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CodonCodon, TerminatorCodon, InitiatorCodon, NonsenseBase SequenceMolecular Sequence DataProtein BiosynthesisMutationGenetic CodeAmino Acid SequenceAnticodonRNA, MessengerRNA, TransferPeptide Chain Termination, TranslationalEscherichia coliCloning, MolecularBase CompositionPeptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalExonsPoint MutationRibosomesPolymerase Chain ReactionGenes, BacterialEvolution, MolecularDNA Mutational AnalysisPeptide Termination FactorsGenes, rasSequence Analysis, DNAGenesNucleic Acid ConformationPolymorphism, GeneticSelection, GeneticPlasmidsRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylRestriction MappingTranscription, GeneticModels, GeneticSequence Homology, Nucleic AcidIntronsSuppression, GeneticAllelesDNAPhylogenyPolymorphism, Single-Stranded ConformationalFrameshifting, RibosomalSequence AlignmentGenotypeReading FramesPedigreeGenes, p53DNA PrimersRNA, Transfer, SerRNA, Transfer, ArgBacterial ProteinsSequence Homology, Amino AcidRNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-SpecificRNA, BacterialMutation, MissenseAmino Acid SubstitutionGene Expression Regulation, Bacterial5' Untranslated RegionsSaccharomyces cerevisiaePhenotypeGenes, ViralGenetic VariationAmino AcidsSpecies SpecificityTerminator Regions, GeneticDNA Restriction EnzymesMutagenesis, Site-DirectedEukaryotic Initiation Factor-1OperonDNA, BacterialPolymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Codon
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Codon, Terminator
Any codon that signals the termination of genetic translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC). PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS bind to the stop codon and trigger the hydrolysis of the aminoacyl bond connecting the completed polypeptide to the tRNA. Terminator codons do not specify amino acids.
Codon, Initiator
A codon that directs initiation of protein translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) by stimulating the binding of initiator tRNA (RNA, TRANSFER, MET). In prokaryotes, the codons AUG or GUG can act as initiators while in eukaryotes, AUG is the only initiator codon.
Codon, Nonsense
An amino acid-specifying codon that has been converted to a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR) by mutation. Its occurance is abnormal causing premature termination of protein translation and results in production of truncated and non-functional proteins. A nonsense mutation is one that converts an amino acid-specific codon to a stop codon.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Protein Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Genetic Code
The meaning ascribed to the BASE SEQUENCE with respect to how it is translated into AMINO ACID SEQUENCE. The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (CODON).
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Anticodon
The sequential set of three nucleotides in TRANSFER RNA that interacts with its complement in MESSENGER RNA, the CODON, during translation in the ribosome.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
Peptide Chain Termination, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the terminal amino acid is added to a lengthening polypeptide. This termination process is signaled from the MESSENGER RNA, by one of three termination codons (CODON, TERMINATOR) that immediately follows the last amino acid-specifying CODON.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Cloning, Molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Base Composition
The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational
A process of GENETIC TRANSLATION whereby the formation of a peptide chain is started. It includes assembly of the RIBOSOME components, the MESSENGER RNA coding for the polypeptide to be made, INITIATOR TRNA, and PEPTIDE INITIATION FACTORS; and placement of the first amino acid in the peptide chain. The details and components of this process are unique for prokaryotic protein biosynthesis and eukaryotic protein biosynthesis.
Exons
The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.
Point Mutation
A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
Ribosomes
Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Genes, Bacterial
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Evolution, Molecular
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
DNA Mutational Analysis
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
Peptide Termination Factors
Proteins that are involved in the peptide chain termination reaction (PEPTIDE CHAIN TERMINATION, TRANSLATIONAL) on RIBOSOMES. They include codon-specific class-I release factors, which recognize stop signals (TERMINATOR CODON) in the MESSENGER RNA; and codon-nonspecific class-II release factors.
Genes, ras
Family of retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (ras) originally isolated from Harvey (H-ras, Ha-ras, rasH) and Kirsten (K-ras, Ki-ras, rasK) murine sarcoma viruses. Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. The closely related N-ras gene has been detected in human neuroblastoma and sarcoma cell lines. All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Genes
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Polymorphism, Genetic
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Selection, Genetic
Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.
Restriction Mapping
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Models, Genetic
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
Introns
Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.
Suppression, Genetic
Mutation process that restores the wild-type PHENOTYPE in an organism possessing a mutationally altered GENOTYPE. The second "suppressor" mutation may be on a different gene, on the same gene but located at a distance from the site of the primary mutation, or in extrachromosomal genes (EXTRACHROMOSOMAL INHERITANCE).
Alleles
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Phylogeny
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.
Frameshifting, Ribosomal
A directed change in translational READING FRAMES that allows the production of a single protein from two or more OVERLAPPING GENES. The process is programmed by the nucleotide sequence of the MRNA and is sometimes also affected by the secondary or tertiary mRNA structure. It has been described mainly in VIRUSES (especially RETROVIRUSES); RETROTRANSPOSONS; and bacterial insertion elements but also in some cellular genes.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Genotype
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Reading Frames
The three possible sequences of CODONS by which GENETIC TRANSLATION may occur from one nucleotide sequence. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated as 5'AUC.. or 5'UCC.. or 5'CCG.., depending on the location of the START CODON.
Pedigree
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Genes, p53
Tumor suppressor genes located on the short arm of human chromosome 17 and coding for the phosphoprotein p53.
DNA Primers
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
RNA, Transfer, Ser
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying serine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
RNA, Transfer, Arg
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying arginine to sites on the ribosomes in preparation for protein synthesis.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific
A group of transfer RNAs which are specific for carrying each one of the 20 amino acids to the ribosome in preparation for protein synthesis.
RNA, Bacterial
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Mutation, Missense
A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
Amino Acid Substitution
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
5' Untranslated Regions
The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Phenotype
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
Genes, Viral
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Genetic Variation
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
Amino Acids
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Terminator Regions, Genetic
DNA sequences recognized as signals to end GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-1
A eukaryotic initiation factor that binds to 40S ribosomal subunits. Although initially considered a "non-essential" factor for eukaryotic transcription initiation, eukaryotic initiation factor-1 is now thought to play an important role in localizing RIBOSOMES at the initiation codon of MRNA.
Operon
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.

Hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations. (1/6957)

The amount of hidden genetic variability within electromorphs in finite populations is studied by using the infinite site model and stepwise mutation model simultaneously. A formula is developed for the bivariate probability generating function for the number of codon differences and the number of electromorph state differences between two randomly chosen cistrons. Using this formula, the distribution as well as the mean and variance of the number of codon differences between two identical or nonidentical electromorphs are studied. The distribution of the number of codon differences between two randomly chosen identical electromorphs is similar to the geometric distribution but more leptokurtic. Studies are also made on the number of codon differences between two electromorphs chosen at random one from each of two populations which have been separated for an arbitrary number of generations. It is shown that the amount of hidden genetic variability is very large if the product of effective population size and mutation rate is large.  (+info)

Over-representation of a germline RET sequence variant in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and somatic RET codon 918 mutation. (2/6957)

The aetiology of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma is unknown. About 50% harbour a somatic mutation at codon 918 of RET (M918T). To investigate whether other RET sequence variants may be associated with or predispose to the development of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma, we analysed genomic DNA from the germline and corresponding tumour from 50 patients to identify RET sequence variants. In one patient, tumour DNA showed a novel somatic 12 bp in-frame deletion in exon 15. More interestingly, we found that the rare polymorphism at codon 836 (c.2439C > T; S836S) occurred at a significantly higher frequency than that in control individuals without sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.03). Further, among the nine evaluable cases with germline c.2439C/T, eight also had the somatic M918T mutation in MTC DNA which was more frequent than in patients with the more common c.2439C/C (89% vs 40%, respectively; Fisher's exact test, P = 0.01). These findings suggest that the rare sequence variant at codon 836 may somehow play a role in the genesis of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma.  (+info)

Correlation between protein and mRNA abundance in yeast. (3/6957)

We have determined the relationship between mRNA and protein expression levels for selected genes expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing at mid-log phase. The proteins contained in total yeast cell lysate were separated by high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. Over 150 protein spots were excised and identified by capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Protein spots were quantified by metabolic labeling and scintillation counting. Corresponding mRNA levels were calculated from serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) frequency tables (V. E. Velculescu, L. Zhang, W. Zhou, J. Vogelstein, M. A. Basrai, D. E. Bassett, Jr., P. Hieter, B. Vogelstein, and K. W. Kinzler, Cell 88:243-251, 1997). We found that the correlation between mRNA and protein levels was insufficient to predict protein expression levels from quantitative mRNA data. Indeed, for some genes, while the mRNA levels were of the same value the protein levels varied by more than 20-fold. Conversely, invariant steady-state levels of certain proteins were observed with respective mRNA transcript levels that varied by as much as 30-fold. Another interesting observation is that codon bias is not a predictor of either protein or mRNA levels. Our results clearly delineate the technical boundaries of current approaches for quantitative analysis of protein expression and reveal that simple deduction from mRNA transcript analysis is insufficient.  (+info)

An alternative transcript of the rat renin gene can result in a truncated prorenin that is transported into adrenal mitochondria. (4/6957)

Characterization of the local renin-angiotensin system in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa indicated a dual targeting of renin both to the secretory pathway and mitochondria. To investigate the transport of renin into mitochondria, we constructed a series of amino-terminal deletion variants of preprorenin. One of these variants, lacking the complete signal sequence for the endoplasmic reticulum and 10 amino acids of the profragment, was transported efficiently into isolated mitochondria. The transport was further shown to be dependent on mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthesis. Analysis of adrenal RNA revealed the existence of 2 renin transcripts. While one of the transcripts corresponds to the known full-length transcript, the other one lacks exon 1; instead, exon 2 is preceded by a domain of 80 nucleotides originating from intron 1. This domain, as well as the following region of intron 1 being excised, shows all essential sequence elements defining an additional, so-far-unknown exon. The second mRNA possibly derives from an additional transcription start in intron 1 and an alternative splicing process. Translation of this mRNA could result in a truncated prorenin representing a cytosolic form of renin, which is required for transport into mitochondria. This truncated prorenin corresponds exactly to the deletion variant being imported into mitochondria in vitro.  (+info)

Evolutionary dynamics of a mitochondrial rearrangement "hot spot" in the Hymenoptera. (5/6957)

The arrangement of tRNA genes at the junction of the cytochrome oxidase II and ATPase 8 genes was examined across a broad range of Hymenoptera. Seven distinct arrangements of tRNA genes were identified among a group of wasps that have diverged over the last 180 Myr (suborder Apocrita); many of the rearrangements represent evolutionarily independent events. Approximately equal proportions of local rearrangements, inversions, and translocations were observed, in contrast to vertebrate mitochondria, in which local rearrangements predominate. Surprisingly, homoplasy was evident among certain types of rearrangement; a reversal of the plesiomorphic gene order has arisen on three separate occasions in the Insecta, while the tRNA(H) gene has been translocated to this locus on two separate occasions. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that this gene translocation is real and is not an artifactual translocation resulting from the duplication of a resident tRNA gene followed by mutation of the anticodon. The nature of the intergenic sequences surrounding this region does not indicate that it should be especially prone to rearrangement; it does not generally have the tandem or inverted repeats that might facilitate this plasticity. Intriguingly, these findings are consistent with the view that during the evolution of the Hymenoptera, rearrangements increased at the same time that the rate of point mutations and compositional bias also increased. This association may direct investigations into mitochondrial genome plasticity in other invertebrate lineages.  (+info)

Comparison of synonymous codon distribution patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes. (6/6957)

Synonymous codon usage patterns of bacteriophage and host genomes were compared. Two indexes, G + C base composition of a gene (fgc) and fraction of translationally optimal codons of the gene (fop), were used in the comparison. Synonymous codon usage data of all the coding sequences on a genome are represented as a cloud of points in the plane of fop vs. fgc. The Escherichia coli coding sequences appear to exhibit two phases, "rising" and "flat" phases. Genes that are essential for survival and are thought to be native are located in the flat phase, while foreign-type genes from prophages and transposons are found in the rising phase with a slope of nearly unity in the fgc vs. fop plot. Synonymous codon distribution patterns of genes from temperate phages P4, P2, N15 and lambda are similar to the pattern of E. coli rising phase genes. In contrast, genes from the virulent phage T7 or T4, for which a phage-encoded DNA polymerase is identified, fall in a linear curve with a slope of nearly zero in the fop vs. fgc plane. These results may suggest that the G + C contents for T7, T4 and E. coli flat phase genes are subject to the directional mutation pressure and are determined by the DNA polymerase used in the replication. There is significant variation in the fop values of the phage genes, suggesting an adjustment to gene expression level. Similar analyses of codon distribution patterns were carried out for Haemophilus influenzae, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their phages with complete genomic sequences available.  (+info)

Role of ribosome release in regulation of tna operon expression in Escherichia coli. (7/6957)

