AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Cochlear NucleusCochlear NerveAuditory PathwaysVestibulocochlear NerveCell NucleusAcoustic StimulationEvoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain StemOlivary NucleusTinnitusBrain StemInferior ColliculiNeuronsGerbillinaeNoiseCochleaAuditory Brain Stem ImplantsAuditory ThresholdCatsAction PotentialsPitch PerceptionAuditory PerceptionTrigeminal Nucleus, SpinalNeural InhibitionSound LocalizationEvoked Potentials, AuditoryChinchillaNerve FibersSynapsesSoundSynaptic TransmissionSpiral GanglionVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2StrychnineNucleus AccumbensHearing Loss, Noise-InducedElectric StimulationHearing Loss, CentralAnterior Thalamic NucleiVesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 1Mice, Inbred CBAExcitatory Postsynaptic PotentialsAfferent PathwaysGuinea PigsVesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1StrigiformesTensor TympaniDecerebrate StateHearing Loss, ConductiveThalamic NucleiReaction TimeSolitary NucleusGlycine AgentsPonsModels, NeurologicalGlycineDeafnessPatch-Clamp TechniquesMice, Inbred ICRGAP-43 ProteinDendritesVestibular Nucleus, LateralHearingAnimals, NewbornElectrophysiologyRaphe NucleiTime FactorsDifferential ThresholdInhibitory Postsynaptic PotentialsNeuronal PlasticityCerebellar NucleiSeptal NucleiActive Transport, Cell NucleusElapid VenomsArcuate NucleusCaudate NucleusGABA AntagonistsReceptors, GlycineHorseradish PeroxidaseParaventricular Hypothalamic NucleusAxonsHearing Loss, High-FrequencyPsychoacousticsInterneuronsReceptors, AMPATime PerceptionImmunohistochemistry
Cochlear Nucleus
The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.
Cochlear Nerve
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
Auditory Pathways
NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (COCHLEAR NERVE) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (VESTIBULAR NERVE) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Acoustic Stimulation
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
Olivary Nucleus
A part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA situated in the olivary body. It is involved with motor control and is a major source of sensory input to the CEREBELLUM.
Tinnitus
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
Brain Stem
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Inferior Colliculi
The posterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies which contain centers for auditory function.
Neurons
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Gerbillinae
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
Noise
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
Cochlea
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
Auditory Brain Stem Implants
Multi-channel hearing devices typically used for patients who have tumors on the COCHLEAR NERVE and are unable to benefit from COCHLEAR IMPLANTS after tumor surgery that severs the cochlear nerve. The device electrically stimulates the nerves of cochlea nucleus in the BRAIN STEM rather than the inner ear as in cochlear implants.
Auditory Threshold
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
Cats
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
Action Potentials
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
Pitch Perception
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
Auditory Perception
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal
Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.
Neural Inhibition
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
Sound Localization
Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
Evoked Potentials, Auditory
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
Chinchilla
A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.
Nerve Fibers
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Sound
A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Spiral Ganglion
The sensory ganglion of the COCHLEAR NERVE. The cells of the spiral ganglion send fibers peripherally to the cochlear hair cells and centrally to the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM.
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2
A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in the DIENCEPHALON and lower brainstem regions of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Strychnine
An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.
Nucleus Accumbens
Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the LATERAL VENTRICLE, in the region of the OLFACTORY TUBERCLE, lying between the head of the CAUDATE NUCLEUS and the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE. It is part of the so-called VENTRAL STRIATUM, a composite structure considered part of the BASAL GANGLIA.
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.
Electric Stimulation
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
Hearing Loss, Central
Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
Anterior Thalamic Nuclei
Three nuclei located beneath the dorsal surface of the most rostral part of the thalamus. The group includes the anterodorsal nucleus, anteromedial nucleus, and anteroventral nucleus. All receive connections from the MAMILLARY BODY and BRAIN FORNIX, and project fibers to the CINGULATE BODY.
Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 1
A member of the vesicle-associated membrane protein family involved in the MEMBRANE FUSION of TRANSPORT VESICLES to their target membrane.
Mice, Inbred CBA
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Depolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during neurotransmission. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials can singly or in summation reach the trigger threshold for ACTION POTENTIALS.
Afferent Pathways
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Guinea Pigs
A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
A vesicular glutamate transporter protein that is predominately expressed in TELENCEPHALON of the BRAIN.
Strigiformes
An order of BIRDS with the common name owls characterized by strongly hooked beaks, sharp talons, large heads, forward facing eyes, and facial disks. While considered nocturnal RAPTORS, some owls do hunt by day.
Tensor Tympani
A short muscle that arises from the pharyngotympanic tube (EUSTACHIAN TUBE) and inserts into the handle of the MALLEUS. This muscle pulls the handle medially thus controlling the tension and movement of TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
Decerebrate State
A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)
Hearing Loss, Conductive
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
Thalamic Nuclei
Several groups of nuclei in the thalamus that serve as the major relay centers for sensory impulses in the brain.
Reaction Time
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Solitary Nucleus
GRAY MATTER located in the dorsomedial part of the MEDULLA OBLONGATA associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of HOMEOSTASIS. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS which are found therein.
Glycine Agents
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
Pons
The front part of the hindbrain (RHOMBENCEPHALON) that lies between the MEDULLA and the midbrain (MESENCEPHALON) ventral to the cerebellum. It is composed of two parts, the dorsal and the ventral. The pons serves as a relay station for neural pathways between the CEREBELLUM to the CEREBRUM.
Models, Neurological
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Glycine
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Mice, Inbred ICR
GAP-43 Protein
A nervous tissue specific protein which is highly expressed in NEURONS during development and NERVE REGENERATION. It has been implicated in neurite outgrowth, long-term potentiation, SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION, and NEUROTRANSMITTER release. (From Neurotoxicology 1994;15(1):41-7) It is also a substrate of PROTEIN KINASE C.
Dendrites
Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other NEURONS.
Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral
Vestibular nucleus lying immediately superior to the inferior vestibular nucleus and composed of large multipolar nerve cells. Its upper end becomes continuous with the superior vestibular nucleus.
Hearing
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
Animals, Newborn
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Electrophysiology
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
Raphe Nuclei
Collections of small neurons centrally scattered among many fibers from the level of the TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS in the midbrain to the hypoglossal area in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Time Factors
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Differential Threshold
The smallest difference which can be discriminated between two stimuli or one which is barely above the threshold.
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Hyperpolarization of membrane potentials at the SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES of target neurons during NEUROTRANSMISSION. They are local changes which diminish responsiveness to excitatory signals.
Neuronal Plasticity
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
Cerebellar Nuclei
Four clusters of neurons located deep within the WHITE MATTER of the CEREBELLUM, which are the nucleus dentatus, nucleus emboliformis, nucleus globosus, and nucleus fastigii.
Septal Nuclei
Neural nuclei situated in the septal region. They have afferent and cholinergic efferent connections with a variety of FOREBRAIN and BRAIN STEM areas including the HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, the LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS, the tegmentum, and the AMYGDALA. Included are the dorsal, lateral, medial, and triangular septal nuclei, septofimbrial nucleus, nucleus of diagonal band, nucleus of anterior commissure, and the nucleus of stria terminalis.
Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Arcuate Nucleus
A nucleus located in the middle hypothalamus in the most ventral part of the third ventricle near the entrance of the infundibular recess. Its small cells are in close contact with the ependyma.
Caudate Nucleus
Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain.
GABA Antagonists
Drugs that bind to but do not activate GABA RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of endogenous GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and GABA RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Receptors, Glycine
Cell surface receptors that bind GLYCINE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glycine receptors in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM have an intrinsic chloride channel and are usually inhibitory.
Horseradish Peroxidase
An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.
Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus
Nucleus in the anterior part of the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Axons
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Hearing Loss, High-Frequency
Hearing loss in frequencies above 1000 hertz.
Psychoacoustics
The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
Interneurons
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Receptors, AMPA
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).
Time Perception
The ability to estimate periods of time lapsed or duration of time.
Immunohistochemistry
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Transient potassium currents regulate the discharge patterns of dorsal cochlear nucleus pyramidal cells. (1/432)

Pyramidal cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) show three distinct temporal discharge patterns in response to sound: "pauser," "buildup," and "chopper." Similar discharge patterns are seen in vitro and depend on the voltage from which the cell is depolarized. It has been proposed that an inactivating A-type K+ current (IKI) might play a critical role in generating the three different patterns. In this study we examined the characteristics of transient currents in DCN pyramidal cells to evaluate this hypothesis. Morphologically identified pyramidal cells in rat brain slices (P11-P17) exhibited the three voltage-dependent discharge patterns. Two inactivating currents were present in outside-out patches from pyramidal cells: a rapidly inactivating (IKIF, tau approximately 11 msec) current insensitive to block by tetraethylammonium (TEA) and variably blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) with half-inactivation near -85 mV, and a slowly inactivating TEA- and 4-AP-sensitive current (IKIS, tau approximately 145 msec) with half-inactivation near -35 mV. Recovery from inactivation at 34 degrees C was described by a single exponential with a time constant of 10-30 msec, similar to the rate at which first spike latency increases with the duration of a hyperpolarizing prepulse. Acutely isolated cells also possessed a rapidly activating (<1 msec at 22 degrees C) transient current that activated near -45 mV and showed half-inactivation near -80 mV. A model demonstrated that the deinactivation of IKIF was correlated with the discharge patterns. Overall, the properties of the fast inactivating K+ current were consistent with their proposed role in shaping the discharge pattern of DCN pyramidal cells.  (+info)

Voltage-gated Ca2+ conductances in acutely isolated guinea pig dorsal cochlear nucleus neurons. (2/432)

Although it is known that voltage-gated Ca2+ conductances (VGCCs) contribute to the responses of dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) neurons, little is known about the properties of VGCCs in the DCN. In this study, the whole cell voltage-clamp technique was used to examine the pharmacology and voltage dependence of VGCCs in unidentified DCN neurons acutely isolated from guinea pig brain stem. The majority of cells responded to depolarization with sustained inward currents that were enhanced when Ca2+ was replaced by Ba2+, were blocked partially by Ni2+ (100 microM), and were blocked almost completely by Cd2+ (50 microM). Experiments using nifedipine (10 microM), omegaAga IVA (100 nM) and omegaCTX GVIA (500 nM) demonstrated that a variety of VGCC subtypes contributed to the Ba2+ current in most cells, including the L, N, and P/Q types and antagonist-insensitive R type. Although a large depolarization from rest was required to activate VGCCs in DCN neurons, VGCC activation was rapid at depolarized levels, having time constants <1 ms at 22 degrees C. No fast low-threshold inactivation was observed, and a slow high-threshold inactivation was observed at voltages more positive than -20 mV, indicating that Ba2+ currents were carried by high-voltage activated VGCCs. The VGCC subtypes contributing to the overall Ba2+ current had similar voltage-dependent properties, with the exception of the antagonist-insensitive R-type component, which had a slower activation and a more pronounced inactivation than the other components. These data suggest that a variety of VGCCs is present in DCN neurons, and these conductances generate a rapid Ca2+ influx in response to depolarizing stimuli.  (+info)

Quantal size is correlated with receptor cluster area at glycinergic synapses in the rat brainstem. (3/432)

1. Whole-cell patch electrode recordings of glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were obtained in neurons of the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). Mean mIPSC peak amplitude was found to vary considerably between AVCN neurons (range, -19.1 to -317.9 pA; mean +/- s.d., -159.1 +/- 100.7 pA; 14 cells). 2. Immunolabelling of glycinergic receptor clusters in AVCN neurons was performed using antibodies against the glycine receptor clustering protein gephyrin. Measurements of the area of gephyrin immunoreactive clusters were obtained using confocal fluorescence microscopy. These measurements showed a large variability in cluster area, not only in the same cell (mean coefficient of variation, c.v., 0.66 +/- 0.18; 16 cells), but also in mean cluster area between cells (range, 0.21-0.84 microm2; 16 cells). 3. A possible relationship between mIPSC amplitude and receptor cluster area was investigated in a further series of experiments, in which mIPSCs recordings and immunolabelling of glycine receptor clusters were obtained for the same cells. In these experiments, AVCN neurons were identified using intracellular labelling with neurobiotin. Successful results using a combination of whole-cell recordings, neurobiotin identification and immunolabelling were obtained for a total of 10 AVCN neurons. Analysis of the results revealed a positive, statistically significant correlation between mean receptor cluster size and mean mIPSC amplitude (P < 0.05, 10 cells, Spearman's correlation test). 4. These results provide direct experimental evidence supporting a hypothesis of central glycinergic transmission in which synaptic strength may be regulated by changes in the size of the postsynaptic receptor region.  (+info)

Role of intrinsic conductances underlying responses to transients in octopus cells of the cochlear nucleus. (4/432)

Recognition of acoustic patterns in natural sounds depends on the transmission of temporal information. Octopus cells of the mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus form a pathway that encodes the timing of firing of groups of auditory nerve fibers with exceptional precision. Whole-cell patch recordings from octopus cells were used to examine how the brevity and precision of firing are shaped by intrinsic conductances. Octopus cells responded to steps of current with small, rapid voltage changes. Input resistances and membrane time constants averaged 2.4 MOmega and 210 microseconds, respectively (n = 15). As a result of the low input resistances of octopus cells, action potential initiation required currents of at least 2 nA for their generation and never occurred repetitively. Backpropagated action potentials recorded at the soma were small (10-30 mV), brief (0.24-0.54 msec), and tetrodotoxin-sensitive. The low input resistance arose in part from an inwardly rectifying mixed cationic conductance blocked by cesium and potassium conductances blocked by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). Conductances blocked by 4-AP also contributed to the repolarization of the action potentials and suppressed the generation of calcium spikes. In the face of the high membrane conductance of octopus cells, sodium and calcium conductances amplified depolarizations produced by intracellular current injection over a time course similar to that of EPSPs. We suggest that this transient amplification works in concert with the shunting influence of potassium and mixed cationic conductances to enhance the encoding of the onset of synchronous auditory nerve fiber activity.  (+info)

Axons from anteroventral cochlear nucleus that terminate in medial superior olive of cat: observations related to delay lines. (5/432)

The differences in path length of axons from the anteroventral cochlear nuclei (AVCN) to the medial superior olive (MSO) are thought to provide the anatomical substrate for the computation of interaural time differences (ITD). We made small injections of biotinylated dextran into the AVCN that produced intracellular-like filling of axons. This permitted three-dimensional reconstructions of individual axons and measurements of axonal length to individual terminals in MSO. Some axons that innervated the contralateral MSO had collaterals with lengths that were graded in the rostrocaudal direction with shorter collaterals innervating more rostral parts of MSO and longer collaterals innervating more caudal parts of MSO. These could innervate all or part of the length of the MSO. Other axons had restricted terminal fields comparable to the size of a single dendritic tree in the MSO. In the ipsilateral MSO, some axons had a reverse, but less steep, gradient in axonal length with greater axonal length associated with more rostral locations; others had restricted terminal fields. Thus, the computation of ITDs is based on gradients of axonal length in both the contralateral and ipsilateral MSO, and these gradients may account for a large part of the range of ITDs encoded by the MSO. Other factors may be involved in the computation of ITDs to compensate for differences between axons.  (+info)

Glutamate regulates IP3-type and CICR stores in the avian cochlear nucleus. (6/432)

Neurons of the avian cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), are activated by glutamate released from auditory nerve terminals. If this stimulation is removed, the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) of NM neurons rises and rapid atrophic changes ensue. We have been investigating mechanisms that regulate [Ca2+]i in these neurons based on the hypothesis that loss of Ca2+ homeostasis causes the cascade of cellular changes that results in neuronal atrophy and death. In the present study, video-enhanced fluorometry was used to monitor changes in [Ca2+]i stimulated by agents that mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores and to study the modulation of these responses by glutamate. Homobromoibotenic acid (HBI) was used to stimulate inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive stores, and caffeine was used to mobilize Ca2+ from Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) stores. We provide data indicating that Ca2+ responses attributable to IP3- and CICR-sensitive stores are inhibited by glutamate, acting via a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). We also show that activation of C-kinase by a phorbol ester will reduce HBI-stimulated calcium responses. Although the protein kinase A accumulator, Sp-cAMPs, did not have an effect on HBI-induced responses. CICR-stimulated responses were not consistently attenuated by either the phorbol ester or the Sp-cAMPs. We have previously shown that glutamate attenuates voltage-dependent changes in [Ca2+]i. Coupled with the present findings, this suggests that in these neurons mGluRs serve to limit fluctuations in intracellular Ca2+ rather than increase [Ca2+]i. This system may play a role in protecting highly active neurons from calcium toxicity resulting in apoptosis.  (+info)

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. (7/432)

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) contains a heterogeneous collection of cell types reflecting the multiple processing tasks undertaken by this nucleus. This in vivo study in the rat used intracellular recordings and dye filling to examine membrane potential changes and firing characteristics of onset chopper (OC) neurons to acoustic stimulation (50 ms pure tones, 5 ms r/f time). Stable impalements were made from 15 OC neurons, 7 identified as multipolar cells. Neurons responded to characteristic frequency (CF) tones with sustained depolarization below spike threshold. With increasing stimulus intensity, the depolarization during the initial 10 ms of the response became peaked, and with further increases in intensity the peak became narrower. Onset spikes were generated during this initial depolarization. Tones presented below CF resulted in a broadening of this initial depolarizing component with high stimulus intensities required to initiate onset spikes. This initial component was followed by a sustained depolarizing component lasting until stimulus cessation. The amplitude of the sustained depolarizing component was greatest when frequencies were presented at high intensities below CF resulting in increased action potential firing during this period when compared with comparable high intensities at CF. During the presentation of tones at or above the high-frequency edge of a cell's response area, hyperpolarization was evident during the sustained component. The presence of hyperpolarization and the differences seen in the level of sustained depolarization during CF and off CF tones suggests that changes in membrane responsiveness between the initial and sustained components may be attributed to polysynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. The dual-component processing resulting from convergent auditory nerve excitation and polysynaptic inhibition enables OC neurons to respond in a unique fashion to intensity and frequency features contained within an acoustic stimulus.  (+info)

Responses of cochlear nucleus units in the chinchilla to iterated rippled noises: analysis of neural autocorrelograms. (8/432)

Temporal encoding of stimulus features related to the pitch of iterated rippled noises was studied for single units in the chinchilla cochlear nucleus. Unlike other periodic complex sounds that produce pitch, iterated rippled noises have neither periodic waveforms nor highly modulated envelopes. Infinitely iterated rippled noise (IIRN) is generated when wideband noise (WBN) is delayed (tau), attenuated, and then added to (+) or subtracted from (-) the undelayed WBN through positive feedback. The pitch of IIRN[+, tau, -1 dB] is at 1/tau, whereas the pitch of IIRN[-, tau, -1 dB] is at 1/2tau. Temporal responses of cochlear nucleus units were measured using neural autocorrelograms. Synchronous responses as shown by peaks in neural autocorrelograms that occur at time lags corresponding to the IIRN tau can be observed for both primarylike and chopper unit types. Comparison of the neural autocorrelograms in response to IIRN[+, tau, -1 dB] and IIRN[-, tau, -1 dB] indicates that the temporal discharge of primarylike units reflects the stimulus waveform fine structure, whereas the temporal discharge patterns of chopper units reflect the stimulus envelope. The pitch of IIRN[+/-, tau, -1 dB] can be accounted for by the temporal discharge patterns of primarylike units but not by the temporal discharge of chopper units. To quantify the temporal responses, the height of the peak in the neural autocorrelogram at a given time lag was measured as normalized rate. Although it is well documented that chopper units give larger synchronous responses than primarylike units to the fundamental frequency of periodic complex stimuli, the largest normalized rates in response to IIRN[+, tau, -1 dB] were obtained for primarylike units, not chopper units. The results suggest that if temporal encoding is important in pitch processing, then primarylike units are likely to be an important cochlear nucleus subsystem that carries the pitch-related information to higher auditory centers.  (+info)

