Cobra venoms. Medical search

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.

Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.

Venoms produced by the wasp (Vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms.

Serum proteins that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host. The complement system is tightly regulated by inactivators that accelerate the decay of intermediates and certain cell surface receptors.

A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

The sequential activation of serum COMPLEMENT PROTEINS to create the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Factors initiating complement activation include ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES, microbial ANTIGENS, or cell surface POLYSACCHARIDES.

Compounds that negatively regulate the cascade process of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Uncontrolled complement activation and resulting cell lysis is potentially dangerous for the host.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.

C5 plays a central role in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C5 is cleaved by C5 CONVERTASE into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. The smaller fragment C5a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of inflammatory process. The major fragment C5b binds to the membrane initiating the spontaneous assembly of the late complement components, C5-C9, into the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.

A serum protein which is important in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY. This enzyme cleaves the COMPLEMENT C3B-bound COMPLEMENT FACTOR B to form C3bBb which is ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE.

Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

Serine proteases that cleave COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, or cleave COMPLEMENT C5 into COMPLEMENT C5A and COMPLEMENT C5B. These include the different forms of C3/C5 convertases in the classical and the alternative pathways of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. Both cleavages take place at the C-terminal of an ARGININE residue.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

A glycine-rich, heat-labile serum glycoprotein that contains a component of the C3 CONVERTASE ALTERNATE PATHWAY (C3bBb). Bb, a serine protease, is generated when factor B is cleaved by COMPLEMENT FACTOR D into Ba and Bb.

Venoms produced by FISHES, including SHARKS and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. They contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the HEART specifically and all MUSCLES generally.

Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.

Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.

Complement activation initiated by the interaction of microbial ANTIGENS with COMPLEMENT C3B. When COMPLEMENT FACTOR B binds to the membrane-bound C3b, COMPLEMENT FACTOR D cleaves it to form alternative C3 CONVERTASE (C3BBB) which, stabilized by COMPLEMENT FACTOR P, is able to cleave multiple COMPLEMENT C3 to form alternative C5 CONVERTASE (C3BBB3B) leading to cleavage of COMPLEMENT C5 and the assembly of COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX.

A 53-kDa protein that is a positive regulator of the alternate pathway of complement activation (COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY, ALTERNATIVE). It stabilizes the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb) and protects it from rapid inactivation, thus facilitating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION and the formation of MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Individuals with mutation in the PFC gene exhibit properdin deficiency and have a high susceptibility to infections.

Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)

A screening assay for circulating COMPLEMENT PROTEINS. Diluted SERUM samples are added to antibody-coated ERYTHROCYTES and the percentage of cell lysis is measured. The values are expressed by the so called CH50, in HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT units per milliliter, which is the dilution of serum required to lyse 50 percent of the erythrocytes in the assay.

A serine protease that is the complex of COMPLEMENT C3B and COMPLEMENT FACTOR BB. It cleaves multiple COMPLEMENT C3 into COMPLEMENT C3A (anaphylatoxin) and COMPLEMENT C3B in the ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION PATHWAY.

Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)

A dermal inflammatory reaction produced under conditions of antibody excess, when a second injection of antigen produces intravascular antigen-antibody complexes which bind complement, causing cell clumping, endothelial damage, and vascular necrosis.

A trypanosome found in the blood of adult rats and transmitted by the rat flea. It is generally non-pathogenic in adult rats but can cause lethal infection in suckling rats.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)

The larger fragment generated from the cleavage of COMPLEMENT C3 by C3 CONVERTASE. It is a constituent of the ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY C3 CONVERTASE (C3bBb), and COMPLEMENT C5 CONVERTASES in both the classical (C4b2a3b) and the alternative (C3bBb3b) pathway. C3b participates in IMMUNE ADHERENCE REACTION and enhances PHAGOCYTOSIS. It can be inactivated (iC3b) or cleaved by various proteases to yield fragments such as COMPLEMENT C3C; COMPLEMENT C3D; C3e; C3f; and C3g.

A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)

A product of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION cascade, regardless of the pathways, that forms transmembrane channels causing disruption of the target CELL MEMBRANE and cell lysis. It is formed by the sequential assembly of terminal complement components (COMPLEMENT C5B; COMPLEMENT C6; COMPLEMENT C7; COMPLEMENT C8; and COMPLEMENT C9) into the target membrane. The resultant C5b-8-poly-C9 is the "membrane attack complex" or MAC.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

The minor fragment formed when C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and COMPLEMENT C5B. C5a is a 74-amino-acid glycopeptide with a carboxy-terminal ARGININE that is crucial for its spasmogenic activity. Of all the complement-derived anaphylatoxins, C5a is the most potent in mediating immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE), smooth MUSCLE CONTRACTION; HISTAMINE RELEASE; and migration of LEUKOCYTES to site of INFLAMMATION.

Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.

Endothelial targeting and enhanced antiinflammatory effects of complement inhibitors possessing sialyl Lewisx moieties. (1/439)

The complement inhibitor soluble complement receptor type 1 (sCR1) and a truncated form of sCR1, sCR1[desLHR-A], have been generated with expression of the selectin-reactive oligosaccharide moiety, sialyl Lewisx (sLex), as N-linked oligosaccharide adducts. These modified proteins, sCR1sLex and sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex, were assessed in the L-selectin- and P-selectin-dependent rat model of lung injury following systemic activation of complement by cobra venom factor and in the L-selectin-, P-selectin-, and E-selectin-dependent model of lung injury following intrapulmonary deposition of IgG immune complexes. In the cobra venom factor model, sCR1sLex and sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex caused substantially greater reductions in neutrophil accumulation and in albumin extravasation in lung when compared with the non-sLex-decorated forms. In this model, increased lung vascular binding of sCR1sLex and sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex occurred in a P-selectin-dependent manner, in contrast to the absence of any increased binding of sCR1 or sCR1[desLHR-A]. In the IgG immune complex model, sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex possessed greater protective effects relative to sCR1[desLHR-A], based on albumin extravasation and neutrophil accumulation. Enhanced protective effects correlated with greater lung vascular binding of sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex as compared with the non-sLex-decorated form. In TNF-alpha-activated HUVEC, substantial in vitro binding occurred with sCR1[desLHR-A]sLex (but not with sCR1[desLHR-A]). This endothelial cell binding was blocked by anti-E-selectin but not by anti-P-selectin. These data suggest that sLex-decorated complement inhibitors have enhanced antiinflammatory effects and appear to have enhanced ability to localize to the activated vascular endothelium. (+info)

Inhibition of a membrane complement regulatory protein by a monoclonal antibody induces acute lethal shock in rats primed with lipopolysaccharide. (2/439)

Rats pretreated with traces of LPS developed acute fatal shock syndrome after i.v. administration of a mAb that inhibits the function of a membrane complement regulatory molecule. Such a shock was not observed after the administration of large amounts of LPS instead of the mAb following LPS pretreatment. The lethal response did not occur in rats depleted of either leukocytes or complement, and a C5a receptor antagonist was found to inhibit the reaction. Furthermore, LPS-treated rats did not suffer fatal shock following the injection of cobra venom factor, which activates complement in the fluid phase so extensively as to exhaust complement capacity. Therefore, complement activation on cell membranes is a requirement for this type of acute reaction. (+info)

Mechanisms of enhanced lung injury during sepsis. (3/439)

A major complication in sepsis is progressively impaired lung function and susceptibility to intrapulmonary infection. Why sepsis predisposes the lung to injury is not clear. In the current studies, rats were rendered septic by cecal ligation/puncture and evaluated for increased susceptibility to injury after a direct pulmonary insult (deposition of IgG immune complexes or airway instillation of lipopolysaccharide). By itself, cecal ligation/puncture did not produce evidence of lung injury. However, after a direct pulmonary insult, lung injury in septic animals was significantly enhanced. Enhanced lung injury was associated with increased accumulation of neutrophils in lung, enhanced production of CXC chemokines (but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and increased expression of lung vascular intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Complement depletion or treatment with anti-C5a abolished all evidence of enhanced lung injury in septic animals. When stimulated in vitro, bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages from septic animals had greatly enhanced CXC chemokine responses as compared with macrophages from sham-operated animals or from septic animals that had been complement depleted. These data indicate that the septic state causes priming of lung macrophages and suggest that enhanced lung injury in the septic state is complement dependent and related to increased production of CXC chemokines. (+info)

