in strains with mutations in vps16 or mrt1. We propose that Hsp70s may be involved in the regulation of mRNA decapping. (+info)

An internal open reading frame triggers nonsense-mediated decay of the yeast SPT10 mRNA. (8/1486)

Yeast cells containing a temperature-sensitive mutation in the PRT1 gene were found to selectively stabilize mRNAs harboring early nonsense codons. The similarities between the mRNA decay phenotypes of prt1-1 cells and those lacking the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) factor Upf1p led us to determine whether both types of mutations cause the accumulation of the same mRNAs. Differential display analysis and mRNA half-life measurements demonstrated that the HHF2 mRNA increased in abundance in prt1-1 and upf1Delta cells, but did not manifest a change in decay rate. In both mutant strains this increase was attributable to stabilization of the SPT10 transcript, an mRNA encoding a transcriptional regulator of HHF2. Analyses of chimeric mRNAs used to identify the cis-acting basis for NMD of the SPT10 mRNA indicated that ribosomes scan beyond its initiator AUG and initiate at the next downstream AUG, resulting in premature translation termination. By searching a yeast database for transcripts with sequence features similar to those of the SPT10 mRNA, other transcripts that decay by the NMD pathway were identified. Our results demonstrate that mRNAs undergoing leaky scanning are a new class of endogenous NMD substrate, and suggest the existence of a novel cellular regulatory circuit. (+info)

Stretton AO, Kaplan S, Brenner S (1966). "Nonsense codons". Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 31: 173-179. doi:10.1101/sqb. ... Thus, the Garen lab and Brenner labs are both credited with discovery of the stop codons of the genetic code. Garen was a ... The Garen lab also showed that certain triplet codons (5'-UAG, 5'-UAA, and 5'-UGA) failed to bind amino acids. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garen

Maloy S. (29 November 2003). "How nonsense mutations got their names". Microbial Genetics Course. San Diego State University. ... Stop codons can also be affected: in ciliated protozoa, the universal stop codons UAA and UAG code for glutamine. The following ... In rare instances, start codons in the standard code may also include GUG or UUG; these codons normally represent valine and ... In DNA, these stop codons are TAG, TGA, and TAA, respectively. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables

... and cells commonly use ochre codons as the termination signal, whose nonsense suppressors are usually inefficient. Nonsense ... A nonsense suppressor is a factor which can inhibit the effect of the nonsense mutation. Nonsense suppressors can be generally ... Genes with different or multiple stop codons will be unaffected. SUP35, a nonsense suppressor identified by Wickner in 1994, is ... In synthetic biology, artificial suppressor elongator tRNAs are used to incorporate unnatural amino acids at nonsense codons ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense_suppressor

Nonsense mutation Start codon Stop codon Jameson JL. Principles of Molecular Medicine. Springer. p. 731. Belgrader P, Maquat LE ... Missense mRNA is a messenger RNA bearing one or more mutated codons that yield polypeptides with an amino acid sequence ... The point mutation is nonsynonymous because it alters the RNA codon in the mRNA transcript such that translation results in ... If the resulting mRNA codon is one that changes the amino acid, a missense mRNA would be detected. A hypergeometric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missense_mRNA

Although nonsense-mediated mRNA decay reduces nonsense codons, mutations can occur that lead to various health problems and ... Nonsense mutations code for a premature stop codon which causes the protein to be shortened. The truncated protein may or may ... The substitution was localized in exon 3 and nonsense mutation at codon 68. The results from this experiment strongly suggest ... A dominant-negative or deleterious gain-of-function mutation can occur if premature terminating (nonsense) codons are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsense-mediated_decay

Karijolich J, Yu YT (June 2011). "Converting nonsense codons into sense codons by targeted pseudouridylation". Nature. 474 ( ... but it cannot destroy existing start and stop codons. A cryptic start codon is created when the codon ACG is edited to be AUG. ... Pseudouridylation of nonsense codons suppresses translation termination both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that RNA ... a pre-mature stop codon mutation in a dystrophin sequence to activate A-to-I editing of the stop codon to a read through codon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_editing

"SMG6 is the catalytic endonuclease that cleaves mRNAs containing nonsense codons in metazoan". RNA. 14 (12): 2609-17. doi: ... "SMG6 is the catalytic endonuclease that cleaves mRNAs containing nonsense codons in metazoan". RNA. 14 (12): 2609-17. doi: ... "SMG6 is the catalytic endonuclease that cleaves mRNAs containing nonsense codons in metazoan". RNA. 14 (12): 2609-17. doi: ... "SMG6 SMG6, nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-10- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMG6

... by promoting insertion of certain near-cognate tRNA at the site of nonsense codons with no apparent effects on downstream ... "Mechanism of PTC124 activity in cell-based luciferase assays of nonsense codon suppression". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106 (9 ... Ataluren is used in the European Union to treat people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who have a nonsense mutation in the ... Ataluren is thought to make ribosomes less sensitive to premature stop codons (an effect referred to as "read-through") ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataluren

As for the nonsense mutation, the tyrosine codon is replaced by a termination codon. Genetic screening reveals that around 1 in ... There are two common mutations found among them: missense mutation (Glu285AIa) and nonsense mutation (Tyr231X). In the missense ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spongy_degeneration_of_the_central_nervous_system

Nonsense mutations have been documented as well, occurring exclusively in the codon for proline. The mRNA sequence contains and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2orf81

A nonsense mutation is a point mutation that results in a premature stop codon. Five affected families contained the nonsense ... This mutation causes non-sense mediated decay of the mRNA. Due to the fact that not all 10 affected families were found to have ... This duplication that caused the frameshift resulted in a premature stop codon in the ROGDI gene after the 19th amino acid. A ... All ROGDI mutations which include frameshift, nonsense, and splice site mutations cause premature mRNA degradation or protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlschütter-Tönz_syndrome