Expression of the degradative tryptophanase (tna) operon of Escherichia coli is regulated by catabolite repression and tryptophan-induced transcription antitermination. In cultures growing in the absence of added tryptophan, transcription of the structural genes of the tna operon is limited by Rho-dependent transcription termination in the leader region of the operon. Tryptophan induction prevents this Rho-dependent termination, and requires in-frame translation of a 24-residue leader peptide coding region, tnaC, that contains a single, crucial, Trp codon. Studies with a lacZ reporter construct lacking the spacer region between tnaC and the first major structural gene, tnaA, suggested that tryptophan induction might involve cis action by the TnaC leader peptide on the ribosome translating the tnaC coding region. The leader peptide was hypothesized to inhibit ribosome release at the tnaC stop codon, thereby blocking Rho's access to the transcript. Regulatory studies with deletion constructs of the tna operon of Proteus vulgaris supported this interpretation. In the present study the putative role of the tnaC stop codon in tna operon regulation in E. coli was examined further by replacing the natural tnaC stop codon, UGA, with UAG or UAA in a tnaC-stop codon-tnaA'-'lacZ reporter construct. Basal level expression was reduced to 20 and 50% when the UGA stop codon was replaced by UAG or UAA, respectively, consistent with the finding that in E. coli translation terminates more efficiently at UAG and UAA than at UGA. Tryptophan induction was observed in strains with any of the stop codons. However, when UAG or UAA replaced UGA, the induced level of expression was also reduced to 15 and 50% of that obtained with UGA as the tnaC stop codon, respectively. Introduction of a mutant allele encoding a temperature-sensitive release factor 1, prfA1, increased basal level expression 60-fold when the tnaC stop codon was UAG and 3-fold when this stop codon was UAA; basal level expression was reduced by 50% in the construct with the natural stop codon, UGA. In strains with any of the three stop codons and the prfA1 mutation, the induced levels of tna operon expression were virtually identical. The effects of tnaC stop codon identity on expression were also examined in the absence of Rho action, using tnaC-stop codon-'lacZ constructs that lack the tnaC-tnaA spacer region. Expression was low in the absence of tnaC stop codon suppression. In most cases, tryptophan addition resulted in about 50% inhibition of expression when UGA was replaced by UAG or UAA and the appropriate suppressor was present. Introduction of the prfA1 mutant allele increased expression of the suppressed construct with the UAG stop codon; tryptophan addition also resulted in ca. 50% inhibition. These findings provide additional evidence implicating the behavior of the ribosome translating tnaC in the regulation of tna operon expression.  (+info)

Inhibition of translation and cell growth by minigene expression. (8/6957)

A random five-codon gene library was used to isolate minigenes whose expression causes cell growth arrest. Eight different deleterious minigenes were isolated, five of which had in-frame stop codons; the predicted expressed peptides ranged in size from two to five amino acids. Mutational analysis demonstrated that translation of the inhibitory minigenes is essential for growth arrest. Pulse-labeling experiments showed that expression of at least some of the selected minigenes results in inhibition of cellular protein synthesis. Expression of the deleterious minigenes in cells deficient in peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase causes accumulation of families of peptidyl-tRNAs corresponding to the last minigene codon; the inhibitory action of minigene expression could be suppressed by overexpression of the tRNA corresponding to the last sense codon in the minigene. Experimental data are compatible with the model that the deleterious effect of minigene expression is mediated by depletion of corresponding pools of free tRNAs.  (+info)