Role of group II secretory phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis: 2. Potential involvement of biologically active oxidized phospholipids. (4/439)

Secretory nonpancreatic phospholipase A2 (group II sPLA2) is induced in inflammation and present in atherosclerotic lesions. In an accompanying publication we demonstrate that transgenic mice expressing group II sPLA2 developed severe atherosclerosis. The current study was undertaken to determine whether 1 mechanism by which group II sPLA2 might contribute to the progression of inflammation and atherosclerosis is by increasing the formation of biologically active oxidized phospholipids. In vivo measurements of bioactive lipids were performed, and in vitro studies tested the hypothesis that sPLA2 can increase the accumulation of bioactive phospholipids. We have shown previously that 3 oxidized phospholipids derived from the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PAPC) stimulated endothelial cells to bind monocytes, a process that is known to be an important step in atherogenesis. We now show that these 3 biologically active phospholipids are significantly increased in livers of sPLA2 transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet as compared with nontransgenic littermates. We present in vitro evidence for several mechanisms by which these phospholipids may be increased in sPLA2 transgenics. These studies demonstrated that polyunsaturated free fatty acids, which are liberated by sPLA2, increased the formation of bioactive phospholipids in LDL, resulting in increased ability to stimulate monocyte-endothelial interactions. Moreover, sPLA2-treated LDL was oxidized by cocultures of human aortic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells more efficiently than untreated LDL. Analysis by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry revealed that the bioactive phospholipids, compared with unoxidized PAPC, were less susceptible to hydrolysis by human recombinant group II sPLA2. In addition, HDL from the transgenic mice and human HDL treated with recombinant sPLA2 in vitro failed, in the coculture system, to protect against the formation of biologically active phospholipids in LDL. This lack of protection may in part relate to the decreased levels of paraoxonase seen in the HDL isolated from the transgenic animals. Taken together, these studies show that levels of biologically active oxidized phospholipids are increased in sPLA2 transgenic mice; they also suggest that this increase may be mediated by effects of sPLA2 on both LDL and HDL. (+info)

A nonhuman primate model for the selective elimination of CD8+ lymphocytes using a mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody. (5/439)

Nonhuman primates provide valuable animal models for human diseases. However, studies assessing the role of cell-mediated immune responses have been difficult to perform in nonhuman primates. We have shown that CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated immunity in rhesus monkeys can be selectively eliminated using the mouse-human chimeric anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody cM-T807. In vitro, this antibody completely blocked antigen-specific expansion of cytotoxic T cells and decreased major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted, antigen-specific lysis of target cells but did not mediate complement-dependent cell lysis. In vivo administration of cM-T807 in rhesus monkeys resulted in near total depletion of CD8+ T cells from the blood and lymph nodes for up to 6 weeks. This depletion was not solely complement-dependent and persisted longer in adults than in juveniles. Preservation of B cell and CD4+ T cell function in monkeys depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes was demonstrated by their ability to develop humoral immune responses to the administered chimeric monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, during CD8+ lymphocyte depletion, monkeys developed delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions comprised only of CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ T cells. This CD8+ lymphocyte depletion model should prove useful in defining the role of cell-mediated immune responses in controlling infectious diseases in nonhuman primates. (+info)

Binding of nucleotide triphosphates to cardiotoxin analogue II from the Taiwan cobra venom (Naja naja atra). Elucidation of the structural interactions in the dATP-cardiotoxin analogue ii complex. (6/439)

Snake venom cardiotoxins have been recently shown to block the enzymatic activity of phospholipid protein kinase and Na+,K+-ATPase. To understand the molecular basis for the inhibitory effects of cardiotoxin on the action of these enzymes, the nucleotide triphosphate binding ability of cardiotoxin analogue II (CTX II) from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom is investigated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence, circular dichroism, and two-dimensional NMR. CTX II is found to bind to all the four nucleotide triphosphates (ATP, UTP, GTP, and CTP) with similar affinity. Detailed studies of the binding of dATP to CTX II indicated that the toxin molecule is significantly stabilized in the presence of the nucleotide. Molecular modeling, based on the NOEs observed for the dATP.CTX II complex, reveals that dATP binds to the CTX II molecule at the groove enclosed between the N- and C-terminal ends of the toxin molecule. Based on the results obtained in the present study, a molecular mechanism to account for the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase and Na+,K+-ATPase is also proposed. (+info)

Effect of ranitidine bismuth citrate on the phospholipase A2 activity of Naja naja venom and Helicobacter pylori: a biochemical analysis. (7/439)

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori has become recognized as a fundamental pathogen in the development of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Bismuth compounds in combination with antibiotics are widely used to treat H. pylori associated peptic ulcer disease. METHODS: In this study we measured and analysed the inhibitory effect of ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC, Pylorid, Tritec) on the activity and kinetics of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) (E.C.3.1.1.4) of commercial cobra (Naja naja) venom and H. pylori (French press lysates) using L-alpha-dipalmitoyl-(2[1-14C]palmitoyl)-phosphatidylcholine as substrate. RESULTS: Our data suggest that RBC might exert a dose-dependent uncompetitive inhibition on PLA2 activity of both H. pylori and Naja naja venom. the inhibitory effect of RBC on the PLA2 activity cannot be abolished by the optimal concentration of calcium (10 mM), indicating its mechanism to be unrelated to the displacement of calcium from the activation site of the enzyme. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which bismuth compounds are therapeutically effective in the treatment of H. pylori associated gastritis is by inhibiting the activity of the degradative PLA2 enzyme secreted by H. pylori. As a consequence of the inhibitory action of RBC on PLA2 of the bacteria, the extracellular and/or intracellular phospholipid components of the gastric mucosal barrier are preserved. (+info)

Heparin binding to cobra basic phospholipase A2 depends on heparin chain length and amino acid specificity. (8/439)

Heparin is shown to bind specifically to the carboxy-terminal region of toxic type I phospholipase A2 from Naja nigricollis (N-PLA2) by competition assay using synthetic polypeptides and heparin affinity chromatography. The binding strength is seen to depend on heparin chain length and the presence of N-sulfate groups of heparin. It is observed that both electrostatic and non-electrostatic interactions are involved in the specific binding of heparin to the carboxy-terminus. When heparin's size is at least a decasaccharide, about two molecules of N-PLA2 bind to one molecule of heparin, as evidenced by the chemical estimate of protein to carbohydrate ratio in such N-PLA2/heparin complexes. Based on such a stoichiometric measurement and computer modeling of the N-PLA2/heparin complex, it is suggested that the binding sites of the two N-PLA2 molecules on one heparin molecule lie on the opposite sides of the heparin chain. (+info)

There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

The venom from snake bites contains a variety of toxins that can affect different parts of the body, including the cardiovascular, nervous, and muscular systems. Some common symptoms of snake bites include:

* Pain and swelling at the bite site
* Blurred vision or difficulty seeing
* Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
* Seizures or convulsions
* Difficulty breathing or swallowing
* Rapid heartbeat or slow heart rate
* Low blood pressure or high blood pressure
* Nausea and vomiting

In severe cases, snake bites can cause respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and other life-threatening complications.

The diagnosis of a snake bite is typically made based on the symptoms and medical history of the patient. In some cases, imaging tests like X-rays or CT scans may be ordered to confirm the presence of venom in the body.

Treatment for snake bites usually involves administering antivenin (also known as antivenom) to neutralize the venom and manage symptoms. Antivenin is a type of medicine that contains antibodies specifically designed to counteract the effects of snake venom. In severe cases, patients may require hospitalization and intensive care to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention is key in avoiding snake bites, and this includes avoiding areas where snakes are known to live, wearing protective clothing and footwear when in these areas, and using repellents or other deterrents to discourage snakes from approaching. Education and awareness about snake behavior and safety measures can also help reduce the risk of snake bites.

The Arthus reaction is named after French physician Louis-Jean-Baptiste Arthus, who first described the phenomenon in 1890. It is commonly seen in conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and other autoimmune disorders.

The reaction occurs when antibodies bind to antigens, such as proteins or cells, on the surface of tissues. The binding of antibodies to antigens can activate complement proteins, which are a group of proteins that work together to destroy pathogens. In the case of the Arthus reaction, the activation of complement proteins leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC), which is composed of various proteins and can cause damage to tissues.

