Cockatoos
Bird Diseases
Parrots
Melanesia
The collective name for the islands of the Pacific Ocean northeast of Australia, including NEW CALEDONIA; VANUATU; New Hebrides, Solomon Islands, Admiralty Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, FIJI, etc. Melanesia (from the Greek melas, black + nesos, island) is so called from the black color of the natives who are generally considered to be descended originally from the Negroid Papuans and the Polynesians or Malays. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p748 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p344)
Psittaciformes
Papua New Guinea
A country consisting of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and adjacent islands, including New Britain, New Ireland, the Admiralty Islands, and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago; Bougainville and Buka in the northern Solomon Islands; the D'Entrecasteaux and Trobriand Islands; Woodlark (Murua) Island; and the Louisiade Archipelago. It became independent on September 16, 1975. Formerly, the southern part was the Australian Territory of Papua, and the northern part was the UN Trust Territory of New Guinea, administered by Australia. They were administratively merged in 1949 and named Papua and New Guinea, and renamed Papua New Guinea in 1971.
Vanuatu
A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Port-Vila. It was called New Hebrides until 1980. It was discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese, forgotten for 160 years, then visited by Bougainville in 1768 and Captain Cook in 1774. It was under joint British and French administration from 1906 until it became independent in 1980 under the name of Vanuatu. The name is native, meaning our land. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p833 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p570)
Moon
Euphorbiaceae
Lorisidae
A family of Primates of the suborder Strepsirhini containing six genera. The family is distributed in parts of Africa, India, Asia, and the Philippines. The six genera are: Arctocebus (golden potto), GALAGO (bush babies), Loris (slender loris), Nycticebus (slow loris), and Perodicticus (potto). Lorises and pottos are relatively common except for Arctocebus, the golden potto. All are arboreal and nocturnal.
Pacific Islands
Melopsittacus
Australia
Micronesia
Beak
In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)
Feathers
Circovirus
A genus of the family CIRCOVIRIDAE that infects SWINE; PSITTACINES; and non-psittacine BIRDS. Species include Beak and feather disease virus causing a fatal disease in psittacine birds, and Porcine circovirus causing postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs (PORCINE POSTWEANING MULTISYSTEMIC WASTING SYNDROME).
Copyright
It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)
Authorship
Intellectual Property
Property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. The Patent and Copyright Clause (Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)
Cercocebus
Encyclopedias as Topic
Powders
Chickens
Poultry
Trichuroidea
Poultry Diseases
Influenza in Birds
Colobinae
A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa and Asia. The genera COLOBUS (Procolobus; colobus), Nasalis (proboscis monkey), Presbytis (Semnopithecus; leaf monkey), Pygathrix (Rhinopithecus; snub-nosed monkey), and Simias (pig-tailed langur) all belong to this subfamily.
Hepatic Duct, Common
Gallbladder
The energy cost of loaded flight is substantially lower than expected due to alterations in flight kinematics. (1/23)
The effect of experimentally increased wing loading on the energy cost of flight was examined in cockatiels Nyphicus hollandicus. Five individuals were flown for periods of approximately 2 min, while carrying additional payload mass amounting to between 5 and 20% of unloaded body mass. The energy cost of flight was measured using the 13C-labelled bicarbonate technique, which was also calibrated in a separate experiment on resting birds, by comparing the elimination rate of 13C in breath with a simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption by indirect calorimetry. It was not possible to perform a similar calibration during flight when energy costs were higher, so we extrapolated the relationship from the resting calibration to predict flight cost. Flight cost in the pre-manipulated individuals averaged 16.7+/-1.8 W. Flight cost in the pre-manipulated birds was significantly related to the interaction between downstroke duration and flight speed. There was no significant increase in flight cost with increases in payload mass. The birds responded to payload masses between 5 and 15% of their unloaded body mass by decreasing flight speed relative to unloaded birds, while maintaining wing beat frequency (Fb). At a payload mass equivalent to 20% of body mass, however, the birds flew at higher speeds than unloaded controls, and had a significantly higher Fb, generated by a reduction in both the upstroke and downstroke durations. Wing amplitude was unaffected by the increase in loading. Using the measured flight parameters, the effect of loading was not significantly different than predicted using aerodynamic models. (+info)Morphoregulation of avian beaks: comparative mapping of growth zone activities and morphological evolution. (2/23)
Avian beak diversity is a classic example of morphological evolution. Recently, we showed that localized cell proliferation mediated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) can explain the different shapes of chicken and duck beaks (Wu et al. [2004] Science 305:1465). Here, we compare further growth activities among chicken (conical and slightly curved), duck (straight and long), and cockatiel (highly curved) developing beak primordia. We found differential growth activities among different facial prominences and within one prominence. The duck has a wider frontal nasal mass (FNM), and more sustained fibroblast growth factor 8 activity. The cockatiel has a thicker FNM that grows more vertically and a relatively reduced mandibular prominence. In each prominence the number, size, and position of localized growth zones can vary: it is positioned more rostrally in the duck and more posteriorly in the cockatiel FNM, correlating with beak curvature. BMP4 is enriched in these localized growth zones. When BMP activity is experimentally altered in all prominences, beak size was enlarged or reduced proportionally. When only specific prominences were altered, the prototypic conical shaped chicken beaks were converted into an array of beak shapes mimicking those in nature. These results suggest that the size of beaks can be modulated by the overall activity of the BMP pathway, which mediates the growth. The shape of the beaks can be fine-tuned by localized BMP activity, which mediates the range, level, and duration of locally enhanced growth. Implications of topobiology vs. molecular blueprint concepts in the Evo-Devo of avian beak forms are discussed. (+info)A survey of avian polyomavirus (APV) infection in imported and domestic bred psittacine birds in Japan. (3/23)