Codon usage pattern and relative synonymous codon usage | Open-iCodon usage pattern and relative synonymous codon usage | Open-i
Codon usage pattern and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) of mtDNA of Meloidogyne graminicola.Numbers on the Y-axis refer to the total number of codons (A)
https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult.php?img=PMC4043755_pone.0098558.g003&req=4
Codon usage patterns of LT-Ag genes in polyomaviruses from different host species | Virology Journal | Full TextCodon usage patterns of LT-Ag genes in polyomaviruses from different host species | Virology Journal | Full Text
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) have a wide range of hosts, from humans to fish, and their effects on hosts vary. The differences in the infection characteristics of PyV with respect to the host are assumed to be influenced by the biochemical function of the LT-Ag protein, which is related to the cytopathic effect and tumorigenesis mechanism via interaction with the host protein. We carried out a comparative analysis of codon usage patterns of large T-antigens (LT-Ags) of PyVs isolated from various host species and their functional domains and sequence motifs. Parity rule 2 (PR2) and neutrality analysis were applied to evaluate the effects of mutation and selection pressure on codon usage bias. To investigate evolutionary relationships among PyVs, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis, and a correspondence analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values was performed. Nucleotide composition analysis using LT-Ag gene sequences showed that the GC and GC3 values of avian PyVs were higher than those of
https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-019-1245-2/tables/1
Codon usage bias - WikipediaCodon usage bias - Wikipedia
Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. A codon is a series of three nucleotides (a triplet) that encodes a specific amino acid residue in a polypeptide chain or for the termination of translation (stop codons). There are 64 different codons (61 codons encoding for amino acids plus 3 stop codons) but only 20 different translated amino acids. The overabundance in the number of codons allows many amino acids to be encoded by more than one codon. Because of such redundancy it is said that the genetic code is degenerate. The genetic codes of different organisms are often biased towards using one of the several codons that encode the same amino acid over the others-that is, a greater frequency of one will be found than expected by chance. How such biases arise is a much debated area of molecular evolution. Codon usage tables detailing genomic codon usage bias for most organisms in GenBank and RefSeq can be found in the HIVE-Codon Usage ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_usage_bias
The Impact of Selection at the Amino Acid Level on the Usage of Synonymous Codons | G3: Genes | Genomes | GeneticsThe Impact of Selection at the Amino Acid Level on the Usage of Synonymous Codons | G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
Redundancy of the genetic code implies that there are more codons than amino acids. Consequently, many amino acids are encoded by more than one codon, which are known as synonymous codons. As a result, some substitutions between these codons are silent and do not change the coded amino acid. For example, in the case of the codons known as fourfold degenerated (4FD), the third codon positions can be freely changed to any nucleotide, without consequences for the coded amino acid, and subsequently for protein composition and function. However, synonymous codons are not used uniformly in real protein coding sequences (e.g., Comeron 2004; Grantham et al. 1980; Ikemura 1985; Plotkin and Kudla 2011; Sharp and Li 1986). Such preference of one synonymous codon over others is commonly known as codon usage bias (Sharp and Li 1986). Usage can differ for various genomes and genes within one genome, and even within a single gene.. As far as the evolution of codon bias is concerned, two explanations, which are ...
http://www.g3journal.org/content/7/3/967
Dependency of codon usage on protein sequence patterns: a statistical study | Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling | Full...Dependency of codon usage on protein sequence patterns: a statistical study | Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling | Full...
Codon degeneracy and codon usage by organisms is an interesting and challenging problem. Researchers demonstrated the relation between codon usage and various functions or properties of genes and proteins, such as gene regulation, translation rate, translation efficiency, mRNA stability, splicing, and protein domains. Researchers usually represent segments of proteins responsible for specific functions or structures in a family of proteins as sequence patterns or motifs. We asked the question if organisms use the same codons in pattern segments as compared to the rest of the sequence. We used the likelihood ratio test, Pearsons chi-squared test, and mutual information to compare these two codon usages. We showed that codon usage, in segments of genes that code for a given pattern or motif in a group of proteins, varied from the rest of the gene. The codon usage in these segments was not random. Amino acids with larger number of codons used more specific codon ratios in these segments. We studied the
https://tbiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1742-4682-11-2/figures/1
codon usage slidesharecodon usage slideshare
Codon usage bias is an essential feature of all genomes. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Codon optimization, a process where less-frequent codons in the coding sequence are replaced by more frequent synonymous codons, has long been used to address this issue (Burgess-Brown et al., 2008; Welch et al., 2009; Maertens et al., 2010). Codon Usage (deut. Moreover, the usage of some codons appears nonlinear, as a function of GC bias. CodonW is a programme designed to simplify the Multivariate analysis (correspondence analysis) of codon and amino acid usage. Start codons, stop codons, reading frame. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. INTRODUCTION:- One of the main characteristics of the genetic code is that it is degenerate, i.e., multiple synonymous codons specify the same amino acid. Here, we ...
http://activehospicecare.com/assassins-creed-uvnned/codon-usage-slideshare-328512
Bayesian Comparisons of Codon Substitution Models - LIRMM - Laboratoire dInformatique, de Robotique et de Microélectronique de...
In 1994, Muse & Gaut (MG) and Goldman & Yang (GY) proposed evolutionary models that recognize the coding structure of the nucleotide sequences under study, by defining a Markovian substitution process with a state space consisting of the 61 sense codons (assuming the universal genetic code). Several variations and extensions to their models have since been proposed, but no general and flexible framework for contrasting the relative performance of alternative approaches has yet been applied. Here, we compute Bayes factors to evaluate the relative merit of several MG- and GY-style of codon substitution models, including recent extensions acknowledging heterogeneous nonsynonymous rates across sites, as well as selective effects inducing uneven amino acid or codon preferences. Our results on three real data sets support a logical model construction following the MG formulation, allowing for a flexible account of global amino acid or codon preferences, while maintaining distinct parameters governing overall
https://hal-lirmm.ccsd.cnrs.fr/lirmm-00324423
Effective number of codons - WikipediaEffective number of codons - Wikipedia
Effective number of codons (abbreviated as ENC or Nc) is a measure to study the state of codon usage biases in genes and genomes. The way that ENC is computed has obvious similarities to the computation of effective population size in population genetics. Although it is easy to compute ENC values, it has been shown that this measure is one of the best measures to show codon usage bias. Since the original suggestion of the ENC, several investigators have tried to improve the method, but it seems that there is much room to improve this measure. Wright F. (1990). The effective number of codons used in a gene. Gene. 87 (1): 23-29. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90491-9. PMID 2110097. Kimura, M. & Crow, J.F. (1964). The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics. 49: 725-738. PMC 1210609 . PMID 14156929. Comeron JM, Aguadé M (1998). An evaluation of measures of synonymous codon usage bias. J. Mol. Evol. 47 (3): 268-274. doi:10.1007/PL00006384. PMID 9732453. Novembre ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_number_of_codons
A codon window in mRNA downstream of the initiation codon where NGG codons give strongly reduced gene expression in Escherichia...A codon window in mRNA downstream of the initiation codon where NGG codons give strongly reduced gene expression in Escherichia...
In prokaryotes, several mRNA sequences surrounding the initiation codon have been found to influence the translation process; these include the downstream region and its codon context, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the S1 ribosomal protein-binding site. In this thesis, the purpose has been to study the role of the downstream region and Shine-Dalgarno-like sequences on early translation elongation and gene expression in Escherichia coli.. The downstream region (DR) after the initiation codon (around five to seven codons), has an important role in the initiation of translation. We find that most of the codons which give very low gene expression at +2 (considering AUG as +1), reach 5 to 10 fold higher expression when those codons are positioned posteriori to +2, with the exception of the NGG codons. The NGG codons abort the translation process if located within the first five codons of the DR, due to peptidyl-tRNA drop-off. However, when the NGG codons are situated further down from the DR, the ...
http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:200781
Effect of consecutive rare codons on the recombinant production of human proteins in Escherichia coli.Effect of consecutive rare codons on the recombinant production of human proteins in Escherichia coli.
In Escherichia coli, the expression of heterologous genes for the production of recombinant proteins can be challenging due to the codon bias of different organisms. The rare codons AGG and AGA are among the rarest in E. coli. In this work, by using the human gene RioK2 as case study, we found that the presence of consecutive AGG-AGA led to a premature stop, which may be caused by an event of -1 frameshift. We found that translational problems caused by consecutive AGG-AGA are sequence dependent, in particular, in sequences that contain multiple rare AGG or AGA codons elsewhere. Translational problems can be alleviated by different strategies, including codon harmonization, codon optimization, or by substituting the consecutive AGG-AGA codons by more frequent arginine codons. Overall, our results furthered our understanding about the relationship between consecutive rare codons and translational problems. Such information will aid the design of DNA sequence for the production of recombinant ...
https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/48731
Inferring parameters of mutation, selection and demography from patterns of synonymous site evolution in Drosophila. -...
Selection acting on codon usage can cause patterns of synonymous evolution to deviate considerably from those expected under neutrality. To investigate the quantitative relationship between parameters of mutation, selection, and demography, and patterns of synonymous site divergence, we have developed a novel combination of population genetic models and likelihood methods of phylogenetic sequence analysis. Comparing 50 orthologous gene pairs from Drosophila melanogaster and D. virilis and 27 from D. melanogaster and D. simulans, we show considerable variation between amino acids and genes in the strength of selection acting on codon usage and find evidence for both long-term and short-term changes in the strength of selection between species. Remarkably, D. melanogaster shows no evidence of current selection on codon usage, while its sister species D. simulans experiences only half the selection pressure for codon usage of their common ancestor. We also find evidence for considerable base asymmetries in
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/97686
The Impact of Selection at the Amino Acid Level on the Usage of Synonymous Codons | G3: Genes | Genomes | GeneticsThe Impact of Selection at the Amino Acid Level on the Usage of Synonymous Codons | G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
There are two main forces that affect usage of synonymous codons: directional mutational pressure and selection. The effectiveness of protein translation is usually considered as the main selectional factor. However, the biased codon usage can be also a by-product of a general selection at the amino acid level interacting with nucleotide replacements. To evaluate the validity and strength of such effect, we superimposed more than 3.5 billion unrestricted mutational processes on the selection of non-synonymous substitutions based on the differences in physicochemical properties of the coded amino acids. Using a modified evolutionary optimization algorithm, we determined the conditions in which the effect on the relative codon usage is maximized. We found that the effect is enhanced by mutational processes generating more adenine and thymine than guanine and cytosine as well as more purines than pyrimidines. Interestingly, this effect is observed only under an unrestricted model of nucleotide ...
http://www.g3journal.org/content/early/2017/01/22/g3.116.038125
Comparison of codon usage measures and their applicability in prediction of microbial gene expressivity | BMC Bioinformatics |...Comparison of codon usage measures and their applicability in prediction of microbial gene expressivity | BMC Bioinformatics |...
There are a number of methods (also called: measures) currently in use that quantify codon usage in genes. These measures are often influenced by other sequence properties, such as length. This can introduce strong methodological bias into measurements; therefore we attempted to develop a method free from such dependencies. One of the common applications of codon usage analyses is to quantitatively predict gene expressivity. We compared the performance of several commonly used measures and a novel method we introduce in this paper - Measure Independent of Length and Composition (MILC). Large, randomly generated sequence sets were used to test for dependence on (i) sequence length, (ii) overall amount of codon bias and (iii) codon bias discrepancy in the sequences. A derivative of the method, named MELP (MILC-based Expression Level Predictor) can be used to quantitatively predict gene expression levels from genomic data. It was compared to other similar predictors by examining their correlation with
https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2105-6-182
Bioinformatics Comparison of Codon Usage of Genes Encoding Phosphate Transporter in Terms of Salt Tolerance, Day Length,...Bioinformatics Comparison of Codon Usage of Genes Encoding Phosphate Transporter in Terms of Salt Tolerance, Day Length,...
In order to study and compare the phosphate transporter gene codon usage and its respond to the traits like salt tolerance, day length, Pollination and temperature in different plants, 100 isoform from 10 plants are extracted from NCBI website and then analyzed with Gene Infinity and Minitab 16 software. The result shows that the highest codon usage similarity (81.95%) was for wheat and oryza (annual, self-polinated and Psychrophilic) from Poaceae family. The result for poaceae family shows that the highest mean abundance was for codons that have U or G at the end. In this study Cucurbita maxima (salt tolerance, annual and cross pollinated) have the lowest codon usage similarity (70.37%) in compare with other plants in this study. The highest difference between families was for Fabaceae (77.64%) but they are divided in one group at the cluster. So the results show that the families that have lowest distance have the highest codon usage similarity in terms of salt tolerance, day length, Pollination and
http://www.ijabbr.com/article_7110.html
Protein elemental sparing and codon usage bias are correlated among bacteria<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Protein elemental sparing and codon usage bias are correlated among bacteria. AU - Bragg, Jason G.. AU - Quigg, Antonietta. AU - Raven, John A.. AU - Wagner, Andreas. PY - 2012/5. Y1 - 2012/5. N2 - Highly expressed proteins can exhibit relatively small material costs, in terms of the quantities of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) or sulphur (S) atoms they contain. This elemental sparing probably reflects selection to reduce the quantities of potentially growth-limiting elements in abundant proteins, but the evolutionary mechanisms for adaptive elemental sparing are still poorly understood. Here, we predict that the extent of elemental sparing in highly expressed proteins will vary among organisms, according to the effectiveness of selection in determining the fate of mutations. We test this hypothesis in bacteria by asking whether elemental sparing is correlated with codon usage bias. Bacteria exhibit extraordinary variation in their life histories and demography and consequently in the ...
