Improved resolution of natural diacylglycerols by gas-liquid chromatography on polar siloxanes. (1/35)

A new cyanoalkylphenylsiloxane (SILAR 5CP) liquid phase is shown to possess sufficient polarity to permit improved GC separations of natural diacylglycerols based on unsaturation and positional placement of fatty acids as well as on molecular weight, which was previously possible only on ethylene glycol succinate polyesters. Unlike the polyesters, the polar siloxane polymer has moderate thermal stability and provides GC columns which can be used for several months without replacing the packing. The GC analyses were made with conventional columns containing 3% SILAR 5CP on Gas Chrom Q at 270 degrees C isothermally. The diacylglycerols were chromatographed as the TMS ethers. Excellent seperations were obtained for the 1,2(2,3)- and 1,3-diacyglycerols derived from corn, linseed, peanut and cod liver oils and for the 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols from hepatic glycerophospholipids.  (+info)

Behavioral attraction of Leach's storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) to dimethyl sulfide. (2/35)

A recent model for olfactory foraging by procellariiform seabirds suggests that these birds use biogenic sulfur compounds to locate productive areas for foraging in the southern oceans. The present study refines a simple approach to test birds' responses to odors on land and extends our knowledge to a northern species, the Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). Rather than working at sea, we tested the behavioral response to dimethyl sulfide (DMS) at night in breeding colonies on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada. Birds were presented with either 5 ml DMS (100 micro mol l(-1) concentration) or control (water) solutions from a platform 1.5 m in height positioned in a flyway 10 m from a breeding colony. We also tested birds' responses to cod liver oil, a well-established olfactory attractant of procellariiforms foraging at sea. Leach's storm-petrels approached DMS presentations nearly twice as frequently as they approached controls. We next compared the distribution of approaches against a Poisson process to test for evidence of social cueing. We found that approaches to DMS were significantly clustered. By contrast, the distribution of approaches did not depart significantly from a Poisson distribution for either cod liver oil or control presentations. Taken together, these results suggest that Leach's storm-petrels can smell DMS and potentially use it as a foraging cue. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the detection of biogenic sulfur compounds in combination with other cues assists birds in locating foraging hotspots.  (+info)

Multicomponent analysis of encapsulated marine oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR techniques. (3/35)

Multicomponent high-resolution 1H and 13C NMR analysis has been employed for the purpose of detecting and quantifying a wide range of fatty acids (as triacylglycerols or otherwise) in encapsulated marine cod liver oil supplements. The 1H NMR technique provided quantitative data regarding the docosahexaenoic acid content of these products, which serves as a valuable index of fish oil quality, and a combination of both 1H and 13C spectroscopies permitted the analysis of many further components therein, including sn-1 monoacylglycerols, sn-1,2 and -1,3 diacylglycerol adducts, together with a range of minor components, such as trans-fatty acids, free glycerol and cholesterol, and added vitamins A and E. The identities of each of the above agents were confirmed by the application of two-dimensional 1H-1H spectroscopies. The NMR techniques employed also uniquely permitted determinations of the content of nonacylglycerol forms of highly unsaturated (or other) fatty acids in these products (i.e., ethyl esters), and therefore served as a means of distinguishing "natural" sources of cod liver oils from those subjected to chemical modification to and/or supplementation with synthetic derivatives such as ethyl docosahexaenoate or eicosopentaenoate. The analytical significance and putative health effects of the results acquired are discussed.  (+info)

Habitual fish consumption, plasma phospholipid fatty acids, and serum lipids: the Tromso study. (4/35)

We examined the cross-sectional relationships between the frequency of habitual fish consumption, plasma phospholipid fatty acids, and serum lipids and lipoproteins in 152 men and women. There was a significant association between fish consumption starting from 1 dish/wk and plasma n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acids. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20: 5n-3) reflected fish consumption to a greater extent than did docosahexaenoic acid (DHA;22:6n-3). Triglycerides decreased (P less than 0.05) with fish consumption. In multivariate analysis in which anthropometric and lifestyle factors were controlled for, EPA correlated inversely with triglycerides (P less than 0.05) and positively with high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I (both P less than 0.001). In contrast, DHA did not correlate with triglycerides and showed negative associations to HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I (both P less than 0.001). Platelet phospholipid EPA, but not DHA, was associated with lower triglyceride and higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations (both P less than 0.05). This study suggests that long-term intake of small amounts of fish has biological effects, and that EPA and DHA have divergent relations with lipoprotein metabolism.  (+info)

Cod liver oil alters platelet-arterial wall response to injury in pigs. (5/35)