Although birds infected with avian polyomavirus (APV) subclinically could be a source of infection, no epidemiological studies of APV in psittacine birds have been reported in Japan. In the present study, we investigated subclinical morbidity rate of APV in imported and domestically bred psittacine birds by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 402 live birds from which blood or feather samples were taken between April, 2003 and March, 2004, 11 (2.7%) were found to be APV positive. The DNA sequences of the APV t/T antigen region were determined for five APV-positive randomly selected samples and were found to be conserved. (+info)Low speed maneuvering flight of the rose-breasted cockatoo (Eolophus roseicapillus). I. Kinematic and neuromuscular control of turning. (4/23)
Maneuvering flight has long been recognized as an important component of the natural behavior of many bird species, but has been the subject of little experimental work. Here we examine the kinematics and neuromuscular control of turning flight in the rose-breasted cockatoo Eolophus roseicapillus (N=6), testing predictions of maneuvering flight and control based on aerodynamic theory and prior kinematic and neuromuscular studies. Six cockatoos were trained to navigate between two perches placed in an L-shaped flight corridor, making a 90 degrees turn midway through each flight. Flights were recorded with three synchronized high-speed video cameras placed outside the corridor, allowing a three-dimensional reconstruction of wing and body kinematics through the turn. We simultaneously collected electromyography recordings from bilateral implants in the pectoralis, supracoracoideus, biceps brachii and extensor metacarpi radialis muscles. The cockatoos maneuvered using flapping, banked turns with an average turn radius of 0.92 m. The mean rate of change in heading during a complete wingbeat varied through the turn and was significantly correlated to roll angle at mid-downstroke. Changes in roll angle were found to include both within-wingbeat and among-wingbeat components that bear no direct relationship to one another. Within-wingbeat changes in roll were dominated by the inertial effects while among-wingbeat changes in roll were likely the result of both inertial and aerodynamic effects. (+info)Low speed maneuvering flight of the rose-breasted cockatoo (Eolophus roseicapillus). II. Inertial and aerodynamic reorientation. (5/23)
The reconfigurable, flapping wings of birds allow for both inertial and aerodynamic modes of reorientation. We found evidence that both these modes play important roles in the low speed turning flight of the rose-breasted cockatoo Eolophus roseicapillus. Using three-dimensional kinematics recorded from six cockatoos making a 90 degrees turn in a flight corridor, we developed predictions of inertial and aerodynamic reorientation from estimates of wing moments of inertia and flapping arcs, and a blade-element aerodynamic model. The blade-element model successfully predicted weight support (predicted was 88+/-17% of observed, N=6) and centripetal force (predicted was 79+/-29% of observed, N=6) for the maneuvering cockatoos and provided a reasonable estimate of mechanical power. The estimated torque from the model was a significant predictor of roll acceleration (r(2)=0.55, P<0.00001), but greatly overestimated roll magnitude when applied with no roll damping. Non-dimensional roll damping coefficients of approximately -1.5, 2-6 times greater than those typical of airplane flight dynamics (approximately -0.45), were required to bring our estimates of reorientation due to aerodynamic torque back into conjunction with the measured changes in orientation. Our estimates of inertial reorientation were statistically significant predictors of the measured reorientation within wingbeats (r(2) from 0.2 to 0.37, P<0.0005). Components of both our inertial reorientation and aerodynamic torque estimates correlated, significantly, with asymmetries in the activation profile of four flight muscles: the pectoralis, supracoracoideus, biceps brachii and extensor metacarpi radialis (r(2) from 0.27 to 0.45, P<0.005). Thus, avian flight maneuvers rely on production of asymmetries throughout the flight apparatus rather than in a specific set of control or turning muscles. (+info)Identification of a natural multi-recombinant of Newcastle disease virus. (6/23)
Newcastle disease (ND), caused by ND virus (NDV), is one of the most serious illnesses of birds, particularly chickens, and has been one of the major causes of economic losses in the poultry industry. Live vaccines are widely used to prevent chicken from NDV all over the world. Given the implications that recombination has for RNA virus evolution, it is clearly important to determine the extent to which recombination plays a role in NDV evolution. In this study, we performed the phylogenetic and recombination analysis on complete NDV genomes. A natural multi-recombinant cockatoo/Indonesia/14698/90 (AY562985) was identified. Its two minor parental-like strains might be from the NDV vaccine lineage and anhinga/U.S.(Fl)/44083/93 lineage, respectively. Our study suggests that recombination plays a role in NDV evolution. Especially, the study also suggests that live vaccines have capacity to play roles in shaping NDV evolution by homologous recombination with circulating virus. (+info)Ganglioneuroma of the brachial plexus in two cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). (7/23)
(+info)Assessment of recombinant beak and feather disease virus capsid protein as a vaccine for psittacine beak and feather disease. (8/23)
(+info)
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List of birds of Singapore
Cockatoos[edit]. Order: Psittaciformes Family: Cacatuidae The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the ... Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) - U/IRB - Bidadari, Changi Village, Clementi, Dover Road, Malcolm Park, St. John Is ...