https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/protein-elemental-sparing-and-codon-usage-bias-are-correlated-amo
What drives codon choices in human genes?What drives codon choices in human genes?
Synonymous codon usage is based and the bias seems to be different in different organisms. Factors with proposed roles in causing codon bias include degree and timing of gene expression, codon-anticodon interactions, transcription and translation rate and fidelity, codon context, and global and loca …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8893856/?dopt=Abstract
A test of translational selection at silent sites in the human genome: base composition comparisons in alternatively spliced...
Natural selection appears to discriminate among synonymous codons to enhance translational efficiency in a wide range of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Codon bias is strongly related to gene expression levels in these species. In addition, between-gene variation in silent DNA divergence is inversely correlated with codon bias. However, in mammals, between-gene comparisons are complicated by distinctive nucleotide-content bias (isochores) throughout the genome. In this study, we attempted to identify translational selection by analyzing the DNA sequences of alternatively spliced genes in humans and in Drosophila melanogaster. Among codons in an alternatively spliced gene, those in constitutively expressed exons are translated more often than those in alternatively spliced exons. Thus, translational selection should act more strongly to bias codon usage and reduce silent divergence in constitutive than in alternative exons. By controlling for regional forces affecting base-composition evolution, this ...
https://www.meta.org/papers/a-test-of-translational-selection-at-silent-sites/11164041
Genome Signatures Reveal the Importance of Context Dependent Codon Bia by Vida MingoGenome Signatures Reveal the Importance of Context Dependent Codon Bia by Vida Mingo
The relationship of nucleotide context on fifteen evolutionarily distinct bacterial species was investigated for all four and six codon families to identify the role of context dependency on synonymous codon usage. Genome signatures of four nucleotide words were used to identify the distribution, magnitude and nucleotide contextual patterns.
https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/223/
Start codon context and occurrence of AUG codons in the beginning of protein coding open reading frames co-evolve - Press-room ...
Researchers from IBCh RAS together with their international collаborators discovered an evolutionary link between efficiency of start codons and the probability of AUG codon occurrence in the 5'-end parts of protein-coding sequences. When start codons are inefficient the next AUG codon is more likely to be found in the same reading frame. At the same time in case of highly efficient start codons, the next AUG codon is more likely to be found in alternative frames. They also have shown that weak initiation at the first starts is associated with the synthesis of shortened proteoforms as a result of initiation at the second starts.
https://www.ibch.ru/en/press/news/science/3345
Codon Usage Frequence TableCodon Usage Frequence Table
Codon usage frequency table tool shows commonly used genetic codon frequency table in expression host organisms including Escherichia coli and other common host organisms. This tool is totally free.
https://www.genscript.com/tools/codon-frequency-table
CAIcal: A combined set of tools to assess codon usage adaptation | Biology Direct | Full TextCAIcal: A combined set of tools to assess codon usage adaptation | Biology Direct | Full Text
In this manuscript, Puigbo et al. describe their CAIcal web server. CAI, the Codon Adaptation Index, is an important concept relating codon usage to gene expression. Although several software tools online already calculate CAI, CAIcal appears to offer a unique combination of functionality that is not easily duplicated using other tools.. However, the tool in its current form would appear to be a relatively minor advance over existing tools, and I would strongly encourage the authors to consider an extensive overhaul of the software and the manuscript before publication. However, I think the present work contains the seeds of a useful contribution to the field and to the literature, and definitely encourage the authors to persevere, perhaps thinking more carefully about the target audience of the software and the paper.. More attention needs to be paid to the specific contribution of this work if it is to be published as an independent piece of software. No feature of this tool really appears to ...
https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-6150-3-38
Tissue-specific codon usage and the expression of human genes | PNASTissue-specific codon usage and the expression of human genes | PNAS
It is tempting to hypothesize that the highly nonrandom, tissue-specific codon usage we have observed serves an adaptive function. Although we cannot impute an adaptive function, we can nevertheless demonstrate that the codon usage of brain-specific genes has been selectively preserved far more than expected by chance during the evolution of human and mouse from their common ancestor. For this analysis, we have identified and aligned mouse orthologs for the 44 brain-specific human genes (see Methods) and for the other study tissues.. We considered only those sites in the alignment of the human and mouse brain genes that exhibited either identical or synonymous codons. There are 31,050 such codons, which we concatenated into a single sequence for each organism. The resulting aligned mouse and human sequences are fairly similar in their codon usage. There are only two amino acids that have a significantly different encoding (P , 0.01) between the orthologous sequences.. The overall similarity of ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/101/34/12588?ijkey=3aada53faa6705c8906afd98310f777fb4d7926a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Human viruses have codon usage bi... preview & related info | MendeleyHuman viruses have codon usage bi... preview & related info | Mendeley
(2017) B. Miller et al. Biomedical Genetics and Genomics. It is well-documented that codon usage biases affect gene translational efficiency; however, it is less known if viruses share their hosts codon usage motifs. We determined that human-infecting viruses share similar codon usage biases as ...
https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/a406f481-e6e8-3fc6-85b5-81f9fb3c30fe/
Inferring gene function from evolutionary change in signatures of translation efficiencyInferring gene function from evolutionary change in signatures of translation efficiency
Background: The genetic code is redundant, meaning that most amino acids can be encoded by more than one codon. Highly expressed genes tend to use optimal codons to increase the accuracy and speed of translation. Thus, codon usage biases provide a signature of the relative expression levels of genes, which can, uniquely, be quantified across the domains of life. Results: Here we describe a general statistical framework to exploit this phenomenon and to systematically associate genes with environments and phenotypic traits through changes in codon adaptation. By inferring evolutionary signatures of translation efficiency in 911 bacterial and archaeal genomes while controlling for confounding effects of phylogeny and inter-correlated phenotypes, we linked 187 gene families to 24 diverse phenotypic traits. A series of experiments in Escherichia coli revealed that 13 of 15, 19 of 23, and 3 of 6 gene families with changes in codon adaptation in aerotolerant, thermophilic, or halophilic microbes. ...
https://repositori.upf.edu/handle/10230/23225
Codon optimization for protein expressionCodon optimization for protein expression
Have you struggled with low protein expression levels in your experiments? This webinar will explain the principles of codon optimization and explore case studies showing how it improves protein expression up to 100-fold. Research has revealed dozens of DNA sequence features that influence the efficiency of each step required to achieve soluble target protein expression. We will review the critical publications that inform GenScripts patented algorithm and the data showing how our algorithm compares to our competitors. We will look at peer-reviewed papers that employed codon-optimized synthetic genes for heterologous protein expression in different host systems, including bacteria, yeast, plant, and human cells. Finally, we will see how GenScripts codon optimization can provide clever solutions to molecular biology problems in specialized applications.. ...
https://www.genscript.com/codon-optimization.html
Codon Usage Revisited: Lack of Correlation Between Codon Usage and the by Joaquín Rojas, Gabriel Castillo et al.Codon Usage Revisited: Lack of Correlation Between Codon Usage and the by Joaquín Rojas, Gabriel Castillo et al.
It is widely believed that if a high number of genes are found for any tRNA in a rapidly replicating bacteria, then the cytoplasmic levels of that tRNA will be high and an open reading frame containing a higher frequency of the complementary codon will be translated faster. This idea is based on correlations between the number of tRNA genes, tRNA concentration and the frequency of codon usage observed in a limited number of strains as well as from the fact that artificially changing the number of tRNA genes alters translation efficiency and consequently the amount of properly folded protein synthesized. tRNA gene number may greatly vary in a genome due to duplications, deletions and lateral transfer which in turn would alter the levels and functionality of many proteins. Such changes are potentially deleterious for fitness and as a result it is expected that changes in tRNA gene numbers should be accompanied by a modification of the frequency of codon usage. In contrast to this model, when comparing the
https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/sees_articles/343/
Bioconductor - sscuBioconductor - sscu
Bioconductor version: Release (3.13) The package calculates the indexes for selective stength in codon usage in bacteria species. (1) The package can calculate the strength of selected codon usage bias (sscu, also named as s_index) based on Paul Sharps method. The method take into account of background mutation rate, and focus only on four pairs of codons with universal translational advantages in all bacterial species. Thus the sscu index is comparable among different species. (2) The package can detect the strength of translational accuracy selection by Akashis test. The test tabulating all codons into four categories with the feature as conserved/variable amino acids and optimal/non-optimal codons. (3) Optimal codon lists (selected codons) can be calculated by either op_highly function (by using the highly expressed genes compared with all genes to identify optimal codons), or op_corre_CodonW/op_corre_NCprime function (by correlative method developed by Hershberg & Petrov). Users will have ...
https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/sscu.html
What Are mRNA Codons? (with pictures)What Are mRNA Codons? (with pictures)
MRNA codons are molecules that act as a template for protein synthesis when a cell passes on its genetic code. Each mRNA codon...
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-mrna-codons.htm
Codon Usage Bias Covaries With Expression Breadth and the Rate of Synonymous Evolution in Humans, but This Is Not Evidence for...Codon Usage Bias Covaries With Expression Breadth and the Rate of Synonymous Evolution in Humans, but This Is Not Evidence for...
Expression breadth and synonymous substitution patterns are most probably due to gene length effects: The above results are suggestive of selection possibly playing a role in codon usage bias in humans. However, as stated earlier, genes of different length are likely to have different MCB values owing to the nature of the method. Indeed, if we randomize our sequences and measure the mean MCB for 1000 simulants for each of our genes, we find that the MCB, on average, is higher for shorter genes. This is to be expected of any statistic that employs a multinomial distribution and applies equally to the method of Karlin and Mrazek.. Importantly, it so happens that in our data set longer genes have a slightly higher rate of synonymous substitutions and are not expressed in as broad a range of tissues. Therefore, plotting mean MCB for the randomized genes against breadth of expression for the real gene, we still find a weak positive correlation of the order of magnitude reported for the real genes (P ...
http://www.genetics.org/content/159/3/1191
9 h 29 min9 h 29 min
Using experimental data has proven to be much more efficient than using general codon frequency tables of the corresponding genome. Besides, codon usage is not the unique parameter that can affect protein expression. Other factors such as mRNA structure and stability also play an important role in this. Thats why our algorithm is more considered as a gene optimization tool rather than a basic codon optimization tool only. The consequence is a clear increase in protein expression levels from 2 to 15 fold.. Our proprietary algorithm takes into consideration the following parameters, among others:. • Codon usage bias (experimental data based ...
https://www.proteogenix.science/2015/12/03/
networking translate in tagalognetworking translate in tagalog
Usage Frequency: 1 Reference: Anonymous, Last Update: 2020-12-09 Usage Frequency: 1 Reference: Anonymous. Quality: It helps you translating sentences or words from tagalog to english or vice versa. Reference: Anonymous, Last Update: 2018-09-06 Translate english tagalog. ✅ MORE ABOUT CROWD1 Crowd1 is using crowd marketing and online networking to create a solid crowd of members eager to take advantage of agreements negotiated with profitable third party companies, in the entertainment industry. Have split screen or multi-device conversations with up to 100 people might not know about para sa iba. Reference: Anonymous, Last Update: 2020-11-10 Contextual translation of network into Tagalog. Reference: Anonymous, students who report spending excessive time on social networking, Lokal na pagaaral tungkol ay isang teknolohiya, Last Update: 2017-03-20 Filipino Translation. Quality: Usage Frequency: 1 Tagalog translator. Quality: Usage Frequency: 1 Usage Frequency: 1 Usage Frequency: 1 We use ...
http://evdeneve.kurumsal.shop/i2dse6/networking-translate-in-tagalog-281323
Codon Optimization Increases Bacterial Expression of Functionally Active Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor (pedf) | IOVS | ARVO...Codon Optimization Increases Bacterial Expression of Functionally Active Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor (pedf) | IOVS | ARVO...
Purpose: : PEDF is a non-inhibitory member of the serpin super family. The protein is a broad-acting neurotrophic factor and an effective antiangiogenic agent, making this a key polypeptide in developing treatments for retinal degenerative diseases. The expression of non-optimized PEDF in bacteria results in poor yields of biologically active protein. Since large amounts of PEDF are required for in vitro and in vivo studies, we used codon optimization strategies to improve the expression of PEDF in bacteria. Methods: : In this study, we converted the human PEDF nucleotide sequence to one that is codon optimized (coPEDF) for expression in bacteria using proprietary algorithm machinery. The gene was then synthesized and cloned into pET32a using Kpn I and Hind III sites and the resulting clone was verified by DNA sequencing. 5 ng of the pET32a-coPEDF plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21(star)DE3 cells. coPEDF was purified using Ni His-binding resin and the protein cleaved from the 5 Trx.tag ...
https://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2380309
Dennis P.R. Codon Family Scholarship | FastwebDennis P.R. Codon Family Scholarship | Fastweb
The Dennis P.R. Codon Family Scholarship is available to evening students at Southwestern University School of Law. You must be working full-time while attending law school to be eligible for this ...
https://www.fastweb.com/college-scholarships/scholarships/115622-dennis-p-r-codon-family-scholarship
Comment on
use strict; use warnings; my @processed; while (my $a_line = ,DATA,) { chomp $a_line; if ($a_line =~ /^,/) { #this is a header, keep as is push @processed, $a_line; } else { # This is a dna seq, process # Translate each three-base codon into amino acid, # and append to a protein my $protein = ; my $len = length($a_line) -2; for(my $i=0; $i , $len ; $i += 3) { my $codon = substr($a_line, $i,3); $protein .= codon2aa($codon); } push @processed, $protein; } } #now display what we have processed print $_, \n for @processed; # codon2aa # # A subroutine to translate a DNA 3-character codon to an amino acid sub codon2aa { my($codon) = @_; if ( $codon =~ /GC./i) { return A } # Alanine elsif ( $codon =~ /TG[TC]/i) { return C } # Cysteine elsif ( $codon =~ /GA[TC]/i) { return D } # Aspartic Acid elsif ( $codon =~ /GA[AG]/i) { return E } # Glutamic Acid elsif ( $codon =~ /TT[TC]/i) { return F } # Phenylalanine elsif ( $codon =~ /GG./i) { return G } # Glycine elsif ( $codon =~ /CA[TC]/i) ...
http://www.perlmonks.org/index.pl?parent=1022287
Accuracy of codon recognition in bacterial protein synthesisAccuracy of codon recognition in bacterial protein synthesis