Lirias: Projections of physiologically characterized spherical bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus of the cat: evidence...Lirias: Projections of physiologically characterized spherical bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus of the cat: evidence...
Bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) receive their principal excitatory input from the auditory nerve and are the primary source of excitatory input to more centrally located brainstem auditory nuclei. Despite this pivotal position in the auditory pathway, details of the basic physiological information being carried by axons of these cells and their projections to more central auditory nuclei have not been fully explored. In an attempt to clarify these details, we have physiologically characterized and anatomically labeled individual axons of the spherical bushy cell (SBC) class of the cat AVCN. The characteristic frequencies (CFs) of our injected SBC population are low, all less than 12 kHz and primarily (83%) less than 3 kHz, while their spontaneous activity is comparatively high (mean of 59 spikes/sec). In response to short tone bursts at CF, low CF (, 1 kHz) SBC units can phase-lock better than auditory nerve fibers. SBCs with CFs above 1 kHz have primary-like responses ...
https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/183923
Plus itPlus it
Developing chick NL neurons express both HVA and LVA-type Ca2+ channels in their dendrites. These currents were larger than those recorded from the avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (Koyano et al. 1996; Sivaramakrishnan and Laurent 1995), mammalian ventral cochlear nucleus (octopus cells: Bal and Oertel 2007), or neurons enzymatically isolated from the mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus (Molitor and Manis 1999). Both current types could be activated rapidly by spikes. Given that these signals arose within milliseconds of the stimulus (and thus are not likely to arise from Ca2+ diffusion from distant sources) and were larger in more distal dendrites than proximal ones, it is likely that HVA and LVA channels are distributed even on the most distal processes of NL.. Because NL dendrites are relatively small, it is difficult to determine directly the amplitude of the voltage transient that activated Ca2+ channels. Recent studies indicate that spikes in NL of hatchling chicks are initiated in the ...
http://jn.physiology.org/content/102/2/1218
Effects of cochlear ablation on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding in the rat cochlear nucleusEffects of cochlear ablation on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding in the rat cochlear nucleus
Cholinergic synapses in the cochlear nucleus (CN) have been reported to modulate spontaneous activity via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In this study, muscarinic receptor binding was measured as specific binding of 1-[N-methyl-(3)H]scopolamine in CN regions of control rats and 7 days, 1 month, …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16307447/?dopt=Abstract
Frontiers | Developmental Profile of Ion Channel Specializations in the Avian Nucleus Magnocellularis | Frontiers in Cellular...Frontiers | Developmental Profile of Ion Channel Specializations in the Avian Nucleus Magnocellularis | Frontiers in Cellular...
Ultrafast and temporally precise action potentials (APs) are biophysical specializations of auditory brainstem neurons; properties necessary for encoding sound localization and communication cues. Fundamental to these specializations are voltage dependent potassium (KV) and sodium (NaV) ion channels. Here we characterized the functional development of these ion channels and quantified how they shape AP properties in the avian cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM). We report that late developing NM neurons (embryonic [E] days 19-21) generate fast APs that reliably phase lock to sinusoidal inputs at 75 Hz. In contrast, early developing neurons (E19) contained NaV channels that inactivate at more negative voltages, suggesting alterations in NaV channel subtypes. Taken together, our results indicate that the refinement of passive and active ion channel properties operate differentially in order to develop fast and reliable APs in the avian NM.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2016.00080/full
Department for Zoology and Animal Physiology: Molecular regulation of the development of giant synaptic terminalsDepartment for Zoology and Animal Physiology: Molecular regulation of the development of giant synaptic terminals
In the auditory system of birds and mammals large axosomatic synapses can be found: the giant synaptic terminals of Held. These terminals contain many (hundreds of) active zones and one can say they act as many synapses activated exactly simultaneously. The synaptic currents induced by these terminals are often big enough to individually cause an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. The auditory nerve fibres, which are the axons of neurons in the cochlear ganglion (or spiral ganglion, in mammals) enter, in birds as well as in mammals, the auditory brainstem and bifurcate into two branches: one branch projects towards time-coding parts of the brainstem (birds: nucleus magnocellularis = NM; mammals: anteroventral cochlear nucleus = AVCN), the other branch connects to nuclei where sound intensity and spectral cues are predominantly coded (birds: nucleus angularis = NA; mammals: posteroventral cochlear nucleus and dorsal cochlear nucleus). The very same axon can thus form giant synapses in ...
http://www.bio2.rwth-aachen.de/index.php?id=69
Synaptic Reorganization in the Adult Rats Ventral Cochlear Nucleus following Its Total Sensory Deafferentation - pdf descargarSynaptic Reorganization in the Adult Rats Ventral Cochlear Nucleus following Its Total Sensory Deafferentation - pdf descargar
Synaptic Reorganization in the Adult Rats Ventral Cochlear Nucleus following Its Total Sensory Deafferentation. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
http://libros.duhnnae.com/2017/jun7/149807952112-Synaptic-Reorganization-in-the-Adult-Rats-Ventral-Cochlear-Nucleus-following-Its-Total-Sensory-Deafferentation.php
Monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials and monitoring device for monitoring dorsal...Monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials and monitoring device for monitoring dorsal...
A novel monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials is provided, which has a superior performance in accuracy, adherent property, comprehensiveness, recording sensiti
https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2009/0234421.html
Expression and Localization of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b Potassium Channels in the Cochlear Nucleus and Inferior Colliculus after Long...Expression and Localization of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b Potassium Channels in the Cochlear Nucleus and Inferior Colliculus after Long...
Deafness affects the expression and distribution of voltage-dependent potassium channels (Kvs) of central auditory neurons in the short-term, i.e., hours to days, but the consequences in the expression of Kvs after long-term deafness remain unknown. We tested expression and distribution of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b, key for auditory processing, in the rat cochlear nucleus (CN), and in the inferior colliculus (IC), at 1, 15 and 90 days after mechanical lesion of the cochlea, using a combination of qRT-PCR and Western blot in the whole CN, along with semi-quantitative immunocytochemistry in the AVCN, where the role of both Kvs in excitability control for accurate auditory timing signal processing is well established. Neither Kv1.1/Kv3.1b mRNA or protein expression changed significantly in the CN between 1 and 15 days after deafness. At 90 days post-lesion, however, mRNA and protein expression for both Kvs increased, suggesting that expression regulation of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b is part of cellular mechanisms for long
https://www.garvan.org.au/research/collaborative-programs/circa/publications/15293
Effects of divalent cations on voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels and depolarization-induced [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub>...Effects of divalent cations on voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels and depolarization-induced [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub>...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Effects of divalent cations on voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and depolarization-induced [Ca2+]i transients of freshly isolated pyramidal cells of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus. AU - Harasztosi, Cs. AU - Rusznák, Z.. AU - Kovács, L.. AU - Szucs, G.. PY - 2001/12/1. Y1 - 2001/12/1. N2 - The effects of divalent cations on voltage-activated Ca2+ channels and depolarization-evoked cytoplasmic [Ca2+] elevations were studied in pyramidal neurones isolated from the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the rat. Ca2+ currents were recorded using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. 10 μmol·1-1 Cd2+ exerted a greater blocking effect on the high-voltage activated (HVA) currents than on the low-voltage activated (LVA) ones (decrease to 26.6 ± 2.5% and to 87.8 ± 2.1%, respectively). The blocking effect of 200 μmol·1-1 Cd2+ was more pronounced and the difference between the effect on the HVA and LVA currents became smaller (decrease to 11.7 ± 2.1% and to 32.4 ± 2.7%, ...
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/hu/publications/effects-of-divalent-cations-on-voltage-gated-casup2sup-channels-a
Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and...Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and...
When DArcy Wentworth Thompsons On Growth and Form was published 100 years ago, it raised the question of how biological forms arise during development and across evolution. In light of the advances in molecular and cellular biology since then, a succinct modern view of the question states: how do genes encode geometry? Our new special issue is packed with articles that use mathematical and physical approaches to gain insights into cell and tissue patterning, morphogenesis and dynamics, and that provide a physical framework to capture these processes operating across scales.. Read the Editorial by guest editors Thomas Lecuit and L. Mahadevan, as they provide a perspective on the influence of DArcy Thompsons work and an overview of the articles in this issue.. ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/early/2009/05/13/dev.033480
Label Cochlear nucleus neuron - NeuroLexLabel Cochlear nucleus neuron - NeuroLex
Note: Neurolex imports many terms and their ids from existing community ontologies, e.g., the Gene Ontology. Neurolex, however, is a dynamic site and any content beyond the identifier should not be presumed to reflect the content or views of the source ontology. Users should consult with the authoritative source for each ontology for current information ...
http://neurolex.org/wiki/Special:SearchByProperty/Label/Cochlear-20nucleus-20neuron
Cochlear Nucleus 7 Sneak Preview | cochlear implant HELPCochlear Nucleus 7 Sneak Preview | cochlear implant HELP
Get a sneak preview of the Cochlear Nucleus 7 processor! Stay tuned here for breaking news on the N7 from Cochlear. Information distilled by Bob MacPherson from an interview with Jan Janssen, Senior Vice President Research and Development, Cochlear Limited on MedicalResearch.com, dateline july 20, 2017: * The Nucleus® 7 Sound Processor is the worlds first and…
https://cochlearimplanthelp.com/2017/07/25/cochlear-nucleus-7-sneak-preview/
Complexin-I Is Required for High-Fidelity Transmission at the Endbulb of Held Auditory Synapse | Journal of NeuroscienceComplexin-I Is Required for High-Fidelity Transmission at the Endbulb of Held Auditory Synapse | Journal of Neuroscience
Next, we studied short-term plasticity in CPX I+/+ and CPX I−/− endbulb synapses using pairs and trains of pulses. Paired-pulse responses in CPX I+/+ mice differed somewhat from other mouse strains [CBA/CaJ (Yang and Xu-Friedman, 2008); black Swiss (M. A. Xu-Friedman and W. G. Regehr, unpublished observations)], in that depression was not as pronounced and was partially occluded by a briefly facilitating component (Fig. 6 C). We did not examine the basis for this further. Importantly, CPX I−/− littermates showed no depression at any interval tested, consistent with a decrease in probability of release (P r) (Zucker and Regehr, 2002; Wang and Manis, 2005). Using trains, we observed facilitation of CPX I−/− endbulb synapses at all stimulation frequencies tested (100, 200, and 333 Hz) (Fig. 6 D), which are in the range of spike rates that are observed in vivo (Fig. 4) (Sachs and Abbas, 1974; Taberner and Liberman, 2005). To compare EPSC amplitudes between the two strains throughout the ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/25/7991.long
Plus itPlus it
The mechanism of action of aniracetam on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors was examined in outside-out patches and at glutamatergic synapses in neurons of the chick cochlear nucleus. A combination of rapid-flow analysis, using glutamate as an agonist, and kinetic modeling indicated that aniracetam slows both the rate of channel closing, and the microscopic rates of desensitization, even for partially liganded receptors. Little effect was observed on the rate of recovery from desensitization or on the response to the weakly desensitizing agonist kainate. Aniracetams effects on receptor deactivation saturated at lower concentrations than its effects on desensitization, suggesting that cooperativity between homologous binding sites was required to regulate desensitization. Analysis of responses to paired pulses of agonist also indicated that AMPA receptors must desensitize partially even after agonist exposures too brief to permit rebinding. In the presence of ...
https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/64/2/269
ModelDB: DCN fusiform cell (Ceballos et al. 2016)ModelDB: DCN fusiform cell (Ceballos et al. 2016)
Dorsal cochlear nucleus principal neurons, fusiform neurons, display heterogeneous spontaneous action potential activity and thus represent an appropriate model to study the role of different conductances in establishing firing heterogeneity. Particularly, fusiform neurons are divided into quiet, with no spontaneous firing, or active neurons, presenting spontaneous, regular firing. These modes are determined by the expression levels of an intrinsic membrane conductance, an inwardly rectifying potassium current (IKir). We used a computational model to test whether other subthreshold conductances vary homeostatically to maintain membrane excitability constant across the two subtypes. We found that Ih expression covaries specifically with IKir in order to maintain membrane resistance constant. The impact of Ih on membrane resistance is dependent on the level of IKir expression, being much smaller in quiet neurons with bigger IKir, but Ih variations are not relevant for creating the quiet and active ...
https://senselab.med.yale.edu/modeldb/ShowModel?model=206252&file=%2FFUS_model%2F
Wholesale Chopper Bicycle, China Wholesale Chopper Bicycle Manufacturers & Suppliers | Made-in-China.comWholesale Chopper Bicycle, China Wholesale Chopper Bicycle Manufacturers & Suppliers | Made-in-China.com
Wholesale Chopper Bicycle - Select 2017 high quality Wholesale Chopper Bicycle products in best price from certified Chinese Electric Chopper Bicycle manufacturers, Chopper Bicycle Parts suppliers, wholesalers and factory on Made-in-China.com
http://www.made-in-china.com/products-search/hot-china-products/Wholesale_Chopper_Bicycle.html
Plus itPlus it
A basic concept in theoretical neuroscience is the idea of pooling across a population of noisy inputs to achieve a more reliable measure of the encoded variable. This appears to be the computation that ICcc neurons are performing. There are few other demonstrations of a neural processing stage devoted to noise reduction. Phase locking in the auditory system improves from the auditory nerve to the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat (Joris et al., 1994a,b), which has been modeled using both a summative mechanism (Kuhlmann et al., 2002) and a coincidence detection mechanism (Carney, 1992); a similar decrease in temporal jitter is seen from the electroreceptors to the midbrain torus of Eigenmannia (Carr et al., 1986). Retinal ganglion cells also improve on photoreceptor noise levels, using mechanisms such as temporal or spatial summation (Aho et al., 1993; Warrant, 1999), lateral inhibition (Srinivasan et al., 1982; Balboa and Grzywacz, 2000), and channel properties (Dhingra et al., 2005; ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/26/22/5948
Biomedical AdvancesBiomedical Advances
Full text Supplement:. Tinnitus, the phantom perception of sound in the absence of a corresponding acoustic stimulus affects 10 to 15% of the adult population worldwide. Despite this prevalence, there are currently no effective drug therapies due to limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie tinnitus onset following triggers such as exposure to loud sound. Many studies support the prevailing idea that tinnitus arises in response to enhanced multisensory synaptic transmission to the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), the first relay in the auditory brainstem integrating acoustic and multisensory inputs. Such findings include a correlation between tinnitus and aberrant neural activity in the DCN (Kaltenbach 2007), altered excitability in the DCN initiating a complex sequence of events in the auditory pathway (Brozoski et al., 2002) and an increased synchrony in the network activity (Shore et al., 2016). We investigate the role of plasticity in the DCN at the early stages following acoustic ...
http://biomedical-advances.org/neuro-20179-14/
Projections from auditory cortex to cochlear nucleus: A comparative analysis of rat and mouseProjections from auditory cortex to cochlear nucleus: A comparative analysis of rat and mouse
Mammalian hearing is a complex special sense that involves detection, localization, and identification of the auditory stimulus. The cerebral cortex may subserve higher auditory processes by providing direct modulatory cortical projections to the auditory brainstem. To support the hypothesis that co …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16550586/?dopt=Abstract
Cochlear Nucleus 7 Introduction | cochlear implant HELPCochlear Nucleus 7 Introduction | cochlear implant HELP
Cochlear introduces the Nucleus 7 sound processor today! Compatible with Nucleus CI24RE, CI500 and Profile Series Implants, key features include: The N7 is the lightest sound processor on the market. Can stream sound directly from compatible Apple devices. Bimodal users can stream sound directly from a compatible iPhone, iPad or iPod touch to the Nucleus…
https://cochlearimplanthelp.com/2017/07/26/cochlear-nucleus-7-introduction/
Bassett Collection - Lane Medical Library - Stanford University School of MedicineBassett Collection - Lane Medical Library - Stanford University School of Medicine
A slice of tissue 3.5 mm. thick has been removed to expose this surface, cut through the rostral part of the inferior olive. The restiform bodies continue to increase in size as they ascend toward the cerebellum. The lateral recesses of the ventricle extend around the restiform bodies, and the tela chorioidea and roots of the ninth and tenth nerves lie in close relationship here. The cochlear nuclei are visible within the lateral recess on the right and on the cut surface at (18). The sulcus limitans forms a groove in the floor of the ventricle medial to the area acustica (3 ...
http://lane.stanford.edu/biomed-resources/bassett/bassettView.html?bn=29-7
Recovery after stroke improved with new treatment that creates nerve synapses in the brain, a key factor for learning: StudyRecovery after stroke improved with new treatment that creates nerve synapses in the brain, a key factor for learning: Study
Stroke recovery can be improved with a new treatment that creates new nerve synapses - essential for learning - in the brain. Researcher Marcela Pekna explained, More nerve sprouts and connections between nerve cells are created so that the remaining cells can take over functions that the dead cells once had. The researchers focused on C3a peptide, which is naturally produced in the body and especially as a result of certain conditions. The researchers administered C3a to mice through nasal drops.. Of the 28 mice with stroke, half received C3a peptide while the other half received a placebo. Those mice treated with C3a recovered much better than the mice on a placebo. Although mice are capable of recovering from stroke even without any therapy, C3a sped up the recovery and enabled them to use their stroke-affected paws more easily and effectively. The effects of the treatment remained four weeks after the completion.. Pekna explained, Say a stroke kills 10 million brain cells. Newly created ...
https://www.belmarrahealth.com/recovery-stroke-improved-new-treatment-creates-nerve-synapses-brain-key-factor-learning-study/
Kelompok Tani Simalungun Tuntut PTPN IV Unit Kebun Laras Kembalikan Tanah Warga - BeritaPekerja.ComKelompok Tani Simalungun Tuntut PTPN IV Unit Kebun Laras Kembalikan Tanah Warga - BeritaPekerja.Com
SIMALUNGUN - Ratusan massa kelompok tani Simalungun mendatangi Perkebunan PTPN IV Unit Kebun Laras, yang terletak di kabupaten Simalungun-Sumatera Ut
https://www.beritapekerja.com/2019/12/19/massa-kelompok-tani-simalungun-tuntut-ptpn-iv-kembalikan-tanah-warga/
IST Research ExplorerIST Research Explorer
Rubio, María, Ko Matsui, Yugo Fukazawa, Naomi Kamasawa, Harumi Harada, Makoto Itakura, Elek Molnár, Manabu Abe, Kenji Sakimura, and Ryuichi Shigemoto. The Number and Distribution of AMPA Receptor Channels Containing Fast Kinetic GluA3 and GluA4 Subunits at Auditory Nerve Synapses Depend on the Target Cells. Brain Structure and Function 222, no. 8 (2017): 3375-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-017-1408-0 ...
https://research-explorer.app.ist.ac.at/groups/RySh?start=20&style=chicago
Griffin HELO TC RC Helicopter Review: The iPad-Controlled ChopperGriffin HELO TC RC Helicopter Review: The iPad-Controlled Chopper
Once charged up (which took less than an hour over USB), the HELO is ready for flight. In our testing, it took a few seconds to gain momentum, but soon the chopper began to rise with a quick thumb swipe of the on-screen throttle. All of the controls come via a free iOS app (iOS 4.0+ compatible); this includes a simple throttle slider for basic control, joystick with trim, an auto-land button and a toggle switch for the choppers LED lights. While some may find the joystick difficult to maneuver at first, those with patience and a nimble touch will master the reins quickly. Within the app, a little searching will provide you with flying tips, a joystick/motion control toggle, pitch inversion, on-screen throttle placement and three transmission channels, in case a slew of oncoming HELO TCs are in your airspace. The app also allows users to record, store and playback successful flight plans.. Motion controls are extremely difficult to master, so we stuck with the joystick. There is also an ...
http://www.tabletpcreview.com/review/griffin-helo-tc-rc-helicopter-review-the-ipad-controlled-chopper/
The Chopper Push Technique - Cataract CoachThe Chopper Push Technique - Cataract Coach
Watch this video carefully and you will see that the chopper instrument is used just once to create a single chop. The rest of the surgery, the chopper is being used to push the nuclear pieces and keep them in front of the phaco tip. Without this effort, the pieces would tend to fall into…