The Arthus reaction can cause a range of symptoms, including joint pain, swelling, and warmth, as well as fever and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to permanent joint damage and disability. Treatment options for the Arthus reaction include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive medications.

In summary, the Arthus reaction is an allergic response that occurs when antibodies bind to antigens and form immune complexes, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. It is commonly seen in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, and can cause a range of symptoms including joint pain and swelling, fever, and fatigue. Treatment options include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive medications.

"The Crown - Cobra Speed Venom". Discogs. Retrieved 24 March 2021. "The Crown announces new album, 'Cobra Speed Venom'". Metal ... Cobra Speed Venom". Anti Hero Magazine. Ray Van Horn Jr. "The Crown "Cobra Speed Venom"". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved 24 March ... Cobra Speed Venom' - Album Review". Rock 'N' Load. "Review: The Crown - Cobra Speed Venom". Toilet ov Hell. 16 March 2018. ... Cobra Speed Venom". Brave Words. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Morin, Max (14 March 2018). "The Crown - Cobra Speed Venom". Exclaim ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Speed_Venom

"The Crown - Cobra Speed Venom". Discogs. 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018. "THE CROWN Set March Release For Royal ... Cobra Speed Venom (2018) Royal Destroyer (2021) Forever Heaven Gone (1993) Forget the Light (1994) The Crown Invades Karlsruhe ... from their then-upcoming tenth studio album Cobra Speed Venom, on 12 January 2018. On that album, The Crown used a string ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_(band)

"Wounded cobra's venom". The Times. 21 October 2002. Mamrud, Roberto (12 March 2020). "Darko Pančev - International Appearances ... The Italian press got down on the striker too, derisively modifying his Red Star moniker Il Cobra to Il Ramarro (green lizard ... "Bidoni calcio: Darko Pancev, da cobra a ramarro dell'Inter" (in German). Ecco dello Sport. 11 May 2010. Archived from the ... "Cobra" in patria, "Ramarro" in Italia: Bagnoli insegna (in Italian) (CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk), CS1 Italian-language ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darko_Pančev

COBRA fields six rugby teams: COBRA Blacks (1st XV) COBRA Stings (2nd XV) COBRA Development (Under 19s) COBRA Venom (Ladies) ... The COBRA Blacks, Stings & Development teams train every Tuesday and Friday. The COBRA Venom team trains every Wednesday & ... COBRA is the first rugby club in Malaysia with its OWN Clubhouse. COBRA is the home of 10-a-side rugby or better known as rugby ... Over the years COBRA has produced many outstanding rugby players at the national and state level. Members of COBRA are also ...

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"Official Website of the Carolina Cobras: Venom Hunnies". "Arena football set to return to Greensboro Coliseum with Carolina ... The NAL Cobras use a logo similar in style to the defunct AFL Cobras' logo, but otherwise has no direct connection to the AFL ... The Cobras inaugural season finished with a regular season record of 10-5, taking second place in the league. The Cobras then ... Based in Greensboro, North Carolina, the Cobras play their home games at the Greensboro Coliseum Complex. The Cobras is the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Cobras_(NAL)

The Cobra robot shoots venom and laser beams. In two-player cooperative mode control of the G.I. Joe training game is split ... "Soft Spot: G.I. Joe Cobra Strike". Video Games. 1 (11): 68. August 1983. G.I. Joe: Cobra Strike at Atari Mania G.I. Joe: Cobra ... before changing his name to Cobra Commander and creating the Cobra Organization later in the series. In a 1983 review, Video ... G.I. Joe: Cobra Strike is a video game written by John Emerson for the Atari 2600 in 1983. The game was developed and published ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_Cobra_Strike

from the University of Edinburgh in 1904 with a thesis on the pharmacology of cobra venom. He was Hunterian Professor at the ... Elliot, Robert Henry (1904). "A contribution to the pharmacology of cobra venom". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires , ... On snakes, Professor Elliot declared that the cobra is timid and inoffensive, will not strike unless alarmed by a sudden ... Researches into the Nature and Action of Snake Venom, British Medical Journal, 1900, 1, 309 and 1146; 2, 217 Sclero-Corneal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Elliot_(surgeon)

Macht, D.I, Experimental and Clinical Study of Cobra Venom as an Analgesic Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1936 January; 22(1): 61-71 ... Research into the pharmacological applications of cobra venom.[2] The term "psychopharmacology" (the branch of science ... In 1930, he reported it could be used to demonstrate the presence of snake venom and menotoxin (a toxin thought to be present ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Macht

The Cobra's Venom). Gebal Al Mout (جبال الموت) (The Mountains of Death). Zeaab Wa Demaa (ذئاب و دماء) (Wolves and Blood). ... The Empire of Venom). Al Khedaa Al Akheera (الخدعة الأخيرة) (The Last Ruse). Entiqam Al Akraab (انتقام العقرب) (The Revenge of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragol_Al_Mostaheel

JOHNSON M, KAYE MA, HEMS R, KREBS HA (1953). "Enzymic hydrolysis of adenosine phosphates by cobra venom". Biochem. J. 54 (4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP_diphosphatase

Venom makes an appearance of sorts. Venom's image appears and persists on the screen of the Brainwave Scanner as Billy, Cobra ... Venom had taken over. They sneak back into Cobra's base and place Billy in the scanner, confronting Venom in Billy's mind. ... When the Joes thwart the scheme, Venom pilots a HISS Tank that takes himself, Cobra Commander, and Destro to safety. Venom ... However, Venom had earlier used the plane's radio to transmit a message to Cobra in morse so he had a lawyer waiting for him at ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Venom

Gaucher recommended treatment with cobra venom. Boinet, in 1913, tried increasing doses of bee stings (up to 4000). Scorpions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_leprosy

Unlike some other African cobras (for example, the red spitting cobra), this species does not spit venom. The Egyptian cobra ... The venom of the Egyptian cobra consists mainly of neurotoxins and cytotoxins. The average venom yield is 175 to 300 mg in a ... Venom potency ranged from 0.08 mg/kg to 1.7 mg/kg via intravenous injections on mice. The study also found that Egyptian cobra ... The Egyptian cobra garnered increased attention in Canada in the fall of 2006 when a pet cobra became loose and forced the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cobra

"Sullivan to put venom in Cobras". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 73. The Age, "Losing with style", 6 May 2009, Paul ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sullivan_(footballer)

Amanda Buivids (6 April 1989). "Sullivan to put venom in Cobras". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne, VIC. p. 73. Caulfield ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_Football_Club

Vogel CW, Müller-Eberhard HJ (1982). "The Cobra Venom Factor-dependentC 3 Convertase of Human Complement". J Biol Chem. 257 (14 ... Two fluid phase C5 convertases have been described: the classical pathway enzyme, C4b2boxy3b and the cobra venom factor- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C5-convertase

"THE CROWN To Release 'Cobra Speed Venom' Album In March; 'Iron Crown' Video Available". Blabbermouth.net. January 8, 2018. ... "VENOM Reveal Cover Artwork And Track Listing For New Studio Album 'Storm The Gates'". Metal Forces. November 1, 2018. Retrieved ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_heavy_metal_music

In 1994, Cobra returned with Venom, again recording with King Jammy. Jamaican hit singles from the 1994-1995 period included " ... "Cobra Discharged From Hospital". ZIP FM. Retrieved 15 April 2012. "Mad Cobra House Shot Up!". ZIP FM. Retrieved 15 April 2012 ... Ewart Everton Brown (born 31 March 1968), better known by his stage name Mad Cobra or simply Cobra, is a Jamaican dancehall ... Further albums were issued in 2001 (Cobra) and 2004 (Words of Warning). Most recently, Cobra was heard on "Cobrastyle", from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Cobra

Teshima, K; Ikeda, K; Hamaguchi, K; Hayashi, K (1983). "Bindings of cobra venom phospholipases A2 to micelles of n- ... particularly in terms of their binding affinity with cobra venom. In 1987 the phospholipids were found to be potent toxins on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltefosine

"Amino acid sequences of nerve growth factors derived from cobra venoms". FEBS Letters. 279 (1): 38-40. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91 ... It has also been found in several snake venoms. In the peripheral and central neurons, neurotrophins are important regulators ... "Purification and amino-acid sequence of a nerve growth factor from the venom of Vipera russelli russelli". Biochimica et ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin

This irritant, pederin, is highly toxic, more potent than cobra venom. Thirty-six genera and 436 species are found in North ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paederinae

King Cobra' Tate spitting venom over title clash". Luton on Sunday. May 6, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2022. Andrew Tate Joe ... Andrew "King Cobra" Tate Fight Doc, June 6, 2013, Fight starts at 17:42, archived from the original on October 2, 2022, ... "About Andrew Tate". Cobra Tate. Archived from the original on August 3, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022. Holpuch, Amanda (August ... "Andrew Tate ("King Cobra") , MMA Fighter Page". Tapology. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 3, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tate

Stanley Ho (24 March 2001). "Jaguars hope Bennett will cut out Cobras' venom". Today. p. 38. Stanley Ho (9 February 2002). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bennett_(footballer)

Toxicology tests indicate that Carl and Rico were killed by cobra venom. Paul and the police arrive at Tom's apartment, where ... Cult of the Cobra at IMDb Cult of the Cobra at the TCM Movie Database Cult of the Cobra at AllMovie Cult of the Cobra at Rotten ... The cobra transforms back into Lisa, as she lies dying on the sidewalk below. Now standing over her lifeless body, Tom covers ... As he fixes Lisa a drink, a cobra is in the room. He hits the snake; it lunges at him, driving him backward out an open window ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Cobra

"Kerala snakebite murder: Traces of cobra venom found in victim Uthra's body". asianetnews.com. 18 July 2020. Archived from the ... He confessed that he had starved the cobra for eleven days to ensure that the cobra would bite his wife. The snake "was kept in ... On 26 May 2020, Kerala Police sent the carcass of the cobra for forensic examination. The cobra was 80 cm long, and capable of ... A large Indian cobra was found in the bedroom that she shared with her husband. According to Uthra's mother, Manimegalai, her ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_snakebite_murder

The cobra tries to kill Mowgli but its venom has dried up. Mowgli takes a jeweled item away as a souvenir, not realizing the ... Kaa persuades Mowgli to visit a treasure chamber guarded by an old cobra beneath the same Cold Lairs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaa

Berthé, R. A., De Pury, S., Bleckmann, H., & Westhoff, G. (2009). "Spitting cobras adjust their venom distribution to target ... Toxungen deployment offers a key evolutionary advantage compared to poisons and venoms. Poisons and venoms require direct ... Spitting cobras have also modified their secretion so that the cardiotoxins are more injurious to eye membranes. Nelsen, D. R ... Ismail,M., Al-Bekairi, A.M., El-Bedaiwy, A.M. & Abd-El Salam,M. A. (1993). "The ocular effect of spitting cobras: II. Evidence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxungen

Spitting cobras accurately squirt venom from their fangs at the eyes of potential predators, striking their target eight times ... Mayell, Hillary (February 10, 2005). "Cobras Spit Venom at Eyes With Nearly Perfect Aim". National Geographic. O. Wilson, ... The functional morphology of venom spitting in cobras". Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (20): 3483-3494. doi:10.1242/jeb. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation

... is found in the venom of the king cobra (Ophioophagus hannah). LNTX-1 is an acronym for long neurotoxin 1. The "long" ... The LD50 of LNTX-1 is determined at 0,51 mg/kg by intravenous injection of the venom in mice. The IC50 value for LNTX-1 is ... LNTX-1 belongs to the three-finger toxin family (3FTx) of snake venom toxins. The "three-finger" name refers to the fact that ... He, Ying-Ying; Lee, Wei-Hui; Zhang, Yun (2004-09-01). "Cloning and purification of alpha-neurotoxins from king cobra ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNTX-1

Its venom is ten times stronger than that of a cobra. The snake does not attack humans unless it feels threatened or provoked. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-banded_sea_krait

Venom Snake finds the orphaned puppy on the field and brings him back to Diamond Dogs, where Ocelot trains him to support on ... The Cobra Unit is The Boss's personal team of military specialists and the bosses of Metal Gear Solid 3. Each member is named ... Naked Snake: Are you one of the Cobras? / The Sorrow: Sad... so sad... a host of sorrows. And you are one of them. I am The ... The Fear (ザ・フィアー, Za Fiā) is a member of the Cobra unit known for his superhuman speed and agility, as well as his freakish, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Metal_Gear_characters

Cobra (2002) G.I. Joe: Spy Troops (2003) G.I. Joe: 40th Anniversary Reproductions (2003-2005) G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom (2004- ... The Rise of Cobra (2009) G.I. Joe: The Pursuit of Cobra (2010-2011) G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero 30th Anniversary (2011-2012 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_G.I._Joe_series

She was a Spanish woman given an Aztec curse that caused her to spit several corn snakes until she spat venom. After doing so, ... her head and neck will become that of a king cobra. Her human form is portrayed by Julia Ruiz. The Necromancer Fire Dragon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Asylum_monsters

Bell UH-1Y Venom - Bell AH-1 Cobra - Bell AH-1J/T/W SeaCobra/SuperCobra - Bell AH-1Z Viper - Bell H-2 Seasprite - Kaman ( ... General Dynamics F-17 Cobra - Northrop F/A-18 Hornet - McDonnell Douglas F/A-18E/F Super Hornet - Boeing EA-18G Growler - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designations

The word toxin does not specify method of delivery (as opposed to venom, a toxin delivered via a bite, sting, etc.). Poison is ... from Chinese cobra Hemotoxin, from vipers Many living organisms employ toxins offensively or defensively. A relatively small ... Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the venom of the cone snail can contain over 100 ... "Toxins: Venom within Living Cells or Organisms". Unrevealed Files. Retrieved 17 July 2021. Płusa, Tadeusz (September 2015). "[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin

... posited that sera from patients with dementia praecox protected red blood cells from cobra venom hemolysis.[additional citation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much–Holzmann_reaction

Also, some venoms include a proteolytic component that aids in digestion. Chameleons grasp their prey with a projectile tongue ... Bounties were paid for dead cobras under the British Raj in India; similarly, there have been advertised rattlesnake roundups ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidosauria

The first film in the G.I. Joe film franchise, G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, was released two years later. In 2008, Hasbro Inc. ... Venom (2004) - direct-to-video Gobots - Tonka/Hasbro GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords (1986) Hero Factory - Lego Group Hero ... The Rise of Cobra (2009) G.I. Joe: Retaliation (2013) Snake Eyes (2021) Mars Attacks - Topps Mars Attacks! (1996) Masters of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_toys

He dropped his guard long enough for Cobra Commander to squirt him with cobra venom from a ring on his finger. He was rescued ... As the Shadows were wiped out, Ironblood constructed a new identity for himself, becoming Cobra Commander, and creating Cobra ... He was taken aback when Cobra Commander addressed him by his real name of "Shepherd" and was even more surprised to recognise ... Determined on revenge, the Black Major now led his own group of surviving Red Shadows and fought his own war against Cobra, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Major

On October 29, 2009 a US Coast Guard HC-130 aircraft with seven crewmembers collided with an HMLA-469 AH-1 Cobra helicopter ... United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron consisting of AH-1 SuperCobra and AH-1Z Viper attack helicopters and UH-1Y Venom ... helicopter was heading towards a military training area in company with another Cobra and two CH-53E Super Stallions from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMLA-469

Expediter Bell AH-1 Huey Bell 47 Bell 204 Bell 222 Bell Airacobra Bell Airacomet Bell HTL-5 Bell Jet Ranger Bell King Cobra ... de Havilland Dragon Rapide de Havilland Sea Hornet de Havilland Sea Mosquito de Havilland Sea Vampire de Havilland Sea Venom de ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_flown_by_Eric_"Winkle"_Brown

Venom, voiced by Louis Chirillo. Frostbite appears in the G.I. Joe: Renegades episode "White Out." He is seen in a flashback ... In A Real American Hero he is part of a team assigned to steal back nuclear bombs Cobra was carrying. Or so they believe. In G. ... All file cards as of 2005 list Frostbites rank as Sergeant E-5 except for his Rise of Cobra figure that lists his rank as ... He is sent in with Avalanche and Snow Job to investigate Cobra and Russian movement in the area. The trio also have to deal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite_(G.I._Joe)