Notably, humans possess a greater number of early stop codons in TLR4 than great apes; in a study of 158 humans worldwide, 0.6 ... had a nonsense mutation. This suggests that there are weaker evolutionary pressures on the human TLR4 than on our primate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll-like_receptor_4

Thus, nonsense codons lie more than 50-54 nucleotides upstream from the last exon boundary whereas natural stop codons are ... "Nonsense mutations in close proximity to the initiation codon fail to trigger full nonsense-mediated mRNA decay". The Journal ... It has been observed that the ability of a nonsense codon to cause mRNA degradation depends on its relative location to the ... A premature stop codon must be recognized as different from a normal stop codon so that only the former triggers a NMD response ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_surveillance

... resulting in a nonsense mutation with a premature stop codon. This causes severe truncation and loss of function in the gene's ... Metachondromatosis is believed to be caused by an 11 base pair deletion resulting in a frameshift and nonsense mutation. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachondromatosis

... giving most amino acids more than one possible codon. There are also three 'stop' or 'nonsense' codons signifying the end of ... The genetic code consists of three-letter 'words' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides (e.g. ACT, CAG, TTT ... Since there are 4 bases in 3-letter combinations, there are 64 possible codons (43 combinations). These encode the twenty ... In transcription, the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase. This RNA copy is then decoded by a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA

In NMD, the mRNA transcript contains a premature termination codon (PTC) due to a nonsense mutation. If this codon occurs prior ... RNPS1 can function as a coactivator of splicing, but along with Y14, it also takes part in the process of nonsense-mediated ... Recognition of a premature termination codon occurs during translation in the cytoplasm. The image shown below implies that ... More specifically, they are found in the nonsense mediated decay pathway (NMD), wherein mRNA transcripts with premature stop ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exon_junction_complex

May 2013). "A murine Zic3 transcript with a premature termination codon evades nonsense-mediated decay during axis formation". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZIC3

"Human Upf proteins target an mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay when bound downstream of a termination codon". Cell. 103 (7): ... "Complexes between the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway factor human upf1 (up-frameshift protein 1) and essential nonsense- ... Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UPF3A gene. This gene encodes a protein that ... Kim VN, Kataoka N, Dreyfuss G (2001). "Role of the nonsense-mediated decay factor hUpf3 in the splicing-dependent exon-exon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPF3A

"Human Upf proteins target an mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay when bound downstream of a termination codon". Cell. 103 (7): ... "Complexes between the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway factor human upf1 (up-frameshift protein 1) and essential nonsense- ... Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UPF3B gene. This gene encodes a protein that ... Kim VN, Kataoka N, Dreyfuss G (2001). "Role of the nonsense-mediated decay factor hUpf3 in the splicing-dependent exon-exon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPF3B

Nonsense mediated decay recognizes premature stop codons and promotes decapping as well as decay by the exosome. Certain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA_decapping

"Human Upf proteins target an mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay when bound downstream of a termination codon". Cell. 103 (7): ... "Human Upf proteins target an mRNA for nonsense-mediated decay when bound downstream of a termination codon". Cell. 103 (7): ... Regulator of nonsense transcripts 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UPF2 gene. This gene encodes a protein that ... Schell T, Köcher T, Wilm M, Seraphin B, Kulozik AE, Hentze MW (Aug 2003). "Complexes between the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPF2

Wong F, Goldberg MF, Hao Y (1993). "Identification of a nonsense mutation at codon 128 of the Norrie's disease gene in a male ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrin

The Determination and Use of Mutagen Specificity in Bacteria Containing Nonsense Codons (PhD thesis). Pennsylvania State ... Her PhD on mutagenesis in nonsense mutations in bacteria was awarded by Pennsylvania State University in 1972. Mary Osborn ... Bockrath, R. C.; Osborn, M; Person, S (1968). "Nonsense suppression in a multiauxotrophic derivative of Escherichia coli 15T-: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Osborn

... twofold degenerate codons can withstand silence mutation rather than Missense or Nonsense point mutations at the third position ... Only two amino acids are specified by a single codon each. One of these is the amino-acid methionine, specified by the codon ... For example, in theory, fourfold degenerate codons can tolerate any point mutation at the third position, although codon usage ... A position of a codon is said to be a n-fold degenerate site if only n of four possible nucleotides (A, C, G, T) at this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy

The premature insertion of a stop codon, a nonsense mutation, can alter the primary structure of a protein. In this case, a ... Codons decide when to cut out introns based on the codon it is reading in mRNA. The mutated codons have a higher risk of making ... Codon degeneracy Neutral mutation Genealogical DNA test Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Point mutation Synonymous ... For example, there is a specific tRNA molecule for the codon UCU and another specific for the codon UCC, both of which code for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_mutation

... producing premature termination codons. As consequent products are distant from normal, mutant mRNA arises and nonsense ... MTRR):c.1049A>G - Lysine to arginine substitution at codon 350. (MTRR):c.1349C>G - Proline to arginine substitution at codon ... MTRR):c.1573C>T - Arginine substitution with a premature termination codon at codon 525. (MTRR):c.1622_1623dupTA - Results in ... MTRR):c.1459G>A - Involves glycine to arginine substitution at codon 487. Conserved in MTRR and found to occur within the FAD ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTRR_(gene)

In these stop codons both a U→Ψ modification and a U→C mutation both promote nonsense suppression. In the SARS-CoV2 vaccine ... The stabilized conformation of the ASL helps maintain correct anticodon-codon pairings during translation. This stability may ... Ψ residues in mRNA can affect the coding specificity of stop codons UAA, UGA, and UAG. ... increase translational accuracy by decreasing the rate of peptide bond formation and allowing for more time for incorrect codon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudouridine

... being nonsense/frameshift mutations leading to premature stop codons. 33% of mutations occur between amino acids 1061-1309. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli

... s can alternatively splice pre-mRNA transcripts to include nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) codons in the mRNA. The most ... For example, SC35 SR protein can alternatively splice a SC35 pre-mRNA to include a NMD codon in the mRNA. The location of SR ... The splice variant with the NMD codon is chosen more often during splicing and the cell is more sensitive to NMD further down ... SR proteins can alternatively splice NMD codons into its own mRNA transcript to auto-regulate the concentration of SR proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_protein

Nonsense mutations include stop-gain and start-loss. Stop-gain is a mutation that results in a premature termination codon (a ... This means that a codon coding for the amino acid glycine may be changed to a stop codon, causing the proteins that should have ... This is possible because 64 codons specify only 20 amino acids. Different codons can lead to differential protein expression ... Start-gain creates an AUG start codon upstream of the original start site. If the new AUG is near the original start site, in- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_mutation

Premature termination codons can cause early translation termination and lead to disease. Here the authors perform a screen to ... prevent translation of a full-length protein and trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Nonsense suppression (also termed ... induce a prolonged pause at stop codons and suppress PTCs associated with cystic fibrosis in immortalized and primary human ... CFTR mRNAs with nonsense codons are degraded by the SMG6-mediated endonucleolytic decay pathway *Edward J. Sanderlin ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24575-x?utm_campaign=related_content&utm_source=HEALTH&utm_medium=communities&error=cookies_not_supported&code=3d462ea0-5c12-4db5-9ccd-1cf2dcb68754

Position of premature termination codons determines susceptibility of hERG mutations to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in long QT ... Position of premature termination codons determines susceptibility of hERG mutations to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in long QT ... Position of premature termination codons determines susceptibility of hERG mutations to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in long QT ... Position of premature termination codons determines susceptibility of hERG mutations to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in long QT ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/position-of-premature-termination-codons-determines-susceptibilit-2

Premature termination codons (PTCs) in the coding regions of mRNA lead to the incorrect termination of translation and ... Keywords: Genetic diseases; Nonsense suppression; Premature termination codon; Stop codon suppression; Translational ... Advances in therapeutic use of a drug-stimulated translational readthrough of premature termination codons Mol Med. 2018 May 29 ... Premature termination codons (PTCs) in the coding regions of mRNA lead to the incorrect termination of translation and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30134808/?dopt=Abstract

of transfers correspond to Figure 1b; 2, Single nucleotide variants; 3, Not detected; *, nonsense codon. ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/3/569

nonsense a genetic mutation in single base-pair substitution in DNA resulting in premature stop codons in the genetic code ... These include missense mutations, which alter the amino acids in the protein product of a gene; nonsense mutations, which ... codon three-base sequence of DNA or RNA that specifies an amino acid ... generate premature stop codons in the genetic code; RNA (ribonucleic acid) splice-site mutations, which can lead to frameshift ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5301a1.htm

MessengerCodonCodon, InitiatorCodon, TerminatorCodon, Nonsense ... These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, ... All MeSH CategoriesPhenomena and Processes CategoryGenetic PhenomenaGenetic StructuresGenetic CodeCodonCodon UsageCodon, ... InitiatorCodon, TerminatorCodon, Nonsense. All MeSH CategoriesPhenomena and Processes CategoryGenetic PhenomenaGenetic ... StructuresGenomeGenome ComponentsGenesGene ComponentsCodonCodon, InitiatorCodon, Terminator ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?Db=mesh&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%22Codon%22%5BMeSH+Terms%5D

Autosomal recessive inheritance is usually due to a nonsense mutation causing a stop codon. Onset is at birth with moderate-to- ... Truncation by Glu180 nonsense mutation results in complete loss of slow skeletal muscle troponin T in a lethal nemaline ... 20] The mutation causes a premature stop codon. The truncated protein removes the principal site of binding to troponin C and ... 47] Point mutations (missense, nonsense, and splice site), as well as small or large insertions and deletions, have been found ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1175852-190476/what-causes-nemaline-myopathy-2-nem2

The Effect of Mutation at Thr 295 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae eRF1 on Suppression of Nonsense Codons and eRF1 Structure Authors ... The stop codons readthrough of the mutants were analyzed in vivo using PGK-stop codon-LACZ gene fusion and the results showed ... Saccharomyces cerevisiae, eRF1, mutation, nonsense codon suppression Abstract. The termination of translation in Saccharomyces ... suppression of the mutants was increased in all of the codon terminations. The suppression of the UAG codon was the high for ...

https://jurnal.permi.or.id/index.php/mionline/article/view/25

Destabilization of Eukaryote mRNAs by 5′ Proximal Stop Codons Can Occur Independently of the Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay ... ExpressInHost: A codon tuning tool for the expression of recombinant proteins in host microorganisms. 2022 - Accepted/In press ...

https://www.abdn.ac.uk/people/i.stansfield/

Codon, Nonsense. 2. 2015. 291. 0.220. Why? Genes, Recessive. 3. 2014. 657. 0.210. Why? ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/person/181289/network/researchareas/details

Nonsense Codon 11% * Open Reading Frames 9% * Fatty Acids 8% * Fibroblasts 7% ...

https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/the-molecular-basis-of-malonyl-coa-decarboxylase-deficiency/fingerprints/

Nonsense Codon (Nonsense Mutation)IBA 10/2008. 1. Nitric Oxide (Nitrogen Monoxide)FDA Link 10/2006. ...

https://www.curehunter.com/public/authorSummary-Koriyama,%20Takeshi.do

The BRCA2 polymorphic stop codon: stuff or nonsense? J E Higgs, E F Harkness, N L Bowers, E Howard, A J Wallace, F Lalloo, W G ...

https://jmg.bmj.com/collection/pancreas-and-biliary-tract

When nonsense makes sense and vice versa: Noncanonical decoding events at stop codons in eukaryotes. Molecular Biology 2006, 40 ... Site-specific release of nascent chains from ribosomes at a sense codon. Molecular and Cellular Biology 2008, 28(13), 4227-4239 ...

