Codon
Codon, Initiator
Codon, Terminator
Base Sequence
RNA, Transfer, Met
Molecular Sequence Data
Codon, Nonsense
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
Protein Biosynthesis
RNA, Transfer
Amino Acid Sequence
Mutation
Escherichia coli
Anticodon
Caspases, Initiator
Plasmids
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Replication Origin
Ribosomes
Genetic Code
RNA, Messenger
Transcription, Genetic
TATA Box
Cloning, Molecular
DNA-Binding Proteins
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-2
Peptide Initiation Factors
DNA Helicases
Binding Sites
DNA
Genes
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Restriction Mapping
Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-3
Exons
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Point Mutation
Methionine-tRNA Ligase
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational
Caspases
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Caspase 2
N-Formylmethionine
Models, Genetic
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific
Oligoribonucleotides
Protein Binding
DNA Primers
Benzoyl Peroxide
RNA, Bacterial
Peptide Chain Elongation, Translational
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Sequence Alignment
Evolution, Molecular
Trans-Activators
Caspase 9
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Thromboplastin
Transcription Factors
Genes, ras
Caspase 8
HeLa Cells
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Suppression, Genetic
Introns
Caspase 10
Peptide Termination Factors
Conserved Sequence
Transfection
5' Untranslated Regions
Transcription Factor TFIID
Gene Expression Regulation
Oligonucleotides
Proteins
Origin Recognition Complex
Oligodeoxyribonucleotides
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases
Apoptosis
Mutagenesis
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
Replicon
Species Specificity
Reading Frames
Carcinogens
Caspase Inhibitors
Papilloma
Operon
Alleles
Transcription Initiation Site
Polymorphism, Genetic
DNA, Complementary
Reticulocytes
Selection, Genetic
DNA Footprinting
Phenotype
Consensus Sequence
Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases
RNA, Fungal
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Models, Molecular
Genes, Reporter
Chromosome Mapping
Genes, Regulator
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
CRADD Signaling Adaptor Protein
Edeine
Oligonucleotide Probes
Cell-Free System
Genotype
Apoptosomes
Structure-Activity Relationship
Ribonuclease T1
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3
Eukaryotic Cells
Polymerization
Gene Expression
Amino Acids
Guanosine Triphosphate
Amino Acid Substitution
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Photoinitiators, Dental
Methylmethacrylate
Methylmethacrylates
Ribosomal Proteins
tRNA Methyltransferases
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
Nucleotides
Mitochondria
Repressor Proteins
Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
Frameshifting, Ribosomal
Polymethyl Methacrylate
Virus Replication
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Dimerization
RNA, Transfer, Gln
RNA
Base Pairing
Pedigree
Potassium Permanganate
DNA, Recombinant
Methacrylates
Blotting, Northern
Genes, p53
Nanovirus
DNA, Single-Stranded
Sp1 Transcription Factor
Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
RNA Splicing
Enzyme Activation
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
RNA, Transfer, Ser
beta-Galactosidase
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells, Cultured
RNA, Transfer, Arg
Genes, Suppressor
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Phosphines
Protein Conformation
Caspase 6
Alternative Splicing
Peptide Elongation Factor Tu
Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase
Methionyl Aminopeptidases
Rabbits
Mutagenesis, Insertional
Machine learning approaches for the prediction of signal peptides and other protein sorting signals. (1/852)
Prediction of protein sorting signals from the sequence of amino acids has great importance in the field of proteomics today. Recently, the growth of protein databases, combined with machine learning approaches, such as neural networks and hidden Markov models, have made it possible to achieve a level of reliability where practical use in, for example automatic database annotation is feasible. In this review, we concentrate on the present status and future perspectives of SignalP, our neural network-based method for prediction of the most well-known sorting signal: the secretory signal peptide. We discuss the problems associated with the use of SignalP on genomic sequences, showing that signal peptide prediction will improve further if integrated with predictions of start codons and transmembrane helices. As a step towards this goal, a hidden Markov model version of SignalP has been developed, making it possible to discriminate between cleaved signal peptides and uncleaved signal anchors. Furthermore, we show how SignalP can be used to characterize putative signal peptides from an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii. Finally, we briefly review a few methods for predicting other protein sorting signals and discuss the future of protein sorting prediction in general. (+info)Exon shuffling by L1 retrotransposition. (2/852)
Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1s or L1s) are the most abundant retrotransposons in the human genome, and they serve as major sources of reverse transcriptase activity. Engineered L1s retrotranspose at high frequency in cultured human cells. Here it is shown that L1s insert into transcribed genes and retrotranspose sequences derived from their 3' flanks to new genomic locations. Thus, retrotransposition-competent L1s provide a vehicle to mobilize non-L1 sequences, such as exons or promoters, into existing genes and may represent a general mechanism for the evolution of new genes. (+info)The chloroplast infA gene with a functional UUG initiation codon. (3/852)
All chloroplast genes reported so far possess ATG start codons and sometimes GTGs as an exception. Sequence alignments suggested that the chloroplast infA gene encoding initiation factor 1 in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris has TTG as a putative initiation codon. This gene was shown to be transcribed by RT-PCR analysis. The infA mRNA was translated accurately from the UUG codon in a tobacco chloroplast in vitro translation system. Mutation of the UUG codon to AUG increased translation efficiency approximately 300-fold. These results indicate that the UUG is functional for accurate translation initiation of Chlorella infA mRNA but it is an inefficient initiation codon. (+info)Involvement of the aphthovirus RNA region located between the two functional AUGs in start codon selection. (4/852)
Initiation of translation in picornavirus RNAs occurs internally, mediated by an element termed internal ribosome entry site (IRES). In the aphthovirus RNA, the IRES element directs translation initiation at two in-frame AUGs separated by 84 nucleotides. We have found that bicistronic constructs that contained the IRES element followed by the fragment including the aphthovirus start codons in front of the second gene mimicked the translation initiation pattern of viral RNA observed in infected cells. In those constructs, the frequency of initiation at the first AUG was increased by a sequence context that resembled the favorable consensus for cap-dependent translation, although initiation at the second site was always preferred. In addition, we have found that initiation at the second start codon was not diminished under conditions in which the first initiation codon was blocked by antisense oligonucleotide interference. Interestingly, mutations that positioned the second AUG out-of-frame with the first AUG did not interfere with the frequency of initiation at the second one. On the contrary, IRES-dependent translation initiation in bicistronic constructs lacking the sequences present between functional AUGs in the viral RNA was sensitive to the presence of out-of-frame initiator codons and hairpins in the spacer region. This remarkable difference in start codon recognition was due to the nucleotide composition of the RNA that separated the IRES from the initiator codon. Thus our results indicate that the region located in the aphthovirus RNA between functional AUGs is involved in start codon recognition, strongly favoring selection of the second start AUG as the main initiator codon. (+info)Analysis of elements involved in pseudoknot-dependent expression and regulation of the repA gene of an IncL/M plasmid. (5/852)
Replication of the IncL/M plasmid pMU604 is controlled by a small antisense RNA molecule (RNAI), which, by inhibiting the formation of an RNA pseudoknot, regulates translation of the replication initiator protein, RepA. Efficient translation of the repA mRNA was shown to require the translation and correct termination of the leader peptide, RepB, and the formation of the pseudoknot. Although the pseudoknot was essential for the expression of repA, its presence was shown to interfere with the translation of repB. The requirement for pseudoknot formation could in large part be obviated by improving the ribosome binding region of repA, either by replacing the GUG start codon by AUG or by increasing the spacing between the start codon and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence (SD). The spacing between the distal pseudoknot sequence and the repA SD was shown to be suboptimal for maximal expression of repA. (+info)Multiple murine double minute gene 2 (MDM2) proteins are induced by ultraviolet light. (6/852)
The mdm2 (murine double minute 2) oncogene encodes several proteins, the largest of which (p90) binds to and inactivates the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Multiple MDM2 proteins have been detected in tumors and in cell lines expressing high levels of mdm2 mRNAs. Here we show that one of these proteins (p76) is expressed, along with p90, in wild-type and p53-null mouse embryo fibroblasts, indicating that it may have an important physiological role in normal cells. Expression of this protein is induced, as is that of p90, by UV light in a p53-dependent manner. The p76 protein is synthesized via translational initiation at AUG codon 50 and thus lacks the N terminus of p90 and does not bind p53. In cells, p90 and p76 can be synthesized from mdm2 mRNAs transcribed from both the P1 (constitutive) and P2 (p53-responsive) promoters. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals that these RNAs give rise to p76 via internal initiation of translation. In addition, mdm2 mRNAs lacking exon 3 give rise to p76 exclusively, and such mRNAs are induced by p53 in response to UV light. These data indicate that p76 may be an important product of the mdm2 gene and a downstream effector of p53. (+info)Postsynaptic alpha-neurotoxin gene of the spitting cobra, Naja naja sputatrix: structure, organization, and phylogenetic analysis. (7/852)