https://cataractcoach.com/2020/03/17/the-chopper-push-technique/
Sensory Receptors - online presentationSensory Receptors - online presentation
neurons stimulated by low-frequency sounds, and those stimulated by highfrequency sounds, project their axons to different regions of the cochlear nucleus ...
https://en.ppt-online.org/766557
BD Visitec Nucleus ChopperBD Visitec Nucleus Chopper
BD Visitec Nucleus Chopper,Blunt, round tip facilitates easier separation of the nucleus. 45 6.0mm from tip, Blunt, Angled, 6.0mm from tip, 1.5mm from end,medicine,medical supply,medical supplies,medical product
http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-products/BD-Visitec-Nucleus-Chopper-7260-1/
Chopper II - Evergreen Scale ModelsChopper II - Evergreen Scale Models
Miniature Wood and Styrene Length Cutter An Ideal Companion for Evergreen Strips, Tubes, Rods and Shapes. The Chopper II fits in your work space - only 7 X 7. Replaceable cutting Mat for cleaner cuts. Cutting depth 1/4 Max. Ideal for cutting Evergreen strips. Right or left hand operation. Light (under 2 Lbs) , stron
https://evergreenscalemodels.com/collections/tools/products/chopper-ii
I Heart Choppers Giclee Print at AllPosters.comI Heart Choppers Giclee Print at AllPosters.com
I Heart Choppers Giclee Print - at AllPosters.com. Choose from over 500,000 Posters & Art Prints. Value Framing, Fast Delivery, 100% Satisfaction Guarantee.
https://www.allposters.com/-sp/I-Heart-Choppers-Posters_i8916515_.htm
Emergency chopper targeted by laser - Care2 News NetworkEmergency chopper targeted by laser - Care2 News Network
An emergency medical helicopter transporting a critically ill patient has been targeted by a green laser while flying nearby Sydney, NSW Ambulance says. Early on Saturday morning, the chopper was en route from Nepean Hospital to RPA
http://www.care2.com/news/member/247744205/494767
Graters, Vegetable Choppers and Mandolin Slicers at Ace HardwareGraters, Vegetable Choppers and Mandolin Slicers at Ace Hardware
Zyliss Food Chopper, White Reviews - alaTest.comZyliss Food Chopper, White Reviews - alaTest.com
Read Zyliss Food Chopper, White reviews and ratings from US experts and consumers. Compare it to other Food Processors and find the lowest price.
http://alatest.com/reviews/food-processor-reviews/food-chopper/po3-202759658,334/
Australia 1 | American Chopper | DiscoveryAustralia 1 | American Chopper | Discovery
Its another OCC family vacation as the Teutuls go walkabout in the land down under where Russell Crowe asks the guys to build an Australia-themed chopper.
https://www.discovery.com/shows/american-chopper/episodes/australia-1
RYOKUGYU (GREEN BULL), THE LAST ADMIRAL | ONE PIECE GOLDRYOKUGYU (GREEN BULL), THE LAST ADMIRAL | ONE PIECE GOLD
If we continue with the format then next is the Bull part. The most common known thing about bulls is that they go mental when they see the colour red. This could link to Ryokugyu (Green Bull) having a berserker ability where he looses control over himself and devestates everything close by.. I want to link this to Chopper and his Monster point. Chopper studied under Dr.Kureha and invented the rumble balls. When he took three of these he lost control over his devil fruit and went on a rampage abit like a berserker. This could prove an important hint. How exactly did Chopper invent those Rumble Balls? He could have made them from scratch ofcourse but if we take it that Green Bull came from Drum Kingdom then he could have also used previous research that already existed and made the Rumble Balls from that research. If for example Green Bull was afraid of his own power and the fact he looses his mind whenever it activates then he could have tried researching a way to stop this berserk ...
http://www.onepiecegold.com/ryokugyu-green-bull-the-last-admiral/
Gemma Collins shows off shrinking waist as she does a cartwheel in gym gear - Usa Today PostGemma Collins shows off shrinking waist as she does a cartwheel in gym gear - Usa Today Post
GEMMA Collins is cartwheeling her way to fitness and has shown fans how flexible she is as she flies through the air. The reality TV star is looking s
https://usatodaypost.com/gemma-collins-shows-off-shrinking-waist-as-she-does-a-cartwheel-in-gym-gear/
Literatrix: 05.2013Literatrix: 05.2013
Hold, he breathed. A man in a commanders uniform stepped into view, flanked by two Chelish marines, apparently on inspection. He gave the windows a cursory glance as they filed into the room, then cursed and grabbed for his battleaxe. Feruzi hissed, realizing hed spotted her. Leila slid the window open and Feruzi dove through, crossing the room in a single movement to slam the door closed, blocking the exit, but the maneuver left her open to a crushing axe blow that opened her arm to the bone. One of the marines pulled out a whistle and blew furiously. Chopper came through the window and stabbed the man in the back, sending him staggering and coughing. Leila fired her shortbow at the commander, nicking him, while Feruzi peppered him with her fists, forcing him back away from the door. He retaliated with his axe while the other marine stabbed Chopper in the side. Feruzi slumped against the door, gravely wounded but still blocking the path. Not knowing what else to do, she hurled Ezikials ...
http://literatrix.blogspot.com/2013/05/
Got my first..... - Club Chopper ForumsGot my first..... - Club Chopper Forums
Ink Work Figured if I dont ever get another one, I at least have one I really like....honestly....think i might have an idea for a second one Real
http://www.clubchopper.com/forums/chopper-lounge/120278-got-my-first.html
Lionel Ganja Barrett - Rasta Cowboy | Deadly Dragon SoundLionel Ganja Barrett - Rasta Cowboy | Deadly Dragon Sound
Label: Chopper / Digikiller • Producer: Chopper Productions • 7" • 1980s (repress) • Digital Scorcher • Fight Fight)
https://deadlydragonsound.com/v4_records_info.php?id=20679
50 hp Dixie Chopper | LawnSite50 hp Dixie Chopper | LawnSite
Has anyone ever used one of these? I was just looking at them on their website, and it might be the most ridiculous thing Ive ever seen. The body on...
https://www.lawnsite.com/threads/50-hp-dixie-chopper.115925/
Octopus Body Plan | HowStuffWorksOctopus Body Plan | HowStuffWorks
Octopus Body Plan - The octopus body is unique in that its arms are attached to the head. But the octopus has no inner or outer shell. Find out more about how the octopus body.
https://animals.howstuffworks.com/marine-life/octopus1.htm
Sweat-shirt et Hoodie WCC | Kustom Workshop | Custom ShopSweat-shirt et Hoodie WCC | Kustom Workshop | Custom Shop
Voici les sweat-shirt et hoodie WCC. Tous les derniers sweat-shirts, hoodies et promos west coast choppers by Jesse James sont déjà sur votre custom shop favoris, Kustom Workshop.
https://www.kustomworkshop.com/catalogue/sweat-shirt-hoodie-west-coast-choppers-wcc/
Virus alert ! - Fichu spyware ... [résolu]Virus alert ! - Fichu spyware ... [résolu]
Bonjour, Je viens de chopper un spyware connu mais que je narrive pas à virer de mon pc. Cest le fameux VIRUS ALERT. Ci - dessous le HijackThis: Logfile of Trend Micro HijackThis v2.0.2 Sc
http://www.tomsguide.fr/forum/id-411292/virus-alert-fichu-spyware-resolu.html
Chapter 6Chapter 6
He was a skilful chopper, and indulged in some flourishes and ornaments in his art. He cut his trees level and close to the ground, that the sprouts which came
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/w/walden/summary-and-analysis/chapter-6/chapter-6-2
Cochlear Nucleus as a Generator of Tinnitus-Related Signals - Oxford HandbooksCochlear Nucleus as a Generator of Tinnitus-Related Signals - Oxford Handbooks
Tinnitus most commonly begins with alterations of input from the ear resulting from cochlear trauma or overstimulation of the ear. Because the cochlear nucleus is the first processing center in the brain receiving cochlear input, it is the first brainstem station to adjust to this modified input from the cochlea. Research published over the last 30 years demonstrates changes in neural circuitry and activity in the cochlear nucleus that are associated with and may be the origin of the signals that give rise to tinnitus percepts at the cortical level. This chapter summarizes what is known about these disturbances and their relationships to tinnitus. It also summarizes the mechanisms that trigger tinnitus-related disturbances and the anatomical, chemical, neurophysiological, and biophysical defects that underlie them. It concludes by highlighting some major controversies that research findings have generated and discussing the clinical implications the findings have for the future treatment of tinnitus.
https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190849061-e-8?rskey=nk8P0V&result=17
Wired for Sound: A Q&A Concerning Dolphin Brains - The AustringerWired for Sound: A Q&A Concerning Dolphin Brains - The Austringer
Afferent:. Neural activity begins with the transduction of acoustic waves into electrochemical communication in the hair cells of the basilar membrane. Synaptic connections stimulate activity in sensory neurons. Apical, intermediate, and basal neurons of the cochlea innervate the cochlear nucleus. The cochlear nucleus gives rise to a variety of connections. Ipsilaterally, these connections are to the medial superior olive, the lateral superior olive (absent or reduced in dolphins and bats), the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body, lateral pre-olivary nucleus, and dorsal and ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus. Contralaterally, these connections of the cochlear nucleus are to the medial trapezoidal body, medial superior olive, medial pre-olivary nucleus, and dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. The medial trapezoidal body innervates the lateral superior olive of the same side. [2, pp. 284-294]. Afferent innervation of the retro-olivary group is laminar, and may indicate a ...
http://austringer.net/wp/index.php/2005/02/26/wired-for-sound-a-qa-concerning-dolphin-brains/
Implication of autophagy and apoptosis in spiral ganglion cells and cochlear nucleus nuerons in diabetes-induced hearing...Implication of autophagy and apoptosis in spiral ganglion cells and cochlear nucleus nuerons in diabetes-induced hearing...
Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate incidence of autophagy and apoptosis in spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) and cochlear nucleus neurons, ..
http://www.alliedacademies.org/abstract/implication-of-autophagy-and-apoptosis-in-spiral-ganglion-cells-and-cochlear-nucleus-nuerons-in-diabetesinduced-hearing-impairment-6707.html
Selective degeneration of synapses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of chinchilla following acoustic trauma and effects of...Selective degeneration of synapses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of chinchilla following acoustic trauma and effects of...
We talk about you every day. You are our patients, friends and family and because you donate, expert researchers push innovation forward. You deserve the best life and we want you to hear what you are missing. The research is moving fast and there couldnt be a better time to give. The more money we raise, the faster we can work. Every dollar matters and every dollar counts toward helping you and people all over the world. Today is the day to put your dollars to work. Read more.. For more information on contributing, please call the Foundation office at (405) 639-2875. ...
http://houghear.org/publications/selective-degeneration-of-synapses-in-the-dorsal-cochlear-nucleus-of-chinchilla-following-acoustic-trauma-and-effects-of-antioxidant-treatment/
Used Miter Disc Sander, Morso EH Guillotine Chopper, Mitre Mite ITW AMP Alphamachine VN4+MP VN42, Pistorius EMN-14 Saw, Cassese...Used Miter Disc Sander, Morso EH Guillotine Chopper, Mitre Mite ITW AMP Alphamachine VN4+MP VN42, Pistorius EMN-14 Saw, Cassese...
c) Copyright 2014 All rights in all media reserved. Used Mitre Mite ITW AMP VN42 V-nailer Frame Assembly Machine Joiner Underpinner, Used Miter Disc Sander, Used Morso EH Guillotine Chopper Deluxe Extension Table and Measuring Gauge, Used Mitre Mite ITW AMP Alphamachine VN4+MP V-nailer Underpinner Frame Joiner, Used Pistorius EMN14 Double Miter Saw, Used Cassese CS55M Frame Moulding Chopper, Used Fletcher Fillet Cutter Chopper, Used Hansen Jyden Morso Foot Chopper, Used Silentaire Air Compressor, Used Fletcher 7100 Hitachi Mitre Saw, Frame Joiner Assembly Machine, Used C&H Thumbnailer Master Router Joiner, Porter Cable, Used Morso Model F Deluxe Picture Frame Chopper, Measuring Table, Used ITW AMP Mitre-Mite VN4L Underpinner V-nailer Frame Joiner, Used Cassese CS89 V-nailer Underpinner Frame Joiner, Morso Foot Chopper, Used Makita Saw with Measuring System, Used Taurus 2KSM Vnailer Frame Joiner Manual Underpinner, Used Jyden Manual Pneumatic Foot Chopper, Extra Blades, Used Miter Master ...
http://clevelandskyline.com/Frame_Moulding_Cutting_Joining_Equipment_page_260.htm
Drosophila Cep135/Bld10 maintains proper centriole structure but is dispensable for cartwheel formation | Journal of Cell...Drosophila Cep135/Bld10 maintains proper centriole structure but is dispensable for cartwheel formation | Journal of Cell...
Cep135/Bld10 is a conserved centriolar protein required for the formation of the central cartwheel, an early intermediate in centriole assembly. Surprisingly, Cep135/Bld10 is not essential for centriole duplication in Drosophila suggesting that either Cep135/Bld10 is not essential for cartwheel formation, or that the cartwheel is not essential for centriole assembly in flies. Using Electron Tomography and super-resolution microscopy we show that centrioles can form a cartwheel in the absence of Cep135/Bld10, but centriole width is increased and the cartwheel appears to disassemble over time. Using 3D structured illumination microscopy we show that Cep135/Bld10 is localised to a region between inner (SAS-6, Ana2) and outer (Asl, DSpd-2 and D-PLP) centriolar components, and the localisation of all these component is subtly perturbed in the absence of Cep135/Bld10, although the 9-fold symmetry of the centriole is maintained. Thus, in flies, Cep135/Bld10 is not essential for cartwheel assembly or ...
http://jcs.biologists.org/content/early/2012/09/07/jcs.113506.long
Thumbmaster Router Thumbnailer, Morso Chopper Pistorius Mitre-Mite VN4, Framing EquipmentThumbmaster Router Thumbnailer, Morso Chopper Pistorius Mitre-Mite VN4, Framing Equipment
c) Copyright 2017 All rights in all media reserved. Used Mitre-Mite VN4 Used Framing Frame Shop Pneumatic Underpinner For Sale, Used Pistorius Model VN-B Pneumatic Joiner, Pistorius Model VN-B VNB Pneumatic Underpinner Joiner, Used Framing Frame Shop Pneumatic Underpinner For Sale, Used Frame Shop Thumbmaster Router Thumbnailer, Framing Thumaster Framer Router, Used Frame Shop Woodworking Router Thumbnail System, Framing Router, Used Morso Chopper For Sale, Morso F Chopper Frame Moulding Cutting Framing Equipment, Used Morso Chopper For Sale, Picture Frame Moulding Chopper, Used Picture Framing Equipment for Sale, Used Jyden Chopper, Pre-Owned Used Morso Chopper For Sale for Frame Shops Art Galleries, Framing Tools, Buy Used Framing Frame Shop Equipment Store, Pistorius Pisorius Pistorious Model VN-B VNB Pneumatic Underpinner Joiner For Sale, MitreMite VN 4 VN4 VN-4 Frame Moulding Underpinner Under-pinner Under Pinner Framing Equipment, AMP International Mitre-Mite VN4, Used AMP ITW Mitre Mite ...
http://clevelandskyline.com/Frame_Moulding_Cutting_Joining_Equipment_page_6.htm
Entropy | Free Full-Text | The Effects of Spontaneous Random Activity on Information Transmission in an Auditory Brain Stem...Entropy | Free Full-Text | The Effects of Spontaneous Random Activity on Information Transmission in an Auditory Brain Stem...
This paper presents the effects of spontaneous random activity on information transmission in an auditory brain stem neuron model. In computer simulations, the supra-threshold synaptic current stimuli ascending from auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) were modeled by a filtered inhomogeneous Poisson process modulated by sinusoidal functions at a frequency of 220-3520 Hz with regard to the human speech spectrum. The stochastic sodium and stochastic high- and low-threshold potassium channels were incorporated into a single compartment model of the soma in spherical bushy neurons, so as to realize threshold fluctuations or a variation of spike firing times. The results show that the information rates estimated from the entropy of inter-spike intervals of spike trains tend toward a convex function of the spontaneous rates when the intensity of sinusoidal functions decreases. Furthermore, the results show that a convex function of the spontaneous rates tends to disappear as the frequency of the sinusoidal function
http://www.mdpi.com/1099-4300/16/12/6654
TinnitusTinnitus
Hearing loss leads to a reorganization of the pathways in the central auditory system.12,20,22,23 These changes may occur rapidly24 and lead to abnormal interactions between auditory and other central pathways.20Analogous changes in the somatosensory system linked to phantom pain25 led us to suggest that there are similarities between neuropathic pain and tinnitus.12 In patients with gaze-evoked tinnitus, lateral eye movements failto produce the inhibition of the auditory cortex observed in controls.20 The absence of this phenomenon, called cross-modal inhibition, may contribute to the false perception of sounds.. Levine hypothesized that a reduction in auditory-nerve input leads to disinhibition of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and an increase in spontaneous activity in the central auditory system, which is experienced as tinnitus.26 This mechanism could explain the temporary ringing sensation that may follow exposure to noise,27 the effects of some drugs such as furosemide, and spontaneous ...
http://www.medical-journals.com/87.html
AnatonominaAnatonomina
Scheme of neurones of auditory pathway. 4 neuronal afferent centripetal tract terminating in the primary acoustic cortex of temporal lobe. Receptor: hairs cells of Corti organ inside the membranous cochlear duct of inner ear. Receptors are surrounded by dendrites of bipolar neurons of the cochlear ganglion (1. N). Axons of bipolar neurons form the cochlear nerve. Cochlear nerve terminates in the cochlear nuclei (2. N) in the brainstem. From cochlear nuclei information go by the lateral lemniscus into the inferior collicle (3. N) in the mesencephalon. Signals interpolate in the inferior collicle and continue to the medial geniculate body (4. N). The last part of the auditory tract - acustic radiation (geniculo-cortical tract) continue into the upper part of the temporal lobe - transverse temporal gyruses (primary acustic cortex). Between the basic neurons of the auditory pathway there are inserted interstitial (relay neurons) which are grouped into independent nuclei : nucleus olivaris superior, ...
http://terminologia-anatomica.org/en/Presentation/SitemapItemRecords?sitemapItemId=199
Localization of pitch in the brain?Localization of pitch in the brain?
meshinder at aol.com (MEShinder) wrote in message news:,20010716122745.19834.00000992 at nso-bg.aol.com,... , In article ,b86268d4.0107160805.6215f470 at posting.google.com,, , jonesmat at physiology.wisc.edu (Matt Jones) writes: , , ,However, the earliest stage where neurons appear to respond to pitch , ,(as opposed to frequency - not the same thing) is probably the , ,cochlear nucleus which is the first main integrative processing stage , ,for auditory information. , , , , I am naive to the neuralogical difference between pitch and frequency , processing in the cochlear nuclei. I am aware of the tonotopy in these nuclei, , but Im not sure how it relates to a difference. Frequency is the physical description of the pressure wave (e.g., power spectral density) whereas pitch is the perceptual sensation evoked in the listener. Most of the time these things amount to roughly the same thing. However there are some well known situations in which frequency and pitch are different. For example, it is ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/2001-July/046441.html
Dixie Chopper 8084019 Owner`s manualDixie Chopper 8084019 Owner`s manual
For Dixie Chopper Discount Parts Call 606-678-9623 or 606-561-4983 Serial Numbers 8084019 and Higher Model # ____________________ Engine Model # ____________________ Serial # ____________________ Engine Serial # ____________________ Date Purchased ____________________ Engine Spec. # ____________________ Iron Eagle Owners Manual 700127 March, 2008 www.mymowerparts.com For Dixie Chopper Discount Parts Call 606-678-9623 or 606-561-4983 About This Manual AUTHORIZED DEALER This owners manual is considered a permanent part of the mower. It must be available to all of the operators and/or person(s) servicing the mower. Should the mower be resold, this manual must remain with the mower. All information, illustrations, and specifications contained in this manual were in effect at the time of publication. Dixie Chopper reserves the right to change, modify, and/or discontinue specifications and/ or design without notice. If there is a change that has been made to your mower which is not shown or ...
http://manualzz.com/doc/1698481/dixie-chopper-8084019-owner-s-manual
The catch smooth muscle contains small fusiform cells: stem cells, sensors or else?</em>...The catch smooth muscle contains small fusiform cells: stem cells, sensors or else?</em>...
TY - CONF. T1 - The catch smooth muscle contains small fusiform cells: stem cells, sensors or else?. AU - Gilloteaux, Jacques. AU - Davey, Tracey. PY - 2018/9/1. Y1 - 2018/9/1. N2 - New structures found in paramyosin smooth muscles. AB - New structures found in paramyosin smooth muscles. M3 - Paper. ER - ...
https://researchportal.unamur.be/fr/publications/the-catch-smooth-muscle-contains-small-fusiform-cells-stem-cells-
Stimulation of the human auditory nerve with optical radiation | (2009) | Fishman | Publications | SpieStimulation of the human auditory nerve with optical radiation | (2009) | Fishman | Publications | Spie
A novel, spatially selective method to stimulate cranial nerves has been proposed: contact free stimulation with optical radiation. The radiation source is an infrared pulsed laser. The Case Report is the first report ever that shows that optical stimulation of the auditory nerve is possible in the human. The ethical approach to conduct any measurements or tests in humans requires efficacy and safety studies in animals, which have been conducted in gerbils. This report represents the first step in a translational research project to initiate a paradigm shift in neural interfaces. A patient was selected who required surgical removal of a large meningioma angiomatum WHO I by a planned transcochlear approach. Prior to cochlear ablation by drilling and subsequent tumor resection, the cochlear nerve was stimulated with a pulsed infrared laser at low radiation energies. Stimulation with optical radiation evoked compound action potentials from the human auditory nerve. Stimulation of the auditory nerve ...
http://spie.org/Publications/Proceedings/Paper/10.1117/12.814944
ZTN OBSERVABILITY FOR PARALLEL MULTI-CELL CHOPPER - InriaZTN OBSERVABILITY FOR PARALLEL MULTI-CELL CHOPPER - Inria
In most industrial processes that use electrical energy as a source of tension or current, requiring a power circuit to control of these physical states.This paper deals with observability problems of the parallel multi-cell chopper. This type of choppers is a new DC/DC static power converter. After modeling of the power converter, its hybrid dynamical behavior and properties are highlighted. The observability properties of the state vector is studied from the new observability concept ( The Z(TN)- observability ). Following this observability analysis an adequate sensor placement is proposed after an observability analysis and a super-twisting observer has been proposed, that ensures finite-time convergence and robustness under bounded perturbations. That is why, its estimation by means of an observer becomes an attractive and economical solution. The suitability of the proposed strategy is proved by extensive computer aided simulations employing a comprehensive model of the system considering noisy