https://www.ncl.ac.uk/bns/people/profile/jeremybrown.html

While eRF1 recognizes nonsense codons, eRF3 facilitates polypeptide chain release from the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. ... Besides, overproduction of eEF1Balpha reduces nonsense codon readthrough in the strain carrying suppressor tRNA. Such effects ... copies of TEF5 and TEF3 can also suppress the temperature sensitivity of some sup45 and sup35 mutants and reduce nonsense codon ...

https://www.yeastgenome.org/reference/S000130757

Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay Medicine & Life Sciences 48% * Nonsense Codon Medicine & Life Sciences 45% ... Resistance of mRNAs with AUG-proximal nonsense mutations to nonsense-mediated decay reflects variables of mRNA structure and ...

https://novaresearch.unl.pt/en/persons/francisco-jos%C3%A9-cabral-pereira

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) removes any mRNA containing premature termination codon (PTC), and requires Upf1. Phospho- ...

https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530213

A variant in a transcript that is already the target of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), i.e. stop codon is not in last exon nor ... initiator_codon_variant. A codon variant that changes at least one base of the first codon of a transcript. ... incomplete_terminal_codon_variant. A sequence variant where at least one base of the final codon of an incompletely annotated ... A sequence variant whereby at least one base of a codon is changed, resulting in a premature stop codon, leading to a shortened ...

http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgVai?hgsid=1507991041_l5ww9SAFxlhmJOcSlSJ2A3DkHlB7

... most supported translational start codon, as used in variant 1, renders the transcript a candidate for nonsense-mediated mRNA ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=9657

In vitro replication competence of a cloned hepatitis B virus variant with a nonsense mutation in the distal pre-C region. ... We recently found that triple mutation at the -5, -3, and -2 positions of the precore ATG codon, as occasionally found in some ... Expression of three co-terminal envelope proteins of the HBV through three in-frame ATG codons and two subgenomic RNA species: ... Core protein is translated from pregenomic mRNA, using the ATG codon at 1901 as initiation site. HBeAg is translated from the ...

https://medsci.org/v02p0002.htm

Ma, H., Folmes, C. D. L., Wu, J., Morey, R., Mora-Castilla, S., Ocampo, A., Ma, L., Poulton, J., Wang, X., Ahmed, R., Kang, E., Lee, Y., Hayama, T., Li, Y., Van Dyken, C., Gutierrez, N. M., Tippner-Hedges, R., Koski, A., Mitalipov, N., Amato, P., & 6 othersWolf, D. P., Huang, T., Terzic, A., Laurent, L. C., Belmonte, J. C. I. & Mitalipov, S., Aug 13 2015, In: Nature. 524, 7564, p. 234-238 5 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/andre-terzic/publications/?type=%2Fdk%2Fatira%2Fpure%2Fresearchoutput%2Fresearchoutputtypes%2Fcontributiontojournal%2Farticle&ordering=title&descending=false&page=3

Involved in UPF2-dependent nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs containing premature stop codons. Also mediates increase of ... mRNA processing, mRNA splicing, Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Gene summary (Entrez)i Useful information about the gene from ... mRNA surveillance detects exported mRNAs with truncated open reading frames and initiates nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). ... GO:0000184 [nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay]. GO:0000381 [regulation of alternative mRNA ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000205937-RNPS1

... causing a premature stop codon and/or causing the resulting transcript to be targeted for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). ... A codon optimized Cas9 protein and a gRNA are expressed from a single vector and provided as ready-. to-use, transfection-grade ... Nonsense-mediated decay functions to reduce errors in gene expression by eliminating mRNA transcripts that contain premature ... Frameshift modifications can cause premature stop codons to be introduced into the transcript, preventing critical parts of the ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/NL/en/technical-documents/protocol/genomics/advanced-gene-editing/crispr-cas9-genome-editing

Silent mutations often result from the degenercy of codons.. Frameshift, missense, and nonsense mutations, however, change both ... Missense mutations replace one amino acid with another, and nonsense mutations result in a premature stop codon, terminating ... causing a shift in the codon reading frame for every codon read after the mutation. ... or by replacing a single nucleotide with another nucleotide without changing the amino acid recruited by the codon. ...

https://www.varsitytutors.com/ap_biology-help/understanding-dna-repair

https://www.genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgVai?hgsid=1508433783_j34WV7as2lSilConSPdALvuAHSu5

... as well as in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs that contain premature stop codons. Alternatively spliced transcript ...

https://www.origene.com/catalog/antibodies/primary-antibodies/um800040/parn-mouse-monoclonal-antibody-clone-id-umab143

Nonsense Codon Medicine & Life Sciences 8% * Retinal Detachment Medicine & Life Sciences 8% ... Analysis of the splice site mutations showed unusual RNA isoforms, most of which contained a premature stop codon. Vitreous ... Analysis of the splice site mutations showed unusual RNA isoforms, most of which contained a premature stop codon. Vitreous ... Analysis of the splice site mutations showed unusual RNA isoforms, most of which contained a premature stop codon. Vitreous ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/stickler-syndrome-caused-by-col2a1-mutations-genotype-phenotype-c

... nonsense mRNA mediated decay inhibition, Premature termination codon, Read-through ... CFTR modulation, CFTR nonsense mutation, Intestinal organoids, ...

https://www.ecfs.eu/publications/resources?page=1

... the mutation in which a sense codon that corresponds to one of the twenty amino acids is changed to a chain terminating codon, ... If nonsense mutation takes place in the lac y, lac z or lac a gene, the mRNA of the gene in which the mutation has occured, ... If the nonsense mutation takes place at the operator, then simultaneous constitutivity for all the products of the operon will ... If nonsense mutation occurs in all of the three genes, then no lac enzymes will be formed. ...

https://www.bartleby.com/affiliate/questions-and-answers/science/biology/cell-biology