The venom of the spitting cobra, Naja naja sputatrix contains highly potent alpha-neurotoxins (NTXs) in addition to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cardiotoxin (CTX). In this study, we report the complete characterization of three genes that are responsible for the synthesis of three isoforms of alpha-NTX in the venom of a single spitting cobra. DNA amplification by long-distance polymerase chain reaction (LD-PCR) and genome walking have provided information on the gene structure including their promoter and 5' and 3' UTRs. Each NTX isoform is approximately 4 kb in size and contains three exons and two introns. The sequence homology among these isoforms was found to be 99%. Two possible transcription sites were identified by primer extension analysis and they corresponded to the adenine (A) nucleotide at positions +1 and -45. The promoter also contains two TATA boxes and a CCAAT box. Putative binding sites for transcriptional factors AP-2 and GATA are also present. The high percentage of similarity observed among the NTX gene isoforms of N. n. sputatrix as well as with the alpha-NTX and kappa-NTX genes from other land snakes suggests that the NTX gene has probably evolved from a common ancestral gene. (+info)The cis acting sequences responsible for the differential decay of the unstable MFA2 and stable PGK1 transcripts in yeast include the context of the translational start codon. (8/852)
A general pathway of mRNA turnover has been described for yeast in which the 3' poly(A) tail is first deadenylated to an oligo(A) length, leading to decapping and subsequent 5'-3' exonucleolytic decay. The unstable MFA2 mRNA and the stable PGK1 mRNAs both decay through this pathway, albeit at different rates of deadenylation and decapping. To determine the regions of the mRNAs that are responsible for these differences, we examined the decay of chimeric mRNAs derived from the 5' untranslated, coding, and 3' untranslated regions of these two mRNAs. These experiments have led to the identification of the features of these mRNAs that lead to their different stabilities. The MFA2 mRNA is unstable solely because its 3' UTR promotes the rates of deadenylation and decapping; all other features of this mRNA are neutral with respect to mRNA decay rates. The PGK1 mRNA is stable because the sequence context of the PGK1 translation start codon and the coding region function together to stabilize the transcript, whereas the PGK13' UTR is neutral with respect to decay. Importantly, changes in the PGK1 start codon context that destabilized the transcript also reduced its translational efficiency. This observation suggests that the nature of the translation initiation complex modulates the rates of mRNA decapping and decay. (+info)Cocarcinogenesis can occur through various mechanisms, such as:
1. Synergistic effects: The combined effect of two or more substances is greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, smoking and exposure to asbestos can increase the risk of lung cancer more than either factor alone.
2. Antagonism: One substance may counteract the protective effects of another substance, leading to an increased risk of cancer. For example, alcohol consumption may antagonize the protective effects of a healthy diet against liver cancer.
3. Potentiation: One substance may enhance the carcinogenic effects of another substance. For example, smoking can potentiate the carcinogenic effects of exposure to certain chemicals in tobacco smoke.
4. Multistage carcinogenesis: Cocarcinogens can contribute to the development of cancer through multiple stages of carcinogenesis, including initiation, promotion, and progression.
Understanding cocarcinogenesis is important for developing effective cancer prevention strategies and for identifying potential co-carcinogens in our environment and diet. By identifying and avoiding co-carcinogens, we can reduce our risk of cancer and improve our overall health.
Papillomas can occur anywhere on the body, but they are most commonly found on the face, neck, and scalp. They may appear as small bumps or growths that look like a wart. In some cases, papillomas may be associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Papillomas are typically diagnosed through a physical examination of the affected area. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other potential causes. Treatment for papillomas usually involves removal of the growth through a minor surgical procedure or cryotherapy (freezing).
Papillomas are not cancerous and do not typically pose any long-term health risks. However, they may be unsightly and can cause psychological distress for some people. In these cases, treatment may be sought for cosmetic reasons. It is important to note that papillomas should not be confused with squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer that can resemble a papilloma in appearance but has the potential to be more aggressive and harmful.