https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00654244
Calories in Price Chopper 1 milk. Nutrition Facts, Ingredients and AllergensCalories in Price Chopper 1 milk. Nutrition Facts, Ingredients and Allergens
Find Out How Many Calories Are In Price Chopper 1 Milk, Good or Bad Points and Other Nutrition Facts about it. Take a look at Price Chopper 1 Milk related products and other millions of foods.
http://recipeofhealth.com/nutrition-calories/1-milk-419173rb
Time Pass: 2010Time Pass: 2010
Everyone knew it was going to be a treacherous descent from that height ….. ground wind-speeds were 60 kmph now, enough to crash the chopper itself ! And yet, it came down … in a broad spiral … round n round n round …spiraling down .. down … 600 feet, 400 feet, 200 feet .. the sound of the chopper filled the whole valley ; as it began to line-up for the landing…the wind speed suddenly picked up…n the chopper swayed n tilted at a terrible angle for a few moments … hung motionless in mid-air for a split-second …. everyone missed a heart-beat … and then gasped in relief … as the chopper rode away on the the winds & circled back, low over the camp, to regain horizontal. The chopper landing site was marked with a giant H with 30 kgs of Wakefields Chocolate-powder (!!!), which looked a dull-maroon color on the soft-white snow ...
http://shaukha.blogspot.com/2010/
Time Pass: September 2010Time Pass: September 2010
Everyone knew it was going to be a treacherous descent from that height ….. ground wind-speeds were 60 kmph now, enough to crash the chopper itself ! And yet, it came down … in a broad spiral … round n round n round …spiraling down .. down … 600 feet, 400 feet, 200 feet .. the sound of the chopper filled the whole valley ; as it began to line-up for the landing…the wind speed suddenly picked up…n the chopper swayed n tilted at a terrible angle for a few moments … hung motionless in mid-air for a split-second …. everyone missed a heart-beat … and then gasped in relief … as the chopper rode away on the the winds & circled back, low over the camp, to regain horizontal. The chopper landing site was marked with a giant H with 30 kgs of Wakefields Chocolate-powder (!!!), which looked a dull-maroon color on the soft-white snow ...
http://shaukha.blogspot.com/2010/09/
FJ Chopper Head with S6 Solid Back Shade by PureEdge Lighting | FJ-CHO-1-SN-S6-SNFJ Chopper Head with S6 Solid Back Shade by PureEdge Lighting | FJ-CHO-1-SN-S6-SN
Fast Jack Chopper Head with S6 Solid Back Shade features a cylindrical socket on a rigid stem. Head rotates 360 degrees and tilts 270 degrees. Available in 1, 3, 6, 12, or 18 inch stem lengths. Mounts to 1 Circuit Monorail, 2 Circuit Monorail, or Fast Jack canopy. Includes Fast Jack connector. Fixture finish available in Satin Nickel, Polished Nickel or Antique Bronze. S6 Shade available in Satin Nickel, Polished Nickel, Antique Bronze or Black. One 75 watt, 12 volt GU5.3 MR16 halogen or LED equivalent is required, but not included. ETL listed. Optional optical accessories sold separately. Canopy required if used as a monopoint, sold separately.
http://www.lightology.com/index.php?module=prod_detail&prod_id=49042&cat_id=413
Egg Two Ways Flower Pattern Edge Cut Dicer Slicer Chopper Cutter Sectioner MoldEgg Two Ways Flower Pattern Edge Cut Dicer Slicer Chopper Cutter Sectioner Mold
Buy Egg Two Ways Flower Pattern Edge Cut Dicer Slicer Chopper Cutter Sectioner Mold from sourcingmap，you can get reasonable price and fast response worldwide. Please be assured all the products here are quality garanteed.
http://www.sourcingmap.com/egg-two-ways-flower-pattern-edge-cut-dicer-slicer-chopper-cutter-sectioner-mold-p-863300.html
Mini chopper,50cc,70cc,90cc from China Manufacturer, Manufactory, Factory and Supplier on ECVV.comMini chopper,50cc,70cc,90cc from China Manufacturer, Manufactory, Factory and Supplier on ECVV.com
Find Mini chopper,50cc,70cc,90cc from China Manufacturer, Manufactory, Factory and Supplier - Yongkang SHUKEDA METAL CO.,LTD on ECVV.com
https://www.ecvv.com/product/624199.html
Ethio Chopper - Electro Mecce Engineering Service Addis Ababa | Mecce | Animal Feed | Mixer | Chopper | Mill | PoultryEthio Chopper - Electro Mecce Engineering Service Addis Ababa | Mecce | Animal Feed | Mixer | Chopper | Mill | Poultry
Electro mecce engineering service was established in 1994 EC and its start the business with electrical, electro mechanical and industrial engineering service in rewinding, designing, assembling of electrical controlling boards and manufacturing agro industrial product.
https://electromecce.com/products/emes/141-ethio-chopper.html
Totally Target Getting You More Red For Less Green! - Part 1400Totally Target Getting You More Red For Less Green! - Part 1400
Target is offering up an opportunity to save 50% Off a different toy with Target Cartwheel every day all the way thru 12/24! Todays offer is for 50% Off Zoomer Dino Boomer and there is a limit of one toy per guest and it is valid today only, 11/9.. This offer is valid on Item # 087-02-0730 only and this toy is priced at $79.99 in-stores, so just $39.99 after cartwheel.. NOT FAMILIAR WITH TARGET CARTWHEEL? This savings program introduced by Target allows you to save even more when shopping in-store. Even better- these offers can be used with Target Coupons AND Manufacturer coupons for up to a triple stack! You can see my post HERE to help get you started.. ...
http://www.totallytarget.com/page/1400/
Killer sudoku - WikipediaKiller sudoku - Wikipedia
The two cells in the top left must be 1+2. The 3 cells to the right totaling 15 cannot therefore have either a 1 or a 2, so they must be either 3+4+8, 3+5+7, or 4+5+6. The two vertical cells in the top left of the top right nonet cannot be 2+2 as that would mean duplicates, so they must be 1+3. The 1 cannot be in the top line as that conflicts with our first 2 cells therefore the top cell of this pair is 3 and the lower cell 1. This also means the 3 cell cage 15 to the left cannot contain a 3 and so is 4+5+6. Similarly the neighbouring 16 must be 9+7. The four cells in the top right cage (totaling 15) can only include one of 1, 3, 7, or 9 (if at all) because of the presence of 1, 3, 7, and 9 in the top right hand nonet. If any one of 1, 3, 7, or 9 is present then this must be the lone square in the nonet below. Therefore, these 4 cells is one of 1+2+4+8 or 2+3+4+6; the 2 cells in the middle of the left edge must be either 1+5 or 2+4; and so on. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_sudoku
Cartwheeling light reveals new optical phenomenon | Mirage NewsCartwheeling light reveals new optical phenomenon | Mirage News
A scientist might want to do cartwheels upon making a discovery, but this time the discovery itself relies on cartwheels. Researchers at Rice University...
https://www.miragenews.com/cartwheeling-light-reveals-new-optical-phenomenon
Food Processors, Choppers and Meat Grinders at Ace HardwFood Processors, Choppers and Meat Grinders at Ace Hardw
Price Chopper: Coupon match-ups, stacks and deals (6/16) - ShopportunistPrice Chopper: Coupon match-ups, stacks and deals (6/16) - Shopportunist
Shannon, I also saw a comment on their FB page on Friday about them charging a debit surcharge of $1 now. Can you try to find out about that too?. ...
https://blog.timesunion.com/savings/price-chopper-coupon-match-ups-stacks-and-deals-616/3349/
Royal Canin VCN Kitten Food: Pediatric WeaningRoyal Canin VCN Kitten Food: Pediatric Weaning
Royal Canin VCN Kitten Food: Pediatric Weaning is a complete feed especially for kitten from 4 weeks up to 4 months old. Key benefits: Natural defences support - A synergistic complex of antioxidants to help support natural defences. Digestive health - Formula which promotes digestive tolerance.
https://www.petdrugsonline.co.uk/royal-canin-vcn-kitten-food-pediatric-weaning
DI-591 | DCN1-UBC12 Inhibitor | MedChemExpressDI-591 | DCN1-UBC12 Inhibitor | MedChemExpress
DI-591 is a potent, high-affinity and cell-permeable inhibitor of the DCN1-UBC12 interaction. DI-591 binds to DCN1 and DCN2 with Ki values of 12 nM and 10.4 nM, respectively and has no appreciable binding to DCN3, DCN4, and DCN5 proteins. DI-591 selectively inhibits neddylation of cullin 3 but has no or minimal effect on neddylation of other cullin family members. - Mechanism of Action & Protocol.
https://www.medchemexpress.com/di-591.html
Non classé<...Non classé<...
Science has led us to the way we live today. From cartwheels to automobiles, science has helped humans advance in every field. The importance of … ...
http://www.hiltonratcliffe.com/non-classe/
Target Unadvertised Deals: New Grocery SalesTarget Unadvertised Deals: New Grocery Sales
This a massive list of deals! I walked my Target earlier last week and it took me a few days to slowly work on getting everything typed up. With all the current cartwheel offers and coupons, their are some fun match ups. Get stocked on canned goods, soups and even baking items at great prices.. Dont forget to also look over all the deals in the Target ad this week before you go shopping.. ...
http://www.southernsavers.com/target-unadvertised-deals-new-grocery-sales/
Download Marine surveying by J. W. Bull PDF EPUB FB2Download Marine surveying by J. W. Bull PDF EPUB FB2
Prior survey reports Prior owners Documentation Inspect log book Maintenance records Insurance Official list of all inventory Hull Material Hand laid/chopper gun Solid/cored below water-line Stringers/stiffeners (athwartships, longitudal) Hull/deck joint type Depressions / .
https://qebidytajirot.leboostcamp.com/marine-surveying-book-6311dj.php
Mesin Olah Sampah Organik [RKE 2000L]Mesin Olah Sampah Organik [RKE 2000L]
Sederhana dan mudah dalam pengaplikasiannya, tinggal siapkan sampah organik sebanyak 6 m³ atau setara dengan berat 2 ton. Sampah harus dibuat ukuran kecil-kecil ( sekitar 10-15 mm) dengan cara dirajang atau menggunakan alat pencacah ( choper) menjadi seukuran dengan sampah dapur ( rumah tangga, hotel dan restoran) yakni 15 - 50 mm. Sampah yang berasal dari lingkungan pemukiman, hotel dan rumah tangga memang pada umumnya sudah berukuran kecil, sehingga sebenarnya tidak memerlukan dan tidak tergantung pada keberadaan mesin pencacah ( chopper) . Sampah, kemudian dimasukan ke dalam Komposter ( Rotary Klin) melalui pintu kearah reaktor. Di tempat lain, siapkan larutan mikroba sebagai aktivator dekomposisi- Green Phoskko® sebanyak 2 kg ( 1 permil dari bahan sampah sekitar 2 ton bahan baku kompos berupa sampah organik) , juga tambahkan Molases ( tetes tebu) atau gula pasir sekitar 50 sendok makan dan larutkan dalam air sebanyak 250 liter. Aduk hingga merata dan simpan 2-4 jam agar organic decomposer ...
http://asrulhoesein.blogspot.com/2011/05/mesin-pengolah-sampah-organik-rke-2000.html
Neogence | `Neogence | `
The name is Himeko. I love hello kitty, chopper and all things pink. Anything you need to enquire me about, drop me a mail at [email protected] ...
http://missyhimeko.jugem.jp/?cid=32
Apeks XL4 OctopusApeks XL4 Octopus
Buy Apeks XL4 Octopus from Divers Supply at the best price. Apeks XL4 Octopus comes with full Manufacturers warranty because Divers Supply is an autho
https://www.divers-supply.com/apeks-xl4-octopus.html
StickerBrand Giant Octopus 54x60 Black | FabStickerBrand Giant Octopus 54x60 Black | Fab
Explore well-designed Home Accents from amazing designers and shop the Giant Octopus 54x60 Black by StickerBrand on Fab.com today.
https://fab.com/product/giant-octopus-54x60-black-318877
Granule cellGranule cell
Dorsal cochlear nucleus granule cell[edit]. The granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are small neurons with two or ... Dorsal cochlear granule cells. Pyramidal cells from the primary auditory cortex project directly on to the cochlear nucleus. ... Granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus play a role in the perception and response to sounds in our environment. ... Weedman DL, Ryugo DK (1996). "Projections from auditory cortex to the cochlear nucleus in rats: synapses on granule cell ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell
Aage MøllerAage Møller
He conducted some of the first studies of the neural coding of complex (speech-like) sounds in the cochlear nucleus and showed ... Møller, Aage R. (1974). "Coding of sounds with rapidly varying spectrum in the cochlear nucleus". The Journal of the Acoustical ... "The Cochlear Nucleus-A tribute to Aage Møller". "Aage R. Moller". Møller, Aage R. (1972). "Coding of sounds in lower levels of ... Møller found evidence that the spasm was created by the facial motor nucleus probably through the process of activation of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aage_Møller
Huntington Medical Research InstitutesHuntington Medical Research Institutes
"Technology for an Advanced Cochlear Nucleus Auditory Prosthesis" (5R01DC009643). NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Medical_Research_Institutes
TinnitusTinnitus
Robert Aaron Levine (1999). "Somatic (craniocervical) tinnitus and the dorsal cochlear nucleus hypothesis". American Journal of ... Hearing loss may have many different causes, but among those with tinnitus, the major cause is cochlear injury. Ototoxic drugs ... About 75% of new cases are related to emotional stress as the trigger factor rather than to precipitants involving cochlear ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus
Temporal envelope and fine structureTemporal envelope and fine structure
At the level of the cochlear nucleus, several cell types show an enhancement of ENVn information. Multipolar cells can show ... Some cochlear implant systems transmit information about TFSp in the channels of the cochlear implants that are tuned to low ... in the ventral cochlear nucleus. These synapses contact bushy cells (Spherical and globular) and faithfully transmit (or ... nucleus multi-electrode cochlear implant". Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 38: V-IX, 1-181. doi:10.1159/000414597. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_envelope_and_fine_structure
Christian LorenziChristian Lorenzi
"Dual Coding of Frequency Modulation in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus". The Journal of Neuroscience. 38 (17): 4123-4137. doi: ... cochlear) or central damage, development, ageing and rehabilitation systems (e.g., hearing aids or cochlear implants) on the ... Lorenzi, C.; Gallégo, S.; Patterson, R. D. (July 1997). "Discrimination of temporal asymmetry in cochlear implantees". The ... Füllgrabe, Christian; Meyer, Bernard; Lorenzi, Christian (2003-04-01). "Effect of cochlear damage on the detection of complex ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lorenzi
Gammatone filterGammatone filter
P. I. M. Johannesma (1972). "The pre-response stimulus ensemble of neurons in the cochlear nucleus". IPO Symposium on Hearing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammatone_filter
Models of neural computationModels of neural computation
... spike timing-dependent plasticities in the dorsal cochlear nucleus". Nat Neurosci. 7 (7): 719-725. doi:10.1038/nn1272. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_neural_computation
Robert V. ShannonRobert V. Shannon
Fu, Qian-Jie; Shannon, Robert V. (January 2000). "Effect of stimulation rate on phoneme recognition by Nucleus-22 cochlear ... "A computer interface for psychophysical and speech research with the Nucleus cochlear implant". The Journal of the Acoustical ... Shannon has been one of the earlier and main researchers studying the psychophysics of electrical stimulation in cochlear- ... Fu, Qian-Jie; Shannon, Robert V. (November 1998). "Effects of amplitude nonlinearity on phoneme recognition by cochlear implant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Shannon
Neuronal noiseNeuronal noise
"Temperature affects voltage-sensitive conductances differentially in octopus cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus". J ... stochastic oscillations in pacemaker neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus are partially responsible for the organization of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_noise
Charles MolnarCharles Molnar
Model for the Convergence of Inputs Upon Neurons in the Cochlear Nucleus, D.Sc. Thesis, MIT, 1966. Chaney, T.J. and C.E. Molnar ... Kim, D.O. and C.E. Molnar: Cochlear mechanics: Measurements and models, in The Nervous System, Vol. 3, Human Communication and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Molnar
Mohan KameswaranMohan Kameswaran
"Prof (Dr.) Mohan Kameswaran's keynote address at Cochlear™ Nucleus® 6 launch for MERF recipients". YouTube video. Cochlear ... He is one of the pioneers of cochlear implant surgery in India and a visiting professor at Rajah Muthiah Medical College of the ... "Description". COCHLEAR IMPLANT GROUP OF INDIA. 2005. Retrieved 12 December 2015. "City to Host Meet for ENT Surgeons". Indian ... Honouring his introduction of Cochlear Implant Program in Sri Lanka, the President of the country presented him with the Award ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Kameswaran
KCNC1KCNC1
... reticular thalamic nuclei, cortical and hippocampal interneurons > inferior colliculi, cochlear and vestibular nuclei), and in ... Kv3.1 channels are prominently expressed in brain (cerebellum > globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra > ... focus on the nucleus tractus solitarii". The Journal of Physiology. 562 (Pt 3): 655-72. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.073338. PMC ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC1
Sound localization in owlsSound localization in owls
... the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (mammalian anteroventral cochlear nucleus) and the cochlear nucleus angularis (see figure ... mammalian posteroventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei). The neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis phase-lock, but are fairly ... Neurons from the nucleus laminaris project to the core of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and to the anterior ... The fibers of the auditory nerve innervate both cochlear nuclei in the brainstem, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localization_in_owls
AmblyaudiaAmblyaudia
"Effects of monaural and binaural sound deprivation on cell development in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of rats". Exp. ... "Late appearance and deprivation-sensitive growth of permanent dendrites in the avian cochlear nucleus (nuc. magnocellularis)". ... Webster DB, Webster M (1979). "Effects of neonatal conductive hearing loss on brain stem auditory nuclei". Ann. Otol. Rhinol. ... Smith ZD, Gray L, Rubel EW (October 1983). "Afferent influences on brainstem auditory nuclei of the chicken: n. laminaris ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyaudia
Frequency following responseFrequency following response
Moushegian, G.; Rupert, A. L. (1973). "Response diversity of neurons in ventral cochlear nucleus of kangaroo rat to low- ... This phenomenon came to be known as the cochlear microphonic (CM). The FFR may have been accidentally discovered back in 1930; ... but it was later discovered that the response is non-neural and is cochlear in origin, specifically from the outer hair cells. ... to describe the CM-like neural components recorded directly from several brainstem nuclei (research based on Jewett and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_following_response
Kirsten OsenKirsten Osen
Her principal field of research has been studies of the cochlear nuclei. She has been active in the Norwegian chapter of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Osen
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
The cochlear and vestibular nuclei, which contain the special somatic afferent column. The inferior olivary nucleus, which ... The dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve and the inferior salivatory nucleus, both of which form the general visceral efferent fibers ... The dorsal column nuclei, which contain the gracile and cuneate nuclei. Basal plate neuroblasts give rise to: The hypoglossal ... They are caused by masses of gray matter known as the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus. The soma (cell bodies) in these ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata
Biological neuron modelBiological neuron model
"Somatosensory inputs modify auditory spike timing in dorsal cochlear nucleus principal cells". European Journal of Neuroscience ... Cochlear implant[edit]. This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2016) ... For example, cochlear hair cells, retinal receptor cells, and retinal bipolar cells do not spike. Furthermore, many cells in ... "Effects of the Activity of the Internal Globus Pallidus-Pedunculopontine Loop on the Transmission of the Subthalamic Nucleus- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_neuron_model
Claude-Henri ChouardClaude-Henri Chouard
"The effect of the acoustic nerve chronic electric stimulation upon the guinea pig cochlear nucleus development". Acta ... By using the same approach to reconstruct the solitary tract and its gustatory nuclei, he observed that the nucleus of the last ... the cochlear implant would need several electrodes, so it could stimulate the different frequency regions on the "cochlear ... The multichannel cochlear implant was designed and developed in 1975 at Saint-Antoine Hospital by a multidisciplinary team ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude-Henri_Chouard
Interaural time differenceInteraural time difference
... known as the antero-ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), postero-ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) ... The SOC receives input from cochlear nuclei, primarily the ipsilateral and contralateral AVCN. Four nuclei make up the SOC but ... Next in the pathway is the cochlear nucleus, which receives mainly ipsilateral (that is, from the same side) afferent input. ... The IC is situated in the midbrain and consists of a group of nuclei the largest of these is the central nucleus of inferior ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaural_time_difference
Acoustic tubercleAcoustic tubercle
The cochlear nerve is lateral to the root of the vestibular nerve. Its fibers end in two nuclei: one, the accessory nucleus, ... The acoustic tubercle is a nuclei on the end of the cochlear nerve. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_tubercle
Auditory systemAuditory system
... the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), and ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). The VCN is further divided by the nerve root into the ... and receives projections predominantly from the ventral cochlear nucleus, although the dorsal cochlear nucleus projects there ... posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). The trapezoid body is a bundle of ... Some of these axons come from the cochlear nucleus and cross over to the other side before traveling on to the superior olivary ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_system
Neuroscience of musicNeuroscience of music
Phase-locking to stimulus frequencies has been shown in the auditory nerve, the cochlear nucleus, the inferior colliculus, and ... Köppl, Christine (1997). "Phase Locking to High Frequencies in the Auditory Nerve and Cochlear Nucleus Magnocellularis of the ... "Mode-Locked Spike Trains in Responses of Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Chopper and Onset Neurons to Periodic Stimuli". Journal of ... Nucleus accumbens (a part of striatum) is involved in both music related emotions, as well as rhythmic timing. According to the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music