... where he is reunited with the former Cobra ninja, who previously trained him. G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom marks Kamakura's first ... He is sent with Spirit to recover Billy, the ninja son of Cobra Commander. The trio rescue Snake Eyes and Scarlett from Cobra ... and uses the lone surviving Night Creeper to infiltrate Cobra's Silent Castle in Trans-Carpathia to send Cobra Commander a ... His intelligence show Cobra operatives working with the wide-ranging biker bang. Kamakura is later seen as one of the new ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_(G.I._Joe)

The inflammation caused by the venom of the spitting cobra, (Naja nigrocollis) can be prevented by promptly rubbing the skin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momordica_foetida

He and his cult come into conflict with Bane over Santa Prisca as well combining the latter's Venom drug with the Blockbuster ... ", "naja naja" being the binomial name for the Indian cobra. This later became "Nāga-Naga", a meaningless title which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobra_(DC_Comics)

In addition, a music video for the film, "Snakes on a Plane (Bring It)" by Cobra Starship, was released on July 10, 2006 on ... He originally wrote the screenplay about the brown tree snake loose on a plane, titling the film Venom. He soon revised it, ... Steven Price, a snake venom expert assigned by the FBI to communicate with Flynn. Tom Butler as Captain Samuel "Sam" McKeon, ... According to the DVD, all the snakes had production names, but only Scarface (an animated pit viper), Peanut (a cobra), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_on_a_Plane

Prange, Stephanie (January 4, 2022). "Netflix's 'Don't Look Up,' 'Cobra Kai' Top Weekly Whip Media Streaming Charts". Media ... D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 7, 2021). "'Hawkeye' & 'Venom: Let There Be Carnage' Still Rule Weekly Piracy Charts, But 'Last ... D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 29, 2021). "'Hawkeye', 'Venom: Let There Be Carnage' Among Week's Most Pirated Titles". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_Discovery_(season_4)

Venom (2004) G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles (2004) Tonka Tough Truck Adventures: The Biggest Show on Wheels! (2004) Action Man: Robot ... "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2017-12-07. "Transformers: Dark Side of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Hasbro_properties

They transform respectively into a centipede, gecko, toad, scorpion, and cobra. The 2009 EP Keywords for Robots by the band ... Five Deadly Venoms ('五毒' - Cantonese: Ng5 Duk6), also known as Five Venoms, is a cult 1978 Hong Kong martial arts film directed ... Five Deadly Venoms at IMDb Venom Lo Mang's first visit to U.S. / Philadelphia, August 2007 HK Cinemagic entry (EngvarB from ... Wang Lung-wei as Justice Wang Ku Feng as Bookkeeper Yuan Dick Wei as the dying Head of the Venom House Each of the Poison Clan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Deadly_Venoms

The Puerto Rican racer also possesses a neck hood similar, but narrower, to that of a cobra which it exposes by raising the ... The severity of its venom depends on the susceptibility of the victim, it is capable of fully paralyzing small reptiles and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borikenophis_portoricensis

B.A.T.s appear as the majority of Cobra's army and cannon fodder in G.I. Joe: Spy Troops and G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom. In the ... Created by the evil Cobra Organization, the B.A.Ts provide disposable brute strength to the Cobra army. BATs are the perfect ... one figure released as Cobra Inferno B.A.T, and one figure released as Cobra Sky B.A.T. The B.A.T. first appeared in the 1986 ... Cobra Mantis - A B.A.T. unit driven by Destro in episode 17. Overlord Vector - A B.A.T. with a snake torso. Overlord Virus - A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.A.T._(G.I._Joe)

... recording by far the highest 3FTx abundance in snake venom. Other proteins in the venom comprised snake venom ... The Samar cobra (Naja samarensis) also called Peters' cobra, southern Philippine cobra or Visayan cobra, is a highly venomous ... The Samar cobra, or southeastern Philippines cobra, is oviparous, laying clutches of up to eight eggs. The Samar cobra is ... The Samar cobra is a species of spitting cobra that can grow up to 1.4 meters in length. Their coloring varies from a black and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_cobra

machine gun for the CH-53E, on the UH-1Y Venom, and on the Canadian Forces' CH-146 Griffon via the INGRESS upgrade.[citation ... Nigerian troops have extensively deployed the 50 caliber Browning, mounted on Otokar Cobra APCs, Panhard VBL M11s and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning

... the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah). Ophanin is produced in the venom glands of the King Cobra (O. Hannah). Although the venom ... Ophanin is a toxin found in the venom of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), which lives throughout South East Asia. This ... Pung YF (2005). A novel protein from King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom (Ph.D. Thesis). Singapore: National University of ... Osipov AV, Levashov MY; Tsetlin VI (2005). "Cobra venom contains a pool of cysteine-rich secretory proteins". Biochemical and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophanin

Cobra en SD" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Wrestling. 2003-05-28. Archived from the original on 2003-05-11. Retrieved 2013-09-07. " ... Francisco "McGyver" Gaztambide (2004-08-11). "IWA: Chicano y Slash Venom a luchar para ROH" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Wrestling ... In 2003, Edwin "Cobra" Vázquez held an undefeated streak in the Dominican Wrestling Association. In Peru, Germán Figueroa ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Puerto_Rico

1 (June 2003) "Cobra Stops the World". G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero. Season 1. Episode 9. "Cobra Soundwaves". G.I. Joe: A ... Venom, but his voice is heard during the battle to defend the Joes' secret base. He is voiced by Alistair Abell. Ace is one of ... All three Joes are captured and taken to the arena of a nearby Cobra base, where Cobra has a giant robotic crab attack them. ... In the final battle, Ace pilots the stolen Rattler and helps defeat Cobra. Ace's next major role was in "Cobra Soundwaves". In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_(G.I._Joe)

Doctor Venom - A Cobra scientist who played an important role in the first two years of the comic book story. He was then ... Cobra: Civil War #1 Cobra Special #1 Cobra #4 G.I. Joe Origins #20 Cobra #5-8 G.I. Joe #0 Cobra #1-4 Cobra #12-13 G.I. Joe #26- ... Cobra Command at JMM's G.I. Joe Comics Home Page Cobra Hierarchy at The Inner Sanctum fan site Cobra Command Cobra Command in ... Cobra Consulate - A high-rise in New York City used by Cobra as an embassy and base of operations after Cobra Island was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_(G.I._Joe)

Cobra and UH-1Y "Venom" Huey light attack squadrons, two MV-22 Osprey squadrons, an aviation logistics squadron, a Headquarters ... The Group is known as VENOM. The mission of Marine Aircraft Group 39 is to provide combat-ready naval expeditionary forces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_39

... were investigated for a detoxification mechanism against Naja kaouthia venom by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods. ... Rediocides A and G as potential antitoxins against cobra venom Maleeruk Utsintong 1 , Atchara Kaewnoi, Wichet Leelamanit, ... Rediocides A and G as potential antitoxins against cobra venom Maleeruk Utsintong et al. Chem Biodivers. 2009 Sep. ... The in vitro SDS-PAGE and the in vivo results support the in silico detoxification mechanism of rediocides against cobra venom ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19774596/

PAIN RELIEF CAFFEINE AND SNAKE VENOM caffeine (coffeinum) 6x, cobra venom (naja naja) 5x, moccasin venom (a.piscivorus) 7x ... Label: PAIN RELIEF CAFFEINE AND SNAKE VENOM (caffeine (coffeinum) 6x, cobra venom (naja naja) 5x, moccasin venom- a.piscivorus ... PAIN RELIEF CAFFEINE AND SNAKE VENOM (caffeine (coffeinum) 6x, cobra venom (naja naja) 5x, moccasin venom- a.piscivorus 7x ... PAIN RELIEF CAFFEINE AND SNAKE VENOM (caffeine (coffeinum) 6x, cobra venom (naja naja) 5x, moccasin venom- a.piscivorus 7x ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=9dd8b465-8787-42bd-b30a-53cb13a83509&version=5

The MSDS of Cobra for Venom is available from Karlan upon request. ... Cobra Venom Factor (CVF) 1mg - 1 vial is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. ... The MSDS of Cobra for Venom is available from Karlan upon request. ... The MSDS of Cobra for Venom is available from Karlan upon request. ...

https://dnamethsoc.com/products/cobra-venom

The results correlate with the pathophysiological actions of MOh venom, and dispute the use of Naja cobra antivenoms to treat ... This study reports the diversity and abundance of toxins in the venom of the Malaysian king cobra (MOh). ... Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Choo Hock Tan 1 , Kae Yi Tan 2 , ... Venom-gland transcriptome and venom proteome of the Malaysian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Choo Hock Tan et al. BMC Genomics ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26358635

My personal views/review of the Cobra Venom Magnum AK with MEGA Fangs:. When I got my boat this spring, it was my first jet ... Cobra Venom Magnum AK-19 kit. *. Super Magnum AK-19 DELUXE $489.99. ... After lots of research and reading on this website I decided to put Cobra Venom steering fins on my 2012 242LS. I wouldnt say ... Hi Jeff - I installed the Cobra Jet Venom Ultimate fins last week. The difference in handling is night and day. Prior to the ...

https://cobrajetsteering.com/cobra-venom-magnum-ak-19.html

Cornea, Humans, Corneal Opacity, Keratitis, Edema, Snake Venoms, Species Specificity, Adult, Nigeria, Male ...