There are several types of skin neoplasms, including:
1. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): This is the most common type of skin cancer, and it usually appears as a small, fleshy bump or a flat, scaly patch. BCC is highly treatable, but if left untreated, it can grow and invade surrounding tissue.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): This type of skin cancer is less common than BCC but more aggressive. It typically appears as a firm, flat, or raised bump on sun-exposed areas. SCC can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
3. Melanoma: This is the most serious type of skin cancer, accounting for only 1% of all skin neoplasms but responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. Melanoma can appear as a new or changing mole, and it's essential to recognize the ABCDE signs (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving size, shape, or color) to detect it early.
4. Sebaceous gland carcinoma: This rare type of skin cancer originates in the oil-producing glands of the skin and can appear as a firm, painless nodule on the forehead, nose, or other oily areas.
5. Merkel cell carcinoma: This is a rare and aggressive skin cancer that typically appears as a firm, shiny bump on the skin. It's more common in older adults and those with a history of sun exposure.
6. Cutaneous lymphoma: This type of cancer affects the immune system and can appear as a rash, nodules, or tumors on the skin.
7. Kaposi sarcoma: This is a rare type of skin cancer that affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. It typically appears as a flat, red or purple lesion on the skin.
While skin cancers are generally curable when detected early, it's important to be aware of your skin and notice any changes or unusual spots, especially if you have a history of sun exposure or other risk factors. If you suspect anything suspicious, see a dermatologist for an evaluation and potential biopsy. Remember, prevention is key to avoiding the harmful effects of UV radiation and reducing your risk of developing skin cancer.
Start codon
Marilyn Kozak
Invertebrate mitochondrial code
Kozak consensus sequence
Translation regulation by 5′ transcript leader cis-elements
Translation initiation factor IF-3
Bacterial initiation factor
Inferring horizontal gene transfer
GC-content
TUBA4A
Nonsense suppressor
Transfer RNA
SUI1
TPSB2
Internal ribosome entry site
TPSAB1
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site
Central dogma of molecular biology
Eukaryotic translation
Translation (biology)
List of MeSH codes (G14)
TPSD1
Bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code
P-site
Reelin
Index of genetics articles
Parathyroid hormone-related protein
List of MeSH codes (D13)
Fungal prion
Stringent response
Mark Bretscher
Microviridae
Archaeal initiation factors
N-terminus
Albert Hofman
EIF4A
Epitranscriptome
Bacterial translation
Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure
Translational regulation
Kasugamycin
EF-Tu
Variant Annotation Integrator
Variant Annotation Integrator
Variant Annotation Integrator
Use of bgaH as a reporter gene for studying translation initiation in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii
OAT gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
DeCS
A complex IRES at the 5'-UTR of a viral mRNA assembles a functional 48S complex via an uAUG intermediate | eLife
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
Variant Annotation Integrator
Variant Annotation Integrator
Variant Annotation Integrator
PopHumanVar
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PlantPromoterDB promoter information of AT5G15960
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Kinetic Dissection of Translation Initiation in Prokaryotes.
Nucleotides3
- We identified a novel mutation in the 5' region of the LMNA gene -3del15, resulting in the loss of 15 nucleotides from -3 to +12, including the translation ATG initiator codon. (nih.gov)
- 6. Modulation of translational efficiency by contextual nucleotides flanking a baculovirus initiator AUG codon. (nih.gov)
- Proximal region of CS1 promoter contains a CAAT box and atypical TATA-box that might result in common transcription initiation at -29 nucleotides upstream of the ATG translation start codon. (unthsc.edu)
Termination codons3
- I also describe modifications of the bgaH reporter for studying suppression of termination codons in H. volcanii. (mit.edu)
- The serine codon at position 184 of the bgaH gene was mutated to the termination codons UAA and UAG. (mit.edu)
- However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. (nih.gov)
Upstream4
- 13. Posttranscriptional regulation of human ADH5/FDH and Myf6 gene expression by upstream AUG codons. (nih.gov)