This thesis addresses different aspects of the question about accuracy of protein synthesis: i) the mechanism of tRNA selection during translation ii) study of ribosomal mutations that affect accuracy and iii) the choice of aminoacyl-tRNA isoacceptors on synonymous codons.. By measuring the codon reading efficiencies of cognate and near-cognate ternary complexes we demonstrate that in optimal physiological conditions accuracy of substrate selection is much higher than previously reported; that during translation the ribosomal A site is not blocked by unspecific binding of the non-cognate tRNAs which would inhibit the speed of protein synthesis. Our results suggest that there is an asymmetry between initial selection and proofreading step concerning the wobble position, and that binding of non-cognate substrate does not induce GTP hydrolysis on the ribosome.. The knowledge obtained from the ribosomal mutant strains can be used to explain the general relation between the structure of the ribosome ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:167657
A Mathematical Formula Predicts the Third Base Wobble in Codons | ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and...A Mathematical Formula Predicts the Third Base Wobble in Codons | ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and...
The 64 codons of the genetic code determine which amino acids are linked into a sequence to produce protein synthesis. Some of the codons specify the same amino acid by using only the first two letters of their codon triplet to do so, thus rendering their 3rd base irrelevant. Crick called this the wobble hypothesis, and a more complete understanding of the reading process could someday lead to a drug that can repair a misreading or to the creation of synthetic ribosomes capable of healthy protein synthesis. A step towards this goal is to apply mathematical logic to the 64 codons so that experimental results can be reproduced and to answer the specific question, how can the nucleotides in the three base positions be interpreted using mathematical code? Here it is shown that a mathematical formula derived from fluid mechanics predicts which codons in the dictionary will encode using their 3rd bases and which ones will not. ...
https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/IMECE/proceedings-abstract/IMECE2017/58363/V003T04A083/263556
Urgent help required. Need a code to translate a given nucleotide sequence into proteins using codon table.
usr/bin/perl -w $sequence1=file1.txt; open(SEQUENCE,$sequence1); $seq=,SEQUENCE,; print $seq, \n; $RNA=$seq; $RNA=~s/T/U/g; print \n here is mRNA $RNA \n; close SEQUENCE; $rna1=$RNA; print \n Here is the 1st frame $rna1 \n ; $rna2=substr($RNA,1) ; print Here is the 2nd frame $rna2 \n; $rna3=substr($RNA,2) ; print Here is the 3rd frame $rna3 \n; $length1= length$rna1; $length2= length$rna2; $length3= length$rna3; print 1st line ORFs\n; for ($i = 0; $i ,= ($length1 - 3); $i = $i + 3) { $codon1 = substr($rna1, $i, 3); print $codon1, ; } print 2nd line ORFs\n; for ($i = 0; $i ,= ($length2 - 3); $i = $i + 3) { $codon2 = substr($rna2, $i, 3); print $codon2, ; } print \n 3rd line ORFs\n; for ($i = 0; $i ,= ($length3 - 3); $i = $i + 3) { $codon3 = substr($rna3, $i, 3); print $codon3, ; } local $_ = $RNA ; while ( / AUG /g ) { my $start = pos () - 2 ; if ( / UGA,UAA,UAG /g ) { my $stop = pos ; $gene = substr ( $_ , $start - 1 , $stop - $start + 1 ), $/ ; print $gene ; } # The ...
http://www.perlmonks.org/?node_id=1018596
Asymmetric directional mutation pressures in bacteria | Genome Biology | Full TextAsymmetric directional mutation pressures in bacteria | Genome Biology | Full Text
When there are no strand-specific biases in mutation and selection rates (that is, in the substitution rates) between the two strands of DNA, the average nucleotide composition is theoretically expected to be A = T and G = C within each strand. Deviations from these equalities are therefore evidence for an asymmetry in selection and/or mutation between the two strands. By focusing on weakly selected regions that could be oriented with respect to replication in 43 out of 51 completely sequenced bacterial chromosomes, we have been able to detect asymmetric directional mutation pressures. Most of the 43 chromosomes were found to be relatively enriched in G over C and T over A, and slightly depleted in G+C, in their weakly selected positions (intergenic regions and third codon positions) in the leading strand compared with the lagging strand. Deviations from A = T and G = C were highly correlated between third codon positions and intergenic regions, with a lower degree of deviation in intergenic regions,
https://0-genomebiology-biomedcentral-com.brum.beds.ac.uk/articles/10.1186/gb-2002-3-10-research0058
corelation between codon and protein secondary structurescorelation between codon and protein secondary structures
Some work on this problem has been done. A fairly recent reference (with abstract) is given below. Authors Thanaraj TA. Argos P. Title Protein secondary structural types are differentially coded on messenger RNA. Source Protein Science. Vol 5(10) (pp 1973-1983), 1996. Abstract Tricodon regions on messenger RNAs corresponding to a set of proteins from Escherichia coli were scrutinized for their translation speed. The fractional frequency values of the individual codons as they occur in mRNAs of highly expressed genes from Escherichia coli were taken as an indicative measure of the translation speed. The tricodons were classified by the sum of the frequency values of the constituent codons. Examination of the conformation of the encoded amino acid residues in the corresponding protein tertiary structures revealed a correlation between codon usage in mRNA and topological features of the encoded proteins. Alpha helices on proteins tend to be preferentially coded by translationally fast mRNA regions ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/proteins/1998-January/006086.html
Team:Penn State/Codon Optimization - 2012.igem.orgTeam:Penn State/Codon Optimization - 2012.igem.org
All of the proteins around us, with few exceptions, are made up of 20 fundamental building blocks of life - amino acids. Different arrangements and combinations of these basic building blocks give us the diversity of proteins that we see. Messenger RiboNucleic Acids (mRNA) is in essence a photocopy of DNA that codes for a gene. mRNA carry codons, which are groups of three bases that code for a single amino acid. There are 64 possible combinations of codons (4 x 4 x 4 = 64), but these combinations are degenerate, so there can be more than one codon that codes for the same amino acid. ...
http://2012.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Penn_State/Codon_Optimization&diff=prev&oldid=280794
A2 Biology Unit 5- Genetics - Revision Cards in A Level and IB BiologyA2 Biology Unit 5- Genetics - Revision Cards in A Level and IB Biology
Occurs at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. During translation, amino acids are joined together to make a polypeptide chain (protein) following the sequence of codons (triplets) carried by the mRNA. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.tRNA molecules carry amino acids to ribosome. A tRNA molecule, with an anticodon thats complementary to the first codon on the mRNA, attaches itself to the mRNA by specific base pairing. First codon thats transcribed is called a start codon. A 2nd tRNA molecule attaches to the next codon on mRNA in the same way. The two amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules are joined by a peptide bond. The first tRNA molecule moves away, leaving its amino acid behind. A third tRNA molecule binds to the next codon on the mRNA. Its amino acid binds to the first two and the second tRNA molecule moves away. Process continues, producing a chain of linked amino acids (a polypeptide chain) until theres a stop codon on the mRNA molecule. These tell the ribosome when to stop translation. ...
https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-cards/a2_biology_unit_5_genetics
tRNA epitranscriptomics and biased codon are linked to proteome expression intRNA epitranscriptomics and biased codon are linked to proteome expression in
Among components of the translational machinery, ribonucleoside modifications on tRNAs are emerging as critical regulators of cell physiology and stress response. Here, we demonstrate highly coordinated behavior of the repertoire of tRNA modifications of Plasmodium falciparum throughout the intra-erythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC). We observed both a synchronized increase in 22 of 28 modifications from ring to trophozoite stage, consistent with tRNA maturation during translational up-regulation, and asynchronous changes in six modifications. Quantitative analysis of ~2,100 proteins across the IDC revealed that up- and down-regulated proteins in late but not early stages have a marked codon bias that directly correlates with parallel changes in tRNA modifications and enhanced translational efficiency. We thus propose a model in which tRNA modifications modulate the abundance of stage-specific proteins by enhancing translation efficiency of codon-biased transcripts for critical genes. These ...
https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/121104
Ribosome bypassing at serine codons as a test of the model of selective transfer RNA charging | EMBO Reports
Bypass reporter construction, plasmid manipulation, and methods of bacterial cultivation and β‐galactosidase assay were all as described previously (Gallant & Lindsley, 1998; Gallant et al, 2003). The relevant sequence of the coding strand of the bypass reporter is ATG…TTC [TCC or AGC] ATC TAG C TAA TTT → → lacZ coding sequence, where both the take‐off and landing sites are in bold type, and the landing site is underlined; the terminators blocking the outgoing and incoming reading frames are in italic type; and the hungry codon after the take‐off site is in brackets. The corresponding sequence in the 0‐frame lacZ+ control was ATG…TTC TCC GTC TAC CAG TTC → → lacZ coding sequence, and is identical to the bypass reporters everywhere else. The 0‐frame control thus has a serine codon after the TTC take‐off triplet. It differs slightly from the bypass reporters only in the absence of blocking terminators and retention of the starting reading frame into the lacZ coding ...
http://embor.embopress.org/content/6/2/147
IDT Codon Optimization ToolIDT Codon Optimization Tool
|p>Get to work as quickly as possible and spend less time troubleshooting your expression experiments. The Codon Optimization Tool is integrated with our complexity checker and Sci Tools API for a seamless design and ordering experience.|/p>
https://www.idtdna.com/pages/education/videos/detail/idt-codon-optimization-tool-video
Codon-Optimized Fluorescent Proteins Designed for Expression in Low-GC Gram-Positive Bacteria | Applied and Environmental...Codon-Optimized Fluorescent Proteins Designed for Expression in Low-GC Gram-Positive Bacteria | Applied and Environmental...
FPs have wide applications in imaging bacterial gene expression, promoter activity, and localization of proteins. In comparison to enzymatic reporters, a clear advantage is the ability to monitor gene activity in intact bacteria, a method that stands in contrast to the use of enzymatic reporters, such as β-lactamase or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which require lysis of cells and release of the cytosol in order to assess reporter activity. A disadvantage of FPs is that not all bacteria are able to express them at high levels. Here, we were able to show superior expression of two codon-optimized FPs, YFPopt and CFPopt, in the low-genomic-GC-content pathogens B. anthracis and S. aureus.. Initial sequence comparison between the original FPs and codon-optimized ones with regard to codon usage showed high discrepancies compared to intrinsic B. anthracis genes, making them good candidates for codon optimization. By lowering the GC content substantially and adapting the codon usages of ...
https://aem.asm.org/content/75/7/2099
ProxiMAX randomization: a new technology for non-degenerate saturation mutagenesis of contiguous codons | Biochemical Society...ProxiMAX randomization: a new technology for non-degenerate saturation mutagenesis of contiguous codons | Biochemical Society...
A) DNA sequence analysis of a library encoded by six cycles of codon addition, optimized to provide unbiased representation. Six cycles of ProxiMAX randomization were undertaken as described in Supplementary Figure S2 (at http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/bst/041/bst0411189add.htm), using right-handed hairpins (Supplementary Table S3 at http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/bst/041/bst0411189add.htm) as donors and an amplicon of pUC19 as the acceptor, with optimized mixtures of 18 codons adjusted to reflect the sequence bias illustrated in Supplementary Figure S2(B). The resulting library was analysed by DNA sequencing, using a MiSeq DNA sequencer according to the manufacturers instructions. Data represent the analysis of 286684 sequences of the correct length, which represented 79.9% of the entire library. Bars represent the frequency of each codon from each cycle of saturation mutagenesis. The broken line depicts the target representation for each codon. Further analysis of the library can be found in ...
https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article-lookup/doi/10.1042/BST20130123
Difference between revisions of Talk:CH391L/S13/DirectedProteinEvolution - OpenWetWareDifference between revisions of Talk:CH391L/S13/DirectedProteinEvolution - OpenWetWare
User:Neil R Gottel,Neil R Gottel]] 16:45, 28 February 2013 (EST): Different organisms will differ in the amount of each tRNA that corresponds to each codon. Certain codons are rare in some species, while common in others. So, if youre putting a jellyfish gene into E. coli, then the codon usage is likely not optimized. Then production of that genes product will be slower/lower (because it takes longer to produce a peptide if the ribosome is waiting around for a rare tRNA to come by). However, according to this OWW page on [[Codon usage optimization]], and specifically [http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007002 this paper], the most important factor to consider is which tRNAs are charged (that is, get amino acids attached to them) when the cell is starving, and to favor using the corresponding codons when optimizing your gene. I havent actually done this sort of optimization though, so hopefully someone else more experienced can chime in ...
https://openwetware.org/wiki/?title=Talk:CH391L/S13/DirectedProteinEvolution&diff=prev&oldid=680020
E. coli essential genes (20 sense codon recoding) - stanford.freegenes.org
RED20 is a so-called fail-safe genetic code introduced by Calles and colleagues in 2019 [1]. RED20 encodes each of the 20 canonical amino acids with exactly one sense codon and terminates translation with the canonical three stop codons. RED20 therefore leaves 41 of the 64 triplet codons unassociated with any transla
https://stanford.freegenes.org/collections/all/products/red20
dowry meaning in tagalogdowry meaning in tagalog
Gary Ferraro & Susan Andreatta. Melbourne uni essay writing guide in english Essay pdf dowry system on the greatest inspiration in my life essay foreign policy essay on css forum. money, goods, or estate that is given to a woman at the time of her marriage, Ipakita ang mga pagsasalin na ginawa sa algorithm Add/Delete/Edit your Emergency (caregiver) contact. How to use dowry in a sentence. Log in Join now Junior High School. 5 points Dowry in tagalog definition Ask for details ; Follow Report by Jovelyncrucis0p08ccm 30.11.2017 Log in to add a comment Answers twerty Ambitious; Dote..... 0.0 0 … ubligahin (inuubliga, inubliga, uubligahin) v., inf. dowry ( plural dowries) lm liczba mnoga dowries. Grade 5 english essay topics. Stony brook honors college essay questions an essay on my music! Were part of Translated, so if you ever need professional translation services, then go checkout our main site, Usage Frequency: 3, Usage Frequency: 1, Usage Frequency: 4, Usage Frequency: 2. By using our ...
https://gerrardconsulting.com/mother-and-zxelupf/dowry-meaning-in-tagalog-df3734
Codon | Article about codon by The Free DictionaryCodon | Article about codon by The Free Dictionary
Looking for codon? Find out information about codon. see nucleic acid nucleic acid, any of a group of organic substances found in the chromosomes of living cells and viruses that play a central role in the... Explanation of codon
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/codon
Codon degeneracyCodon degeneracy
Only two amino acids are specified by a single codon each. One of these is the amino-acid methionine, specified by the codon ... For example, in theory, fourfold degenerate codons can tolerate any point mutation at the third position, although codon usage ... A position of a codon is said to be a n-fold degenerate site if only n of four possible nucleotides (A, C, G, T) at this ... The codons encoding one amino acid may differ in any of their three positions; however, more often than not, this difference is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy
Codon (planthopper)Codon (planthopper)
Codon adrastus Fennah, 1967 Codon praestana Fennah, 1962 FLOW: genus Codon (Articles with short description, Short description ... Codon is a genus of planthoppers in the family Fulgoridae, subfamily Stronglyodematinae. Species occur in South Africa. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_(planthopper)
Codon schenckiiCodon schenckii