Cartwheel cellCartwheel cell
Their axons do not extend beyond the dorsal cochlear nucleus but synapse with other cartwheel cells and pyramidal cells within ... Berrebi, AS; Mugnaini, E (1991). "Distribution and targets of the cartwheel cell axon in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the ... Cartwheel cells are neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) where they greatly outnumber the other inhibitory interneurons ... and therefore plays a key role in the shaping of the overall output of the superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartwheel_cell
Language processing in the brainLanguage processing in the brain
The posterior branch enters the dorsal and posteroventral cochlear nucleus to give rise to the auditory dorsal stream. Language ... division of the two streams first occurs in the auditory nerve where the anterior branch enters the anterior cochlear nucleus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain
HearingHearing
The sound information from the cochlea travels via the auditory nerve to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. From there, the ... The purpose of the middle ear ossicles is to overcome the impedance mismatch between air waves and cochlear waves, by providing ... The inferior colliculus in turn projects to the medial geniculate nucleus, a part of the thalamus where sound information is ... hearing assistive devices such as hearing aids and cochlear implants. In a clinical setting, this management is offered by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing
Brainstem auditory evoked potentialBrainstem auditory evoked potential
They reflect neuronal activity in the auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, and inferior colliculus of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem_auditory_evoked_potential
Lateral lemniscusLateral lemniscus
... order information coming out of some of these brainstem nuclei. The lateral lemniscus is located where the cochlear nuclei and ... The brainstem nuclei include: the superior olive the intermediate nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (INLL) the ventral nucleus ... The lateral lemniscus is a tract of axons in the brainstem that carries information about sound from the cochlear nucleus to ... The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) has input from the LL and output to the contralateral LL via the ipsilateral and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus
Neuroscience of musicNeuroscience of music
Phase-locking to stimulus frequencies has been shown in the auditory nerve,[5][6] the cochlear nucleus,[5][7] the inferior ... The auditory nerve then leads to several layers of synapses at numerous nuclei in the auditory brainstem. These nuclei are also ... "Phase Locking to High Frequencies in the Auditory Nerve and Cochlear Nucleus Magnocellularis of the Barn Owl, Tyto alba". ... "Mode-Locked Spike Trains in Responses of Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Chopper and Onset Neurons to Periodic Stimuli". Journal of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_music
Lasker AwardLasker Award
For the development of the modern cochlear implant - a device that bestows hearing to individuals with profound deafness.[18] ... For the development of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus, a surgical technique that reduces tremors and ... quality control system that detects harmful misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and signals the nucleus to carry ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasker_Foundation
NMDA receptorNMDA receptor
Cochlear NMDARs are the target of intense research to find pharmacological solutions to treat tinnitus. NMDARs are associated ... This allows the transcription factors in the nucleus to respond differently based in the phosphorylation state of Jacob.[57] ... This information is then transported to the nucleus. Phosphorylation of Jacob does not take place with extrasynaptic NMDA ... "Encoding and transducing the synaptic or extrasynaptic origin of NMDA receptor signals to the nucleus". Cell. 152 (5): 1119- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor
Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata
The cochlear and vestibular nuclei, which contain the special somatic afferent column. ... The nucleus ambiguus, which form the special visceral efferent.. *The dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve and the inferior salivatory ... They are caused by masses of gray matter known as the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus. The soma (cell bodies) in these ... The basal plate neuroblasts will give rise to the motor nuclei.. *Alar plate neuroblasts give rise to: *The solitary nucleus, ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata
Auditory cortexAuditory cortex
For example, unilateral destruction, in a region of the auditory pathway above the cochlear nucleus, results in slight hearing ... projection patterns of the different neuronal populations in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei". Brain Res Bull. 60 (5-6 ... The primary auditory cortex receives direct input from the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and thus is thought to ... "Recruitment of the auditory cortex in congenitally deaf cats by long-term cochlear electrostimulation". Science. 285 (5434): ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex
Sensory nervous systemSensory nervous system
... where the signal is projected to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla, or the gustatory nucleus of the solitary ... Cochlear duct /. scala media. *Reissner's/vestibular membrane. *Basilar membrane. *Reticular membrane. *Endolymph ... where the signal is then transmitted to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the piriform cortex, the medial amygdala, and the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_system
Meningeal branch of vagus nerveMeningeal branch of vagus nerve
Nuclei *Vestibular nuclei. *Cochlear nuclei. *cochlear nerve *striae medullares. *lateral lemniscus. *vestibular *Scarpa's ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve
NeurotrophinNeurotrophin
... cochlear ganglia and superior cervival ganglia and moderate losses of nodose petrosal ganglia and vestibular ganglia.[23][29] ... The activated JNK translocates into the nucleus, where it phosphorylates and transactivates c-Jun.[23][28] The transactivation ... nodose petrosal ganglia and cochlear ganglia.[23][29] In addition they also had minor losses of their facial motoneurons ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophy
BoneBone
Osteoclasts are large cells with multiple nuclei located on bone surfaces in what are called Howship's lacunae (or resorption ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone
MYH9MYH9
cell nucleus. • cell leading edge. • protein complex. • actomyosin contractile ring. • cytoskeleton. • cleavage furrow. • ... Cochlear implantation is effective in restoring hearing function in MYH9-RD patients with severe/profound deafness.[58] ... "Cochlear implantation is safe and effective in patients with MYH9-related disease". Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 9: 100 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYH9
Feature detection (nervous system)Feature detection (nervous system)
Auditory nerve fibers take this slightly-processed sensory information to the cochlear nucleus where information either ... from these two types of sign-selective neurons then converge at the top of the neuronal hierarchy-the pre-pacemaker nucleus, ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_detection_
Neural pathwayNeural pathway
inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve VIII →. *pons: Cochlear nucleus (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → ... Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell. *Inferior olivary nucleus → ... Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex ... Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_pathway
Multisensory integrationMultisensory integration
It sends efferents to the spinal cord, cerebellum, thalamus and occipital lobe via the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The ... increasing activation of the auditory association cortex as previously deaf participants gain hearing experience via a cochlear ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multisensory_integration
Spinal trigeminal nucleusSpinal trigeminal nucleus
... The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented; dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red; sensory in ... The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and ... This nucleus projects to the ventral posteriomedial (VPM) nucleus in the contralateral thalamus via the ventral trigeminal ... Brainstem Nuclei Archived 2007-04-13 at the Wayback Machine *^ George Paxinos (2004). The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus
Úsáideoir:EÓMurchadha - VicipéidÚsáideoir:EÓMurchadha - Vicipéid
MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal ... The modality is currently contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some indwelling medication pumps, ... to disturb the axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as the nuclei return to their ...
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Úsáideoir:Eomurchadha
Development of the nervous systemDevelopment of the nervous system
... around the nucleus elongates and contracts in association with the centrosome to guide the nucleus to its final destination.[18 ... spontaneous activity is thought to be involved in tonotopic map formation by segregating cochlear neuron axons tuned to high ... Activation of the type 1 receptor leads to phosphorylation of Smad proteins, which translocate to the nucleus to activate gene ... JAK kinase phosphorylates STAT proteins, which dissociate from the receptor and translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_development
Michael MerzenichMichael Merzenich
There, he did a cross-species analysis of the cochlear nucleus in large game cats and pinnipeds, did the first auditory ... Design Of Pediatric Cochlear Implants. [40]. UCSF. NIDCD. $1,097,866. $2 million 1981-1995. Functional Organization Of The ... He led the cochlear implant team at UCSF,[3][9] which transferred its technology to Advanced Bionics,[10] and their version is ... "BionicEar.com - Harmony Cochlear Implant by Advanced Bionics". Advanced Bionics. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-02.. CS1 maint: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Merzenich
Cranial nervesCranial nerves
Nuclei[edit]. Main article: Cranial nerve nucleus. The cell bodies of many of the neurons of most of the cranial nerves are ... The cochlear nerve transmits information from the cochlea, allowing sound to be heard.[3] ... These nuclei are important relative to cranial nerve dysfunction because damage to these nuclei such as from a stroke or trauma ... In terms of specific cranial nerve nuclei, the midbrain of the brainstem has the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerves
Retinoblastoma proteinRetinoblastoma protein
cell nucleus. • nucleoplasm. • Rb-E2F complex. Biological process. • negative regulation of cell proliferation. • negative ... Once wild-type mammals have reached adulthood, their cochlear hair cells become incapable of proliferation. In studies where ... Wang S, Fusaro G, Padmanabhan J, Chellappan SP (December 2002). "Prohibitin co-localizes with Rb in the nucleus and recruits N- ... "Rapid cell-cycle reentry and cell death after acute inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene product in postnatal cochlear hair ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein
Evoked potentialEvoked potential
The evoked potential is generated in the cochlea, goes through the cochlear nerve, through the cochlear nucleus, superior ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoked_potential
Somatosensory systemSomatosensory system
Cuneatus sends signals to the cochlear nucleus indirectly via spinal grey matter, this info is used in determining if a ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_touch
Sound localizationSound localization
This echo cancellation occurs in the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus (DNLL).[citation needed] ... which synapse onto spiral ganglion fibers that travel through the cochlear nerve into the brain. ... In vertebrates, inter-aural time differences are known to be calculated in the superior olivary nucleus of the brainstem. ... In the auditory midbrain nucleus, the inferior colliculus (IC), many ILD sensitive neurons have response functions that decline ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_localization
Vestibulospinal tractVestibulospinal tract
inner ear: Hair cells → Spiral ganglion → Cochlear nerve VIII →. *pons: Cochlear nucleus (Anterior, Dorsal) → Trapezoid body → ... Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell. *Inferior olivary nucleus → ... The medial vestibulospinal tract originates in the medial vestibular nucleus or Schwalbe's nucleus.[2] The Schwalbe's nucleus ... nucleus in the pons.[2] The Deiters' nucleus extends from pontomedullary junction to the level of abducens nerve nucleus in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract
Pterygopalatine ganglionPterygopalatine ganglion
Nuclei *vestibular nuclei. *cochlear nuclei. *Cochlear nerve *striae medullares. *lateral lemniscus. *Vestibular *Scarpa's ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion
Olfactory nerveOlfactory nerve
Nuclei *vestibular nuclei. *cochlear nuclei. *Cochlear nerve *striae medullares. *lateral lemniscus. *Vestibular *Scarpa's ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_nerve
Optic nerveOptic nerve
Nuclei *vestibular nuclei. *cochlear nuclei. *Cochlear nerve *striae medullares. *lateral lemniscus. *Vestibular *Scarpa's ... The fibers from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay ... Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter ... it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerve
CerebellumCerebellum
The only cerebellum-like structure found in mammals is the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), one of the two primary sensory nuclei ... The globose and the emboliform nuclei are also referred to as combined in the interposed nucleus). The fastigial and interposed ... Sagittal cross-section of human cerebellum, showing the dentate nucleus, as well as the pons and inferior olivary nucleus ... deep nuclei. Climbing fibers project to Purkinje cells and also send collaterals directly to the deep nuclei.[8] The mossy ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellar_cortex
Medullary striae of fourth ventricleMedullary striae of fourth ventricle
... which form a portion of the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and disappear into the median sulcus. ... Facial motor nucleus. *GSE: Abducens nucleus. *GVE: Superior salivary nucleus. *Inferior salivary nucleus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stria_medullares
Cochlear nucleus - WikipediaCochlear nucleus - Wikipedia
... the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). The ventral cochlear nucleus is unlayered whereas the ... At the nerve root the fibers branch to innervate the ventral cochlear nucleus and the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus ... The outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem. The cochlear nuclei (CN) are ... and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_nucleus
Dorsal cochlear nucleus - WikipediaDorsal cochlear nucleus - Wikipedia
Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), it forms the cochlear nucleus (CN), where all auditory nerve fibers from the ... Classified as cochlear nucleus type IV cells, the firing rate may be very rapid in response to a low intensity sound at one ... The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN, also known as the "tuberculum acusticum"), is a cortex-like structure on the dorso-lateral ... The second set of inputs is relayed through a set of small granule cells in the cochlear nucleus. There are also a great number ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_cochlear_nucleus
Nucleus® Cochlear Implants | CochlearNucleus® Cochlear Implants | Cochlear
Cochlear provides a broad range of implants and solutions to address your type of hearing loss. Click here to find the right ... Cochlear Nucleus Implant Reliability Report. Volume 18 , December 2019. D1712187. Cochlear Ltd; 2020. *Hearing Implant ... Nucleus® Implant System reliability. When choosing a cochlear implant system, you want to trust that you are choosing the best ... Nucleus® Implants. Cochlear provides a broad range of implants and electrodes to address your type of hearing loss, cochlea ...
https://www.cochlear.com/us/en/home/products-and-accessories/nucleus-system/nucleus-implants?utm_campaign=gnd-a-dtc&utm_medium=blog&utm_source=hearandnow&utm_content=sabrinas_blog
Nucleus® 7 Sound Processor | Hearing Implant | CochlearNucleus® 7 Sound Processor | Hearing Implant | Cochlear
The Nucleus® 7 is the smallest and lightest behind-the-ear hearing implant solution that provides comfort with advanced sound ... and any use of such marks by Cochlear is under license.. The Cochlear Nucleus 7 Sound Processor is compatible with iPhone, iPad ... Compare Nucleus® sound processors. Whether you choose a Cochlear Sound Processor that sits behind or off your ear, youll get ... The Cochlear Nucleus Smart App is available on App Store and Google Play.. For complete smartphone compatibility information, ...
https://www.cochlear.com/us/en/home/products-and-accessories/cochlear-nucleus-system/nucleus-sound-processors/nucleus-7?utm_source=_hearandnow&utm_medium=_bau&utm_campaign=en-r_ci_adu_engage_bau_n7hearandnow&utm_content=rst_cochlear_implant_testimony0920
Cochlear Nucleus | American Board of Family MedicineCochlear Nucleus | American Board of Family Medicine
The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine March 2016, 29 (2) 286-288; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2016.02.150258 ...
https://www.jabfm.org/keyword/cochlear-nucleus
Hyperactivity in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus after Cochlear Trauma | Journal of NeuroscienceHyperactivity in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus after Cochlear Trauma | Journal of Neuroscience
1997) Projections from the ventral cochlear nucleus to the dorsal cochlear nucleus in rats. J Comp Neurol 385:245-264. ... 2004) Onset neurones in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 5: ... Glycine immunoreactivity of multipolar neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus which project to the dorsal cochlear nucleus. J ... Hyperactivity in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus after Cochlear Trauma. Darryl P. Vogler, Donald Robertson, Wilhelmina H. A. M. ...
http://www.jneurosci.org/content/31/18/6639
Inhibitory Amino Acid Synapses and Pathways in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | SpringerLinkInhibitory Amino Acid Synapses and Pathways in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | SpringerLink
Excitatory Amino Acid Auditory Nerve Cochlear Nucleus Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Inhibitory Amino Acid These keywords were added ... The neuronal architecture of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat in the region of the cochlear nerve root: electron ... Osen, K.K., 1969, The intrinsic organization of the cochlear nuclei, Acta Otolaryngol., 67:352-359.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... In: Merchán M.A., Juiz J.M., Godfrey D.A., Mugnaini E. (eds) The Mammalian Cochlear Nuclei. NATO ASI series (Series A, Life ...
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-2932-3_17
Auditory cortical projections to the cochlear nucleus in guinea pigsAuditory cortical projections to the cochlear nucleus in guinea pigs
... labeled axons were present bilaterally in the cochlear nucleus. The distribution of boutons within the cochlear nucleus … ... We used anterograde tracing techniques to examine projections from auditory cortex to the cochlear nucleus in guinea pigs. ... labeled axons were present bilaterally in the cochlear nucleus. The distribution of boutons within the cochlear nucleus was ... Auditory cortical projections to the cochlear nucleus in guinea pigs Hear Res. 2005 Jan;199(1-2):89-102. doi: 10.1016/j.heares. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15574303/?dopt=Abstract
Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System Pediatric Post-approval Study - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.govNucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System Pediatric Post-approval Study - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System Pediatric Post-approval Study. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the ... The objective of this multisite study is to evaluate the performance of the Nucleus Freedom cochlear implant system in a large ... Ossification or any other cochlear anomaly that might prevent complete insertion of the electrode array, as confirmed by ... with bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss who undergo implantation with the Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00589511
GABAergic Neuron Specification in the Spinal Cord, the Cerebellum, and the Cochlear NucleusGABAergic Neuron Specification in the Spinal Cord, the Cerebellum, and the Cochlear Nucleus
... Kei Hori and Mikio Hoshino ... Kei Hori and Mikio Hoshino, "GABAergic Neuron Specification in the Spinal Cord, the Cerebellum, and the Cochlear Nucleus," ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2012/921732/cta/
GABAergic Neuron Specification in the Spinal Cord, the Cerebellum, and the Cochlear NucleusGABAergic Neuron Specification in the Spinal Cord, the Cerebellum, and the Cochlear Nucleus
K. K. Osen, "Cytoarchitecture of the cochlear nuclei in the cat," Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 136, no. 4, pp. 453- ... D. K. Ryugo and F. H. Willard, "The dorsal cochlear nucleus of the mouse: a light microscopic analysis of neurons that project ... E. T. Pierce, "Histogenesis of the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the mouse. An autoradiographic study," Journal of ... GABAergic Neuron Specification in the Spinal Cord, the Cerebellum, and the Cochlear Nucleus. Kei Hori and Mikio Hoshino ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2012/921732/ref/
Medical Xpress - cochlear nucleusMedical Xpress - cochlear nucleus
Medical Xpress is a web-based medical and health news service that features the most comprehensive coverage in the fields of neuroscience, cardiology, cancer, HIV/AIDS, psychology, psychiatry, dentistry, genetics, diseases and conditions, medications and more.
https://medicalxpress.com/tags/cochlear+nucleus/
Anterior cochlear nucleus - wikidocAnterior cochlear nucleus - wikidoc
The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior, or accessory ), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve, is on the ... Ventral reticular nucleus, Lateral reticular nucleus, Paramedian reticular nucleus) • Raphe nuclei (Obscurus, Magnus, Pallidus ... Posterior Ventral Cochlear Nucleus (PVCN). *Needs information added. References. *↑ Smith, P. H., P. X. Joris, et al. (1993). " ... Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus/Accessory cuneate nucleus • Area postrema • Posterior median sulcus • Dorsal respiratory group ...
http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Anterior_cochlear_nucleus
Cochlear nuclei, anterior and posterior - definition of cochlear nuclei, anterior and posterior by The Free DictionaryCochlear nuclei, anterior and posterior - definition of cochlear nuclei, anterior and posterior by The Free Dictionary