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/61221?ae6daaec-048f-11ee-bd11-066b167937c4

BUY SNAKE VENOM Buy King Cobra Snake Venom Online. Rated 0 out of 5 ... BUY SNAKE VENOM Buy Vipera Ammodytes Venom Online. Rated 0 out of 5 ... Home / Products tagged "King Cobra venom". King Cobra venom. Showing all 2 results ...

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Rizer your people and you know nothing about venom. For instance if you were to give me a shot glass of Cobra/Krait venom I ... The water system has already been infiltrated with fluoride, so who knows what else? "Cobra- venom/Cobra-19. ... What are these 19 neurotoxins, and where do they come from? Cobra venom! As in Cobra-19! ... Sars-Cov-2 is not a virus; its Cobra venom poisoning - Dr. Bryan Ardis. Everyone needs to watch the two-hour video above. I ...

https://nofakenews.net/2022/04/12/cobra-venom-19/?replytocom=33803

King Cobra Venom - 72.49% CBD. Rated 5.00 out of 5 based on 1 customer rating ... 1 review for King Cobra Venom - 72.49% CBD * Rated 5 out of 5 ...

https://dispensr.eu/product/king-cobra-venom-cbd-extract/

Cobra Venoms. Elapid Venoms. Endamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba histolytica. Gymnosperms. Cycadopsida. Pseudocholinesterase. ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd17/nd17_mesh_headings_replaced.html

Bryan Ardis reveals that the Covid-19 vaccine is a bio-weapon made from snake venom. ... Bryan Ardis, King Cobra, Roche, Snake Venom, Stew Peters, Trump, Watch the Water ... NextDR ARIYANA LOVE PATENT PROOF OF DR BRYAN ARDIS SNAKE VENOM THEORY OF COVID-19Next ... https://thegovernmentrag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/king-cobra-pandemic-iqSQd.caa_.rec_.mp4. ...

https://thegovernmentrag.com/articles/the-king-cobra-venom-murderous-plannedemic-fact-check-this/

Cobra Speed Venom06. World War Machine07. Necrohammer08. Rise in Blood09. Where My Grave Shall Stand10. The Sign of the ... Cobra Speed Venom. 06. World War Machine. 07. Necrohammer. 08. Rise in Blood. 09. Where My Grave Shall Stand. 10. The Sign of ... "Cobra Speed Venom", on March 16 through Metal Blade Records. Produced with Fredrik Nordström at Studio Fredman, the record ... "Cobra Speed Venom". The sound is massive, brutal and a real punch in the face. Extreme speed and aggression mixed with classic ...

https://midnight-madness.eradioweb.com/the-crown-cobra-speed-venom-2018/

Cobra Speed Venom, for a March 16th release through Metal Blade Records. Produced together with Fredrik Nordstrom at Studio ... Cobra Speed Venom track-listing:. 1. Destroyed By Madness. 2. Iron Crown. 3. In the Name of Death. 4. We Avenge!. 5. Cobra ... Swedish death metal legends The Crown have announced their new album, Cobra Speed Venom, for a March 16th release through Metal ... The Crown announces new album, Cobra Speed Venom; launches video for "Iron Crown". Rockbrary / January 8, 2018 ...

https://rockbrary.com/2018/01/08/the-crown-announces-new-album-cobra-speed-venom-launches-video-for-iron-crown/

... dc.creator. Ledsgaard, Line ... In vitro discovery of a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes lethality of cobra snake venom.. es_ES. ... The monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) is among the most feared snakes in Southeast Asia due to its toxicity, which is ... This study is the first to demonstrate neutralization of whole snake venom by a single recombinant monoclonal antibody, thus ...

https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/handle/10669/88023?show=full

Ocular toxicity associated with indirect exposure to African spitting cobra venom.. Darin R Goldman, Andrew W Seefeld. ... We report 2 cases of indirect ocular inoculation with venom from an African spitting cobra, manifesting as periocular soft ... Direct ocular inoculation with African spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) venom in the United States is uncommon, especially in ...

https://read.qxmd.com/read/20591376/ocular-toxicity-associated-with-indirect-exposure-to-african-spitting-cobra-venom?redirected=slug

Cobra venom can help surgeons spot cancer tumours Posted by Karen Hurst in categories: innovation, quantum physics. ... What do lethal cobra venom, quantum dots and cancer diagnosis have in common? Nothing - till a team of Russian and Indian ...

https://lifeboat.com/blog/category/innovation/page/121

The CIAs stockpile of dangerous substances also included numerous "lethal agents," including shellfish toxin; cobra venom; ...

https://truthout.org/articles/a-guantanamo-connection-documents-show-cia-stockpiled-antimalaria-drugs-as-incapacitating-agents/

Ardis believes that cobra venom was used as the starting point for gain-of-function augmentation of SARS-CoV-2, effectively ... A week or so ago I posited that the Covid "virus" was made from cobra venom after watching a video that implied that the covid ... I Was Right - Covid Was Cobra Venom. We Shouldnt Passively Accept This.. Print 🖨 PDF 📄 eBook 📱 ... and at least one covid treatment all originated from snake venom molecules (the King Cobra, to be specific). ...

https://www.jerrywdavis.com/i-was-right-covid-was-cobra-venom-we-shouldnt-passively-accept-this/

The effects of cobra (Naja naja) venom on blood coagulation , fibrinolysis and red blood cells were studied in vitro. Cobra ... However, cobra venom had neither fibrinolytic nor fibrinogenolytic effect even at high venom concentration (10 mg/ ml). ... The effect of cobra (Naja naja) venom on blood coagulation/fibrinolysis system and on red blood cells. Myanmar Health Sciences ... The effect of cobra (Naja naja) venom on blood coagulation/fibrinolysis system and on red blood cells. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/126923

Watch As Snake Handler Does Venom Extraction On A King Cobra…This Is No Place For Amateurs. ... Venom extractions may look pretty easy and simple, but any mistakes from the individual doing the extraction could literally ... including a thirteen-foot king cobra and a fourteen-foot burmese python. The outside nature trail features alligators, lizards ...

https://greatamericanoutdoors.com/2018/08/watch-as-snake-handler-does-venom-extraction-on-a-king-cobra-this-is-no-place-for-amateurs/

Bee, Cobra Venom Help Treat Arthritis Cobra Venom Erases Arthritis Symptoms. By Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News, 1/12/2010. In ... Venom from cobras may not only treat arthritis, but also prevent further damage from the condition…. Venom from other animals ... "Our data show that the anti-arthritic effects of bee venom are related to the anti-inflammatory effects of bee venom," Tae Hong ... Honey (2355) Propolis (1734) Bee Venom (1002) Apitherapy and Beekeeping (1000) Royal Jelly (724) Bee-Collected Pollen (622) ...

https://apitherapy.blogspot.com/2010/01/

The evolution of super-toxic flesh-eating venom in spitting cobras. Posted on Thursday, January 21, 2021. by Mo Costandi under ... But some cobras have independently evolved the ability defend themselves by spitting super-toxic flesh-eating venom at ... Of the nearly 4,000 species known to science, about 600 are venomous, and the vast majority of these use venom to immobilize ...

https://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com/tag/animal-behavior/

Categories: Cobra Venoms Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 1 ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Cobra+Venoms&parentid=9200&catid=6641

