Cobra neurotoxin proteins. Medical search

Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.

A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

A 19-kDa cationic peptide found in EOSINOPHIL granules. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin is a RIBONUCLEASE and may play a role as an endogenous antiviral agent.

A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.

A species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. It is the etiologic agent of BOTULISM in humans, wild fowl, HORSES; and CATTLE. Seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (BOTULINUM TOXINS). The organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature.

A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

NMR spatial structure of alpha-conotoxin ImI reveals a common scaffold in snail and snake toxins recognizing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (1/95)

A 600 MHz NMR study of alpha-conotoxin ImI from Conus imperialis, targeting the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), is presented. ImI backbone spatial structure is well defined basing on the NOEs, spin-spin coupling constants, and amide protons hydrogen-deuterium exchange data: rmsd of the backbone atom coordinates at the 2-12 region is 0.28 A in the 20 best structures. The structure is described as a type I beta-turn (positions 2-5) followed by a distorted helix (positions 5-11). Similar structural patterns can be found in all neuronal-specific alpha-conotoxins. Highly mobile side chains of the Asp-5, Arg-7 and Trp-10 residues form a single site for ImI binding to the alpha7 receptor. When depicted with opposite directions of the polypeptide chains, the ImI helix and the tip of the central loop of long chain snake neurotoxins demonstrate a common scaffold and similar positioning of the functional side chains, both of these structural elements appearing essential for binding to the neuronal nAChRs. (+info)

Subunit interface selectivity of the alpha-neurotoxins for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (2/95)

Peptide toxins selective for particular subunit interfaces of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have proven invaluable in assigning candidate residues located in the two binding sites and for determining probable orientations of the bound peptide. We report here on a short alpha-neurotoxin from Naja mossambica mossambica (NmmI) that, similar to other alpha-neurotoxins, binds with high affinity to alphagamma and alphadelta subunit interfaces (KD approximately 100 pM) but binds with markedly reduced affinity to the alphaepsilon interface (KD approximately 100 nM). By constructing chimeras composed of portions of the gamma and epsilon subunits and coexpressing them with wild type alpha, beta, and delta subunits in HEK 293 cells, we identify a region of the subunit sequence responsible for the difference in affinity. Within this region, gammaPro-175 and gammaGlu-176 confer high affinity, whereas Thr and Ala, found at homologous positions in epsilon, confer low affinity. To identify an interaction between gammaGlu-176 and residues in NmmI, we have examined cationic residues in the central loop of the toxin and measured binding of mutant toxin-receptor combinations. The data show strong pairwise interactions or coupling between gammaGlu-176 and Lys-27 of NmmI and progressively weaker interactions with Arg-33 and Arg-36 in loop II of this three-loop toxin. Thus, loop II of NmmI, and in particular the face of this loop closest to loop III, appears to come into close apposition with Glu-176 of the gamma subunit surface of the binding site interface. (+info)

Snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins. (3/95)

The review is mainly devoted to snake venom alpha-neurotoxins which target different muscle-type and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The primary and spatial structures of other snake venom proteins as well as mammalian proteins of the Ly-6 family, which structurally resemble the 'three-finger' snake proteins, are also briefly discussed. The main emphasis is placed on recent data characterizing the alpha-neurotoxin interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (+info)

How do acetylcholine receptor ligands reach their binding sites? (4/95)

The access pathway to the binding sites for large competitive antagonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica electric tissue was analyzed by binding and photolabeling experiments with alpha-neurotoxins. Binding assays with [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin showed an increase in the number of accessible binding sites upon stepwise solubilization of the receptor-rich membranes. Similarily, ligand binding is facilitated upon fluidization of the membrane by increasing the temperature. The access to the binding sites seems to be sterically 'hindered' in the densely packed membrane state. Using a novel series of large biotinylated photoactivatable derivatives of neurotoxin II, we observed that the accessibility to the alpha/gamma- but not to the alpha/delta-binding site was considerably decreased for some derivatives under native conditions. This effect was less apparent at higher temperatures and could be abolished by complete solubilization. These observations support the nonequivalence of the receptor's binding sites. Together, our data suggest (a) that alpha-neurotoxins approach their binding sites from the membrane-facing periphery of the receptor's extramembrane domain rather than through the channel mouth and (b) that different entrance pathways to each binding site exist which vary in their sensitivity to the physical state of the plasma membrane. (+info)

Variability among the sites by which curaremimetic toxins bind to torpedo acetylcholine receptor, as revealed by identification of the functional residues of alpha-cobratoxin. (5/95)

alpha-Cobratoxin, a long chain curaremimetic toxin from Naja kaouthia venom, was produced recombinantly (ralpha-Cbtx) from Escherichia coli. It was indistinguishable from the snake toxin. Mutations at 8 of the 29 explored toxin positions resulted in affinity decreases for Torpedo receptor with DeltaDeltaG higher than 1.1 kcal/mol. These are R33E > K49E > D27R > K23E > F29A >/= W25A > R36A >/= F65A. These positions cover a homogeneous surface of approximately 880 A(2) and mostly belong to the second toxin loop, except Lys-49 and Phe-65 which are, respectively, on the third loop and C-terminal tail. The mutations K23E and K49E, and perhaps R33E, induced discriminative interactions at the two toxin-binding sites. When compared with the short toxin erabutoxin a (Ea), a number of structurally equivalent residues are commonly implicated in binding to muscular-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These are Lys-23/Lys-27, Asp-27/Asp-31, Arg-33/Arg-33, Lys-49/Lys-47, and to a lesser and variable extent Trp-25/Trp-29 and Phe-29/Phe-32. In addition, however, the short and long toxins display three major differences. First, Asp-38 is important in Ea in contrast to the homologous Glu-38 in alpha-Cbtx. Second, all of the first loop is insensitive to mutation in alpha-Cbtx, whereas its tip is functionally critical in Ea. Third, the C-terminal tail may be specifically critical in alpha-Cbtx. Therefore, the functional sites of long and short curaremimetic toxins are not identical, but they share common features and marked differences that might reflect an evolutionary pressure associated with a great diversity of prey receptors. (+info)

Molecular determinants by which a long chain toxin from snake venom interacts with the neuronal alpha 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (6/95)