cochlear nuclei, anterior and posterior synonyms, cochlear nuclei, anterior and posterior pronunciation, cochlear nuclei, ... English dictionary definition of cochlear nuclei, anterior and posterior. n. pl. nu·cle·i or nu·cle·us·es 1. A central or ... essential part around which other parts are gathered or grouped; a core: the nucleus of a city. 2. ... nucleus. [ˈnjuːklɪəs] N (nuclei or nucleuses (pl)) [ˈnjuːklɪaɪ] → núcleo m. the nucleus of a library → el núcleo de una ...
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/cochlear+nuclei%2C+anterior+and+posterior
Evaluation of the Nucleus Hybrid™ L24 Cochlear Implant System - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govEvaluation of the Nucleus Hybrid™ L24 Cochlear Implant System - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Implantation with the Nucleus Hybrid L24 Cochlear Implant. Device: Nucleus Hybrid L24 Implantation with Nucleus Hybrid L24 ... Evaluation of the Nucleus Hybrid™ L24 Cochlear Implant System. This study has been completed. ... Further study details as provided by Cochlear:. Primary Outcome Measures: *Consonant Nucleus Consonant (CNC) Monosyllabic Word ... Delivery of acoustic-electric stimulation will be provided by the Nucleus Hybrid L24 cochlear implant system. ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00678899
Maturation of Synaptic Transmission at End-Bulb Synapses of the Cochlear Nucleus | Journal of NeuroscienceMaturation of Synaptic Transmission at End-Bulb Synapses of the Cochlear Nucleus | Journal of Neuroscience
1982) Functional synapse elimination in the developing avian cochlear nucleus with simultaneous reduction in cochlear nerve ... 1973) The development of auditory evoked responses in the cochlea and cochlear nuclei of the chick. Brain Res 63:59-74. ... 1994) Membrane properties underlying the firing of neurons in the avian cochlear nucleus. J Neurosci 14:5352-5364. ... 1987) Maturation of synapses and electrical properties of cells in the cochlear nuclei. Hear Res 30:99-110. ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/23/9487?ijkey=ce1b4f8d91d52d117027f8581e345892edc2acc2&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Frontiers | Superficial stellate cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus | Frontiers in Neural CircuitsFrontiers | Superficial stellate cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus | Frontiers in Neural Circuits
The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) integrates auditory and multisensory signals at the earliest levels of auditory processing. ... The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) integrates auditory and multisensory signals at the earliest levels of auditory processing. ... Cb: cerebellum; DCN: dorsal cochlear nucleus; Md: medulla; VCN: ventral cochlear nucleus. Inset: D: deep layer; F: fusiform ... Gómez-Nieto, R., and Rubio, M. E. (2009). A bushy cell network in the rat ventral cochlear nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 516, 241- ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncir.2014.00063/full
Safety and Efficacy of the Cochlear Nucleus CI422 Cochlear Implant in Adults - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.govSafety and Efficacy of the Cochlear Nucleus CI422 Cochlear Implant in Adults - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Experimental: Nucleus CI422 Cochlear Implant with Nucleus 6 (N6) Sound Processor Intervention: Device: Nucleus CI422 Cochlear ... Clinical study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Cochlear™ Nucleus® CI422 cochlear implant for new cochlear implant ... Safety and Efficacy of the Cochlear Nucleus CI422 Cochlear Implant in Adults. The safety and scientific validity of this study ... Safety and Efficacy of the Cochlear Nucleus CI422 Cochlear Implant in Adults ...
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01867008
Neurosurgical interventions at the cochlear nerve & nucleus for treatment of tinnitus - Research database - University of...Neurosurgical interventions at the cochlear nerve & nucleus for treatment of tinnitus - Research database - University of...
Neurosurgical interventions at the cochlear nerve & nucleus for treatment of tinnitus. van den Berge, M., 2020, [Groningen]: ... Another novel option is neurostimulation of the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem with an auditory brainstem implant (ABI). We ... The effect of direct stimulation of the cochlear nerve with a ring electrode was evaluated, but appeared to be not a viable ... Tinnitus can be the result of compression of the cochlear nerve with a blood vessel (neurovascular conflict). In this thesis, ...
https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/nl/publications/neurosurgical-interventions-at-the-cochlear-nerve--nucleus-for-treatment-of-tinnitus%28fc687bb4-0683-4736-aac7-c7772713efe7%29.html
The roles potassium currents play in regulating the electrical activity of ventral cochlear nucleus neuronsThe roles potassium currents play in regulating the electrical activity of ventral cochlear nucleus neurons
... a single electrical compartment representing the soma of a ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) neuron was created. The K+ currents ... The roles potassium currents play in regulating the electrical activity of ventral cochlear nucleus neurons J Neurophysiol. ... a single electrical compartment representing the soma of a ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) neuron was created. The K+ currents ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12783953/
Label Cochlear nucleus neuron - NeuroLexLabel Cochlear nucleus neuron - NeuroLex
A list of all pages that have property "Label" with value "Cochlear nucleus neuron". *Cochlear nucleus neuron + ...
http://neurolex.org/wiki/Special:SearchByProperty/Label/Cochlear-20nucleus-20neuron
Frontiers | Projections from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei to the medial geniculate body | Frontiers in NeuroanatomyFrontiers | Projections from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei to the medial geniculate body | Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
Many more labeled cells were present in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). These cells, identifiable as multipolar (stellate) ... Many more labeled cells were present in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN). These cells, identifiable as multipolar (stellate) ... Direct projections from the cochlear nucleus (CN) to the medial geniculate body (MG) mediate a high-speed transfer of acoustic ... Direct projections from the cochlear nucleus (CN) to the medial geniculate body (MG) mediate a high-speed transfer of acoustic ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnana.2014.00010/full
Monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials and monitoring device for monitoring dorsal...Monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials and monitoring device for monitoring dorsal...
A novel monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials is provided, which has a superior ... Position of Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus. As shown in FIG. 2A, the dorsal cochlear nucleus G is clearly discernible as a bulging at ... of the dorsal cochlear nucleus G and a right side type (right hand) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus G. ... stably held on a region of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, and clearly records the dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials. ...
https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2009/0234421.html
Cochlear Nucleus as a Generator of Tinnitus-Related Signals - Oxford HandbooksCochlear Nucleus as a Generator of Tinnitus-Related Signals - Oxford Handbooks
Because the cochlear nucleus is the first processing center in the brain receiving cochlear input, it is the first brainstem ... Research published over the last 30 years demonstrates changes in neural circuitry and activity in the cochlear nucleus that ... Tinnitus most commonly begins with alterations of input from the ear resulting from cochlear trauma or overstimulation of the ... anteroventral cochlear nucleus; contraCN, contralateral cochlear nucleus; CunN, cuneate nucleus; DCN, dorsal cochlear nucleus, ...
https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190849061.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190849061-e-8?rskey=nk8P0V&result=17
Speech Representation in the Auditory Nerve and Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | Springer for Research & DevelopmentSpeech Representation in the Auditory Nerve and Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | Springer for Research & Development
The representation of speech-like stimuli in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus have been the subject of numerous studies ... Auditory Nerve Cochlear Nucleus Good Frequency Ventral Cochlear Nucleus Selective Listening These keywords were added by ... I. Anteroventral cochlear nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol., 313, 240-258.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar ... May B.J., Le Prell G.S., Hienz R.D., Sachs M.B. (1997) Speech Representation in the Auditory Nerve and Ventral Cochlear Nucleus ...
https://rd.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-8712-9_38
Distribution of catecholamine fibers in the cochlear nucleus of horseshoe bats and mustache batsDistribution of catecholamine fibers in the cochlear nucleus of horseshoe bats and mustache bats
In the cochlear nucleus of the rufous horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus rouxi) and the mustache bat (Pteronotus parnelli), species- ... Kössl, M.; Vater, M. und Schweizer, Hermann (1988): Distribution of catecholamine fibers in the cochlear nucleus of horseshoe ... In both bats the subnuclei of the cochlear nucleus receive a differentially dense supply of catecholaminergic fibers, and ... The marginal cell group, located medially to the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of Pteronotus, receives the densest supply of ...
https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/3285/index.html
Coding of envelope modulation in the auditory nerve and anteroventral cochlear nucleus | Philosophical Transactions of the...Coding of envelope modulation in the auditory nerve and anteroventral cochlear nucleus | Philosophical Transactions of the...
Coding of envelope modulation in the auditory nerve and anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Xiaoqin Wang, Murray B. Sachs ... We have investigated responses of the auditory nerve fibres (ANFS) and anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) units to narrow ... Coding of envelope modulation in the auditory nerve and anteroventral cochlear nucleus ... Coding of envelope modulation in the auditory nerve and anteroventral cochlear nucleus. ...
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/336/1278/399
The Intra-Cochlear Impedance-Matrix (IIM) test for the Nucleus (R) cochlear implantThe Intra-Cochlear Impedance-Matrix (IIM) test for the Nucleus (R) cochlear implant
... Hey, Matthias; Boehnke, Britta; Dillier, ... Objective: To describe the principles and operation of a new telemetry-based function test for the Nucleus (R) cochlear implant ... Objective: To describe the principles and operation of a new telemetry-based function test for the Nucleus (R) cochlear implant ... To describe the principles and operation of a new telemetry-based function test for the Nucleus (R) cochlear implant, known as ...
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/4eb3b53f-1b63-4de6-bd49-3b095c15d4ed
Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and...Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and...
Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and ... Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and ... Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and ... Inhibitory and excitatory subtypes of cochlear nucleus neurons are defined by distinct bHLH transcription factors, Ptf1a and ...
http://dev.biologists.org/content/early/2009/05/13/dev.033480
Optogenetic stimulation of the cochlear nucleus using channelrhodopsin-2 evokes activity in the central auditory pathways -...Optogenetic stimulation of the cochlear nucleus using channelrhodopsin-2 evokes activity in the central auditory pathways -...
This study explored whether optical activation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) elicited responses in neurons in higher centers of ... Optical stimulation evoked excitatory multiunit spiking activity throughout the tonotopic axis of the central nucleus of the ... This study explored whether optical activation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) elicited responses in neurons in higher centers of ... Home , Optogenetic stimulation of the cochlear nucleus using channelrhodopsin-2 evokes activity in the central auditory ...
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/204544/export/hm?ln=en
Anteroventral cochlear nucleusVentralImplantsAVCNSound ProcessorPosteroventralIncluding a cochlear implantAxonsCochleaFibersSynapsesPVCNExcitatoryProcessorBrainstem auditoryGranule cells2017Bushy cellsInferior colliculiTrapezoid bodyAcousticNeurons of the dorsalElectrodeResponsesSpiral ganglion cellsMultichannel Cochlear ImplantProjectionsCellsComponents of the cochlearSensorineural HearNerveRecipientsElectric StimulationBrain1985NeuronalSynapseTerminateAuditory brainstemTinnitusAbstractFingerprintNuclear complexSynaptic transmissionIntracellularSensory
Anteroventral cochlear nucleus22
  • The VCN is further divided by the nerve root into the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN) and the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). (wikipedia.org)
  • Labeled boutons were also present in the ventral cochlear nucleus, where they were located in the small cell cap as well as magnocellular parts of both posteroventral and anteroventral cochlear nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • Projections to the inferior colliculus from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus in the cat: possible substrates for binaural interaction. (wikidoc.org)
  • 1981). "Tonotopic organization of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. (wikidoc.org)
  • Classification of unit types in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus: post-stimulus time histograms and regularity analysis. (springer.com)
  • The representation of the steady-state vowel /eh/ in the discharge pat-terns of cat anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons. (springer.com)
  • Bourk, T. R. (1976) Electrical Responses of Neural Units in the Anteroventral Cochlear nucleus of the Cat . (springer.com)
  • The fine structure of two types of stellate cells in the anterior division of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat. (springer.com)
  • The functional role of excitatory and inhibitory interactions in chopper cells of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. (springer.com)
  • A model of selective processing of auditory-nerve inputs by stellate cells of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. (springer.com)
  • The marginal cell group, located medially to the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of Pteronotus, receives the densest supply of catecholaminergic fibers of all auditory nuclei. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • We have investigated responses of the auditory nerve fibres (ANFS) and anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) units to narrow band 'single-form ant' stimuli (SFSS). (royalsocietypublishing.org)
  • Bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) receive their principal excitatory input from the auditory nerve and are the primary source of excitatory input to more centrally located brainstem auditory nuclei. (kuleuven.be)
  • Morphological characterization of bushy cells and their inputs in the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) anteroventral cochlear nucleus. (jhu.edu)
  • The ascending branches of these axons innervate the anteroventral cochlear nucleus and give rise to large axosomatic endings, called the endbulbs of Held, and smaller boutons. (elsevier.com)
  • Ryugo, DK & Fekete, DM 1982, ' Morphology of primary axosomatic endings in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the cat: A study of the endbulbs of Held ', Journal of Comparative Neurology , vol. 210, no. 3, pp. 239-257. (elsevier.com)
  • Tuberculoventral neurons in the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) provide frequency‐specific inhibition to neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVON) of the mouse (Wickesberg and Oertel, '88, '90). (northwestern.edu)
  • The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) is the first central processing site for acoustic information. (edu.au)
  • The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), the first centre of the central auditory pathway, contains globular bushy cells, which are unique in their ability to produce fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs). (edu.au)
  • In a quantitative electron microscopical study on the plasticity of the central auditory system of the Wistar rat, we first determined what fraction of the total number of synaptic contact zones SCZs in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus AVCN is attributable to primary sensory innervation and how many synapses remain after total unilateral cochlear ablation. (duhnnae.com)
  • The axons from the low-frequency region of the cochlea project to the ventral portion of the dorsal cochlear nucleus and the ventrolateral portions of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The axons from the high-frequency region project to the dorsal portion of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus and the uppermost dorsal portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Ventral32
  • The cochlear nuclear (CN) complex comprises two cranial nerve nuclei in the human brainstem, the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). (wikipedia.org)
  • The ventral cochlear nucleus is unlayered whereas the dorsal cochlear nucleus is layered. (wikipedia.org)
  • Auditory nerve fibers, fibers that travel through the auditory nerve (also known as the cochlear nerve or eighth cranial nerve) carry information from the inner ear, the cochlea, on the same side of the head, to the nerve root in the ventral cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • At the nerve root the fibers branch to innervate the ventral cochlear nucleus and the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) on the ventral aspect of the brain stem, ventrolateral to the inferior peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Axons from the spiral ganglion cells of the lower frequencies innervate the ventrolateral portions of the ventral cochlear nucleus and lateral-ventral portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The axons from the higher frequency organ of corti hair cells project to the dorsal portion of the ventral cochlear nucleus and the dorsal-medial portions of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three types of principal cells convey information out of the ventral cochlear nucleus: Bushy cells, stellate cells, and octopus cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Along with the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), it forms the cochlear nucleus (CN), where all auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea form their first synapses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DCN differs from the ventral portion of the CN as it not only projects to the central nucleus (a subdivision) of the inferior colliculus (CIC), but also receives efferent innervation from the auditory cortex, superior olivary complex and the inferior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whether the ventral subdivision of the cochlear nucleus shows hyperactivity has never been investigated despite the fact that, like the dorsal division, it also receives direct input from the damaged cochlea and supplies major ascending inputs to brainstem and midbrain auditory centers. (jneurosci.org)
  • We investigated spontaneous neuronal firing rates in the ventral cochlear nucleus in a guinea pig model of cochlear trauma in which we have shown that hyperactivity consistently develops in the inferior colliculus ( Mulders and Robertson, 2009 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • The mean spontaneous firing rates of ventral cochlear nucleus neurons was significantly elevated compared to sham controls. (jneurosci.org)
  • Hyperactivity in the ventral subdivision of cochlear nucleus therefore needs to be considered in relation to neural models of the genesis of tinnitus. (jneurosci.org)
  • The ventral cochlear nucleus (or anterior , or accessory ), placed between the two divisions of the cochlear nerve , is on the ventral aspect of the inferior peduncle . (wikidoc.org)
  • Bushy cells in the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), which receive end bulbs of held from auditory nerve fibers, project to the superior olivary complex through the trapezoid body and intermediate acoustic stria. (wikidoc.org)
  • contralaterally in the dorsomedial periolivary nucleus (DMPO), ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGL), and Ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL). (wikidoc.org)
  • Using kinetic data from three different K+ currents in acutely isolated neurons, a single electrical compartment representing the soma of a ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) neuron was created. (nih.gov)
  • Anatomically, the axons of SBCs cross the midline in the dorsal component of the trapezoid body and typically innervate the medial superior olive (MSO) on both sides, the ipsilateral lateral superior olive (LSO), and the contralateral ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL). (kuleuven.be)
  • In contrast, GBC axons travel in the ventral component of the trapezoid body, never innervate the MSO, rarely innervate the ipsilateral LSO, and always innervate the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. (kuleuven.be)
  • Compared to adjacent Nissl-stained sections 80% of the non-granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and more than 90% of the non-granule cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) bound SBA. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • A limbic nucleus that sits at the ventral head of the striatum, contiguous with the caudate and putamen and adjacent to the olfactory tubercle. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The nucleus accumbens is part of the ventral striatum nuclei. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • A hypothalamic nucleus in the ventral wall of the third ventricle near the pituitary stalk. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The inhibition from tuberculoventral neurons onto ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) neurons is likely to be mediated by glycine (Wickesberg and Oertel, '90). (northwestern.edu)
  • The cochlear nucleus (CN) consists of a dorsal and ventral division (DCN, VCN) having three functionally and anatomically segregated outputs (for a review, see Young and Oertel, 2004 ). (biologists.org)
  • The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) is the first relay station of the auditory pathway. (edu.au)
  • In the lateral superior olive, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, the distribution of AMPA receptor subunits changed drastically with age. (wiley.com)
  • Here we describe, using in situ hybridization, the subunit expression patterns of GABA A receptors in the rat cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex, and dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. (elsevier.com)
  • the ventral nucleus also expresses the δ subunit. (elsevier.com)