Cobra venom cytotoxins; apoptotic or necrotic agents?. Ebrahim K; Shirazi FH; Mirakabadi AZ; Vatanpour H. Toxicon; 2015 Dec; ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=27421261&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

Thats because the cobras still had their venom. All the other snakes were just scattered around the floor like Halloween ... Only the cobras were kept away from the cast and crew behind Plexiglass-in the scene above, youll see that Harrison Fords ... reflection is present when he comes face to face with the king cobra. ...

https://listverse.com/2015/03/02/10-ridiculous-movie-sets-created-for-a-single-scene/

Burma produces antivenom specific for Russells viper (Daboia russelii) and cobra venom. These locally produced products are ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/itineraries/burma-myanmar

Cobra Venom: Therapeutic use. Journal Title Abbreviation:. Rev. st. med.. Place of Publication:. Bucur. ...

https://indexcat.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?&v:project=indexcat&v:sources=indexcat&sortby=ID&binning-state=serieNumber%3d%3dSeries%204,%201936-1948,%201955%0alanguage%3d%3dRomanian%0aserieVolume%3d%3dVolume%20003%0aseriePage%3d%3dPage%20705&

2005]. Hypersensitivity to airborne spitting cobra snake venom. Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology 94:600-603. ... Movement and elevation of the bite area above the heart will increase the heart rate and the rate at which the venom moves ... This will assist the ER physician in determining how fast the venom is spreading and an idea of the amount of tissue damage. ... The signs and symptoms that develop from venomous snakebites may vary in severity based on the type and amount of venom ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2019/07/09/snakes/

... the cobra is the quintessential venomous snake. Cobras discussed in this article include species in the genus Naja and other ... similar venomous snakes, such as Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra), Hemachatus haemachatus (ringhals), Walterinnesia aegyptia ( ... desert black snake), Boulengerina species (water cobras), and Pseudohaje speci... ... antivenom proved effective in animal experiments against 9 of 11 cobra venoms, exceptions being ringhals and Chinese cobra ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/771918-treatment

Petzl SumTec, Petzl Quark, Black Diamond Venom, Black Diamond Cobra. * Crampons w/ anti-balling plate. Steel 12-pont. Must be ...

https://mountainmadness.com/trips/washington-mount-shuksan-north-face

Snake Snakes Ophiophagus Naja naja Krait Cytotoxic Antivenom Neurotoxic Vitro Prey Proteins Viper Factor Primarily Exposure Venomous CROWN Dose Believes Bites Video Bitten Effects Blood High African Album DRUG Common Effect Eyes

Snake venom injected into a horse causes the animal to create antibodies. (nofakenews.net)
The antibodies are collected and used as an antidote for snake venom in humans. (nofakenews.net)
Dr. Ardis believes the drug Remdesivir is snake venom and was purposely used to mitigate the disease so that even more people would perish. (nofakenews.net)
Ardis also believes that the mRNA bioweapons create the protein structures of the synthetic snake venom and that these proteins cause a cytokine storm in humans that leads to complications and deaths. (nofakenews.net)
The fact-checking police are full force calling Ardis a quack and the snake venom theory nonsense. (nofakenews.net)
Suramin not only inhibits thrombin itself ( 71 ), but also the thrombin-like proteases of snake venom ( 72 ) and was therefore proposed as an antidote for snakebite. (nofakenews.net)
Again, suramin inhibits mammalian phospholipase A2 ( 73 ), as well as the orthologues from snake venom ( 74 , - 76 ) and bee venom ( 77 ), suggesting that it can act as an antidote. (nofakenews.net)
In vitro discovery of a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes lethality of cobra snake venom. (ucr.ac.cr)
Natural News ) Dr. Bryan Ardis has been making waves this week with allegations that the covid-19 virus, covid "vaccines" and at least one covid treatment all originated from snake venom molecules (the King Cobra, to be specific). (jerrywdavis.com)
In the video, Bryan Ardis expresses concern that snake venom-related molecules (peptides or proteins) could have been dripped into the water supply (or released via other methods such as aerosolization) in order to create a covid-19 "outbreak" fear scenario that ultimately drove people into covid vaccines, lockdowns, mask mandates and other forms of mass medical hysteria. (jerrywdavis.com)
In a largely unedited interview, Dr. Ardis shared with us his extensive research linking snake venom to antibodies, vaccine production, and eerily similar side effects observed from mRNA vaccines and covid treatments. (jerrywdavis.com)
To anybody who doesn't yet realize that snake venom is routinely used to develop pharmaceuticals and medical interventions, check out today's announcement from a company actually called, "VenomTech. (jerrywdavis.com)
Dr. Ardis believes that cobra venom was used as the starting point for gain-of-function augmentation of SARS-CoV-2, effectively transforming the virus into a venom-like payload delivery system that poisons the body much like a snake bite. (jerrywdavis.com)
Watch As Snake Handler Does Venom Extraction On A King Cobra. (greatamericanoutdoors.com)
Fairly accurate ELISA tests for identification of snake venoms in wound aspirate, serum, urine, and other body fluids have been developed but are not generally available in regions where cobras live. (medscape.com)
A completely occlusive tourniquet might be considered when a victim has been bitten by a highly toxic snake, such as a cobra, and travel time to medical care is short. (medscape.com)
Venom of the king cobra snake ( OPHIOPHAGUS HANNAH ) that consists primarily of neurotoxins. (nih.gov)
So, take these proteins, look at their structures and make changes that would make them more stable, more broadly reactive (across various snake species) and more potent in their interaction, so they would out-compete the venom binding in your body. (nih.gov)
Restrict movement, and keep the affected area at heart level if bitten by a pit viper (rattlesnake, copperhead, cottonmouth) in North America, or below heart level if bitten by a coral snake, cobra, or exotic snake, to reduce the flow of venom. (medlineplus.gov)

Ardis believes the King Cobra and Krait snakes were the venoms used because of the 19 neurotoxins they contain. (nofakenews.net)
The monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) is among the most feared snakes in Southeast Asia due to its toxicity, which is predominantly derived from long-chain α-neurotoxins. (ucr.ac.cr)
Snakes-the Chinese krait and the Chinese cobra-may be the original source of the newly discovered coronavirus that has triggered an outbreak of a deadly infectious respiratory illness in China this winter. (jerrywdavis.com)
In the Center's Serpentarium, dozens of the world's most dangerous and exotic snakes are on display, including a thirteen-foot king cobra and a fourteen-foot burmese python. (greatamericanoutdoors.com)
Venoms of sea snakes ( HYDROPHIIDAE ) found around Pacific islands. (nih.gov)
The venoms contain fewer enzymes and more neuro- or myotoxins than land snakes. (nih.gov)
Venoms from snakes of the genus NAJA . (nih.gov)
Then the neurotoxic snakes, like cobras and mambas, can shoot venom into your eyes, where it goes straight to the nervous system, slowing down breathing and heart rate. (nih.gov)

The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is widely distributed throughout many parts of Asia. (nih.gov)
This study aims to investigate the complexity of Malaysian Ophiophagus hannah (MOh) venom for a better understanding of king cobra venom variation and its envenoming pathophysiology. (nih.gov)
A 2021 study also connected the Chinese Krait and King Cobra to the Covid-19 spike protein, explaining, "the discovery of a superantigen-like motif in the S1 Spike protein, as well as two other neurotoxin-like motifs that have peptide similarities to neurotoxins from Ophiophagus (cobra) and Bungarus genera. (jerrywdavis.com)

The effects of cobra (Naja naja) venom on blood coagulation , fibrinolysis and red blood cells were studied in vitro. (who.int)

Bungarus fasciatus ( Banded Krait) This venom produces a condition like an acute polioencephalitis and myelitis, both symptomatically and histologically. (abchomeopathy.com)

[ 18 , 17 ] Defer this technique for venomous bites known to cause local necrosis (such as with African spitting cobras) with cytotoxic and hemotoxic effects, as local tissue damage may be increased with its use. (medscape.com)

If available antivenom is polyspecific, covering all cobras in the region, precise species identification becomes much less important. (medscape.com)

The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. (nih.gov)

Rediocides A and G, the principle components of Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib, which is known as Lotthanong in Thai, were investigated for a detoxification mechanism against Naja kaouthia venom by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods. (nih.gov)
The in vitro SDS-PAGE and the in vivo results support the in silico detoxification mechanism of rediocides against cobra venom at a molecular level. (nih.gov)