Long chain curarimimetic toxins from snake venom bind with high affinities to both muscular type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) (K(d) in the pm range) and neuronal alpha 7-AChRs (K(d) in the nm range). To understand the molecular basis of this dual function, we submitted alpha-cobratoxin (alpha-Cbtx), a typical long chain curarimimetic toxin, to an extensive mutational analysis. By exploring 36 toxin mutants, we found that Trp-25, Asp-27, Phe-29, Arg-33, Arg-36, and Phe-65 are involved in binding to both neuronal and Torpedo (Antil, S., Servent, D., and Menez, A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 34851-34858) AChRs and that some of them (Trp-25, Asp-27, and Arg-33) have similar binding energy contributions for the two receptors. In contrast, Ala-28, Lys-35, and Cys-26-Cys-30 selectively bind to the alpha 7-AChR, whereas Lys-23 and Lys-49 bind solely to the Torpedo AChR. Therefore, alpha-Cbtx binds to two AChR subtypes using both common and specific residues. Double mutant cycle analyses suggested that Arg-33 in alpha-Cbtx is close to Tyr-187 and Pro-193 in the alpha 7 receptor. Since Arg-33 of another curarimimetic toxin is close to the homologous alpha Tyr-190 of the muscular receptor (Ackermann, E. J., Ang, E. T. H., Kanter, J. R., Tsigelny, I., and Taylor, P. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 10958-10964), toxin binding probably occurs in homologous regions of neuronal and muscular AChRs. However, no coupling was seen between alpha-Cbtx Arg-33 and alpha 7 receptor Trp-54, Leu-118, and Asp-163, in contrast to what was observed in a homologous situation involving another toxin and a muscular receptor (Osaka, H., Malany, S., Molles, B. E., Sine, S. M., and Taylor, P. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 5478-5484). Therefore, although occurring in homologous regions, the detailed modes of toxin binding to alpha 7 and muscular receptors are likely to be different. These data offer a molecular basis for the design of toxins with predetermined specificities for various members of the AChR family. (+info)

Binding properties of agonists and antagonists to distinct allosteric states of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are incompatible with a concerted model. (7/95)

Recent work has shown that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) can be fixed in distinct conformations by chemical cross-linking with glutardialdehyde, which abolishes allosteric transitions in the protein. Here, two conformations that resemble the desensitized and the resting states were compared with respect to their affinities for different classes of ligands. The same ligands were tested for their ability to convert the nAChR from a conformation with low affinity to a conformation with high affinity for acetylcholine. As expected, agonists were found to bind with higher affinity to the desensitized state-like conformation and to induce a shift of the nAChR to this high affinity state. In contrast, although most antagonists tested bound preferentially to the desensitized receptor as well they failed to induce a change of the affinity for acetylcholine. These observations sharply contradict basic predictions of the concerted model, including the postulate of a preformed equilibrium between the different states of the nAChR in the absence of agonist. With a similar approach we could show that the non-competitive inhibitor ethidium is displaced in a non-allosteric manner by other well characterized channel blockers from the cross-linked nAChR. These results require revision of current models for the mechanisms underlying non-competitive antagonism at the nAChR. (+info)

"Weak toxin" from Naja kaouthia is a nontoxic antagonist of alpha 7 and muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (8/95)

A novel "weak toxin" (WTX) from Naja kaouthia snake venom competes with [(125)I]alpha-bungarotoxin for binding to the membrane-bound Torpedo californica acetylcholine receptor (AChR), with an IC(50) of approximately 2.2 microm. In this respect, it is approximately 300 times less potent than neurotoxin II from Naja oxiana and alpha-cobratoxin from N. kaouthia, representing short-type and long-type alpha-neurotoxins, respectively. WTX and alpha-cobratoxin displaced [(125)I]alpha-bungarotoxin from the Escherichia coli-expressed fusion protein containing the rat alpha7 AChR N-terminal domain 1-208 preceded by glutathione S-transferase with IC(50) values of 4.3 and 9.1 microm, respectively, whereas for neurotoxin II the IC(50) value was >100 microm. Micromolar concentrations of WTX inhibited acetylcholine-activated currents in Xenopus oocyte-expressed rat muscle AChR and human and rat alpha7 AChRs, inhibiting the latter most efficiently (IC(50) of approximately 8.3 microm). Thus, a virtually nontoxic "three-fingered" protein WTX, although differing from alpha-neurotoxins by an additional disulfide in the N-terminal loop, can be classified as a weak alpha-neurotoxin. It differs from the short chain alpha-neurotoxins, which potently block the muscle-type but not the alpha7 AChRs, and is closer to the long alpha-neurotoxins, which have comparable potency against the above-mentioned AChR types. (+info)

Cobra neurotoxin proteins refer to a group of toxic proteins found in the venom of cobra snakes. These toxins primarily affect the nervous system and cause paralysis, which can lead to respiratory failure and death in prey or envenomed individuals. Cobra neurotoxins are classified as phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which are capable of hydrolyzing membrane phospholipids and inducing various biological effects.

The two main types of cobra neurotoxin proteins are:

1. Short-chain neurotoxins: These toxins consist of 60-74 amino acid residues, with four disulfide bridges that stabilize their structure. They primarily interact with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle paralysis by preventing the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors.
2. Long-chain neurotoxins: These toxins contain 110-120 amino acid residues and have five disulfide bridges. They can be further divided into two subcategories:

a. Cardiotoxins: Although they primarily affect the heart, causing cardiac arrhythmias and decreased contractility, these toxins can also interact with nAChRs and contribute to neuromuscular paralysis.

b. Cytotoxins: These toxins mainly cause damage to various cell types by forming pores in the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis and death. They have minimal effects on the nervous system.

Understanding cobra neurotoxin proteins is essential for developing effective antivenoms and treatments for cobra envenomation.

Cobra venoms are a type of snake venom that is produced by cobras, which are members of the genus Naja in the family Elapidae. These venoms are complex mixtures of proteins and other molecules that have evolved to help the snake immobilize and digest its prey.

Cobra venoms typically contain a variety of toxic components, including neurotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins. Neurotoxins target the nervous system and can cause paralysis and respiratory failure. Hemotoxins damage blood vessels and tissues, leading to internal bleeding and organ damage. Cytotoxins destroy cells and can cause tissue necrosis.

The specific composition of cobra venoms can vary widely between different species of cobras, as well as between individual snakes of the same species. Some cobras have venoms that are primarily neurotoxic, while others have venoms that are more hemotoxic or cytotoxic. The potency and effects of cobra venoms can also be influenced by factors such as the age and size of the snake, as well as the temperature and pH of the environment.