However, ~11% of CF patients carry a nonsense mutation, which generates a premature termination codon (PTC) in the CFTR mRNA, leading to the generation of a truncated CFTR protein that cannot be affected by current modulator therapies. (nature.com)
Autosomal recessive inheritance is usually due to a nonsense mutation causing a stop codon. (medscape.com)
A frameshift mutation results from the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide, causing a shift in the codon reading frame for every codon read after the mutation. (varsitytutors.com)
Vitreous anomalies and retinal detachments were found more frequently in patients with a COL2A1 mutation compared with the mutation-negative group (P90% of the mutations were predicted to result in nonsense-mediated decay. (elsevier.com)
Which enzyme will be produced in a cell where a nonsense mutation is present in the lac operon? (bartleby.com)
In genetics, the mutation in which a sense codon that corresponds to one of the twenty amino acids is changed to a chain terminating codon, i.e. (bartleby.com)
If the nonsense mutation takes place at the operator , then simultaneous constitutivity for all the products of the operon will take place. (bartleby.com)
If nonsense mutation takes place in the lac y, lac z or lac a gene , the mRNA of the gene in which the mutation has occured, will not be translated into enzyme and hence, no protein will be produced. (bartleby.com)
If nonsense mutation occurs in all of the three genes, then no lac enzymes will be formed. (bartleby.com)
Thus, no new enzymes will be formed in a cell due to nonsense mutation. (bartleby.com)
The nonsense mutation was located C-terminal to the two zinc fingers and resulted in a truncated protein that was unable to bind DNA or mediate GATA-specific transactivation. (zfin.org)
This mutation is a so-called nonsense mutation in the USH1C gene, which leads to the generation of a stop signal in a DNA base, resulting in premature termination of protein synthesis. (uni-mainz.de)
Moreover, the team managed for the first time to demonstrate readthrough of an eye mutation codon in vivo. (uni-mainz.de)
Fluorescence microscopic analyses of cells carrying a nonsense mutation in the USH1C gene. (uni-mainz.de)
We show here that the dCREB2-a transgene originally reported to enhance LTM carries a mutation that produces a translational reading-frame shift with the consequent formation of a stop codon at predicted amino acid position 79. (jneurosci.org)
A G542X cystic fibrosis mouse model for examining nonsense mutation directed therapies. (stemcell.com)
Codons: nonsense mutation "Stop talking nonsense! (neetexambooster.in)
An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. (bvsalud.org)
A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon. (bvsalud.org)
A mutation that converts a sense codon (CODON) into a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) or an unassigned codon and leads to the formation of truncated proteins. (bvsalud.org)
The analysis of CD40L gene revealed a point mutation of exon 5 (A619T) of the CD40L gene resulting in a stop codon confirming that indeed he had XHIM. (who.int)
Khan TN, Klar J, Nawaz S, Jameel M, Tariq M, Malik NA, Baig SM, Dahl N. Novel missense mutation in the RSPO4 gene in congenital hyponychia and evidence for a polymorphic initiation codon (p.M1I). (medlineplus.gov)
Wasif N, Ahmad W. A novel nonsense mutation in RSPO4 gene underlies autosomal recessive congenital anonychia in a Pakistani family. (medlineplus.gov)

Premature termination codons (PTCs) prevent translation of a full-length protein and trigger nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). (nature.com)
The degradation of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG, KCNH2) transcripts containing premature termination codon (PTC) mutations by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an important mechanism of long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2). (elsevier.com)
Gong, Q, Stump, MR & Zhou, Z 2014, ' Position of premature termination codons determines susceptibility of hERG mutations to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in long QT syndrome ', Gene , vol. 539, no. 2, pp. 190-197. (elsevier.com)
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) removes any mRNA containing premature termination codon (PTC), and requires Upf1. (bl.uk)
NHEJ is the most active repair mechanism, but is error-prone and will often introduce a frameshift, causing a premature stop codon and/or causing the resulting transcript to be targeted for nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). (sigmaaldrich.com)
This protein is also involved in silencing of certain maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development, as well as in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs that contain premature stop codons. (origene.com)
Likewise, the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway involves decapping followed by 5′-3′ digestion of the mRNA. (rupress.org)
Unbiased transcriptomic analysis revealed a deregulation of genes that cluster in pathways involved in nonsense-mediated decay, protein homeostasis, and mitochondrial functions. (biomedcentral.com)

Missense mutations replace one amino acid with another, and nonsense mutations result in a premature stop codon, terminating translation and resulting in a shortened protein. (varsitytutors.com)
Analysis of the splice site mutations showed unusual RNA isoforms, most of which contained a premature stop codon. (elsevier.com)
Pharmacological induction of translational readthrough of premature stop codons in tumor suppressor genes is a promising strategy for efficient treatment of cancer in the future. (uib.no)
Animals exhibit a decrease in the regulated breakdown of mRNA transcripts in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a premature stop codon and the 3 prime end is not protected by a poly(A) tail. (wormbase.org)

AUG also codes where the protein information starts, called the start codon, which is required to initiate the translation process. (scienceabc.com)
In the majority of cases, mutations (nonsense, frame-shift, start codon or splice site) in the AGK gene have been identified. (cdc.gov)

Aminoglycoside antibiotics at high concentrations have been shown to induce translational readthrough of nonsense mutant TP53 and expression of full length p53. (uib.no)
The translational biomedical research on readthrough of nonsense mutations aimed at developing a treatment for Usher syndrome is being funded by the FAUN foundation and the 'Syscilia' project of the Seventh Framework Program of the European Union. (uni-mainz.de)

Molecular cloning and sequencing of the HBV genome led to the redefinition of the three HBV antigens as viral gene products endowed with specific functions in viral life cycle [for an in-depth review on the molecular biology of HBV, see ref. 13].The HBcAg and HBeAg are alternative translation products of the core gene, with HBeAg translation requiring an upstream precore region ATG codon (Fig. 2 ). (medsci.org)
INDICAÇÃO NA BULA: TranslarnaTM é indicado para o tratamento da distrofia muscular de Duchenne resultante de uma mutação nonsense (DMDmn) no gene distrofina, em pacientes com capacidade de marcha e com idade igual ou superior a cinco anos. (bvsalud.org)