- Canonical start codon selection is thought to occur by the base-pairing of the 16S rRNA with a Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in the mRNA located 5nt upstream of the start codon ( 4 - 6 ). (biorxiv.org)
- These genes have an intron immediately upstream of the initiator Met codon, which separates the site of transcription initiation from protein coding sequence. (abnova.com)
- Although this gene may be an exception, most of the tryptase genes have an intron immediately upstream of the initiator Met codon, which separates the site of transcription initiation from protein coding sequence. (nih.gov)
TRNA9
- A codon that directs initiation of protein translation ( TRANSLATION, GENETIC ) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA ( RNA, TRANSFER, MET ). (nih.gov)
- Four different H. volcanii initiator tRNA derived mutants with complementary anticodons were also made. (mit.edu)
- When plasmids carrying the bgaH reporter and mutant initiator tRNAs were coexpressed in H. volcanii, the UGA and GUC decoding tRNAs were aminoacylated, but functional 0-galactosidase was produced only in the presence of the latter tRNA. (mit.edu)
- This result confirms that translation can initiate with some alternative codons, but suggests that the amino acid attached to the tRNA also plays a role. (mit.edu)
- Since little is known about translation in archaea, future work will involve modifying identity elements in the initiator tRNA to study their requirements in both initiation and elongation in archaea. (mit.edu)
- This conformational change is accompanied by the release of eIF1, eIF2 and GDP, leaving the Met-tRNA i Met at the P-site of the 40S base paired with the AUG codon ( Aitken and Lorsch, 2012 ). (elifesciences.org)
- promotes recruitmnet of aminoacetyled initiator tRNA to P site of 40S ribosomes. (nih.gov)
- During the second phase, the nucleotide sequences of RNA codons were deciphered by deter- mining the species of aminoacyl-tRNA that bound to ribosomes in response to trinucleotides of known sequence. (nih.gov)
- in which initiator Met-tRNA Met i is base-paired with the AUG codon of an mRNA. (nih.gov)
Ribosomes3
- Indeed, "orthogonal" ribosomes with altered 16S rRNA aSD sequences were found to initiate at the normal start codons throughout the transcriptome ( 11 ). (biorxiv.org)
- To account for the lack of essentiality of the SD site, a "Unique accessibility model" was proposed which posited that start codon selection occurs due to the TIR being accessible to initiating ribosomes, while elongator AUGs are physically inaccessible due to RNA secondary structures ( 18 ). (biorxiv.org)
- In starvation conditions, the reinitiating ribosomes bypass uORFs 2-4 and reinitiate at GCN4 instead, owing to lowered availability of the ternary complex (TC)-comprised of initiation factor 2 (eIF2), GTP, and initiator Met-tRNAi-which binds to the small (40S) ribosomal subunit to assemble a 43S preinitiation complex (PIC). (nih.gov)
Mutation3
- 5. The 185delAG mutation (c.68_69delAG) in the BRCA1 gene triggers translation reinitiation at a downstream AUG codon. (nih.gov)
- Mitchell GA, Brody LC, Looney J, Steel G, Suchanek M, Dowling C, Der Kaloustian V, Kaiser-Kupfer M, Valle D. An initiator codon mutation in ornithine-delta-aminotransferase causing gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. (medlineplus.gov)
- During the course of a screening program for βthalassemia mutations among p-thalassemia heterozygotes in Yugoslavia we observed a mutation (ATG-ACG) in the initiation codon of the B-globin gene which has not been described before. (elsevierpure.com)
Eukaryotes1
- In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon. (nih.gov)
Vertebrate1
- AGA and AGG were thought to have become mitochondrial stop codons early in vertebrate evolution ( Osawa, Ohama, Jukes & Watanabe 1989 ). (nih.gov)
MRNA5
- 7. Translation initiation of a bicistronic mRNA of Borna disease virus: a 16-kDa phosphoprotein is initiated at an internal start codon. (nih.gov)
- To investigate the mechanism of leaderless mRNA translation initiation, synthetic in vivo translation reporters were designed that systematically tested the effects of start codon accessibility, leader length, and start codon identity on leaderless mRNA translation initiation. (biorxiv.org)
- Thus, start codon accessibility, leader length, and start codon identity combine to define leaderless mRNA translation initiation in bacteria. (biorxiv.org)
- Translation initiation is a critical step for fidelity of gene expression in which the ribosome initiation complex is formed on the start codon of the mRNA. (biorxiv.org)
- We have also investigated the roles of various eIFs, tRNAi and the 40S subunit in scanning the mRNA 5′ untranslated region and in accurately identifying the AUG initiation codon. (nih.gov)