Cobra bites can be extremely dangerous and even fatal to humans, depending on the species of cobra, the amount of venom injected, and the location of the bite. Immediate medical attention is required in the event of a cobra bite, including the administration of antivenom therapy to neutralize the effects of the venom.

Cobra cardiotoxin proteins are a type of toxin found in the venom of some cobra snakes. These toxins belong to a larger group of proteins known as three-finger toxins, due to their distinctive three-dimensional shape. Cardiotoxins are so named because they specifically target and disrupt the function of heart muscle cells, leading to serious cardiovascular symptoms such as abnormal heart rhythms, low blood pressure, and even heart failure in severe cases.

Cardiotoxins work by binding to and inserting themselves into the membrane of heart muscle cells, where they form pores that disrupt the electrical activity of the cells. This can lead to arrhythmias, or abnormal heart rhythms, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. Cardiotoxins can also cause direct damage to heart muscle cells, leading to decreased contractility and reduced pumping efficiency of the heart.

Cobra cardiotoxin proteins are being studied for their potential therapeutic uses, particularly in the development of new drugs for the treatment of heart disease. However, they are also a significant medical concern in areas where cobra snakes are common, as their venom can cause serious and potentially fatal symptoms in humans and animals.

Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes, also known as elapids. This family includes many well-known species such as cobras, mambas, death adders, and sea snakes. Elapids are characterized by their fixed fangs, which are located at the front of the upper jaw and deliver venom through a hollow canal. The venom of these snakes is typically neurotoxic, causing paralysis and respiratory failure in prey or attackers.

Elapids are found throughout the world, with the greatest diversity occurring in tropical regions. They vary widely in size, from small species like the death adders that measure only a few inches long, to large species like the king cobra, which can reach lengths of up to 18 feet (5.5 meters).

Elapids are generally shy and avoid confrontations with humans whenever possible. However, they will defend themselves aggressively if threatened or cornered. Bites from elapid snakes can be medically significant and may require antivenom treatment.

Neurotoxins are substances that are poisonous or destructive to nerve cells (neurons) and the nervous system. They can cause damage by destroying neurons, disrupting communication between neurons, or interfering with the normal functioning of the nervous system. Neurotoxins can be produced naturally by certain organisms, such as bacteria, plants, and animals, or they can be synthetic compounds created in a laboratory. Examples of neurotoxins include botulinum toxin (found in botulism), tetrodotoxin (found in pufferfish), and heavy metals like lead and mercury. Neurotoxic effects can range from mild symptoms such as headaches, muscle weakness, and tremors, to more severe symptoms such as paralysis, seizures, and cognitive impairment. Long-term exposure to neurotoxins can lead to chronic neurological conditions and other health problems.

Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin (EDN) is a protein that is released from the granules of eosinophils, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. EDN has both neurotoxic and ribonucleolytic activities, meaning it can damage nerve cells and also degrade RNA. It is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of certain diseases such as asthma and some forms of inflammatory bowel disease. EDN is also known as eosinophil cationic protein or ECP.

Botulinum toxins type A are neurotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. These toxins act by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle paralysis. Botulinum toxin type A is used in medical treatments for various conditions characterized by muscle spasticity or excessive muscle activity, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, strabismus, and chronic migraine. It is also used cosmetically to reduce the appearance of wrinkles by temporarily paralyzing the muscles that cause them. The commercial forms of botulinum toxin type A include Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin.

'Clostridium botulinum' is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria that produces one or more neurotoxins known as botulinum toxins. These toxins are among the most potent naturally occurring biological poisons and can cause a severe form of food poisoning called botulism in humans and animals. Botulism is characterized by symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, which can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular failure, and ultimately death if not treated promptly.

The bacteria are widely distributed in nature, particularly in soil, sediments, and the intestinal tracts of some animals. They can form spores that are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and other environmental stresses, allowing them to survive for long periods in adverse conditions. The spores can germinate and produce vegetative cells and toxins when they encounter favorable conditions, such as anaerobic environments with appropriate nutrients.

Human botulism can occur through three main routes of exposure: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism results from consuming contaminated food containing preformed toxins, while wound botulism occurs when the bacteria infect a wound and produce toxins in situ. Infant botulism is caused by the ingestion of spores that colonize the intestines and produce toxins, mainly affecting infants under one year of age.

Prevention measures include proper food handling, storage, and preparation practices, such as cooking and canning foods at appropriate temperatures and for sufficient durations. Wound care and prompt medical attention are crucial in preventing wound botulism. Vaccines and antitoxins are available for prophylaxis and treatment of botulism in high-risk individuals or in cases of confirmed exposure.

Botulism is a rare but serious condition caused by the toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The neurotoxin causes muscle paralysis, which can lead to respiratory failure and death if not treated promptly. Botulism can occur in three main forms: foodborne, wound, and infant.

Foodborne botulism is caused by consuming contaminated food, usually home-canned or fermented foods with low acid content. Wound botulism occurs when the bacterium infects a wound and produces toxin in the body. Infant botulism affects babies under one year of age who have ingested spores of the bacterium, which then colonize the intestines and produce toxin.

Symptoms of botulism include double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, muscle weakness, and paralysis that progresses downward from the head to the limbs. Treatment typically involves supportive care such as mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit monitoring, and antitoxin therapy. Prevention measures include proper food handling and canning techniques, prompt wound care, and avoiding consumption of known sources of contaminated food.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "snakes" is not a medical term. It refers to a group of legless reptiles that can be found on every continent except Antarctica. If you have any questions about snakes in a different context, please provide more information and I'll do my best to help!

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds produced by specialized glands in snakes. They primarily consist of proteins and peptides, including enzymes, neurotoxins, hemotoxins, cytotoxins, and cardiotoxins. These toxins can cause a variety of pharmacological effects on the victim's body, such as disruption of the nervous system, blood coagulation, muscle function, and cell membrane integrity, ultimately leading to tissue damage and potentially death. The composition of snake venoms varies widely among different species, making each species' venom unique in its toxicity profile.