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal ( CODON , TERMINATOR). (nih.gov)

The suppression of the UAG codon was the high for both mutants, with a 7-fold increased for eRF1(T295A) and a 9 fold increase for eRF1(T295S). (permi.or.id)
This suggests that the high stop codon suppression on eRF1(T295S) is probably due to the slight modification of the structure of the C terminal motif. (permi.or.id)
While eRF1 recognizes nonsense codons, eRF3 facilitates polypeptide chain release from the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. (yeastgenome.org)

Among the 180 compounds identified with readthrough activity, SRI-37240 and its more potent derivative SRI-41315, induce a prolonged pause at stop codons and suppress PTCs associated with cystic fibrosis in immortalized and primary human bronchial epithelial cells, restoring CFTR expression and function. (nature.com)
The BRCA2 polymorphic stop codon: stuff or nonsense? (bmj.com)
constructed an AND gate based on an interaction between nonsense suppressor tRNA and mRNA with an internal stop codon [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
All PCa SNP mutations were new and belong to the SNP point-mutations located on the stop codon of HOXB13 exon 1 and 2 located in chromosome 17. (scirp.org)
They are collectively known as stop codons and are UAG, UAA and UGA. (scienceabc.com)
Hence, a codon is like a three-letter password that is required to obtain an amino acid and marks where the instructions to start and stop making the protein are found. (scienceabc.com)
T) leading to change of the glutamine amino acid at position 19 to a stop codon (Q19X), and serologically absence of C5 in the serum. (medscape.com)

The present study defines the positional requirements for the susceptibility of LQT2 mutations to NMD and posits that the majority of reported LQT2 nonsense and frameshift mutations are potential targets of NMD. (elsevier.com)

Nonsense mutations are present in 10{\%} of patients with CF, produce a premature termination codon in CFTR mRNA causing early termination of translation, and lead to lack of CFTR function. (stemcell.com)

Nonsense suppression (also termed readthrough) therapy restores protein function by selectively suppressing translation termination at PTCs. (nature.com)
The prototypical nonsense suppression approach was first demonstrated using aminoglycosides, which bind to a region of the 18S eukaryotic rRNA known as the decoding center and reduce proofreading of the A-site by the ribosome 17 . (nature.com)
suppression of the mutants was increased in all of the codon terminations. (permi.or.id)

Tumor suppressor genes like APC, PTEN, RB1 and BRCA1 carry nonsense mutations at even higher frequency than TP53. (uib.no)
These are being designed and synthesized by an Israeli cooperation partner, Professor Timor Bassov of the Haifa Technicon, and have already been successfully used by researchers in Mainz for readthrough of nonsense mutations in Usher genes. (uni-mainz.de)
Procesos que se dan en distintos organismos, por el que surgen nuevos genes. (bvsalud.org)

To determine if this exonuclease is capable of proofreading misinsertions produced during a normal polymerization reaction, a sensitive base substitution fidelity assay was developed based on reversion of an M13mp2 lacZ alpha nonsense codon. (neb.com)

Besides, overproduction of eEF1Balpha reduces nonsense codon readthrough in the strain carrying suppressor tRNA. (yeastgenome.org)

Currently putting the finishing touches on his doctoral thesis, Tobias Goldmann is comparing the efficiency of the readthrough rate and the biocompatibility of other molecules that induce the readthrough of nonsense mutations. (uni-mainz.de)

Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. (nih.gov)
As the name suggests, the anticodon loop is complementary and antiparallel (3' to 5') to the mRNA codons. (scienceabc.com)

PTC124 is already being tested in clinical trials for its efficacy in treating other diseases involving nonsense mutations, such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (uni-mainz.de)

Premature termination codons (PTCs) in the coding regions of mRNA lead to the incorrect termination of translation and generation of non-functional, truncated proteins. (nih.gov)

A subset of TP53 mutations are nonsense mutations that give rise to truncated and unstable p53 protein. (uib.no)

Each codon specifies a certain amino acid. (scienceabc.com)

Extra copies of TEF5 and TEF3 can also suppress the temperature sensitivity of some sup45 and sup35 mutants and reduce nonsense codon readthrough caused by these omnipotent suppressors. (yeastgenome.org)

This can occur either in an intron, which will not be translated, or by replacing a single nucleotide with another nucleotide without changing the amino acid recruited by the codon. (varsitytutors.com)
An 18-mer phosphorothioated nonsense sequence of identical nucleotide composition was synthesized for use as a control. (wikigenes.org)

How Can Multiple Codons Code For The Same Amino Acid? (scienceabc.com)
The wobble hypothesis explains that the binding between the 3rd codon base and the 1st anticodon base does not follow canonical Watson-Crick base pairing, allowing multiple codons to code for a single amino acid. (scienceabc.com)
Before we uncover how multiple codons can code for a single amino acid, let's learn a bit more about the players involved. (scienceabc.com)

Here we show that NMD controls the translation initiation factor Eif4a2 and its premature termination codon encoding isoform ( Eif4a2 PTC ). (biorxiv.org)
Nonsense mutations change an amino acid codon to a premature termination codon (PTC) generally through a single-nucleotide substitution. (mysciencework.com)
Results: We identified five functional variants in THSD4 of which two heterozygous variants lead to a premature termination codon. (elsevier.com)
The ribosome then happily munches along the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ knocking off the EJCs as it moves, until it hits a termination codon and drops off. (wordpress.com)
Over 95% of genes do not have introns after the termination codon. (wordpress.com)
Well then it is called a premature termination codon (PTC) and there is usually an EJC 3′ (downstream) to it. (wordpress.com)
If a termination codon is present 50 -55 nucleotides 5′ (upstream) to an EJC then NMD occurs. (wordpress.com)
Whenever any termination codon is reached, release protein factors (eRF1, eRF3, SMG1) bind to the mRNA. (wordpress.com)
NMD recognises mRNAs with a premature termination codon (PTC) and targets them to decay. (mysciencework.com)