  • Here we investigated the expression of c-fos and Egr-1, two IEGs, in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN), the Inferior Colliculus (IC), and the Posterior Ventral Cochlear Nucleus (pVCN) of rats . (bvsalud.org)
  • and the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), the latter two nuclei forming the ventral ganglion. (scribd.com)
Implants32
  • Cochlear provides a broad range of implants and electrodes to address your type of hearing loss, cochlea anatomy and surgeon preference. (cochlear.com)
  • All our implants are designed to last a lifetime with performance and preservation of the cochlear structures in mind. (cochlear.com)
  • I chose Cochlear because they have a very strong track record for making the newer technologies available to prior generation implants. (cochlear.com)
  • There is no information yet about availability in other regions, or on compatibility with Nucleus 22 series implants. (cochlearimplanthelp.com)
  • Cochlear implants that have electrodes designed without wire perform better than those with wires for long-term hearing preservation, a Mount Sinai researcher has reported in a first-of-its-kind study. (news-medical.net)
  • Cochlear Limited, the global leader in implantable hearing solutions, announced today that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the Cochlear™ Nucleus® 6 Sound Processor for use with the Nucleus 22 Cochlear Implant, giving those who have worn cochlear implants from the beginning (over 20 years in some cases) access to the latest breakthroughs in true wireless and automatic hearing. (news-medical.net)
  • Recent advances in acoustic signal processing for cochlear implants have produced incremental, but significant, improvements in cochlear implant recipients' speech understanding. (mathworks.com)
  • It will also provide examples of day-to-day contributions to people with Cochlear implants or hearing aids. (mathworks.com)
  • Cochlear implants have the ability to restore hearing for individuals who are severely hard of hearing or profoundly deaf and who receive limited to no benefit from hearing aids. (deafadvocacy.org)
  • Cochlear implants are a proven medical option for children as young as 12 months old with profound hearing loss in both ears and for individuals who are two years or older with severe-to-profound hearing loss in both ears whom obtain little or no benefit from hearing aids. (deafadvocacy.org)
  • Since the 1970s, thousands of people who are severely hard of hearing or deaf have chosen to try cochlear implants to hear sounds better. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Cochlear implants are very different from hearing aids," Dr. Selena Briggs told ConsumerAffairs. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Cochlear implants channel sound to bypass damaged parts of the cochlea. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • There are only three cochlear implants that are FDA-approved," Dr. Briggs says, "but, ultimately, the choice is up to the patient. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • In addition to cochlear implants, other types of hearing implants may be a good choice for you depending on the type of hearing loss you have. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Founded in 1981, Cochlear Limited is a leading manufacturer of Nucleus® cochlear implants and other hearing solutions, including the Nucleus® Hybrid Implant System and the Baha® bone conduction system. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Advanced Bionics is a California-based manufacturer of cochlear implants. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • It offers cochlear implants, bone-anchored hearing systems and middle ear implants for people with sensorineural, conductive or mixed hearing loss. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Get expert buying tips about Cochlear Implants delivered to your inbox. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Cochlear implants and other hearing implants might look complicated, but they are relatively simple tools. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • The processor is also external and converts sounds picked up by the microphone to digital information (in cochlear implants) or to sound waves (in BAHAs and middle ear implants). (consumeraffairs.com)
  • In cochlear implants, digital information is passed from the processor to the receiver, where it is converted into electronic impulses. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Cochlear implants and auditory brain stem implants use a small wire called an electrode array to transmit electronic impulses and stimulate the auditory nerve or brain stem. (consumeraffairs.com)
  • Cochlear implants (CIS) require efficient speech processing to maximize information transmission to the brain, especially in noise. (mdpi.com)
  • Cochlear implants are options for habilitation (i.e., helping a person develop or learn new skills or abilities) or rehabilitation (i.e., helping a person relearn old skills that were lost somehow) available for individuals with profound hearing impairment (Geers & Moog, 1994). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • In 1990 cochlear implants were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for children between the ages of 2 and 17. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Most early research focused on the benefit gained from use of cochlear implants in conjunction with speechreading (Geers & Moog, 1992). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • More recent research has investigated the receptive and expressive language gains experienced by users of cochlear implants (Hasenstab & Tobey, 1991). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Research shows that pediatric implant users gain substantial benefit from multichannel cochlear implants, that these benefits develop over a long course of time, and that multichannel implants are more beneficial than single-channel devices (Hasenstab, 1989). (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Several significant factors interact in the consideration of cochlear implants as an option. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Trends in effective use of cochlear implants have been observed. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • Cochlear implants (CIs) can provide deaf people with a sense of hearing by directly stimulating the auditory nerve. (nature.com)
AVCN3
  • These cells can be further subdivided into spherical and globular types based upon their appearance in Nissl-stained material, and their location in the nucleus (anterior AVCN and posterior AVCN respectively). (wikidoc.org)
  • Consistent with these findings, immunocytochemical localization showed increased labeling intensity for both Kvs in the AVCN at day 90 after cochlear lesion, further supporting that up-regulation of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1b in neurons of this CN division, over a long term after auditory deprivation, may be required to adapt intrinsic excitability to altered input. (garvan.org.au)
  • The descending branches of those same nerve fibers make contact as pericellular nests of boutons terminaux or boutons en passage neurons of different classes within PVCN and DCN, and here the transformations are quite different from those in AVCN. (scribd.com)
Sound Processor25
  • The Nucleus® 7 Sound Processor features smartphone compatibility and is the smallest and lightest 1 behind-the-ear hearing solution that combines comfort with advanced sound processing technologies. (cochlear.com)
  • The Nucleus 7 Sound Processor comes in a range of five hair-matching colors, so you can choose the shade that best matches your preference. (cochlear.com)
  • You can build your own Nucleus 7 Sound Processor-choose your accessories, pick a color and see what's included in the standard kit. (cochlear.com)
  • Monitor, manage and control your Nucleus 7 Sound Processor using the Hearing Tracker and the Nucleus Smart App from a compatible Apple or Android™ device. (cochlear.com)
  • The Nucleus 7 Sound Processor is water- resistant without the Nucleus Aqua+ accessory to level of IP57 of the International Standard IEC60529 when used with rechargeable batteries. (cochlear.com)
  • Direct streaming available only with the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor from a compatible Apple® or Android™ device. (cochlear.com)
  • The Cochlear Nucleus 7 Sound Processor is compatible with iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. (cochlear.com)
  • Discover key features and benefits of the Nucleus 6 Sound Processor. (cochlearimplanthelp.com)
  • Cochlear introduces the Nucleus 7 sound processor today! (cochlearimplanthelp.com)
  • Centennial, Colo. (July 26, 2017) - Cochlear Limited (ASX: COH), the global leader in implantable hearing solutions, introduces today its latest innovation, the Cochlear TM Nucleus ® 7 Sound Processor. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • Approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June, the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor is the world's first Made for iPhone cochlear implant sound processor and the smallest and lightest behind-the-ear cochlear implant sound processor available on the market. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • With the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor, people with a Cochlear Nucleus Implant can now stream sound directly from a compatible iPhone, iPad and iPod touch directly to their sound processor. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • Chris Smith, Cochlear Chief Executive Officer and President, welcomes the FDA approval of the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor, explaining that Cochlear is proud to give people with moderate to profound hearing loss access to mobile technology like never before. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • The approval of the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor is a turning point for people with hearing loss, opening the door for them to make phone calls, listen to music in high-quality stereo sound, watch videos and have FaceTime ® calls streamed directly to their cochlear implant," explains Smith. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • The Nucleus 7 Sound Processor offers a range of first-of-its-kind features with the Nucleus Smart App. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • 5 The Nucleus Smart App Find My Processor feature helps locate a lost sound processor by using Location Services to determine the last place the sound processor was connected to the paired iPhone or iPod touch, whether it has been lost on the playground, in the house or in the car. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • The advancements provided by the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor give parents more control and allow them to better monitor their child's hearing while adults and teenagers will be able to stream music and make FaceTime calls just like their hearing friends and family. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • With the commercial availability of the Nucleus 7 Sound Processor, Cochlear is also offering the world's only Smart Bimodal Solution that's Made for iPhone (the combination of a cochlear implant in one ear and a hearing aid in the other), enabling both hearing solutions to provide synchronized streaming to both ears from a compatible iPhone, iPad or iPod touch. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • 4 The Nucleus 7 Bimodal Solution is delivered by using a Nucleus 7 Sound Processor, a compatible ReSound TM hearing aid and a paired iPhone or iPod touch to control functionality for both hearing devices. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • The Nucleus 7 Sound Processor is 25 percent smaller and 24 percent lighter than the previous generation Nucleus 6 Sound Processor. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • MUMBAI, India - Cochlear Limited, the global leader in implantable hearing solutions, has announced the launch of Nucleus® 6 in India, its next generation cochlear implant sound processor. (thomasnet.com)
  • Nucleus 6 delivers industry first innovations designed to provide superior outcomes in a way that makes hearing a lot easier for the recipient - in the smallest sound processor on the market. (thomasnet.com)
  • As an early adopter of new technology, Mathias was also eager to try Cochlear's newest cochlear implant technology, the Nucleus ® 7 Sound Processor . (cochlearamericas.com)
  • The Nucleus 5 System is the only one of its kind on the market today that offers the smallest, most water resistant sound processor, the thinnest titanium cochlear implant, two-way remote assistant, SmartSound((TM)) 2 technology and AutoPhone((TM)) capability. (deafadvocacy.org)
  • After having been involved in the global clinical validation of the new Nucleus 5 Sound Processor, I have seen first-hand how it will enable users to more fully experience everyday hearing activities like talking on the telephone, conversing in school and work settings, and going to concerts. (deafadvocacy.org)
Posteroventral2
  • who showed increases in posteroventral cochlear nucleus in rats with behaviorally demonstrated tinnitus. (jneurosci.org)
  • The present experiments examine the projection from the deep DCN to the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). (northwestern.edu)
Including a cochlear implant1
  • 6,7 According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately 72 million people who could potentially benefit from the use of a hearing device including a cochlear implant or hearing aid. (cochlearamericas.com)
Axons12
  • There are three major fiber bundles, axons of cochlear nuclear neurons, that carry information from the cochlear nuclei to targets that are mainly on the opposite side of the brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following injection of dextrans into the temporal cortex, labeled axons were present bilaterally in the cochlear nucleus. (nih.gov)
  • 1993). "Projections of physiologically characterized spherical bushy cell axons from the cochlear nucleus of the cat: evidence for delay lines to the medial superior olive. (wikidoc.org)
  • The first experimental evidence for a direct projection from the cochlear nucleus (CN) to the medial geniculate body (MG) was published over 70 years ago, when Woollard and Harpman (1940) described a few degenerating axons entering the MG after lesioning the CN in a guinea pig. (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite this pivotal position in the auditory pathway, details of the basic physiological information being carried by axons of these cells and their projections to more central auditory nuclei have not been fully explored. (kuleuven.be)
  • The central axons of Type I spiral ganglion neurons travel in the auditory nerve and terminate in the cochlear nucleus. (elsevier.com)
  • This nucleus receives axons from the mammillary body via the mammillothalamic tract, from the hippocampus via the fornix, and from cholinergic nuclei in the basal forebrain. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The anterior thalamic nucleus sends axons to medial cerebral cortices: the cingulate gyrus, the anterior limbic area, and the parahippocampal gyrus. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • The central axons form synaptic connections with cells in the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, the axons from each cochlear nerve terminate in the cochlear nuclear complex that is ipsilaterally located in the medulla of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • The axons from the intermediate frequency region project to intermediate targets, such that tonotopy is preserved between the cochlea and the cochlear nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • DCN granule cells and their parallel fiber axons represent a site of integration of multimodal sensory inputs such as the trigeminal ganglion ( 20 ), the spinal trigeminal nucleus ( 21 ), the pontine nucleus ( 22 ), the cuneate nucleus, the gracile nuclei ( 23 , 24 ), and the raphe nucleus ( 25 ). (pnas.org)
Cochlea7
  • in this way the tonotopic organization that is established in the cochlea is preserved in the cochlear nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clinical research shows that deeper insertion beyond the hearing zone can be associated with deterioration in performance due to pitch confusion at the tip of the cochlea as well as damage to the delicate cochlear structures. (cochlear.com)
  • Ablation of a cochlea causes total sensory deafferentation of the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem, providing a model to investigate nervous degeneration and formation of new synaptic contacts in the adult brain. (duhnnae.com)
  • The cochlear nerve carries auditory sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear directly to the brain . (wikipedia.org)
  • The cell bodies of the cochlear nerve lie within the cochlea and collectively form the spiral ganglion , named for the spiral shape it shares with the cochlea. (wikipedia.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to reveal synaptic plasticity within the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) as a result of noise trauma and to determine whether effective antioxidant protection to the cochlea can also impact plasticity changes in the DCN. (houghear.org)
  • A cochlear implant prosthesis is a device that includes an external package (microphone and speech processor) worn by the user and an internal package (an array of electrodes that is surgically implanted into the cochlea (end organ of hearing) in the inner ear. (hoagiesgifted.org)
Fibers9
  • In both bats the subnuclei of the cochlear nucleus receive a differentially dense supply of catecholaminergic fibers, and within the subnuclei, the catecholamine innervation densities can be correlated with the tonotopic frequency representation. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • These granule cells receive excitatory input from mossy fibers originating from pontine nuclei . (wikipedia.org)
  • [5] Its axon projects to the molecular layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus where it forms parallel fibers, also similar to cerebellar granule cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like somatic C fibers, unmyelinated type II cochlear afferents differ in size, number, and innervation pattern from type I afferents that encode sound. (pnas.org)
  • In humans, there are on average 30,000 nerve fibers within the cochlear nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • There, its fibers synapse with the cell bodies of the cochlear nucleus . (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammals, cochlear nerve fibers are classified as either type I or type II. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cochlear Nuclei All auditory nerve fibers terminate within the cochlear nuclei (CN), which comprise highly complex groupings of cells that together form a protuberance on the lateral surface of the brain stem at the medullopontine junction. (scribd.com)
  • This highly specialized synaptic arrangement, which is characterized by little convergence from disparate regions of the cochlear partition, is important in preserving temporal information transmitted by auditory nerve fibers. (scribd.com)
Synapses4
  • This tonotopic organization is preserved because only a few inner hair cells synapse on the dendrites of a nerve cell in the spiral ganglion, and the axon from that nerve cell synapses on only a very few dendrites in the cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Synapses in the nucleus accumbens use dopamine as their neurotransmitter. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Increasing the activity of these synapses (i.e., increasing the level of dopamine in the nucleus) leads to a rewarding or pleasurable sensation. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Excitatory synapses were quickly reduced and then began to increase in number again, necessarily being complemented from sources other than cochlear neurons, while inhibitory synapses were reduced more slowly and continuously. (duhnnae.com)
PVCN1
  • Immunohistochemistry staining showed a more intense labeling of c-fos in the DCN, pVCN and IC and a significant increase in c-fos positive nuclei in the pVCN and IC. (bvsalud.org)
Excitatory3
  • Optical stimulation evoked excitatory multiunit spiking activity throughout the tonotopic axis of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (Actx). (epfl.ch)
  • [6] The dorsal cochlear granule cells are small excitatory interneurons which are developmentally related and thus resemble the cerebellar granule cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • In fusiform cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, excitatory synapsesactivate a TTX-sensitive Na + conductance and deactivate a resting I h conductance, leading to a striking reshaping of the synaptic potential. (elsevier.com)
Processor8
  • Join a webinar on November 1st to learn about the Nucleus 6 processor! (cochlearimplanthelp.com)
  • This entry was posted in Events , News and tagged cochlear , N7 , Nucleus 7 , processor by CochlearImplantHELP . (cochlearimplanthelp.com)
  • This item is the first commercial model of a speech processor produced by Cochlear Limited. (maas.museum)
  • It was designed for use with the Nucleus 22 implant developed in 1983 which, in 1985, was the first multi-channel implant and speech processor system to receive approval for use by the US Food and Drug Administration. (maas.museum)
  • This speech processor is the first of a number of generations of devices produced by Cochlear with continual improvements in sound processing and reduction in size. (maas.museum)
  • It represents Cochlear's design strategy of making a flexible cochlear implant with sophisticated sound processing in the externally worn speech processor, allowing the recipient to take advantage of improvements in technology without surgically replacing their implanted device. (maas.museum)
  • This is an example of the first commercial version of the cochlear implant and speech processor developed by Nucleus, later known as Cochlear. (maas.museum)
  • The speech processor is the first wearable speech processor developed by Nucleus. (maas.museum)
Brainstem auditory1
  • The cochlear nucleus (CN) is the first brainstem auditory nucleus, and elevated activity at this level is of interest because it could either directly drive the hyperactivity seen in higher centers or, alternatively, it could trigger mechanisms that eventually lead to the de novo generation of hyperactivity in the higher parts of the pathway. (jneurosci.org)
Granule cells4
  • The second set of inputs is relayed through a set of small granule cells in the cochlear nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Granule cells are found within the granular layer of the cerebellum , the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus , the superficial layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus , the olfactory bulb , and the cerebral cortex . (wikipedia.org)
  • The granule cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus are small neurons with two or three short dendrites that give rise to a few branches with expansions at the terminals. (wikipedia.org)
  • The δ subunit's absence from cochlear nucleus granule cells may mean that tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABA A receptors is less important for this cell type. (elsevier.com)
20171
  • The Nucleus 7 is expected to be available in the US in September 2017 for new candidates. (cochlearimplanthelp.com)
Bushy cells1
  • In the auditory system, inhibition already modulates second order neurons in the cochlear nucleus, e.g. spherical bushy cells (SBCs). (nih.gov)
Inferior colliculi1