A number of small nonenzymatic proteins are found in the venom, including neurotoxins and members of the cytotoxin family, ... The Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana), also called the Central Asian cobra, ladle snake, Oxus cobra, or Russian cobra, is a species ... The Caspian cobra (N. oxiana) normally has several dark bands under the throat, whereas in the black phase of the Indian cobra ... The Caspian cobra is considered to be the most venomous species of cobra in the world. Several different toxinological studies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_cobra

Topics: cobra neurotoxin proteins GALLAMINE, CURARE AND HALOTHANE Anesthesiology September 1967, Vol. 28, 927. https://doi.org/ ... COBRA NEUROTOXIN Anesthesiology September 1967, Vol. 28, 923. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-196709000-00033 ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/issue/28/5

Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...

https://decs2020.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2015.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2016.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2019.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2011.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2014.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2013.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2010.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2018.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

https://decs2012.bvsalud.org/I/rep_i2008.htm

Cobras, mambas, sea snakes, kraits and coral snakes are known to possess this venom. The king cobras (ophiophagus hannah) are ... 3) Î±-neurotoxins: Î±-neurotoxins also attack cholinergic neurons. They mimic the shape of the acetylcholine molecule and ... The venom breaks down protein in the region of the bite, making prey easier to digest. Find Out How UKEssays.com Can Help You! ... Snake example: King Cobra and some other cobras 3) Haemotoxins: The toxin destroys red blood cells (erythrocytes). This symptom ...

https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/snake-venom-enzymes-proteins-substances-neurotoxic-effect-coagulants-biology-essay.php

Researchers have for the first time mapped the Indian cobras genome and identified 19 important toxin genes that together form ... Scientists have recently sequenced the genome of the Indian Cobra, an important first step in searching for designing effective ... Neurotoxins lead to neuromuscular paralysis; hemotoxic proteins block blood clotting or help bleed excessively; the cytotoxic ... The Naja naja species of the snake has different names: spectacled cobra, the Indian cobra, or the common cobra. It is part of ...

https://india.mongabay.com/2020/02/indian-cobra-genome-sequence-can-pave-the-way-for-new-antivenoms/

... the cobra is the quintessential venomous snake. Cobras discussed in this article include species in the genus Naja and other ... similar venomous snakes, such as Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra), Hemachatus haemachatus (ringhals), Walterinnesia aegyptia ( ... desert black snake), Boulengerina species (water cobras), and Pseudohaje speci... ... Some of cobra venom components include:. * α-neurotoxins (or α-cobratoxins). Also called three-fingered toxins due to their ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/771918-overview

Cardiotoxins (cytotoxins, CT) are β-structured proteins isolated from the venom of cobra. They consist of 59-61 amino acid ... residues, whose antiparallel chains form three fingers. In contrast to neurotoxins with an overall similar fold, CTs are ... The protein product of the expression was purified by affinity chromatography. Therefore, the real possibility of RibT protein ... The extracellular vesicles of bacteria mediate the traffic of proteins and genes, participate in cell-to-cell interactions, as ...

https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/issue/view/840/en_US

For example, a neurotoxin isolated from the venom of a black-necked cobra (Naja and other genera) can directly disrupt the ... Cytotoxic proteins are found in all venom families but are particularly abundant in king cobra (Ophiophagus) and viper ( ... The cytotoxic proteins in snake venoms can be divided into myotoxins that target skeletal muscle fibres and cardiotoxins which ... Some cytotoxic proteins attack multiple target groups at the same time, resulting in indiscriminate tissue death referred to as ...

https://www.scoiltrad.com/reptile-venom/

Species Cobra (Naja siamensis) [TaxId:84476] [57319] (3 PDB entries). *. Domain d1yi5g1: 1yi5 G:1-68 [123262]. Other proteins ... PDB Compounds: (G:) long neurotoxin 1. SCOPe Domain Sequences for d1yi5g1:. Sequence; same for both SEQRES and ATOM records: ( ... Class g: Small proteins [56992] (100 folds). *. Fold g.7: Snake toxin-like [57301] (1 superfamily). disulfide-rich fold: nearly ... Family g.7.1.1: Snake venom toxins [57303] (28 proteins). automatically mapped to Pfam PF00087. ...

http://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=123262

Of note, alpha-neurotoxins (belonging to 3FTX) are the least in the Penang specimen (Ns-PG, 5.41% of total venom proteins), ... Neurological effects and intubation were significantly more common after a monocled cobra bite than after a spitting cobra bite ... The major components in the venom are cytotoxins/cardiotoxins (~75.6% of total venom proteins) and alpha-neurotoxins (~7.4%), ... Previous studies characterized the protein composition of its venom, with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) proteins the most abundant. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=mh:Venenos+Elap%C3%ADdicos/toxicidade

3. Indian Cobra (Naja naja). The common cobra of most of Pakistan, India and Sri Lanka, Naja naja is recognized by typically ... Different neurotoxins that block or destroy parts of the nervous system are typical of elapids, while hemorrhagic toxins ... As a rule, proteolytic enzymes capable of breaking down proteins and myotoxins destroying muscle tissue are widely present in ... Indian cobras may reach 5 to 6 feet in length and are noted for hunting around houses in rural areas, bringing them into ...

https://reptilesmagazine.com/the-worlds-deadliest-snakes/

Evidence is presented that cobra venom factor, the anticomplementary protein in Naja naja venom, is modified cobra C3 (the ... Associations of Cobra with chemical compounds. *A photoactivatable derivative of neurotoxin II from Naja naja oxiana containing ... Cobra venom factor: evidence for its being altered cobra C3 (the third component of complement). Alper, C.A., Balavitch, D. ... Anatomical context of Cobra. *We have studied the stoichiometry of the binding of the long alpha-neurotoxins from the venom of ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/14181.html

... and cutting-edge omics helps to assemble the Indian cobra genome and may aid in the creation of an effective recombinant ... H3K4me3, SET Proteins, Isw1, and their Role in Transcription (Jane Mellor). * The Role of DNA Methylation in Epilepsy (Katja ... broadly classified as neurotoxins, cytotoxins, cardiotoxins and anticoagulants. Further, using Iso-seq (Isoform sequencing) the ... study has made it possible to identify new genes of the cobra venom-ome that encode the minimal core venom effector proteins. ...

https://www.activemotif.jp/blog-epigenetics-indian-cobra

The glycosylated cytotoxin, discovered in the venom of the Tai cobra Naja kaouthia, weighs around 9-10 kDa instead of 7 kDa due ... 12] They have a primordial role in the stabilization and the structure of peptides and proteins. They bring the toxin in the ... Mamba venoms mainly consist of high mass toxins such as some neurotoxins (dendrotoxins) [24], acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors ... The mass of the predicted mature protein of Bothrops protease A, a trypsin-like serine peptidase, is 25.4 kDa. Sodium dodecyl ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13361-011-0210-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e892df5e-7b07-4099-8c95-b5d1ac009ac4