... is a species of flowering plant in the genus Codon. It is endemic to Namibia. It is also known by the name ... Codon schenckii is found in western Namibia and down to the Richtersveld of South Africa. Codon schenckii is found on sandy ... Codon schenckii is similar in appearance to Codon royenii but with smaller flowers; its corolla are slightly campanulate and 15 ... "Codon schenckii Schinz - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2022-04-15. Data related to Codon schenckii at Wikispecies ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_schenckii
Codon (plant)Codon (plant)
Codon royenii L. Codon schenckii Schinz Codon schenckii Yellow Nectarcup Codon royenii White Nectarcup Weigend, M.; Hilger, H. ... Codon is a small genus of plants from South Africa in the family Codonaceae in the order Boraginales. The genus Codon comprises ... Codon was placed in the Hydrophyllaceae and Boraginaceae. Recent phylogenetic analysis place it as sister group to the ... "Taxonomy browser (Codon)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-23. Weigend, M.; Hilger, H. H. (2016). Flowering Plants. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_(plant)
Codon reassignmentCodon reassignment
... is the biological process via which the genetic code of a cell is changed as a response to the environment. ... In human cancer cells, codon reassignment can be triggered by tryptophan depletion, resulting in proteins where the tryptophan ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_reassignment
Stop codonStop codon
... suppression or translational readthrough occurs when in translation a stop codon is interpreted as a sense codon, ... In molecular biology (specifically protein biosynthesis), a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet ... The UAG codon can translate into pyrrolysine (Pyl) in a similar manner. Distribution of stop codons within the genome of an ... Codons that can form hidden stops are used in genomes more frequently compared to synonymous codons that would otherwise code ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_codon
Codon (disambiguation)Codon (disambiguation)
Codon may refer to any of the following: a three-base sequence of DNA that encodes a single amino acid in the genetic code ... Codon (plant), a genus of plants in the family Boraginaceae Codon (planthopper), a genus of insects in the family Fulgoridae ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Codon. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_(disambiguation)
Codon royeniiCodon royenii
... is a species of flowering plant in the genus Codon. It is endemic to Namibia. It is also known by the names honey ... Media related to Codon royenii at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Codon royenii at Wikispecies (Articles with short ... "Codon royenii". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 15 April 2022. "Codon royenii , PlantZAfrica ... Codon royenii is found in Namibia and the Northern Cape, from central Namibia to Gordonia through Namaqualand to Loeriesfontein ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_royenii
Start codonStart codon
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. The start codon always codes ... start codons in the sense that they upstream of the regular start codons and thus could be used as alternative start codons. ... Alternate start codons are still translated as Met when they are at the start of a protein (even if the codon encodes a ... Alternative start codons are different from the standard AUG codon and are found in both prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_codon
Codon Adaptation IndexCodon Adaptation Index
Codon usage bias Genetic code Codon Sharp, Paul M.; Li, Wen-Hsiung (1987). "The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional ... The Codon Adaptation Index (CAI) is the most widespread technique for analyzing Codon usage bias. As opposed to other measures ... as the ratio between the observed frequency of the codon fi and the frequency of the most frequent synonymous codon fj for that ... w i = f i max ( f j ) i , j ∈ [ synonymous codons for amino acid ] {\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {f_{i}}{\max(f_{j})}}\qquad i,j\ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_Adaptation_Index
Codon usage biasCodon usage bias
... stop codons). There are 64 different codons (61 codons encoding for amino acids and 3 stop codons) but only 20 different ... codon pair bias, a codon ramp, codon harmonization or codon correlations. With the number of nucleotide changes introduced, ... General Codon Usage Analysis Graphical Codon Usage Analyser JCat - Java Codon Usage Adaptation Tool INCA - Interactive Codon ... Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA. A codon is a series ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_usage_bias
DNA and RNA codon tablesDNA and RNA codon tables
Stop codons can also be affected: in ciliated protozoa, the universal stop codons UAA and UAG code for glutamine. The following ... In rare instances, start codons in the standard code may also include GUG or UUG; these codons normally represent valine and ... In DNA, these stop codons are TAG, TGA, and TAA, respectively. The historical basis for designating the stop codons as amber, ... This is the only difference between the standard RNA codon table and the standard DNA codon table. Euplotes octacarinatus is an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables
Effective number of codonsEffective number of codons
... (abbreviated as ENC or Nc) is a measure to study the state of codon usage biases in genes and ... Fuglsang A. (2006). "Estimating the "effective number of codons": the Wright way of determining codon homozygosity leads to ... Although it is easy to compute ENC values, it has been shown that this measure is one of the best measures to show codon usage ... Fuglsang A. (2008). "Impact of bias discrepancy and amino acid usage on estimates of the effective number of codons used in a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_number_of_codons
Wageningen University & ResearchWageningen University & Research
CODON is the study Association for all Biotechnology (BBT and MBT), Bioinformatics (MBF) and Biobased Sciences (MBS) students. ... At that time the association carried the name "BiPS" which was later changed to CODON. Nitocra is the study association for ... "CODON". Retrieved 14 April 2015. "HeerenXVII". heeren17.nl. Retrieved 3 August 2020. "Profile: Fortuyn killer". 15 April 2003 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wageningen_University_&_Research
Open reading frameOpen reading frame
Therefore, some authors say that an ORF should have a minimal length, e.g. 100 codons or 150 codons. By itself even a long open ... It searches stretches starting with a start codon and ending at a stop codon. As an additional criterion, it searches for a ... Such an ORF may contain a start codon (usually AUG in terms of RNA) and by definition cannot extend beyond a stop codon ( ... a stop-codon would be expected once every 21 codons. A simple gene prediction algorithm for prokaryotes might look for a start ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame
Parkinsons diseaseParkinson's disease
Brisbane: Codon Publications. Stoker TB, Greenland JC, Dallapiazza RF, De Vloo P, Fomenko A, Lee DJ, Hamani C, Munhoz RP, ... Codon Publications. pp. 109-128. ISBN 978-0-9944381-6-4. Costa J, Lunet N, Santos C, Santos J, Vaz-Carneiro A (2010). "Caffeine ... Brisbane: Codon Publications. Abugable AA, Morris JL, Palminha NM, et al. (September 2019). "DNA repair and neurological ... Codon Publications. pp. 109-128. doi:10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch6. ISBN 978-0-9944381-6-4. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson's_disease
Deep brain stimulationDeep brain stimulation
Brisbane: Codon Publications. doi:10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch8. ISBN 978-0-9944381-6-4. PMID 30702838 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation
Health effects of tobaccoHealth effects of tobacco
Codon publications. doi:10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018. ISBN 9780994438164. PMID 30702842. Martino R, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco
MutationMutation
A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the ... A synonymous substitution replaces a codon with another codon that codes for the same amino acid, so that the produced amino ... A nonsynonymous substitution replaces a codon with another codon that codes for a different amino acid, so that the produced ... See Stop codon.) A mutation becomes an effect on function mutation when the exactitude of functions between a mutated protein ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation
Saumitra DasSaumitra Das
Brisbane (AU): Codon Publications. doi:10.15586/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch2. ISBN 9780994438126. PMID 29251857. Nath, Sayantan ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saumitra_Das
PON2PON2
2002). "Codon 311 (Cys --> Ser) polymorphism of paraoxonase-2 gene is associated with apolipoprotein E4 allele in both ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PON2
Koho languageKoho language
There are at least twelve Kơho dialect groups for the area: Chil (Cil, Til); Kalop (Tulop); Kơyon (Kodu, Co-Don); Làc (Làt, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koho_language
Molecular evolutionMolecular evolution
Mutation of a stop codon to a regular codon or a frameshift may cause an extended protein that includes a previously non-coding ... Biases in codon usage are usually explained with reference to the ability of even weak selection to shape molecular evolution. ... For example, there are six codons that code for leucine. Thus, despite the difference in mutation rates, it is essential to ... Even synonymous mutations are not necessarily neutral because there is not a uniform amount of each codon. The nearly neutral ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution
Seven Sutherland SistersSeven Sutherland Sisters
"Seven Sutherland Sisters Hair Grower". hairraisingstories.com/. Colorado Springs, CO: Don Fadely. Retrieved January 14, 2018. " ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sutherland_Sisters
Silent mutationSilent mutation
Codons decide when to cut out introns based on the codon it is reading in mRNA. The mutated codons have a higher risk of making ... For example, there is a specific tRNA molecule for the codon UCU and another specific for the codon UCC, both of which code for ... This is reflected in the codon usage bias that is observed in many species. Mutations that cause the altered codon to produce ... Many organisms are known to exhibit codon usage biases, suggesting that there is selection for the use of particular codons due ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_mutation
Kangri cancerKangri cancer
"Impact of codon 72 Arg > Pro single nucleotide polymorphism in TP53 gene in the risk of kangri cancer: a case control study in ... codon 72 polymorphism). Patients with higher grade tumors exhibited more proline amino acid mutations at this site. Another ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangri_cancer
C1QL1C1QL1
Editing results in a codon change from a Glutamine codon to an Arginine codon. T/A site This site is also found in exon 1, at ... These codon changes are nonsynomonous. Since the editing sites are located just before a collagen like trimerization domain, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1QL1
Intermediate mesodermIntermediate mesoderm
Utrecht, The Netherlands: Codon Publications. pp. 149-162. ISBN 978-0-9944381-1-9. Hastie, ND (15 Aug 2017). "Wilms' tumour 1 ( ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm
James O. McInerneyJames O. McInerney
One of his first software packages, GCUA, allowed for the accessible and reproducible analysis of codon usage by other ... McInerney's early research career focused on the study of codon usage in a variety of organisms including Trichomonas vaginalis ... McInerney, J. O. (1 September 1998). "Replicational and transcriptional selection on codon usage in Borrelia burgdorferi". ... McInerney, J. O. (1 January 1998). "GCUA: general codon usage analysis". Bioinformatics. 14 (4): 372-373. doi:10.1093/ ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O._McInerney
Minnesota United FCMinnesota United FC
Codon, Patrick (April 20, 2015). "Senate votes to bar state money for soccer stadium". Minneapolis Star Tribune. Archived from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_United_FC
Codon - MeSH - NCBICodon - MeSH - NCBI
MessengerCodonCodon, InitiatorCodon, TerminatorCodon, Nonsense ... These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, ... All MeSH CategoriesPhenomena and Processes CategoryGenetic PhenomenaGenetic StructuresGenetic CodeCodonCodon UsageCodon, ... InitiatorCodon, TerminatorCodon, Nonsense. All MeSH CategoriesPhenomena and Processes CategoryGenetic PhenomenaGenetic ... StructuresGenomeGenome ComponentsGenesGene ComponentsCodonCodon, InitiatorCodon, Terminator ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?Db=mesh&Cmd=DetailsSearch&Term=%22Codon%22%5BMeSH+Terms%5D
Medical Definition of CodonMedical Definition of Codon
Codon: A set of any three adjacent bases in DNA or RNA. There are 64 different codons, of which 61 specify the incorporation of ... an amino acid into a polypeptide chain; the remaining 3 are stop codons, which signal the ends of polypeptides. ...
https://www.rxlist.com/codon/definition.htm
Browsing by Subject CodonBrowsing by Subject "Codon"
Collaborative study to evaluate the proposed WHO 1st international reference panel for genomic KRAS codons 12 and 13 mutations ...
https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Codon&type=mesh
codon frequency tablescodon frequency tables
... jun at nih.go.jp jun at nih.go.jp Fri Jun 18 04:55:09 EST 1999 *Previous message: codon frequency ... Do you know of anyone who has a database of codon frequency tables in , GCG format? There was a large database of tables at a ...
http://bio.net/hypermail/INFO-GCG/1999-June/003058.html
Optimizing membrane-protein biogenesis through nonoptimal-codon usageOptimizing membrane-protein biogenesis through nonoptimal-codon usage
... Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2014 Dec;21(12):1023-5. doi: 10.1038 ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25469841/
ICOR: Improving codon optimization with recurrent neural networks | bioRxivICOR: Improving codon optimization with recurrent neural networks | bioRxiv
In this paper, we propose a novel recurrent-neural [ndash]network based codon optimization tool, ICOR, that aims to learn codon ... and codon frequency distribution. Conclusions The results, based on in silico metrics, indicate that ICOR codon optimization is ... ICOR: Improving codon optimization with recurrent neural networks. View ORCID ProfileRishab Jain, View ORCID ProfileAditya Jain ... ICOR: Improving codon optimization with recurrent neural networks Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ...
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.08.467706v4
Codon - YourGenomeCodon - YourGenome
Sequence of three nucleotide bases which, together, code for an amino acid during the making of a protein.
https://www.yourgenome.org/glossary/codon/
Codon Optimization Tool | IDTCodon Optimization Tool | IDT
Use IDTs Codon Optimization Tool to spend less time optimizing your protein-coding DNA sequences. ... This Codon Optimization Tool is integrated with our complexity checker and API Sci Tools for a seamless design and ordering ... The Codon Optimization Tool converts the DNA, or protein sequence, from one organism for expression to another. The IDT ...
https://www.idtdna.com/pages/tools/codon-optimization-tool?returnurl=%2FCodonOpt
CodonsCodons
Read stories, features and news related to Codons. ...
https://www.zmescience.com/tag/codons/
New codons for efficient production of unnatural proteins in a semisynthetic organism | Nature Chemical BiologyNew codons for efficient production of unnatural proteins in a semisynthetic organism | Nature Chemical Biology
... with additional sense codons. Here, we report a systematic analysis of the unnatural codons. We identify nine unnatural codons ... Systematic characterization of codons using the unnatural base pair dNaM·dTPT3 leads to the discovery of nine new functional ... We also show that at least three of the codons are orthogonal and can be simultaneously decoded in the SSO, affording the first ... of which 61 are sense codons used to encode proteins with the 20 canonical amino acids. We have shown that the unnatural ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-020-0507-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=3f9649bd-242e-4707-a1a4-700f3a23d343
Codon Optimization - Increase Protein ExpressionCodon Optimization - Increase Protein Expression
GenScripts codon optimisation algorithm considers dozens of factors in protein expression, including codon usage in any host ... Codon Optimization for Increased Protein Expression Learn all about how codon optimization can be implemented in your research ... Advantages of GenScripts OptimumGene Codon Optimization. Significant increase in protein expression. Our OptimumGene Codon ... GenScript boasts an extensive collection of proprietary codon usage tables, allowing you to do codon optimization in any host, ...
https://www.genscript.com/codon-opt.html
Rare Codon Search
Rare codons may cause problems when trying to express protein in a heterologous organism. Codon frequencies have been taken ... Rare Codon Search. Name (not necessary): Nucleotide sequence in the proper reading frame. (case insensitiv, disregarded all ... The Rare Codon Search tool can also be used for the translation of nucleic acids. For the translation of nucleic acids use the ... This tool is useful for finding rare codons in the coding region. ...