Nonsense mutations in the shelterin complex genes ACD and TERF2IP in familial melanoma. (ouhsc.edu)
Reported mutations often result in premature stop codons or missense mutations in SHIP2 catalytic domain. (nih.gov)
Nonsense mutations may make a change so that the whole chain stops. (news-medical.net)
Novel paraoxonase (PON1) nonsense and missense mutations predicted by functional genomic assay of PON1 status. (nih.gov)
Although almost all serous ovarian cancer patients harbor mutations in TP53 , the mutations are extremely heterogeneous and occur at almost every codon in the DNA-binding domain of the gene ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
These mutations include missense, nonsense and frameshift mutations, as well as splice site mutations, occurring in the ligand-binding, transmembrane, kinase and cytoplasmic tail domains of BMPR2 . (ersjournals.com)
Ataluren (PTC124) selectively induces ribosomal read-through of premature but not normal termination codons, with EC50 of 0.1 μM in HEK293 cells, may provide treatment for genetic disorders caused by nonsense mutations (e.g. (selleckchem.com)
Results: Six families had mutations in ACD and four families carried TERF2IP variants, which included nonsense mutations in both genes (p.Q320X and p.R364X, respectively) and point mutations that cosegregated with melanoma. (elsevier.com)
We have investigated the ability of monkey kidney cell lines (SupD3 and SupD12) inducibly expressing an amber suppressor tRNA ser to suppress amber nonsense mutations in three genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Using complementing cells, we constructed HSV-1 mutants carrying nonsense mutations in an essential gene, UL8, encoding a protein essential for viral DNA replication ( amb UL8) or in a partially dispensable gene, UL12, encoding alkaline nuclease ( amb UL12). (microbiologyresearch.org)
Our results show that the levels of suppression of the nonsense mutations in amb UL8 and amb UL12 are insufficient to allow their continuing propagation in the available Sup + cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Two nonsense PAX3 mutations were identified in Chinese patients with WS1. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] Both mutations created stop codons leading to truncation of the PAX3 protein. (medscape.com)
Two silent polymorphisms were found and confirmed by sequencing, but no missense or nonsense mutations were detected. (elsevier.com)
PTEN nonsense mutations generating premature termination codons (PTC) and producing nonfunctional truncated PTEN proteins are frequent in association with human disease. (mysciencework.com)
Ataluren is a novel, orally administered drug that targets nonsense mutations. (drugbank.com)
Use of ataluren allows cellular machinery to bypass nonsense mutations in genetic material, continue the translation process, and thereby restore the production of a full-length, functional protein. (drugbank.com)
We show that spr-2 mutations increase the levels of sel-12 transcripts with Premature translation Termination Codons (PTCs) in embryos and L1 larvae. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene mutations: missense versus nonsense mutations, insertions, deletions and frameshifts. (manchester.ac.uk)
We only looked at the missense/nonsense mutations, which are 68 annotated in HGMD. (tu-muenchen.de)
The next two entries displays the mutations for the amino acids and codon which means it shows detailed which amino acid is replaced by another and how the codon is changed. (tu-muenchen.de)
Many of you know that mutations occur randomly, that the DNA sequence is read by successive groups of three bases (the codons), that many genes encode enzymes, and that gene expression can be regulated. (coursera.org)
Amber mutations introduce the UAG stop codon. (coursera.org)
In contrast, when looking at all mutations and in particular those not beforehand seen in cancer, we found that missense and nonsense mutations are typically under negative choice. (laalmeja.com)

To determine if nonsense codons could influence nuclear events, we have directly assessed the steady-state levels of the unspliced transcripts of wild-type and PTC-containing human β-globin genes stably transfected in mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells, after erythroid differentiation induction, or in HeLa cells. (unl.pt)
Procesos que se dan en distintos organismos, por el que surgen nuevos genes. (bvsalud.org)

Since the NAT1 transcript is a known substrate for the enzyme APOBEC-1 and possibly APOBEC-2, we speculate that these proteins may represent truncated fragments of NAT1 resulting from the formation of premature translation termination codons along the NAT1 transcript by APOBEC editing. (elsevier.com)

Hi Emily, if your son has a deletion from 45 to 52 he will still produce no Dp140 if the current indications are correct, due to the fact he has an out of frame deletion, and loss of the initiation codon in exon 51. (parentprojectmd.org)

This determinant, which we have designated [NSI (+)], causes nonsense suppression in the strains bearing the N-terminal-deleted or -modified SUP35 gene, but has no manifestation in the strains with the intact copy of SUP35. (nih.gov)
As a quality control pathway, NMD degrades mRNAs that contain premature termination codons, a class of gene alteration responsible for ~15% of human genetic disease alleles. (nih.gov)
A transition at nucleotide 431 of the proteolipid protein gene (PLP) results in a nonsense codon in a family with an unusual form of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), which should block the synthesis of normal PLP but spare DM20, the isoform whose persistence has been associated with mild forms of PLP-associated disease in both humans and mice. (semanticscholar.org)
This track contains an optional codon coloring feature that allows users to quickly validate and compare gene predictions. (ucsc.edu)

The sequence of the 5′UTR of FMR1 carrying rCGG exp is translated beginning at near-cognate ACG or GUG start codons upstream of the CGG repeats. (nature.com)
Context effects: translation of UAG codon by suppressor tRNA is affected by the sequence following UAG in the message. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genetic information encoding a particular amino acid. (genome.gov)
An anticodon is a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. (genome.gov)
This leads to the incorrect triplet codon sequence. (prospectivedoctor.com)
The sequence of three bases (codons) direct the production of amino acids. (thestudycorp.com)

They discovered three-letter DNA units called codons that describe each of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins. (fxtraders.eu)

Premature termination codons (PTCs) account for 10 to 20% of genetic diseases in humans. (nih.gov)

Surprisingly, some published data have suggested that nonsense codons may also affect the nuclear metabolism of the nonsense-mutated transcripts. (unl.pt)