... among other neurotoxins of lesser toxicity (muscarinic toxin-like proteins, 5.51% and weak neurotoxins, 2.26%). The major SNTX ... Venomics of Naja sputatrix, the Javan spitting cobra: A short neurotoxin-driven venom needing improved antivenom neutralization ... C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein of plasma with several immune modulatory functions. This study aimed to ... The distinction among the spitting cobras was however unclear prior to the revision of cobra systematics in the mid-90s, and ...

http://mymedr.afpm.org.my/search?q=mesh_term%3A%28%22Mice%22%29

The neurotoxins produced by members of the cobra family of snakes (and some vipers and rattlesnakes) act on prey by blocking ... Some people thought it would be a good idea to market protein treatments as a way of keeping your hair healthy anyway. The ... The reasoning behind this "ewww" inducing idea? Hair is made up of protein, although essentially your hair is dead, and some ... Although collagen is one of the major proteins involved in maintaining skin and muscle tone, consuming a meal of pig trotters ...

https://listverse.com/2008/08/06/10-bizarre-beauty-products/

Proteins [D12.776] * Reptilian Proteins [D12.776.831] * Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins [D12.776.831.222] * Cobra Neurotoxin ... Neurotoxins. Registry Number. 0. Previous Indexing. Elapid Venoms (1997-2021). Public MeSH Note. 2022. History Note. 2022. Date ... A super-family of non-enzymatic proteins found in ELAPIDAE VENOMS. They possess a unique tertiary structure resembling a hand ... A super-family of non-enzymatic proteins found in ELAPIDAE VENOMS. They possess a unique tertiary structure resembling a hand ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000087443

G protein-coupled receptor , G-protein coupled receptor , G-protein-coupled receptor , Gpcr , Membrane protein , Histamine ... Acetylcholine Receptor and its Reaction to Cobra Venom When cobra venom is introduced into the body is moves along the ... It works as a postsynaptic neurotoxin binding to the receptor as an extracellular ligand by interacting with OH group leaving ... belongs to the superfamily of proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Currently around 800 G protein-coupled ...

https://proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Neurotransmitters

PRESYNAPTIC NEUROTOXIN 1pob:A (ASN1) to (GLY102) CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF COBRA-VENOM PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 IN A COMPLEX WITH A ... A PHOSPHOLIPASE A2-TYPE PRESYNAPTIC NEUROTOXIN FROM AGKISTRODON HALYS PALLAS , PRESYNAPTIC NEUROTOXIN, PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, ... A PHOSPHOLIPASE A2-TYPE PRESYNAPTIC NEUROTOXIN FROM AGKISTRODON HALYS PALLAS , PRESYNAPTIC NEUROTOXIN, PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, ... A PHOSPHOLIPASE A2-TYPE PRESYNAPTIC NEUROTOXIN FROM AGKISTRODON HALYS PALLAS , PRESYNAPTIC NEUROTOXIN, PHOSPHOLIPASE A2, ...

https://lcb.infotech.monash.edu/prosodic/scop95/usages/usages_c_0628.html

For example, some cobras possess modified acetylcholine receptors in their muscles, which prevent their own neurotoxins from ... One key reason is that the primary component of snake venom is protein-based toxins. These toxins need to be injected into body ... Examples of Snake Neurotoxins. *Calciseptine is a neurotoxin that interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses by ... Neurotoxins can diminish neurotransmitter production or block neurotransmitter uptake sites. Snake neurotoxins operate by ...

https://scivus.com/how-snake-venom-works/

They then searched the proteins encoded by the venom-ome for toxin-like signatures by comparing it to a database of toxins. (mongabay.com)
Targeting these 19 specific toxins using synthetic human antibodies should lead to a safe and effective antivenom for treating Indian cobra bites" said Sekar Seshagiri, President, SciGenom Research Foundation (SGRF), India and former Staff Scientist at Genentech, U.S.A. and lead study author. (mongabay.com)
Different neurotoxins that block or destroy parts of the nervous system are typical of elapids, while hemorrhagic toxins preventing blood clotting and containing proteins that attack the circulatory system are typical of vipers. (reptilesmagazine.com)
The study presents high-quality genomic and transcriptomic information about the Indian cobra, making it possible to catalog venom-ome-specific toxins (VSTs) which are toxins that show venom-specific gland expression. (activemotif.jp)
The authors also presented information on structural modeling and functional diversity of a special group of snake proteins called 3FTxs (Three-finger toxins), broadly classified as neurotoxins, cytotoxins, cardiotoxins and anticoagulants. (activemotif.jp)
The current study successfully profiled the venom proteome of authenticated N. sputatrix, and showed that the venom is made up of approximately 64% three-finger toxins (including neurotoxins and cytotoxins) and 31% phospholipases A2 by total venom proteins. (afpm.org.my)
Snake venoms consist of a complex combination of toxins, enzymes, and non-toxic substances, and they are scientifically categorized into three primary types: cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and hemotoxins. (scivus.com)
Most of the dry weight of venom is constituted by protein, comprising a variety of enzymes, non-enzymatic polypeptide toxins, and non-toxic proteins. (brainkart.com)
The polypeptide toxins (often called neurotoxins) are found most abundantly in elapid and hydrophid venoms. (brainkart.com)
This protein based toxins could break down by stomach. (coolinventor.com)
Toxins can be small molecules , peptides , or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors . (wikipedia.org)
The overall toxicity is thus dependent on the synergistic action of various types of proteins, such as dendrotoxins, fasciculins, and most likely other synergistically acting toxins, in concert with one another. (buyvenoms.com)

The Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana), also called the Central Asian cobra, ladle snake, Oxus cobra, or Russian cobra, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. (wikipedia.org)
during this period, the subspecific names N. naja oxiana and N. naja caeca were applied to plain-scaled populations of N. naja from the north of India as well as populations corresponding to the Caspian cobra. (wikipedia.org)
A mitochondrial DNA study of Asiatic cobras in the subgenus Naja showed the Caspian cobra diverged from a lineage that gave rise to the monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia) and the Andaman cobra (Naja sagittifera) around 3.21 million years ago. (wikipedia.org)
Confusions may exist with the Indian cobra (Naja naja), as specimens without a hood mark are usually confused with this species, and these two species coexist in Pakistan and northern India. (wikipedia.org)
The Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana) is never fully black, although some specimens may be quite dark. (wikipedia.org)
The Caspian cobra (N. oxiana) normally has several dark bands under the throat, whereas in the black phase of the Indian cobra (N. naja) from Pakistan, almost the entire throat is black. (wikipedia.org)
The Naja naja species of the snake has different names: spectacled cobra, the Indian cobra, or the common cobra. (mongabay.com)
For example, a neurotoxin isolated from the venom of a black-necked cobra (Naja and other genera) can directly disrupt the electrical impulses that nerves and muscles use to communicate. (scoiltrad.com)
Hemotoxic venom from sea snakes (Daboia russelii), cobras (Naja spp) and mambas (Dendroaspis spp) can directly damage nerves in the body. (scoiltrad.com)
This study investigated the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of envenomation involving cobra species in Thailand (Naja kaouthia, Naja siamensis, and Naja sumatrana). (bvsalud.org)
Some vipers (such as the Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus ) have significant amounts of neurotoxins in their venom, while some elapids (such as black-necked spitting cobras, Naja nigricollis ) seldom produce neurotoxic effects, instead destroying tissue much like a viper. (reptilesmagazine.com)
The venom proteome of Naja sputatrix (Javan spitting cobra) was elucidated through reverse-phase HPLC, nano-ESI-LCMS/MS and data mining. (afpm.org.my)
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The Javan spitting cobra, Naja sputatrix is by itself a unique species and should not be confused as the equatorial and the Indochinese spitting cobras. (afpm.org.my)
In this article we present the clinical case of a 25-year-old man bitten on the right index finger by a monocled cobra ( Naja kaouthia) . (lajclinsci.com)
En este artículo presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 25 años que fue mordido por una cobra monócula ( Naja kaouthia ). (lajclinsci.com)

Cardiotoxins (cytotoxins, CT) are β-structured proteins isolated from the venom of cobra. (actanaturae.ru)
These include neurotoxins, which attack postsynaptic targets such as voltage-dependent ion channels, and cytotoxins, which attack cells that are vital for the functioning of nerves. (scoiltrad.com)
Many venomous snake species possess a combination of cytotoxins, and some can also produce neurotoxins or hemotoxins. (scivus.com)

This allowed them to identify 139 protein coding genes that belong to 33 toxin families. (mongabay.com)
Another type of toxin is a presynaptic neurotoxin, such as those in the venoms of viperids. (scoiltrad.com)
Out of these, exclusive expression in the venom gland was reported for 19 toxin genes that likely encode core venom effector toxin proteins. (activemotif.jp)
Botulinum toxin (bo + tox = botox) is one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances on the planet and the single most toxic protein. (listverse.com)
There must be 5 molecules of cobra toxin (red) to block the receptor (blue) as each molecule binds with an individual alpha chain on the acetylcholine receptor. (proteopedia.org)
The three-finger toxin (3FTx) (69.2 percent) and the Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor (16.3 percent) families contain the majority of the proteins found in the cell lysate. (buyvenoms.com)

Many lists also emphasize the very venomous nature of bites from sea snakes (now usually treated as two subfamilies of the cobra family, Elapidae) while failing to mention that most sea snakes have venoms specialized to kill eel prey and produce very little venom in a bite, and that the records of bites are largely due to fishermen carelessly handling the snakes. (reptilesmagazine.com)
Venomous snakes can be divided into two major groups: neurotoxic types, such as cobras, coral snakes and sea snakes (family Elapidae), and hemotoxic types, such as the vipers and pit vipers (family Viperidae). (reptilesmagazine.com)
They used integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis to create a map of the Indian cobra genome, one of the "big four" medically important snakes for the pharmaceutical industry. (activemotif.jp)
The neurotoxins produced by members of the cobra family of snakes (and some vipers and rattlesnakes) act on prey by blocking the nerve impulses to the muscles and inducing paralysis. (listverse.com)
Cobra, mamba, viper, rattlesnake and many other venomous snakes send chill down our spine. (coolinventor.com)
The predator, like many other snakes, uses neurotoxins to paralyze and kill small animals, but according to the team's research, the venom also contains a very potent painkiller , most likely working to calm down unlucky prey. (venommedics.com)
The predator, which uses neurotoxins to paralyse and kill small animals, is one of the fastest and most dangerous snakes in Africa In addition to synthetic marijuana, K2 and Spice, other brand names include BlackMamba, Bombay Blue, Genie, and Zohai. (venommedics.com)

Postsynaptic alpha neurotoxins such as alpha bungarotoxin and cobrotoxin contain about 60 to 70 amino acid residues, and bind to acetylcholine receptors on the motor end-plate. (brainkart.com)

It works as a postsynaptic neurotoxin binding to the receptor as an extracellular ligand by interacting with OH group leaving the acetylcholine channel open which releases ions used in creating an action potential. (proteopedia.org)

This is why kingsnakes are immune to the venom of copperheads, cottonmouths, and North American rattlesnakes, but not to the venom of, for example, king cobras or black mambas. (blogspot.com)
Because they live on different continents, there has never been an opportunity for kingsnakes and black mambas to enter into a co-evolutionary arms race (although both prey and predators of black mambas in Africa, such as honey badgers , and of king cobras in India, such as mongeese , have probably accomplished much the same thing). (blogspot.com)

Snake venom is a mixture of different enzymes and proteins which many of it not harmless to humans, but some are very toxic. (ukessays.com)
As mentioned, snake venom is modified saliva which contains a variety of proteins and enzymes. (ukessays.com)
As a rule, proteolytic enzymes capable of breaking down proteins and myotoxins destroying muscle tissue are widely present in snake venoms. (reptilesmagazine.com)
Venom is composed of a complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and other molecular substances. (scivus.com)
These enzymes facilitate the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids, and nucleotides in the prey. (scivus.com)
Non-protein ingredients of venom include carbohydrates and metals (often in the form of glycoprotein metalloprotein enzymes), lipids, free amino acids, nucleotides, and biogenic amines. (brainkart.com)

For example, a sequenced genome is indispensable for gaining insights into the origin and diversification of venom proteins from non-toxic physiological proteins," said Kartik Sunagar, assistant professor at Evolutionary Venmics Lab at Indian Institute of Science. (mongabay.com)
The genome sequence information can be used to identify evolutionarily conserved regions in venom proteins, for example, continued Sunagar. (mongabay.com)
In addition, some venom proteins can inhibit platelet function and cause a "true" anticoagulant effect. (scoiltrad.com)
Antitumoral activity of snake venom proteins: New trends in cancer therapy. (sciendo.com)