  • Stellate/multipolar cells form the projection to both inferior colliculi (central nucleus and dorsal cortex), and synapse in a banded pattern, following the tonotopy of the region [2] . (wikidoc.org)
Trapezoid body1
  • Medial nucleus of trapezoid body (MNTB) - Contralateral stimulation. (wikipedia.org)
Acoustic15
  • All acoustic information thus enters the brain through the cochlear nuclei, where the processing of acoustic information begins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), also known as the tuberculum acusticum or acoustic tubercle, curves over the VCN and wraps around the cerebellar peduncle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another pathway, called the dorsal acoustic stria (DAS, also known as the stria of von Monakow), rises above the medulla into the pons where it hits the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus along with its kin, the intermediate acoustic stria (IAS, also known as the stria of Held). (wikipedia.org)
  • The inferior colliculus receives direct, monosynaptic projections from the superior olivary complex, the contralateral dorsal acoustic stria, some classes of stellate neurons of the VCN, as well as from the different nuclei of the lateral lemniscus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Nucleus Aqua+ accessory is IP68 rated and is approved for use with rechargeable batteries and is not approved for use with the acoustic component. (cochlear.com)
  • Delivery of acoustic-electric stimulation will be provided by the Nucleus Hybrid L24 cochlear implant system. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The co-primary study endpoints will be statistically significant differences between the mean, preoperative monosyllabic CNC word score (unilateral acoustic, ear to be implanted) and the postoperative monosyllabic CNC word scores (Hybrid mode) for the activated, Hybrid L24 cochlear implant subjects. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Direct projections from the cochlear nucleus (CN) to the medial geniculate body (MG) mediate a high-speed transfer of acoustic information to the auditory thalamus. (frontiersin.org)
  • The elegantly coiled, mechanically tuned cochlear duct and functional differentiation between inner hair cells (IHCs) and outer hair cells (OHCs), afferent and efferent neuronal connections are among the features that enable the widest acoustic frequency range and most complex vocalizations among vertebrate species. (pnas.org)
  • Part of the cochlear division of the acoustic nerve , highly magnified. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cochlear nerve (also auditory or acoustic neuron ) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve , a cranial nerve present in amniotes , the other part being the vestibular nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Results further suggest that early antioxidant treatment for acoustic trauma not only rescues cochlear hair cells, but also has impact on central auditory structures. (houghear.org)
  • The purpose of the device is to improve speech recognition of cochlear implant users by representing acoustic (sound) information. (hoagiesgifted.org)
  • There are also connections between the principal auditory centers and the cranial and spinal motor nuclei, which subserve acoustic reflexes, but little is known about them. (scribd.com)
  • Finally, there is topographically patterned input to the superior colliculus and to the cerebellum, the latter receiving some of its input from the pontine nuclei activated by acoustic stimulation. (scribd.com)
Neurons of the dorsal2
  • 2008.Vol31.PMID 18275284 Wouterlood FG and Mugnaini E. Cartwheel neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus: a Golgi-electron microscopic study in rat. (wikipedia.org)
  • Processing of vibrotactile inputs from hairy skin by neurons of the dorsal column nuclei in the cat. (semanticscholar.org)
Electrode11
  • Ossification or any other cochlear anomaly that might prevent complete insertion of the electrode array, as confirmed by medical examination and tests including MRI. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • The effect of direct stimulation of the cochlear nerve with a ring electrode was evaluated, but appeared to be not a viable treatment option as damage of the nerve lead to increase in hearing loss in the majority of patients. (rug.nl)
  • A novel monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials is provided, which has a superior performance in accuracy, adherent property, comprehensiveness, recording sensitivity, and recording specificity. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • The monitoring electrode is easily inserted through a foramen of Luschka, stably held on a region of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, and clearly records the dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • Additionally, a novel monitoring device for monitoring the dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials using the monitoring electrode thereof is provided. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • 2. The monitoring electrode for monitoring the dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials according to claim 1, wherein the exposed face has a width in a range of 0.5 mm to 3.0 mm and a length in a range of 0.5 m to 5.5 mm to fit to a region of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • 3. The monitoring electrode for monitoring the dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials according to claim 1, wherein the outer diameter shape of the covering unit is formed in an oval shape and the exposed face has also an oval shape. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • 4. The monitoring electrode for monitoring the dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials according to claim 1, wherein the biocompatible resin is made of silicon. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • The present invention relates to a monitoring electrode for monitoring dorsal cochlear nucleus action potentials (DNAPs), and a monitoring device for monitoring the DNAPs using the monitoring electrode for monitoring the DNAPs. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • It was the first multiple electrode cochlear implant to be approved for clinical use by any health regulatory body. (maas.museum)
  • Objective: The primary goal of this study was to examine changes that may occur in electrode impedance, electrically evoked compound action potential (EAP) threshold and slope of the EAP growth function, and behavioral measures of threshold (MAP T-level) and maximum comfort (C-level) over time in both adult and child cochlear implant users. (syr.edu)
Responses2
  • This study explored whether optical activation of the cochlear nucleus (CN) elicited responses in neurons in higher centers of the auditory pathway and whether it elicited an evoked response. (epfl.ch)
  • To investigate this issue, sound-evoked responses were obtained from single auditory neurons in the cochlear nuclear complex of anesthetized cats and gerbils, and metabotropic ligands were administered locally through microionophoretic pipettes. (nyu.edu)
Spiral ganglion cells1
  • This study was carried out to investigate incidence of autophagy and apoptosis in spiral ganglion cells (SGCs) and cochlear nucleus neurons, and their involvement in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced hearing impairment in rats. (alliedacademies.org)
Multichannel Cochlear Implant1
  • The multichannel cochlear implant is a unique technological achievement, representing the application of a novel combination of science, technology, and medicine. (mathworks.com)
Projections5
  • We used anterograde tracing techniques to examine projections from auditory cortex to the cochlear nucleus in guinea pigs. (nih.gov)
  • The results illustrate direct cortical projections to the cochlear nucleus that are likely to modulate the activity in a number of ascending auditory pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Ascending projections of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) target primarily the contralateral inferior colliculus (IC). (garvan.org.au)
  • For CochleaProjections and Cochlear Nucleus Projections. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Spiral ganglion projections into the cochlear nucleus. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Cells12
  • The lateral lemniscus contains cells of the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and in turn projects to the inferior colliculus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Classified as cochlear nucleus type IV cells, the firing rate may be very rapid in response to a low intensity sound at one frequency and then fall below the spontaneous rate with only a small increment in stimulus frequency or intensity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Indeed, while in some ways homologous to cerebellar molecular layer stellate cells, SSCs exhibit properties that place them in a computationally unique position in the entire cochlear nucleus. (frontiersin.org)
  • The variation in location, size and shape as well as the high percentage of the labelled neurones suggest that cells of several, if not all, non-granule cell types, which have been described for the cochlear nucleus according to the usual Nissl schemes, are SBA positive. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • In the transmission electron microscope , these cells are characterized by a darkly stained nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
  • This finding, together with previous evidence that type II afferents respond weakly to synaptic transmission from cochlear hair cells, and normally are insensitive to sound, supports the identification of type II afferents as cochlear nociceptors, mediating the sensation of painfully loud sound. (pnas.org)
  • The remaining thin, unmyelinated type II afferents extend hundreds of microns along the cochlear duct to contact many outer hair cells. (pnas.org)
  • This benefit, however, has been gained at a significant cost in the metabolic and mechanical vulnerability of cochlear hair cells and neurons. (pnas.org)
  • In the dorsal cochlear nucleus, fusiform (pyramidal) and giant cells express α1, α3, β3 and γ2L. (elsevier.com)
  • Dorsal cochlear nucleus interneurons, particularly vertical or tuberculoventral cells and cartwheel cells, express α3, β3 and γ2L. (elsevier.com)
  • Apostolides, PF & Trussell, LO 2014, ' Control of interneuron firing by subthreshold synaptic potentials in principal cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus ', Neuron , vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 324-330. (elsevier.com)
  • The nucleus of post-mitotic neurons contains most of the NeuN, which initially appears at embryonic day 9.5 in the neural tube of the mouse and associates with the neuronal cells that exit the cell cycle 1 . (news-medical.net)
Components of the cochlear1
  • The internal and external components of the cochlear implant are connected via an electric coupling. (hoagiesgifted.org)
Sensorineural Hear1
  • The intracranial injection of MCMV can lead to abnormal changes in the threshold of ABR in mice , and the change of [Ca(2+) ]I/CaM in cochlear nucleus may be the important pathological basis of sensorineural hearing loss induced by MCMV infection . (bvsalud.org)
Nerve8
  • The major input to the cochlear nucleus is from the auditory nerve, a part of cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve). (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons of the avian nucleus magnocellularis transmit phase-locked action potentials of the auditory nerve in a pathway that contributes to sound localization based on interaural timing differences. (jneurosci.org)
  • Together, these factors improve the ability of cochlear nucleus magnocellularis neurons to faithfully transmit timing information encoded by the auditory nerve. (jneurosci.org)
  • In the chick, such temporal resolution necessitates accurate and reliable transmission of auditory nerve activity by the end-bulb synapse in the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (nMag). (jneurosci.org)
  • Tinnitus can be the result of compression of the cochlear nerve with a blood vessel (neurovascular conflict). (rug.nl)
  • Cochlear nerve is in center, shown as striped. (wikipedia.org)
  • Terminal nuclei of the vestibular nerve, with their upper connections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cochlear nucleus (CN), the exclusive destination of the auditory nerve, is the gateway for all central processing of auditory information. (mit.edu)
Recipients5
  • Clinical study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Cochlear™ Nucleus® CI422 cochlear implant for new cochlear implant adult recipients with broader requirements to be considered an eligible candidate. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • At Cochlear, we design devices to give recipients greater flexibility to personalize their settings and manage their hearing loss on a daily basis, and these new solutions offer that experience like never before. (cochlearamericas.com)
  • CENTENNIAL, Colo. - Cochlear Limited (ASX: COH), the global leader in implantable hearing solutions, announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the Aqua+ accessory, the only waterproof behind-the-ear solution for cochlear implant recipients on the market today. (thomasnet.com)
  • We understand the law, science, and medicine involved in these cochlear implant claims, and and believe that Advanced Bionics should be held accountable for any harm for which it is legally responsible and that HiRes 90K implant recipients that have experienced performance degradation or failures should be fairly compensated for their legally recoverable damages. (sawinlawyers.com)
  • We also believe that Cochlear Limited and its U.S. subsidiary, Cochlear Americas, should be held accountable for any harm for which they are legally responsible, and that Nucleus 5 cochlear implant recipients should be fairly compensated for their legally recoverable damages. (sawinlawyers.com)
Electric Stimulation1
  • In all commercial cochlear implant (CI) devices, the electric stimulation is performed with a rectangular pulse that generally has two phases of opposite polarity. (nature.com)
Brain4
  • Further, a dorsal cochlear nucleus G is located at a position covered by a cerebellum F, at a brainstem E in the center of the brain. (freepatentsonline.com)
  • To explore the changes in the threshold of auditory brainstem response (ABR) and [Ca(2+)]I and calmodulin (CaM) in cochlear nucleus of newborn mice infected by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in the brain . (bvsalud.org)
  • In contrast to many brain regions, the β2 subunit gene and γ2S splice forms are not highly expressed in auditory brainstem nuclei. (elsevier.com)
  • In 1992, Mullen and co-workers immunized mice with brain cell nuclei to create monoclonal antibodies 1 . (news-medical.net)
19852
  • Released in 1985, the Nucleus 22 Implant was the first commercially available multi-channel cochlear implant in the world. (news-medical.net)
  • In 1985 Cochlear™ released the first commercial multichannel Nucleus® implant system. (mathworks.com)
Neuronal4
  • We found a significant elevation of spontaneous firing rates in VCN after cochlear trauma, and this increase may be more evident in particular neuronal response categories in VCN. (jneurosci.org)
  • 5 . Bahmer A, Langner G (2010) Parameters for a model of an oscillating neuronal network in the cochlear nucleus defined by genetic algorithms. (yale.edu)
  • Neuronal nuclei (NeuN) antibodies serve as core tools for studying the development and differentiation of neurons and for staining mature neurons. (news-medical.net)
  • The team named this Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) 1 . (news-medical.net)
Synapse1
  • The next synapse in the ascending auditory pathway is obligatory, in the cochlear nucleus (CN). (springer.com)
Terminate1
  • they terminate in periolivary nuclei and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, and may function to modulate activity in the olivocochlear tract. (drugs.com)
Auditory brainstem3
  • The outputs from the cochlear nuclei are received in higher regions of the auditory brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another novel option is neurostimulation of the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem with an auditory brainstem implant (ABI). (rug.nl)
  • We have mapped, using in situ hybridization, the subunit expression patterns of the GABA A receptor in the auditory brainstem nuclei. (elsevier.com)
Tinnitus2
  • Tinnitus is generated by an increase of the spontaneous discharges of the dorsal cochlear nucleus neurons, tonotopic reorganisation and an increase of the neural synchronism in the auditory cortex. (ent-review.com)
  • Exposure to loud sound causes cochlear damage resulting in hearing loss and tinnitus. (pnas.org)
Abstract2
  • article{4eb3b53f-1b63-4de6-bd49-3b095c15d4ed, abstract = {Objective: To describe the principles and operation of a new telemetry-based function test for the Nucleus (R) cochlear implant, known as the CS19 Intra-Cochlear Impedance Matrix (IIM) and to present results from a multicentre clinical study to establish reproducibility (test-retest reliability) and normative ranges. (lu.se)
  • abstract = "The incorporation of tritiated leucine was used as an index of protein synthesis in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of mice unilaterally (right side) hearing deprived throughout the period of hearing development. (elsevier.com)
Fingerprint1
  • Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Decreased protein synthesis in cochlear nucleus following developmental auditory deprivation. (elsevier.com)
Nuclear complex2
  • Slices of the cochlear nuclear complex were immunolabeled by an antibody against glycine conjugated with glutaraldehyde to bovine serum albumin (Wenthold et al. (northwestern.edu)
  • Lorente de No (1981), using the Golgi technique, showed some 50 different cell types distributed throughout the cochlear nuclear complex. (scribd.com)
Synaptic transmission1
  • In chick, although the auditory system begins to function early in embryonic development, maturation of audition around the time of hatching suggested that synaptic transmission in the cochlear nucleus of young chicks may undergo further developmental changes. (jneurosci.org)
Intracellular1
  • Then intracellular free calcium [Ca(2+)]i and the mRNA level of CaM in the cochlear nucleus were assayed by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. (bvsalud.org)
Sensory1
  • The DCN is therefore in a sense a second order sensory nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Granule cell - Wikipedia
Granule cell - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Cochlear Nucleus | American Board of Family Medicine
Cochlear Nucleus | American Board of Family Medicine (jabfm.org)
Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the mammalian central auditory system | Journal of Experimental Biology
Inhibitory neurotransmission, plasticity and aging in the mammalian central auditory system | Journal of Experimental Biology (jeb.biologists.org)
Hyperactivity in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus after Cochlear Trauma | Journal of Neuroscience
Hyperactivity in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus after Cochlear Trauma | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System Pediatric Post-approval Study - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Nucleus Freedom Cochlear Implant System Pediatric Post-approval Study - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov (clinicaltrials.gov)
History of Innovation | Cochlear™ Aust/NZ
History of Innovation | Cochlear™ Aust/NZ (cochlear.com)
Minke Berge, van den - Research database - University of Groningen
Minke Berge, van den - Research database - University of Groningen (rug.nl)
Glutamate receptor phenotypes in the auditory brainstem and mid-brain of the developing rat - Caicedo - 1999 - European Journal...
Glutamate receptor phenotypes in the auditory brainstem and mid-brain of the developing rat - Caicedo - 1999 - European Journal... (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
October 26th, 1998 - Volume 9 - Issue 15 : NeuroReport
October 26th, 1998 - Volume 9 - Issue 15 : NeuroReport (journals.lww.com)
Increased Synchrony and Bursting of Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Fusiform Cells Correlate with Tinnitus | Journal of Neuroscience
Increased Synchrony and Bursting of Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus Fusiform Cells Correlate with Tinnitus | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Models of the Superior Olivary Complex | SpringerLink
Models of the Superior Olivary Complex | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Cochlear nerve - Wikipedia
Cochlear nerve - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
NeuroVIISAS: Approaching Multiscale Simulation of the Rat Connectome | SpringerLink
NeuroVIISAS: Approaching Multiscale Simulation of the Rat Connectome | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Modulation of Electrocortical Brain Activity by Attention in Individuals with and without Tinnitus
Modulation of Electrocortical Brain Activity by Attention in Individuals with and without Tinnitus (hindawi.com)
Otology News, Research
Otology News, Research (news-medical.net)
Find the Best Cochlear Implants | ConsumerAffairs
Find the Best Cochlear Implants | ConsumerAffairs (consumeraffairs.com)
Inhibitory Amino Acid Synapses and Pathways in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | SpringerLink
Inhibitory Amino Acid Synapses and Pathways in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Ambiguous Pitch and the Temporal Representation of Inharmonic Iterated Rippled Noise in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | Journal...
Ambiguous Pitch and the Temporal Representation of Inharmonic Iterated Rippled Noise in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | Journal... (jneurosci.org)
June 23, 1999 - Volume 10 - Issue 9 : NeuroReport
June 23, 1999 - Volume 10 - Issue 9 : NeuroReport (journals.lww.com)
Noradrenaline enhances temporal auditory contrast and neuronal timing precision in the cochlear nucleus of the mustached bat |...
Noradrenaline enhances temporal auditory contrast and neuronal timing precision in the cochlear nucleus of the mustached bat |... (jneurosci.org)
Speech Representation in the Auditory Nerve and Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | Springer for Research & Development
Speech Representation in the Auditory Nerve and Ventral Cochlear Nucleus | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
Frontiers | iDISCO+ for the Study of Neuroimmune Architecture of the Rat Auditory Brainstem | Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
Frontiers | iDISCO+ for the Study of Neuroimmune Architecture of the Rat Auditory Brainstem | Frontiers in Neuroanatomy (frontiersin.org)
The Synaptic Organization of the Brain : Gordon M. Shepherd : 9780195159561
The Synaptic Organization of the Brain : Gordon M. Shepherd : 9780195159561 (bookdepository.com)
October 2004 - Volume 25 - Issue 5 - Contributor Index : Ear and Hearing
October 2004 - Volume 25 - Issue 5 - Contributor Index : Ear and Hearing (journals.lww.com)
Otic Disorders News, Featured Content | Ear Disorders Resource - MPR
Otic Disorders News, Featured Content | Ear Disorders Resource - MPR (empr.com)
PAOLO GIUSEPPE RAVAZZANI
PAOLO GIUSEPPE RAVAZZANI (cnr.it)
Frontiers | High Entrainment Constrains Synaptic Depression Levels of an In vivo Globular Bushy Cell Model | Frontiers in...
Frontiers | High Entrainment Constrains Synaptic Depression Levels of an In vivo Globular Bushy Cell Model | Frontiers in... (frontiersin.org)
Lecture 15 Flashcards by Julia Boudreau | Brainscape
Lecture 15 Flashcards by Julia Boudreau | Brainscape (brainscape.com)