https://www.bioline.com/media/calculator/01_11.html
Team:Cambridge/Codons - 2010.igem.orgTeam:Cambridge/Codons - 2010.igem.org
For a complete introduction to codon optimisation please see our more comprehensive page in Project Vibrio. ... Every single BioBrick we submitted based on genes from Photinus pyralis and Luciola cruciata is codon optimised. ... coli since there is a significant gap between codon usage in E. coli and fireflies. ...
https://2010.igem.org/Team:Cambridge/Codons
Codon Optimization Tool | IDTCodon Optimization Tool | IDT
Use IDTs Codon Optimization Tool to spend less time optimizing your protein-coding DNA sequences. ... This Codon Optimization Tool is integrated with our complexity checker and API Sci Tools for a seamless design and ordering ... The Codon Optimization Tool converts the DNA, or protein sequence, from one organism for expression to another. The IDT ...
https://eu.idtdna.com/pages/tools/codon-optimization-tool
Expression, purification and identification of Pla a1 in a codon-optimized Platanus pollen allergen. | Sigma-AldrichExpression, purification and identification of Pla a1 in a codon-optimized Platanus pollen allergen. | Sigma-Aldrich
... purification and identification of Pla a1 in a codon-optimized Platanus pollen allergen. by Yun Liu, Xiuzhen Sun, Guizuo Wang, ... According to previous studies, the major gene sequences of the Pla a1 allergen were obtained and codon optimization and ... Expression, purification and identification of Pla a1 in a codon-optimized Platanus pollen allergen.. Molecular medicine ... Expression, purification and identification of Pla a1 in a codon-optimized Platanus pollen allergen. ...
https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/BR/pt/tech-docs/paper/618950
Pages that link to "Tips For Codon Matrices" - Biowiki
Pages that link to "Tips For Codon Matrices". ← Tips For Codon Matrices ... The following pages link to Tips For Codon Matrices: View (previous 50 , next 50) (20 , 50 , 100 , 250 , 500)*Known Issues With ... Retrieved from "https://biowiki.org/wiki/index.php/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tips_For_Codon_Matrices" ...
https://biowiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Tips_For_Codon_Matrices&hideredirs=1
Start Codon, One Nucleus Partner to Support Start-Ups in Accelerator ProgramStart Codon, One Nucleus Partner to Support Start-Ups in Accelerator Program
Start Codon, and membership organization, One Nucleus, have partnered up to support the life science ecosystem in the United ... "Like Start Codon, One Nucleus is committed to playing an active and supportive role in enabling the success of the UK life ... Jason Mellad, CEO at Start Codon, in the press release. "Having One Nucleus membership benefits will be extremely valuable to ... 6, 2020 and will see One Nucleus provide Start Codon cohort companies with gold membership benefits for a 12-month period. ...
https://www.pharmtech.com/view/start-codon-one-nucleus-partner-support-start-ups-accelerator-program
Expression of codon optimized Bacillus cereus Phospholipase C in Kluyveromyces lactisExpression of codon optimized Bacillus cereus Phospholipase C in Kluyveromyces lactis
Expression of codon optimized Bacillus cereus Phospholipase C in Kluyveromyces ...
https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/369630
RAINBOW LIGHT CODONS - Spiritual Blogs - Ashtar Command - Spiritual CommunityRAINBOW LIGHT CODONS - Spiritual Blogs - Ashtar Command - Spiritual Community
This codons when is activated looks,feels & sound like this what we know as RAINBOW.In truth it is a spectrum of light ho… ... RAINBOW LIGHT CODONS Posted by Vlatko Andonov on August 10, 2016 at 6:36pm ... Memory intact remain the rainbow DNA codon on precursors,this is a certain pattern lying not dormant not burried but seeded. ... This codons when is activated looks,feels & sound like this what we know as RAINBOW. ...
https://www.ashtarcommandcrew.net/profiles/blogs/rainbow-light-codons
Pundits Mailbag - At Your Service Alan L. Siger, Consumers Produce Co. Don Harris, Wild Oats Markets Fred Stein, FRED...Pundit's Mailbag - At Your Service Alan L. Siger, Consumers Produce Co. Don Harris, Wild Oats Markets Fred Stein, FRED...
Many thanks to Alan for his kind words. Obviously these things are team efforts and many people play their part, including Al Siger, who kicked off our coverage of the entire spinach/E. coli situation with his letter to the Pundit that we published under the title, Spinach Recall Reveals Serious Industry Problems.. The developments of this past weekend have been monumental in the history of our industry. The coming together of a fragmented industry into a united one shows that when good people put their minds to it, anything can be accomplished. The produce industry associations, especially PMA, WGA, and United, should be lauded for their efforts to this end.. As a company, we had lobbied for Fresh Express to sign the agreement even though the growers in their company that we use had signed, because we needed a unanimous agreement to show the consumer, the Government agencies, the media, and our own industry how committed we are to the safety of our nutritious, healthful product.. With all the ...
https://perishablepundit.com/pundits-mailbag-at-your-servicealan-l-siger-consumers-produce-co-don-harris-wild-oats-marketsfred-stein-fred-internationalpaul-klutes-c-h-robinson/
Frédérique Game: Je code, tu codes, nous codons… et le code civil dans tout ça ? - WordPress.tvFrédérique Game: Je code, tu codes, nous codons… et le code civil dans tout ça ? - WordPress.tv
Frédérique Game: Je code, tu codes, nous codons… et le code civil dans tout ça ?. Rate this:. ...
https://wordpress.tv/2018/03/27/frederique-game-je-code-tu-codes-nous-codons-et-le-code-civil-dans-tout-ca/
Codon Devices Awarded $1.5 Million Grant by National Institute of Standards and TechnologyCodon Devices Awarded $1.5 Million Grant by National Institute of Standards and Technology
... News Published: November 1, 2007 ... Codon Devices, Inc. has announced that it has been awarded a $1.5 million grant from the U.S. Commerce Departments National ... "We are thrilled that NIST has recognized Codon Devices with this ATP award," said Brian M. Baynes, Founder and President of ... With the support of the grant, Codon Devices will develop an integrated microfluidics platform to significantly reduce the cost ...
https://www.technologynetworks.com/genomics/news/codon-devices-awarded-15-million-grant-by-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-190934
codon | HIV i-Basecodon | HIV i-Base
codon. 10 February 2011. Related: C. codon - the word for the junction on genetic material (DNA or RNA) occupied by three ... There is an amino acid at each codon and the codons are numbered (starting from 1) for each section of the HIV gene. For ... example the mutation M184V in RT refers to a mutation change at codon 184 in the reverse transcriptase gene. ...
https://i-base.info/codon/
Synonymous codon usage bias is correlative to intron number and shows disequilibrium among exons in plants | BMC Genomics |...Synonymous codon usage bias is correlative to intron number and shows disequilibrium among exons in plants | BMC Genomics |...
... the frequency of synonymous codons of the form NNG/NNC (codons with G and C at the third position) was positively related to ... Evidence has been assembled to suggest synonymous codon usage bias (SCUB) has close relationship with intron. However, the ... From: Synonymous codon usage bias is correlative to intron number and shows disequilibrium among exons in plants ... SC frequencies based on the third-next codons first nucleotide combinations (NN,N). The equivalent associations in the other ...
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-14-56/figures/5
Codon usage: Function, mechanism and evolutionCodon usage: Function, mechanism and evolution
Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons is a feature of a… ... The degeneracy of genetic code allows 18 of the 20 standard amino acids to be encoded by two to six synonymous codons. ... Although synonymous codon mutations were once thought to be silent, in recent years codon usage bias has emerged as a key ... Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons is a feature of all eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. ...
https://meetings.embo.org/event/21-codon
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron(BA.4) Nucleocapsid Gene ORF cDNA clone expression plasmid (Codon Optimized) from SINO BIOLOGICAL, INC.SARS-CoV-2 Omicron(BA.4) Nucleocapsid Gene ORF cDNA clone expression plasmid (Codon Optimized) from SINO BIOLOGICAL, INC.
Codon Optimized) for research? Find and compare commercial and governmental sources for immunological and biological products ... SARS-CoV-2 Omicron(BA.4) Nucleocapsid Gene ORF cDNA clone expression plasmid (Codon Optimized) from SINO BIOLOGICAL, INC.. ... SARS-CoV-2 Omicron(BA.4) Nucleocapsid Gene ORF cDNA clone expression plasmid (Codon Optimized) from SINO BIOLOGICAL, INC.. ... Search, find, compare suppliers for SARS-CoV-2 Omicron(BA.4) Nucleocapsid Gene ORF cDNA clone expression plasmid (Codon ...
https://www.linscottsdirectory.com/products/sino-biological-inc/6a88fe1cf50865d8f925aebabf141bcfd66f9d74
Codon usage patterns of LT-Ag genes in polyomaviruses from different host species | Virology Journal | Full TextCodon usage patterns of LT-Ag genes in polyomaviruses from different host species | Virology Journal | Full Text
We carried out a comparative analysis of codon usage patterns of large T-antigens (LT-Ags) of PyVs isolated from various host ... The effective number of codon (ENC) analysis showed host-specific ENC distribution characteristics in both the LT-Ag gene and ... In the avian and fish PyVs, the codon diversity was significant, whereas the mammalian PyVs tended to exhibit conservative and ... Furthermore, the calculated RSCU values revealed differences in the codon usage preference of the LT-AG gene according to the ...
https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-019-1245-2/tables/6
Rapid divergence of codon usage patterns within the rice genome - Spectrum: Concordia University Research RepositoryRapid divergence of codon usage patterns within the rice genome - Spectrum: Concordia University Research Repository
Rapid divergence of codon usage patterns within the rice genome. Rapid divergence of codon usage patterns within the rice ... 14.Fennoy SL, Bailey-serres J: Synonymous codon usage in Zea mays L. nuclear genes is varied by levels of C and G-ending codons ... evidence of selection among synonymous codons. Mol Biol Evol 1988, 5:704-716. 11.Stenico M, Lloyd AT, Sharp PM: Codon usage in ... The heterogeneity of codon usage patterns within the rice genome can be explained by a balance between genome-wide mutational ...
https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/id/eprint/7590/
Association of the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis | SpringerPlus | Full TextAssociation of the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis | SpringerPlus | Full Text
From: Association of the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis ...
https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2193-1801-3-749/figures/3
Making life difficult for Clostridium difficile: augmenting the pathogens metabolic model with transcriptomic and codon usage...Making life difficult for Clostridium difficile: augmenting the pathogen's metabolic model with transcriptomic and codon usage...
Making life difficult for Clostridium difficile: augmenting the pathogens metabolic model with transcriptomic and codon usage ... Making life difficult for Clostridium difficile: augmenting the pathogens metabolic model with transcriptomic and codon usage ...
https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/datasets/making-life-difficult-for-clostridium-difficile-augmenting-the-pa/publications/
Sense codonsCoding sequenceGenomeNucleotideRare codonsStart CodonMutationsGenesSynonymous codon usageTRNAPolymorphism at codonTarget codonOrganismsOrganismSequencesInitiationAmino acidsBiasUsageMutationProteinsOptimization toolRibosomeMethionineNucleotidesGenomicGenotypeGenetic codeFrequenciesIncorporationMitochondrialNonsenseStopEvolutionFrequencyPreferenceSyntheticExpressionGene of interest
Sense codons3
  • Background In protein sequences-as there are 61 sense codons but only 20 standard amino acids-most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. (biorxiv.org)
  • Natural organisms use a four-letter genetic alphabet that makes available 64 triplet codons, of which 61 are sense codons used to encode proteins with the 20 canonical amino acids. (nature.com)
  • We have shown that the unnatural nucleotides dNaM and dTPT3 can pair to form an unnatural base pair (UBP) and allow for the creation of semisynthetic organisms (SSOs) with additional sense codons. (nature.com)
Coding sequence2
  • A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal ( CODON , TERMINATOR). (nih.gov)
  • This results in the introduction of a stop codon in the coding sequence of exon 15 due to shift in the reading frame. (cdc.gov)
Genome11
  • Results We demonstrate that sequential context achieved via RNN may yield codon selection that is more similar to the host genome. (biorxiv.org)
  • Although synonymous codon mutations were once thought to be silent, in recent years codon usage bias has emerged as a key factor in genome regulation. (embo.org)
  • Codon usage has now been recognized as a new genetic code that influences diverse biological processes including translational efficiency and fidelity, translation kinetics, co-translational protein folding, mRNA decay, mRNA structure, transcription, splicing and genome evolution through translation-dependent and translation-independent mechanisms. (embo.org)
  • We show that there is an extreme degree of heterogeneity in codon usage patterns within the rice genome, and that this heterogeneity is highly correlated with differences in nucleotide content (particularly GC content) between the genes. (concordia.ca)
  • In contrast to the situation observed within the rice genome, Arabidopsis genes show relatively little variation in both codon usage and nucleotide content. (concordia.ca)
  • The heterogeneity of codon usage patterns within the rice genome can be explained by a balance between genome-wide mutational biases and negative selection against these biased mutations. (concordia.ca)
  • 1.Grantham R, Gautier C, Gouy C: Codon frequencies in 119 individual genes confirm consistent choices of degenerate bases according to genome type. (concordia.ca)
  • 6.Sharp PM, Matassi G: Codon usage and genome evolution. (concordia.ca)
  • By performing a large-scale analysis of sequencing data generated from almost 400,000 SARS-CoV-2 samples, we show that silent mutations increasing the similarity of viral codons to the human ones tend to fixate in the viral genome overtime. (unimib.it)
  • In a standard organism target codons are scattered throughout the genome, leading to off-target incorporation of NSAAs that impairs fitness and productivity. (grobio.com)
  • Target codons are scattered throughout the genome, leading to off-target incorporation of NSAAs and depletion of NSAA tRNA. (grobio.com)
Nucleotide1
  • We demonstrated that non-AUG codons are more dependent on their surrounding nucleotide sequence context than AUG codons. (dualjuridik.org)
Rare codons3
  • However, existing solutions are primarily based on choosing high-frequency codons only, neglecting the important effects of rare codons. (biorxiv.org)
  • This tool is useful for finding rare codons in the coding region. (bioline.com)
  • Rare codons may cause problems when trying to express protein in a heterologous organism. (bioline.com)
Start Codon14
  • Life science and healthcare business accelerator, Start Codon, and membership organization, One Nucleus, have partnered up to support the life science ecosystem in the United Kingdom. (pharmtech.com)
  • Under the terms of the partnership, One Nucleus will support and profile the life science and healthcare start-up companies that are taking part in the Start Codon accelerator program. (pharmtech.com)
  • The partnership will commence on Jan. 6, 2020 and will see One Nucleus provide Start Codon cohort companies with gold membership benefits for a 12-month period. (pharmtech.com)
  • Like Start Codon, One Nucleus is committed to playing an active and supportive role in enabling the success of the UK life science cluster, particularly that in the East of England and London," said Dr. Jason Mellad, CEO at Start Codon, in the press release. (pharmtech.com)
  • Therefore, we are excited to partner with Start Codon to help facilitate the next generation of innovative and entrepreneurial companies. (pharmtech.com)
  • For a translated feature, how can I ensure that a non-ATG start codon is translated as methionine? (snapgene.com)
  • In this example, the feature is E. coli transaldolase B, which has a GTG start codon. (snapgene.com)
  • The start codon will now be translated as methionine. (snapgene.com)
  • AUG is not always the start codon, but whatever the codon is it will always code for Methionine (or fMet, but still a variation on Met), even if the codon codes for a different amino acid otherwise. (dualjuridik.org)