The lethal and more deleterious fractions of snake venoms are certain peptides and proteins of relatively low molecular weight (6,000 to 30,000). (brainkart.com)

Described by Karl Eichwald in 1831, it was for many years considered a subspecies of the Indian cobra until genetic analysis revealed it to be a distinct species. (wikipedia.org)
Hemotoxic and neurotoxic venoms are two ends of a continuum, as most venomous snake species contain a mixture of the two types of proteins in their venom. (scoiltrad.com)
The venoms of most snake species are mixtures of hemotoxic and neurotoxic proteins. (scoiltrad.com)
Collectively, the generated assembly allowed for gene mapping of the chromosomes, analysis of genomic features like GC content, and comparisons of the Indian cobra genome with other species for evolutionary studies by a process called whole-genome synteny comparison. (activemotif.jp)
The distinction among the spitting cobras was however unclear prior to the revision of cobra systematics in the mid-90's, and results of some earlier studies are now questionable as to which species was implicated back then. (afpm.org.my)
Recombination within the viral receptor-binding protein may have allowed for cross-species transmission from snake to humans," the article noted. (bigpharmanews.com)
The researchers analyzed 50 different mamba species before ultimately finding the black mamba's painkilling proteins - called mambalgins. (venommedics.com)

Cytotoxic proteins are found in all venom families but are particularly abundant in king cobra (Ophiophagus) and viper (Viperidae) venoms. (scoiltrad.com)
Given this, the most likely origins of COVID-19 are the Chinese krait ( Bungarus multicinctus ) and the king cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ). (bigpharmanews.com)
Sequence characterization of a novel alpha-neurotoxin from the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom. (sinica.edu.tw)

Dopamine receptors are a class of metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors that are important in the central nervous system. (proteopedia.org)
Neurotoxins are chemical substances that are toxic to the nervous system. (scivus.com)

Ecologically, the neurotoxic proteins in viper and rattlesnake venoms tend to focus on endothermic prey (like mammals, birds and other vertebrates) while hemotoxins dominate in ectothermic snake venoms like those of spitting cobras and adder family members. (scoiltrad.com)
The venom is a complex mixture of many neurotoxins, mycotoxins, and hemotoxins. (coolinventor.com)

The cytotoxic proteins in snake venoms can be divided into myotoxins that target skeletal muscle fibres and cardiotoxins which target heart muscles. (scoiltrad.com)

Virtually all snake venoms contain cytotoxic proteins that disrupt cellular structures, causing local cell death or necrosis. (scoiltrad.com)
Some cytotoxic proteins attack multiple target groups at the same time, resulting in indiscriminate tissue death referred to as cytotoxicity. (scoiltrad.com)

Using specialised algorithms, they identified 23,248 genes that are responsible for producing proteins. (mongabay.com)
When they sequenced RNA from different tissues, including the venom gland, they found that 12,346 of the 23,348 protein-producing genes were expressed in the venom gland. (mongabay.com)
The extracellular vesicles of bacteria mediate the traffic of proteins and genes, participate in cell-to-cell interactions, as well as in the pathogenesis and development of resistance to antibiotics. (actanaturae.ru)

The neurotoxic effects of cobra venom are reversible, though motor recovery may take up to 7 days - and as many as 10 weeks. (medscape.com)

Snake venoms are complex substances, chiefly proteins, with enzymatic activity. (merckmanuals.com)
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. (lookformedical.com)

The definitive therapy for cobra envenomation is antivenom administration. (medscape.com)

Most venom components appear to bind to multiple physiologic receptors, and attempts to classify venom as toxic to a specific system (eg, neurotoxin, hemotoxin, cardiotoxin, myotoxin) are misleading and can lead to errors in clinical judgment. (merckmanuals.com)

The structural diversity of sPLA 2 -BPs reveals sPLA 2 s as very promiscuous proteins, and we offer some structural explanations for this nature that makes these proteins evolutionarily highly advantageous. (ijbs.com)

The effects of neurotoxins include muscle paralysis, which can lead to breathing difficulties and potentially death. (scivus.com)

RVV-X, a glycoprotein, activates factor X by a calcium-dependant reac-tion, and also acts on factor IX and protein C. RVV-V, an argi-nine ester hydrolase, activates factor V. Echis venom contains a zinc metalloprotein "ecarin" which activates prothrombin. (brainkart.com)

M1, M3, M5 receptors are coupled with G q proteins, while M2 and M4 receptors are coupled with G i/o proteins. (proteopedia.org)
The adrenergic receptors are metabolic G protein-coupled receptors. (proteopedia.org)
Ardis has proposed nicotine and its agents as possible therapies for COVID-19 because the venom-derived spike proteins were targeting nicotine receptors. (bigpharmanews.com)
The April 2020 study, he added, "explains why smokers are not ending up in hospitals with COVID because nicotine is already in their body, and it binds to these receptors that the venoms target called spike proteins of COVID. (bigpharmanews.com)
To back up his claim, Ardis cited a study proving that COVID-19 spike proteins actually target nicotine receptors similar to snake venoms. (bigpharmanews.com)
This area interacts with nicotine receptors along a region of the spike protein. (bigpharmanews.com)

The May 2023 study published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry discussed the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein containing a neurotoxin-like region that has sequence similarities to the rabies virus, HIV spike protein and snake neurotoxins. (bigpharmanews.com)
We report here the sequence of a closely related amyloid cDNA, A4(751), distinguished from A4(695) by the presence of a 168 base-pair (bp) sequence which adds 57 amino acids to, and removes one residue from, the predicted A4(695) protein. (embl.de)

Antibacterial effects of different snake venoms: Purification and characterization of antibacterial proteins from Pseudechis australis (Australian king brown or mulga snake) venom. (sciendo.com)

Snake venoms: Attractive antimicrobial protein-aceous compounds for therapeutic purposes. (sciendo.com)

Heat- and storage-stable plasma protein that is activated by tissue thromboplastin to form factor VIIa in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. (lookformedical.com)

Presynaptic beta neurotoxins such as beta-bungarotoxin, cobrotoxin, and taipoxin contain about 120-140 amino acid residues, and a phospholipase A subunit, and prevent release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. (brainkart.com)

These proteins typically act by interacting with anionic phospholipid membranes, disrupting their structure and forming pores which lead to cell lysis, inactivation or depolarization of the cell. (scoiltrad.com)
Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. (lookformedical.com)

In contrast to neurotoxins with an overall similar fold, CTs are amphiphilic. (actanaturae.ru)