In 36 normolipemic pigs randomized to a 4-week feeding with regular pig chow (n = 18, control group) or chow supplemented with cod liver oil (1 ml/kg per day) (n = 18, treated group), treatment with cod liver oil produced a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Deep carotid arterial wall injury (media exposed) by balloon angioplasty was associated with less 111In-labeled platelet deposition (24.6 +/- 4.8 x 10(6)/cm2 versus 62.5 +/- 17.0 x 10(6)/cm2, p less than 0.05; difference, -33.8 x 10(6)/cm2; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.9 x 10(6)/cm2 to -73.9 x 10(6)/cm2) and injury-related vasoconstriction (21.3 +/- 2.2% versus 30.9 +/- 2.9%, p less than 0.05; difference, -9.6%; 95% CI, -2.2% to -17.0%) in the cod liver oil-treated group than in the control group; with mild injury (media not exposed), platelet deposition was low and unchanged (6.2 +/- 0.5 x 10(6)/cm2 versus 7.8 +/- 0.7 x 10(6)/cm2; difference, -1.6 x 10(6)/cm2; 95% CI, -1.1 x 10(6)/cm2 to +4.3 x 10(6)/cm2), but associated vasoconstriction was reduced respectively (16.3 +/- 2.0% versus 23.0 +/- 2.2%, p less than 0.05; difference, -6.7%; 95% CI, -0.6% to -12.8%). When arterial blood from cod liver oil-treated pigs superfused normal aortic media ex vivo, platelet deposition onto the normal aortic media was lower than when arterial blood from control pigs superfused the normal aortic media (43.7 +/- 8.8 x 10(6)/cm2 versus 66.8 +/- 13.0 x 10(6)/cm2, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  (+info)

The use of conventional and complementary treatments for knee osteoarthritis in the community. (6/35)

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the survey was to assess the prevalence of clinically diagnosed knee osteoarthritis (OA) in two general practice populations in the Wessex region (practice A: a deprived urban population and practice B: an affluent rural population) and to assess both conventional and complementary therapy use in these two populations. METHODS: All patients over 55 yr with a clinical diagnosis of knee OA, as identified from the practice computerized records, were sent a questionnaire about their knee pain and their use of conventional and complementary treatments. RESULTS: A total of 4566 patients over 55 yr were registered in the two practices. Of these, 828 (18.13%) had a clinical diagnosis of knee OA and 240 (29%) patients were asymptomatic at the time of survey. Physiotherapy was under-utilized with only 13.1% of patients having received either hospital- or GP-based physiotherapy. There was a high prevalence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, being significantly more in the affluent population (P < 0.05). In the affluent population there were statistically more social class groups 1-3a; statistically more NSAIDs, glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate were also used. The median amount spent on complementary medicine per month was 5.00 UK pounds, with the affluent population spending significantly more (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this population, physiotherapy is an under-utilized treatment for knee OA, in spite of its recommendation as first-line treatment in all guidelines. Complementary medicines and therapies are commonly used, particularly in affluent populations.  (+info)

Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study. (7/35)

BACKGROUND: In Norway, cod liver oil is an important source of dietary vitamin D and the long-chain n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, all of which have biological properties of potential relevance for the prevention of type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to investigate whether the use of dietary cod liver oil or other vitamin D supplements, either by the mother during pregnancy or by the child during the first year of life, is associated with a lower risk of type 1 diabetes among children. DESIGN: We designed a nationwide case-control study in Norway with 545 cases of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and 1668 population control subjects. Families were contacted by mail, and they completed a questionnaire on the frequency of use of cod liver oil and other vitamin D supplements and other relevant factors. RESULTS: Use of cod liver oil in the first year of life was associated with a significantly lower risk of type 1 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.99). Use of other vitamin D supplements during the first year of life and maternal use of cod liver oil or other vitamin D supplements during pregnancy were not associated with type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSION: Cod liver oil may reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes, perhaps through the antiinflammatory effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids.  (+info)

Efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice. (8/35)

A double blind, placebo controlled trial was carried out to assess the efficacy of cod liver oil as an adjunct treatment to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the management of osteoarthritis in general practice. Eighty six patients were given 10 ml of either cod liver oil or olive oil placebo daily as a supplement to their regular NSAID treatment for 24 weeks. Patients were assessed by their general practitioner at four week intervals for joint pain/inflammation, overall interference with activities, and unwanted effects of treatment. Patients recorded on visual analogue scales their daily pain and the extent to which arthritis interfered with everyday activities. There was no significant benefit for the patients taking cod liver oil compared with those taking placebo.  (+info)

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