Masakambing Island
The island is home to the only remaining wild individuals of the abbotti subspecies of the Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua ... The island is surrounded by mangrove trees, which provides habitat to the remaining Abbott's Cockatoo (C. sulphurea abbotti). ... Cameron, Matt (20 December 2007). Cockatoos. Csiro Publishing. p. 36. ISBN 9780643098763. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Basri, ...
Parrot
... palm cockatoos and sulphur-crested cockatoos". Australian Journal of Zoology. 51 (1): 81-94. doi:10.1071/ZO02003. S2CID ... Cockatoo species have a mobile crest of feathers on the top of their heads, which they can raise for display, and retract. No ... Some cockatoos and the New Zealand kaka excavate branches and wood to feed on grubs; the bulk of the yellow-tailed black ... The nests of cockatoos are often lined with sticks, wood chips, and other plant material. In the larger species of parrots and ...
Rodrigues parrot
Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (2014). "Parrots & cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved ... comparable to the size of a large cockatoo. Its tibia was 32% smaller than that of a female broad-billed parrot, yet the ...
Vini
"Parrots & cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. International Ornithological Union. Retrieved 4 October 2017. Lesson, R.-P. (1833 ...
Crest (feathers)
The sulphur-crested cockatoo has a recursive crest, and the Major Mitchell's cockatoo (also known as the Leadbeater's cockatoo ... Citron-crested cockatoo crest feathers (on 1 cm grid) Major Mitchell's cockatoo Northern lapwing Victoria crowned pigeon ... "Those Magnificent Cockatoo Crests". Cockatoo Heaven. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2013. Moustaki ... The white cockatoo, for example, possesses a recumbent crest. The recursive crest is noticeable even when it is not fanned out ...
Black-legged parrot
"Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. 25 January 2020.. ...
Western rosella
Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press. ISBN 978-0-9588106-0-9.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Simpson, Ken & Day, ... 2018). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 October 2018. " ...
Varied lorikeet
2020). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 February 2020 ...
Psittaculidae
2020). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 October 2020. v ...
Red-collared lorikeet
2019). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 February 2019. CS1 ...
Poicephalus
2018). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 April 2018. CS1 ...
Orange-bellied parrot
Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press. ISBN 0-9588106-0-5.CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Brouwer, J. and Garnett, S ... 2017). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Gray ...
Red-capped parrot
The marks left by the lower mandible on the marri's nut distinguish it from those fed on by other parrots and cockatoos. The ... The dexterity it exhibits using its foot and beak to dislodge seeds is also shown by the long-billed black cockatoo ( ... Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press. pp. 105-06. ISBN 978-0-9588106-0-9. Cayley, Neville W. (1933). "Australian Parrots" [ ... 2018). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 7 September 2018. ...
Great-billed parrot
2019). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 August 2019. ...
Green rosella
Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press. pp. 96-97. ISBN 0-9588106-0-5. Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an ... 2017). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ...
Crimson rosella
2019). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ...
Duchess lorikeet
2020). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 April 2020. CS1 ...
Senegal parrot
2018). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Juniper ...
Norfolk parakeet
2018). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 July 2018. Ortiz- ...
Lilac-tailed parrotlet
2019). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 August 2019. ...
Coconut lorikeet
2019). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 February 2019. ...
Psittacula
2018). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 April 2018. ...
Northern rosella
Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press. pp. 99-100. ISBN 0-9588106-0-5. Baker, John R.; Ranson, R.M. (1938). "The breeding ... 2017). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 August 2017. Gray ...
Preening
ISBN 978-0-691-14070-4. Rowley, Ian (1997). "Family Cacatuidae (Cockatoos)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, ...
Myiopsitta
2019). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 August 2019. CS1 ...
Violet-necked lory
2019). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ...
Rock parrot
Prahran, Victoria: Black Cockatoo Press. pp. 72-73. ISBN 978-0-9588106-0-9. Higgins, P.J. (1999). Handbook of Australian, New ... 2017). "Parrots & cockatoos". World Bird List Version 7.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 January 2018. ...
List of parrots
... the black cockatoos Subfamily Cacatuinae Tribe Microglossini: one genus with one species, the black palm cockatoo Tribe ... Astuti, D. (2004). "A phylogeny of cockatoos (Aves: Psittaciformes) inferred from DNA sequences of the seventh intron of ... Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (2016). "Parrots and cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. 6.4. International Ornithological Congress. doi: ... The order is subdivided into three superfamilies: the Psittacoidea ("true" parrots), the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and the ...
Southern mealy amazon
2019). "Parrots, cockatoos". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 August 2019. ...