  • Identity elements appear to finely tune the structure of the initiator tRNA, and growing evidence suggests that the body of the tRNA is involved in transmitting the signal that the start codon has been found to the rest of the pre-initiation complex. (dualjuridik.org)
  • Base pairing between an AUG start codon and anticodon of the initiator tRNA along with interactions between the scanning ribosome and the nucleotides surrounding the start codon (e.g., the interaction between Arg55 of eukaryotic initiation factor 2a and the -3 position [… ]) cause the preinitiation complex to shift from an open conformation to a closed conformation so that translation initiation can occur. (dualjuridik.org)
  • Most preinitiation complexes undergo translation initiation when they encounter an AUG start codon whether it is an efficient or inefficient context because the strong interaction between the codon and anticodon provide enough energy to drive the conformational shift. (dualjuridik.org)
  • However, mismatches between a non-AUG start codon and the anticodon reduce the binding energy from the codon and anticodon. (dualjuridik.org)
  • We also showed that sequence context, specifically the +4 position, affects the efficiency of each non-AUG start codon differently. (dualjuridik.org)
Mutations9
  • Global patterns of codon usage are among the strongest known predictors of gene expression levels, and individual synonymous mutations were shown to influence microbial fitness and human disease. (embo.org)
  • Here, we have generated isogenic lung cancer cell lines to evaluate the effect of six p53 hotspot mutations (R175H, G245S, R248W, R249S, R273H, and R282W) in conjunction with the codon 72 polymorphism, for their response to a variety of anticancer drugs, either a lone or in combination. (elsevier.com)
  • Together, the data show that the status of codon 72 polymorphism and p53 mutations can be used as a means for prediction of treatment response, although variables for each cancer type requires detailed evaluation. (elsevier.com)
  • DMS has been applied to several types of mutational lesions 3 including codon mutations 4 , 5 , 6 as well as mutations that alter protein topology, including domain insertion 7 , 8 , circular permutation 9 , and truncation 10 . (idec.io)
  • The basic principle of comprehensive codon mutagenesis is to generate a large library of vectors for expressing protein variants with single point mutations. (idec.io)
  • This indicates that SARS-CoV-2 codon usage is adapting to the human host, likely improving its effectiveness in using the human aminoacyl-tRNA set through the accumulation of deceitfully neutral silent mutations. (unimib.it)
  • Synonymous SARS-CoV-2 mutations related to the activity of different mutational processes may positively impact viral evolution by increasing its adaptation to the human codon usage. (unimib.it)
  • The identification of KRAS mutations at codon 12 in plasma DNA is not a prognostic factor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our aim was to study the association between the presence of KRAS mutations at codon 12 and several clinical variables in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.MethodsWe examined 308 stage IIIB and IV NSCLC patients who were treated with cisplatin and docetaxel. (ox.ac.uk)
Genes14
  • The model uses a bidirectional long short-term memory-based architecture, allowing for the sequential context of codon usage in genes to be learned. (biorxiv.org)
  • Our tool can predict synonymous codons for synthetic genes toward optimal expression in Escherichia coli. (biorxiv.org)
  • While other gene platforms focus solely on codon usage tables when optimizing genes, the OptimumGene PSO algorithm takes into consideration a variety of critical factors involved in different stages of protein expression, such as codon adaptability, mRNA structure, and various cis-elements in transcription and translation. (genscript.com)
  • I have primarily used genscript to order codon optimized artificial genes. (genscript.com)
  • GenScript OptimumGene codon optimization genes increased the yield of expression (8 out of 10 genes) and the degree of solubility in some cases (6 out of 10 genes) compared to the native genes. (genscript.com)
  • Our Firefly genes were kindly optimised by DNA 2.0 using their advanced in-house algorithms, this should result in improved expression in E. coli since there is a significant gap between codon usage in E. coli and fireflies. (igem.org)
  • Every single BioBrick we submitted based on genes from Photinus pyralis and Luciola cruciata is codon optimised. (igem.org)
  • Synonymous codon usage varies widely between genomes, and also between genes within genomes. (concordia.ca)
  • By exploiting a combination of intra-genomic and inter-genomic comparisons, we provide evidence that the differences in codon usage among the rice genes reflect a relatively rapid evolutionary increase in the GC content of some rice genes. (concordia.ca)
  • 8.Ikemura T: Correlation between the abundance of Escherichia coli transfer RNAs and the occurrence of the respective codons in its protein genes. (concordia.ca)
  • 9.Kanaya S, Yamada Y, Kudo Y, Ikemura T: Studies of codon usage and tRNA genes of 18 unicellular organisms and quantification of Bacillus subtilis tRNAs: gene expression level and species-specific diversity of codon usage based on multivariate analysis. (concordia.ca)
  • 10.Shields DC, Sharp PM, Higgins D, Wright F: "Silent" sites in Drosophila genes are not neutral: evidence of selection among synonymous codons. (concordia.ca)
  • IMSEAR at SEARO: Codon optimization of the potential antigens encoding genes from mycobacterium tuberculosis. (who.int)
  • optimized the codon and simulated in nineteen indigenous genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in the Escherichia coli. (who.int)
Synonymous codon usage2
  • It will have a substantial focus on new method development (experimental and computational) to determine the effects of synonymous codon usage on different cellular processes. (embo.org)
  • Our results indicate that the large variations in synonymous codon usage are not related to selection acting on the translational efficiency of synonymous codons. (concordia.ca)
TRNA5
  • It would be predicted that the Met-tRNAi, not a cognate tRNA matching an individual non-AUG codon, is used in translation initiation at these non-AUG start codons. (dualjuridik.org)
  • Co-evolution of mitochondrial tRNA import and codon usage de. (pubpeer.com)
  • The codon is recognized by a pair of evolved aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNACUA that are orthogonal components for the recognition of specific UAAs. (uni-goettingen.de)
  • Protein translation machinery also competes with NSAA tRNA for recognition of target codons, driving productivity even lower. (grobio.com)
  • Protein translation machinery such as the Release Factor competes with NSAA tRNA for target codons in the gene of interest, resulting in truncated protein or misincorporation of standard amino acids into the protein product. (grobio.com)
Polymorphism at codon2
  • Recently, the common polymorphism at codon 72, resulting in either an arginine (72R) or proline (72P) residue, was shown to differentially affect the response to anticancer drugs. (elsevier.com)
  • We therefore studied the association of two polymorphisms--R353Q polymorphism at codon 353 involving the catalytic region and the 10 base pair [‎bp]‎ insertion polymorphism involving the promoter region--with FVllc levels in 176 healthy Tunisians. (who.int)
Target codon3
  • However, approximately 30 per cent of the SARS-CoV-2 variants are synonymous, therefore changing the target codon without affecting the corresponding protein sequence. (unimib.it)
  • Competitive translational machinery for the target codon is then deleted, resulting in efficient, scalable production of NSAA proteins. (grobio.com)
  • Protein translation machinery that recognizes the target codon is deleted, removing competition for NSAA incorporation into the protein product. (grobio.com)
Organisms3
  • Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. (nih.gov)
  • For example we have specific codon tables for organisms, such as Pichia and Sf9 , which are widely used in development procedures. (genscript.com)
  • Codon frequencies have been taken from the ' Codon-Usage Database ', a comprehensive database containing 392,382 CDS's from 11,713 organisms. (bioline.com)
Organism4
  • The Codon Optimization Tool converts the DNA, or protein sequence, from one organism for expression to another. (idtdna.com)
  • We also show that at least three of the codons are orthogonal and can be simultaneously decoded in the SSO, affording the first 67-codon organism. (nature.com)
  • Codon optimization and simulation techniques are used to improve the protein expression in living organism by increasing their translational efficiency of gene of interest. (who.int)
  • In a Genomically Recoded Organism (GRO) all genomic target codons are reassigned to synonymous codons. (grobio.com)
Sequences2
  • Codon optimization of synthetic DNA sequences is important for heterologous expression. (biorxiv.org)
  • Diversity-generating retroelement homing regenerates target sequences for repeated rounds of codon rewriting and protein diversification. (bvsalud.org)
Initiation6
  • Why is AUG the initiation codon? (dualjuridik.org)
  • Is there any reason why AUG is the initiation codon? (dualjuridik.org)
  • Two base-pairing interactions between non-AUG codons and the anticodon of the Met-tRNAi are sufficient to trigger translation initiation, suggesting that wild-type eIF1 plays a role in monitoring proper base-pairing interactions when scanning for the AUG start site. (dualjuridik.org)
  • 2018) on eukaryotes, basically the non-AUG start codons have context-dependent [translation initiation] efficiency, while AUG is a "sure thing", i.e. the nucleotides surrounding it have little impact on its efficiency. (dualjuridik.org)
  • Besides reading the conventional AUG codon, mitochondrial (mt-)tRNAMet mediates incorporation of methionine on AUA and AUU codons during translation initiation and on AUA codons during elongation. (mpg.de)
  • In vitro codon recognition studies with mitochondrial translation factors reveal preferential utilisation of m5C34 mt-tRNAMet in initiation. (mpg.de)
Amino acids2
  • The degeneracy of genetic code allows 18 of the 20 standard amino acids to be encoded by two to six synonymous codons. (embo.org)
  • This technique is used to incorporate unnatural amino acids (UAAs) in response to an amber stop codon. (uni-goettingen.de)
Bias8
  • In this paper, we propose a novel recurrent-neural [ndash]network based codon optimization tool, ICOR, that aims to learn codon usage bias on a genomic dataset of Escherichia coli. (biorxiv.org)
  • Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons is a feature of all eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. (embo.org)
  • This EMBO Workshop will be the first international conference dedicated to the understanding of the codon usage bias phenomenon. (embo.org)
  • It will bring together a broad selection of scientists from around the globe working to understand the myriad ways that codon usage bias influences biology. (embo.org)
  • Although there is now a large body of data on variations in codon usage, it is still not clear if the observed patterns reflect the effects of positive Darwinian selection acting at the level of translational efficiency or whether these patterns are due simply to the effects of mutational bias. (concordia.ca)
  • We also noted that the degree of codon bias was negatively correlated with gene length. (concordia.ca)
  • Our results show that mutational bias can cause a dramatic evolutionary divergence in codon usage patterns within a period of approximately two hundred million years. (concordia.ca)
  • 7.Sharp PM, Bailes E, Grocock RJ, Peden JF, Sockett RE: Variation in the strength of selected codon usage bias among bacteria. (concordia.ca)
Usage7
  • GenScript boasts an extensive collection of proprietary codon usage tables, allowing you to do codon optimization in any host, any time for either basic research or industrial applications. (genscript.com)
  • This EMBO Workshop will be dedicated to the understanding of the functions of codon usage, mechanisms of codon usage-mediated regulatory processes, and evolution of codon usage biases. (embo.org)
  • In this study, we have included both intra-genomic and inter-genomic comparisons of codon usage. (concordia.ca)
  • 2.Peden JF: Analysis of Codon Usage. (concordia.ca)
  • 4.Wang HC, Badger J, Kearney P, Li M: Analysis of codon usage patterns of bacterial genomes using the self-organizing map. (concordia.ca)
  • 5.Gouy M, Gautier C: Codon usage in bacteria: correlation with gene expressivity. (concordia.ca)
  • 11.Stenico M, Lloyd AT, Sharp PM: Codon usage in Caenorhabditis elegans: delineation of translational selection and mutational biases. (concordia.ca)
Mutation3
  • For example the mutation M184V in RT refers to a mutation change at codon 184 in the reverse transcriptase gene. (i-base.info)
  • 26 had a KRAS codon 12 TGT mutation, and 1 had a codon 12 GTT mutation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Codons: nonsense mutation "Stop talking nonsense! (neetexambooster.in)
Proteins2
  • Conclusions The results, based on in silico metrics, indicate that ICOR codon optimization is theoretically more effective in enhancing recombinant expression of proteins over other established codon optimization techniques. (biorxiv.org)
  • Codon optimization for the cDNA of both the designed MEVs might ensure high expression potential in the human cell line as stable proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Optimization tool1
  • This Codon Optimization Tool is integrated with our complexity checker and API Sci Tools for a seamless design and ordering experience. (idtdna.com)
Ribosome1
  • Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a "stop" codon (a sequence of three nucleotides that does not code for an amino acid). (medlineplus.gov)
Methionine2
  • Click the Translate the first codon as Methionine check box. (snapgene.com)
  • Together, our data reveal how modifications in mt-tRNAMet are generated by the sequential action of NSUN3 and ABH1, allowing the single mitochondrial tRNAMet to recognise the different codons encoding methionine. (mpg.de)
Nucleotides2
  • codon - the word for the junction on genetic material (DNA or RNA) occupied by three nucleotides (or bases) to form an amino acid. (i-base.info)
  • Each sequence of three nucleotides, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (medlineplus.gov)
Genomic1
  • A polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to determine genotypes of the p53 codon 72 in 114 patients with RA and 114 healthy controls. (elsevier.com)
Genotype1
  • The genotype of p53 codon 72 (Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, or Pro/Pro) was determined for all subjects by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). (cdc.gov)
Genetic code1
  • Any of the codons of an organism's GENETIC CODE that specify an amino acid. (bvsalud.org)
Frequencies1
  • Clinically there was no significant difference in age at onset, functional class, physician's global assessment, ESR, CRP, RF titer, extraarticular and cervical spine involvement, frequencies of joint operation, and admission in RA patients according to the p53 codon 72 genotypes. (elsevier.com)
Incorporation2
  • We identify nine unnatural codons that can produce unnatural protein with nearly complete incorporation of an encoded noncanonical amino acid (ncAA). (nature.com)
  • Only the gene of interest (encoding the therapeutic NSAA protein) contains target codons directing NSAA incorporation. (grobio.com)
Mitochondrial1
  • NSUN3 and ABH1 modify the wobble position of mt-tRNAMet to expand codon recognition in mitochondrial translation. (mpg.de)
Nonsense2
  • These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE). (nih.gov)
  • This protein is also involved in silencing of certain maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development, as well as in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) of mRNAs that contain premature stop codons. (origene.com)
Stop1
  • ORF size in base pairs (included stop codon). (biotoul.fr)
Evolution2
  • The other start codons are just from natural chemical variation (or evolution, whichever way you want to look at it) giving rise to different codon-recognising protein shapes. (dualjuridik.org)
  • The machinery for starting translation works, and as such is "conserved" - evolution has kept it, and that's why it is always the same codon (more or less). (dualjuridik.org)
Frequency1
  • ICORs performance is measured across five metrics: the Codon Adaptation Index, GCcontent, negative repeat elements, negative cis-regulatory elements, and codon frequency distribution. (biorxiv.org)
Preference1
  • Does anyone know of any collection of Codon Preference Tables for GCG - particularly ones for N. meningetidis or N. gonorrhoeae. (bio.net)
Synthetic1
  • Nicking mutagenesis, codon tiling PCR11, inverse PCR12, transposon mutagenesis 7 , 8 , 9 and recently CCM libraries have been generated from pools of synthetic oligos that can be generated in high-throughput using oligo library synthesis (OLS) approaches 6 , 8 . (idec.io)
Expression1
  • Although such synonymous codons do not alter the encoded amino acid sequence, their selection can dramatically affect the expression of the resulting protein. (biorxiv.org)
Gene of interest1
  • Target codons are present only in the gene of interest, maintaining high organismal fitness and productivity. (grobio.com)
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