Of the nearly 4,000 species known to science, about 600 are venomous, and the vast majority of these use venom to immobilize and digest their prey. (wordpress.com)

A second approach is based on structural biology methodologies: Identify proteins that resemble the targets of venom (such as blood clotting cascades) and then enhance them through engineering. (nih.gov)

Later during the interview, Dr. Ardis touched on the fact that hydroxychloroquine, defamed by the media, has been known to block nicotine receptors in the brainstem from being injured by cobra and viper venom. (jerrywdavis.com)

Cobra Venom Factor (CVF) 1mg - 1 vial is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. (dnamethsoc.com)
A similar outcome was observed in wild-type mice cotreated with the TLR ligands and cobra venom factor, a potent complement activator. (nih.gov)
Unimmunized animals pretreated with cobra venom factor in a manner known to achieve complement depletion failed to respond with altered arterial oxygen tensions following similar aerosol challenge. (cdc.gov)

Similar techniques has been shown to be helpful in delaying systemic absorption of venoms primarily by reducing lymphatic spread of venom (main mechniasm of spread), although high quality studies are lacking to substantiating efficacy. (medscape.com)

Ocular toxicity associated with indirect exposure to African spitting cobra venom. (qxmd.com)
Direct ocular inoculation with African spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) venom in the United States is uncommon, especially in an urban setting, but can lead to serious acute and chronic ocular injury depending on the extent of exposure. (qxmd.com)
As Dr. Ardis explains in the video (below), every single side effect attributed to covid-19 is also a known effect from toxic venom exposure. (jerrywdavis.com)

The signs and symptoms that develop from venomous snakebites may vary in severity based on the type and amount of venom injected. (cdc.gov)

Swedish death metal veterans THE CROWN will releae their new album, "Cobra Speed Venom" , on March 16 through Metal Blade Records . (eradioweb.com)
Swedish death metal legends The Crown have announced their new album , Cobra Speed Venom , for a March 16th release through Metal Blade Records. (rockbrary.com)

Cobra venom had dose dependent inhibition effect on both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. (who.int)

Ardis believes that in the initial stages of the plandemic, and even in the present, Cobra venom was placed in many public water supplies. (nofakenews.net)

This technique has been shown to be helpful in delaying systemic absorption of elapid venoms, but its use in cobra bites remains controversial. (medscape.com)

A week or so ago I posited that the Covid "virus" was made from cobra venom after watching a video that implied that the covid "virus" was actually a poison put into public drinking water. (jerrywdavis.com)

A private collector who presents after being bitten by his or her captive "Thai cobra" may have been envenomed by any 1 of at least 3 different species, each with different clinical consequences. (medscape.com)

Effects of venom in eye from spitting cobra. (ox.ac.uk)
Chronic medical conditions, medications, and age may increase sensitivity to the effects of venom and worsen outcomes [Spyres et al. (cdc.gov)

People injected with these types of venoms develop upper respiratory distress and problems with properly clotting their blood. (nofakenews.net)
An appropriate approach to studyiung efficacy requires measurement of blood venom levels before and after removal of wrap to suggest the intervention limited systemic spread of venom. (medscape.com)
other venoms can spur a blood clot leading to a heart attack or an embolism. (nih.gov)

However, cobra venom had neither fibrinolytic nor fibrinogenolytic effect even at high venom concentration (10 mg/ ml). (who.int)

We report 2 cases of indirect ocular inoculation with venom from an African spitting cobra, manifesting as periocular soft tissue swelling, extensive conjunctivitis, and corneal epithelial erosion. (qxmd.com)

They eventually entered the classic Studio Fredman with Fredrik Nordstrom to record what would become their new album, Cobra Speed Venom . (rockbrary.com)

Venomtech has been at the forefront of venom research for drug discovery for more than a decade. (jerrywdavis.com)
Through this relationship with Charles River Laboratories - a global leader for drug discovery contract research - we can now showcase our innovative technology, introducing the wider industry to the potential of venoms for the successful delivery of more leads, more quickly, for a broad range of targets. (jerrywdavis.com)

Other common constituents of metazoan venoms are phospholipases A2, which convert phospholipids into lysophospholipids. (nofakenews.net)
What do lethal cobra venom, quantum dots and cancer diagnosis have in common? (lifeboat.com)

Furthemore, cobra venom had direct haemolytic effect shown by increased red cell fragility and raised plasma haemoglobin level. (who.int)

Pit Vipers, such as rattlesnakes, copperheads, and water moccasins have slit-like pupils, triangular heads (due to venom pouches), and a pit located between the eyes and nostrils). (cdc.gov)

Anatomy1

Organisms7

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs35

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes3

Endothelial targeting and enhanced antiinflammatory effects of complement inhibitors possessing sialyl Lewisx moieties. (1/439)

Inhibition of a membrane complement regulatory protein by a monoclonal antibody induces acute lethal shock in rats primed with lipopolysaccharide. (2/439)

Mechanisms of enhanced lung injury during sepsis. (3/439)

Role of group II secretory phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis: 2. Potential involvement of biologically active oxidized phospholipids. (4/439)

A nonhuman primate model for the selective elimination of CD8+ lymphocytes using a mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody. (5/439)

Binding of nucleotide triphosphates to cardiotoxin analogue II from the Taiwan cobra venom (Naja naja atra). Elucidation of the structural interactions in the dATP-cardiotoxin analogue ii complex. (6/439)

Effect of ranitidine bismuth citrate on the phospholipase A2 activity of Naja naja venom and Helicobacter pylori: a biochemical analysis. (7/439)

Heparin binding to cobra basic phospholipase A2 depends on heparin chain length and amino acid specificity. (8/439)

Cobra Venoms

Venoms

Elapidae

Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins

Snakes

Crotalid Venoms

Bee Venoms

Complement System Proteins

Snake Venoms

Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins

Viper Venoms

Wasp Venoms

Complement Inactivator Proteins

Complement C3

Elapid Venoms

Spider Venoms

Complement Activation

Complement Inactivating Agents

Scorpion Venoms

Arthropod Venoms

Complement C5

Phospholipases

Complement Factor D

Antivenins

Hemolysis

Bothrops

Complement C3-C5 Convertases

Phospholipases A2

Complement Factor B

Fish Venoms

Ant Venoms

Phospholipases A

Mollusk Venoms

Complement Pathway, Alternative

Properdin

Snake Bites

Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay

Complement C3 Convertase, Alternative Pathway

Scorpions

Arthus Reaction

Trypanosoma lewisi

Trimeresurus

Complement C3b

Agkistrodon

Complement Membrane Attack Complex

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Complement C5a

Amphibian Venoms

Endothelial targeting and enhanced antiinflammatory effects of complement inhibitors possessing sialyl Lewisx moieties. (1/439)

Inhibition of a membrane complement regulatory protein by a monoclonal antibody induces acute lethal shock in rats primed with lipopolysaccharide. (2/439)

Mechanisms of enhanced lung injury during sepsis. (3/439)

Role of group II secretory phospholipase A2 in atherosclerosis: 2. Potential involvement of biologically active oxidized phospholipids. (4/439)

A nonhuman primate model for the selective elimination of CD8+ lymphocytes using a mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody. (5/439)

Binding of nucleotide triphosphates to cardiotoxin analogue II from the Taiwan cobra venom (Naja naja atra). Elucidation of the structural interactions in the dATP-cardiotoxin analogue ii complex. (6/439)

Effect of ranitidine bismuth citrate on the phospholipase A2 activity of Naja naja venom and Helicobacter pylori: a biochemical analysis. (7/439)

Heparin binding to cobra basic phospholipase A2 depends on heparin chain length and amino acid specificity. (8/439)

Cobra Speed Venom

The Crown (band)

Darko Pančev

COBRA Rugby Club of Malaysia

Carolina Cobras (NAL)

G.I. Joe: Cobra Strike

Robert Elliot (surgeon)

David Macht

Ragol Al Mostaheel

ATP diphosphatase

Doctor Venom

History of leprosy

Egyptian cobra

David Sullivan (footballer)

Caulfield Football Club

C5-convertase

2018 in heavy metal music

Mad Cobra

Miltefosine

Neurotrophin

Paederinae

Andrew Tate

Daniel Bennett (footballer)

Cult of the Cobra