Start5
- Since the canonical start codon, AUG, compliments both initiator and elongator methionyl-tRNAs, the ribosome must distinguish the start AUG codon from elongator AUG codons. (biorxiv.org)
- While the SD-aSD pairing clearly impacts translation initiation efficiency (TIE) in E. coli , other studies have found that the SD:aSD interaction is not essential for correct selection of the start codon ( 9 , 10 ). (biorxiv.org)
- Indeed, RNA-seq based transcription mapping experiments have found that many bacterial mRNAs are "leaderless" and begin directly at the AUG start codon ( 14 - 16 ), and that these mRNAs are abundant in pathogens such as M. tuberculosis and in the mammalian mitochondria ( 17 ). (biorxiv.org)
- ii) identifying a higher-order assembly of initiation factors 1, 2, 3, and 5-the multifactor complex (MFC)-and elucidating its roles in PIC assembly and accurate start codon selection. (nih.gov)
- These studies exploit a genetic selection for mutations that elevate initiation at near-cognate UUG start codons (Sui− phenotype) or suppress this aberrant initiation event (Ssu− phenotype) (Figure 1B). (nih.gov)
EIF21
- These proteins share a common core structure, codon triggers GTP hydrolysis by eIF2 and release of the guanine-nucleotide binding domain (G domain). (nih.gov)
Suppress1
- These suppressor tRNAs should allow a study of the requirements for suppression of UAG and UAA codons in H. volcanii, in particular the question of whether suppressors of the UAA codon can also suppress the UAG codon in archaea. (mit.edu)
Protein2
- 1. Initiation of translation from a downstream in-frame AUG codon on BRCA1 can generate the novel isoform protein DeltaBRCA1(17aa). (nih.gov)
- During the first stage, the base compo- sitions of codons were deciphered by the directing cell- free protein synthesis with randomly ordered RNA preparations. (nih.gov)
Amino acid1
- Q. A codon always codes for a single amino acid and never otherwise. (byjus.com)
Mutations1
- We observed an increased burden among AD subjects for predicted loss-of-function (LoFs) variants defined as stop-gain, frame shift, initiation codon (INIT) and splice site mutations (n=930, OR=1.3, P=1.5×E-5). (haifa.ac.il)
Gene1
- To study the function of initiator tRNAs in translation initiation in Haloferax volcanii, the initiator AUG codon of the bgaH gene was mutated to UAG, UAA, UGA, and GUC. (mit.edu)
MRNAs1
- May be involved in the translation of target mRNAs by scanning and recognition of the initiation codon. (nih.gov)
Methionine1
- Thus, for the convenience of people reading GenBank records, the genetic code tables shown here use T instead of U. The initiator codon - whether it is AUG, CTG, TTG or something else, - is by default translated as methionine (Met, M). The possible intiator codons are marked as 'M' in the second ('Starts') row of the translation tables. (nih.gov)
Found1
- Detailed information on codon usage can be found at the Codon Usage Database . (nih.gov)
Initiation7
- Initiation of translation at the closest in-frame methionine codon would truncate OAT by 138 amino acids, eliminating the entire mitochondrial leader sequence and 113 amino acids of the mature peptide. (nih.gov)
- 1. Initiation of translation from a downstream in-frame AUG codon on BRCA1 can generate the novel isoform protein DeltaBRCA1(17aa). (nih.gov)
- 7. Translation initiation of a bicistronic mRNA of Borna disease virus: a 16-kDa phosphoprotein is initiated at an internal start codon. (nih.gov)
- 18. Unconventional translation initiation of human trypsinogen 4 at a CUG codon with an N-terminal leucine. (nih.gov)
- 20. Translational enhancement of FGF-2 by eIF-4 factors, and alternate utilization of CUG and AUG codons for translation initiation. (nih.gov)
- A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). (bvsalud.org)
- May be involved in the translation of target mRNAs by scanning and recognition of the initiation codon. (nih.gov)
Methionine2
- Sequence analysis showed a G----A transition, changing the initiator ATG (methionine) codon to ATA. (nih.gov)
- Thus, for the convenience of people reading GenBank records, the genetic code tables shown here use T instead of U. The initiator codon - whether it is AUG, CTG, TTG or something else, - is by default translated as methionine (Met, M). The possible intiator codons are marked as 'M' in the second ('Starts') row of the translation tables. (nih.gov)
Triggers2
Sequences1
- However, at least in humans it has now been shown that AGA and AGG sequences are not recognized as termination codons. (nih.gov)
Shown1
- A (initiator codon), in IER3IP1 that were subsequently shown to be inherited in trans. (bvsalud.org)