The fundamental building block of snake venom is protein, which encompasses the majority of the venom's detrimental effects. (scivus.com)
Another thing is, as snake venom's primary component is protein. (coolinventor.com)

The venom of the venomous D. angusticeps was found to contain 42 different proteins, in addition to the nucleoside adenosine, which was previously discovered. (buyvenoms.com)

These toxic proteins are responsible for the harmful consequences associated with snake venom. (scivus.com)

The human β2 adrenergic receptor bound to a G-protein ( 3sn6 ) is featured in a scene above, and additional structures are on the Adrenergic receptor page . (proteopedia.org)
For G s see Beta2 adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex updated . (proteopedia.org)

Cobra envenomation is an extremely variable process. (medscape.com)

Coagulopathy is not an expected feature of bites by most cobras, though prolonged bleeding and failure of clot retraction have been reported following bites by African spitting cobras and anticoagulant proteins have been identified in the venom of the African ringhals ( Hemachatus haemachatus ). (medscape.com)
It can induce systemic blood loss by degrading the plasmin protein that helps clot the blood and by causing the vWF factor to decrease. (scoiltrad.com)

They are short (~50 residue) alpha/beta proteins with few secondary structures. (embl.de)

The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with KU domain is also avaliable . (embl.de)

that is, how instructions embedded in the genome are being made into other molecules like RNA and proteins. (mongabay.com)

The genome of the Indian king cobra has been sequenced. (mongabay.com)
Using a combination of various cutting-edge tools, including Hi-C for genome-wide chromatin conformation, the authors generated the near-chromosomal de novo genome assembly for the Indian cobra, and assigned portions of the genome, called scaffolds, to chromosomes. (activemotif.jp)

Protease inhibitor domain encoded by an amyloid protein precursor mRNA associated with Alzheimer's disease. (embl.de)
A plasma protein which is the precursor of kallikrein. (lookformedical.com)

The mass of the predicted mature protein of Bothrops protease A, a trypsin-like serine peptidase, is 25.4 kDa. (springer.com)

SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)

The findings verified that the paralyzing components in the venom i.e. neurotoxins are predominantly the short-chain subtype (SNTX) far exceeding the long-chain subtype (LNTX) which is more abundant in the venoms of monocled cobra and Indian common cobra. (afpm.org.my)

Braun is a US counter-terrorism trainer and advisor to corporations and govt organisations in terrorism / violence prevention strategies , and was the one first speaking out about the presence of venom in SARS-CoV-2, notably in the engineered spike protein that's a key part of this BIOWEAPON. (tapnewswire.com)
So they took essentially a component of a spike protein and attached it to a coronavirus that is a very good home or base for it. (tapnewswire.com)
According to Ardis, the HIV-1 spike protein derived from snake venom causes immune deficiency in the same way the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS. (bigpharmanews.com)
The study also found that the SARS CoV-2 spike protein was identical to king cobra venom, bungarotoxin from the Chinese krait and the rabies virus. (bigpharmanews.com)
Ardis mentioned that French researchers later isolated the spike protein gene from the pathogen, publishing their findings in April 2020. (bigpharmanews.com)

A super-family of non-enzymatic proteins found in ELAPIDAE VENOMS . (nih.gov)
Finally, the further GIX sPLA 2 s are found in venom of marine snails, and GXIA and GXIB sPLA 2 s are plant proteins. (ijbs.com)

Snake venom is complex, containing a deadly concoction of proteins. (activemotif.jp)

One member of the family is encoded by an alternatively-spliced form of Alzheimer's amyloid beta-protein. (embl.de)
Dendrotoxins are proteins that are members of the Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor family. (buyvenoms.com)

Organisms4

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs9

NMR spatial structure of alpha-conotoxin ImI reveals a common scaffold in snail and snake toxins recognizing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (1/95)

Subunit interface selectivity of the alpha-neurotoxins for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (2/95)

Snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins. (3/95)

How do acetylcholine receptor ligands reach their binding sites? (4/95)

Variability among the sites by which curaremimetic toxins bind to torpedo acetylcholine receptor, as revealed by identification of the functional residues of alpha-cobratoxin. (5/95)

Molecular determinants by which a long chain toxin from snake venom interacts with the neuronal alpha 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (6/95)

Binding properties of agonists and antagonists to distinct allosteric states of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are incompatible with a concerted model. (7/95)

"Weak toxin" from Naja kaouthia is a nontoxic antagonist of alpha 7 and muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (8/95)

Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins

Cobra Venoms

Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins

Elapidae

Neurotoxins

Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin

Botulinum Toxins, Type A

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism

Snakes

Snake Venoms

NMR spatial structure of alpha-conotoxin ImI reveals a common scaffold in snail and snake toxins recognizing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (1/95)

Subunit interface selectivity of the alpha-neurotoxins for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (2/95)

Snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins. (3/95)

How do acetylcholine receptor ligands reach their binding sites? (4/95)

Variability among the sites by which curaremimetic toxins bind to torpedo acetylcholine receptor, as revealed by identification of the functional residues of alpha-cobratoxin. (5/95)

Molecular determinants by which a long chain toxin from snake venom interacts with the neuronal alpha 7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. (6/95)

Binding properties of agonists and antagonists to distinct allosteric states of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are incompatible with a concerted model. (7/95)

"Weak toxin" from Naja kaouthia is a nontoxic antagonist of alpha 7 and muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (8/95)

Caspian cobra - Wikipedia

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Snake Venom Effects on the Human Body

Indian cobra genome sequence can pave the way for new antivenoms

Cobra Envenomation: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

Vol 6, No 3 (2014) - Acta Naturae

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The World's Deadliest Snakes - Reptiles Magazine

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Epigenetics of the Indian Cobra: Multi-Omics Breakthroughs for Recombinant Antivenom

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MeSH Browser

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Protein Concepts Dictionary

How Snake Venom Works - Scivus

Toxins12

Naja15

Cytotoxins3

Toxin6

Snakes7

ALPHA-NEUROTOXINS1

Postsynaptic1

Mambas2

Enzymes6

Venom proteins4

Peptides and proteins1

Species7

Ophiophagus3

Nervous system2

Hemotoxins2

Cardiotoxins1

Cytotoxic2

Genes3

Neurotoxic effects1

Substances2

Antivenom1

Cardiotoxin1

Evolutionarily1

Paralysis1

HYDROLASE1

Receptors6

Sequence2

Characterization1

Compounds1

Tissue1

Phospholipase1