One end has an anticodon, which can bind to specific mRNA codons. (cheatography.com)
Each time an amino acid is added to a growing polypeptide during protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on the mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into the polypeptide. (genome.gov)
Upon correct interaction between the codon exposed in the ribosomal A-site and the anticodon of the incoming aa-tRNA, GTP-hydrolysis is triggered. (au.dk)

The amber and ochre codons mentioned in the letter (the triplets UAG and UAA, respectively) were called nonsense codons because it became clear from experiments with certain phage mutants that they do not specify any amino acid during protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
1995). We also recognized mutant zebrafish that have an 8-nt removal, leading to a framework change at aspartic acidity residue 3612 and producing in the development of a early end codon (Fig. 1 W, mutants). (bibf1120.com)

Therapeutic promise of engineered nonsense suppressor tRNAs. (mysciencework.com)

Compared with Gentamicin which is only active at much higher concentrations, PTC124 is a more potent nonsense-suppressing agent and exhibits 4- to 15-fold stimulation of read-through relative to controls. (selleckchem.com)
Like Gentamicin, PTC124 is most active when a pyrimidine (in particular cytosine, C) follows the nonsense codon. (selleckchem.com)
Ataluren was a more potent nonsense-suppressing agent than gentamicin, and exhibited 4- to 15-fold stimulation of in vitro readthrough relative to the controls at levels similar to those in the stable cell reporter assays. (drugbank.com)

UGA was discovered to be the third nonsense codon, after Nirenberg had ruled out that it coded for either tryptophan or cysteine. (nih.gov)
Nonsense codons and polarity in the tryptophan operon. (wikidata.org)

Genomic (chromosomal) coordinates have been calculated for missense/nonsense, splicing, regulatory, small deletions, small insertions and small indels. (cf.ac.uk)

Conclusion: These new deletions and an insertion create frameshifts, which are predicted to introduce premature termination codons into the PAX6 reading frame. (elsevier.com)
Standard HGVS nomenclature has been obtained for missense/nonsense, splicing, regulatory, small deletions, small insertions and small indels. (cf.ac.uk)

tRNAs are molecular '-bri-dge-s' that connect mRNA codons to the amino acids they encode. (cheatography.com)

Microorganisms | Free Full-Text | Parallel Evolution of Enhanced Biofilm Formation and Phage-Resistance in Pseudomonas... (mdpi.com)

Applying Public Health Strategies to Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases:
A Potential Approach to Genetic Disorders — Applying Public Health Strategies to Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: A Potential Approach to Genetic Disorders (cdc.gov)

Congenital Myopathies Clinical Presentation: History, Nemaline Rod Myopathy, Core Myopathy (medscape.com)

Dystrophinopathies - GeneReviews® - NCBI Bookshelf (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

Aiden Eliot Shearer, M.D. | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst (connects.catalyst.harvard.edu)

Basenpaar - Wikipedia (de.wikipedia.org)

Cognitive genomics of learning delay and low level of social performance monitoring in macaque | Scientific Reports (nature.com)

A small molecule that induces translational readthrough of CFTR nonsense mutations by eRF1 depletion | Nature Communications (nature.com)

The molecular basis of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency - Fingerprint
- University of Edinburgh Research Explorer — The molecular basis of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency - Fingerprint - University of Edinburgh Research Explorer (research.ed.ac.uk)

Staff Profile - Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences - Newcastle University (ncl.ac.uk)

Anatomy3

Organisms2

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs56

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes84

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care2

Infrequent translation of a nonsense codon is sufficient to decrease mRNA level. (1/1486)

Genetic heterogeneity in propionic acidemia patients with alpha-subunit defects. Identification of five novel mutations, one of them causing instability of the protein. (2/1486)

Facile characterization of translation initiation via nonsense codon suppression. (3/1486)

A newly identified patient with clinical xeroderma pigmentosum phenotype has a non-sense mutation in the DDB2 gene and incomplete repair in (6-4) photoproducts. (4/1486)

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in health and disease. (5/1486)

Clinical and molecular genetic analysis of 19 Wolfram syndrome kindreds demonstrating a wide spectrum of mutations in WFS1. (6/1486)

Mutations in VPS16 and MRT1 stabilize mRNAs by activating an inhibitor of the decapping enzyme. (7/1486)

An internal open reading frame triggers nonsense-mediated decay of the yeast SPT10 mRNA. (8/1486)

Codon, Nonsense

Codon

Codon, Terminator

Codon, Initiator

Base Sequence

Mutation

Molecular Sequence Data

Suppression, Genetic

DNA Mutational Analysis

Exons

Pedigree

Frameshift Mutation

Amino Acid Sequence

Protein Biosynthesis

Genetic Code

Peptide Chain Termination, Translational

RNA, Messenger

Point Mutation

Mutation, Missense

Phenotype

RNA, Transfer

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Alleles

Escherichia coli

Homozygote

Peptide Termination Factors

Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Cloning, Molecular

Genes, Recessive

Genes

Introns

Anticodon

Heterozygote

Consanguinity

RNA Splicing

Genotype

Sequence Deletion

Triose-Phosphate Isomerase

DNA Primers

Ribosomes

Genes, Bacterial

Chromosome Mapping

Polymorphism, Genetic

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational

Plasmids

Base Composition

Transcription, Genetic

DNA

Paromomycin

Reading Frames

Genes, Suppressor

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Restriction Mapping

RNA, Transfer, Ser

Genes, Dominant

Evolution, Molecular

RNA, Transfer, Trp

RNA Splice Sites

Alternative Splicing

Models, Genetic

Terminator Regions, Genetic

Genetic Complementation Test

Frameshifting, Ribosomal

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl

Exome

Sequence Alignment

Oxadiazoles

Germ-Line Mutation

Genetic Linkage

Syndrome

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

RNA, Transfer, Gln

Amino Acid Substitution

DNA, Complementary

Genes, ras

Gene Deletion

Selection, Genetic