Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.
A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)
Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.
Agents that have a damaging effect on the HEART. Such damage can occur from ALKYLATING AGENTS; FREE RADICALS; or metabolites from OXIDATIVE STRESS and in some cases is countered by CARDIOTONIC AGENTS. Induction of LONG QT SYNDROME or TORSADES DE POINTES has been the reason for viewing some drugs as cardiotoxins.
Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

Postsynaptic alpha-neurotoxin gene of the spitting cobra, Naja naja sputatrix: structure, organization, and phylogenetic analysis. (1/98)

The venom of the spitting cobra, Naja naja sputatrix contains highly potent alpha-neurotoxins (NTXs) in addition to phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cardiotoxin (CTX). In this study, we report the complete characterization of three genes that are responsible for the synthesis of three isoforms of alpha-NTX in the venom of a single spitting cobra. DNA amplification by long-distance polymerase chain reaction (LD-PCR) and genome walking have provided information on the gene structure including their promoter and 5' and 3' UTRs. Each NTX isoform is approximately 4 kb in size and contains three exons and two introns. The sequence homology among these isoforms was found to be 99%. Two possible transcription sites were identified by primer extension analysis and they corresponded to the adenine (A) nucleotide at positions +1 and -45. The promoter also contains two TATA boxes and a CCAAT box. Putative binding sites for transcriptional factors AP-2 and GATA are also present. The high percentage of similarity observed among the NTX gene isoforms of N. n. sputatrix as well as with the alpha-NTX and kappa-NTX genes from other land snakes suggests that the NTX gene has probably evolved from a common ancestral gene.  (+info)

Binding of nucleotide triphosphates to cardiotoxin analogue II from the Taiwan cobra venom (Naja naja atra). Elucidation of the structural interactions in the dATP-cardiotoxin analogue ii complex. (2/98)

Snake venom cardiotoxins have been recently shown to block the enzymatic activity of phospholipid protein kinase and Na+,K+-ATPase. To understand the molecular basis for the inhibitory effects of cardiotoxin on the action of these enzymes, the nucleotide triphosphate binding ability of cardiotoxin analogue II (CTX II) from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom is investigated using a variety of spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence, circular dichroism, and two-dimensional NMR. CTX II is found to bind to all the four nucleotide triphosphates (ATP, UTP, GTP, and CTP) with similar affinity. Detailed studies of the binding of dATP to CTX II indicated that the toxin molecule is significantly stabilized in the presence of the nucleotide. Molecular modeling, based on the NOEs observed for the dATP.CTX II complex, reveals that dATP binds to the CTX II molecule at the groove enclosed between the N- and C-terminal ends of the toxin molecule. Based on the results obtained in the present study, a molecular mechanism to account for the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of the phospholipid-sensitive protein kinase and Na+,K+-ATPase is also proposed.  (+info)

Dual effect of cobra cardiotoxin on vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. (3/98)

AIM: To assess the cytotoxic effects of cobra cardiotoxin (CTX) on rat aorta. METHODS: Measure of contractility of aortic rings with or without endothelium. RESULTS: In endothelium-intact rings, CTX 10 mumol.L-1 induced a transient relaxation followed by a sustained contraction. Removal of the endothelium or pre-incubation of the rings with NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) abolished the transient relaxation but did not affect the magnitude of the contractile response induced by CTX. CTX itself induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle but also reduced contractions induced by phenylephrine (PhE) or KCl stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner. Contraction induced by CTX was dependent on the external Ca2+ concentration. Maximal contractile response to CTX was obtained in medium containing Ca2+ 1 mmol.L-1. This response decreased with higher Ca2+ concentration and disappeared when Ca2+ 7 mmol.L-1, organic and inorganic calcium channel blockers were present in the external solution before CTX addition. In preparations with the endothelium intact and incubated with CTX, relaxation by acetylcholine (ACh) stimulation of the tension induced by PhE was decreased. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh was preserved when Ca2+ 5 mmol.L-1 was added to the medium prior to CTX. CONCLUSION: CTX first triggers the release of NO from the endothelium which results in muscle relaxation, and then causes smooth muscle contraction, Ca2+ and Ca2+ channel blockers prevented the effect of CTX.  (+info)

Two forms of cytotoxin II (cardiotoxin) from Naja naja oxiana in aqueous solution: spatial structures with tightly bound water molecules. (4/98)

1H-NMR spectroscopy data, such as NOE intraprotein and (bound water)/protein contacts, 3J coupling constants and deuterium exchange rates were used to determine the in-solution spatial structure of cytotoxin II from Naja naja oxiana snake venom (CTII). Exploiting information from two 1H-NMR spectral components, shown to be due to cis/trans isomerization of the Val7-Pro8 peptide bond, spatial structures of CTII minor and major forms (1 : 6) were calculated using the torsion angle dynamics algorithm of the DYANA program and then energy refined using the FANTOM program. Each form, major and minor, is represented by 20 resulting conformers, demonstrating mean backbone rmsd values of 0.51 and 0.71 A, respectively. Two forms of CTII preserve the structural skeleton as three large loops, including two beta-sheets with bend regions, and demonstrate structural differences at loop I, where cis/trans isomerization occurs. The CTII side-chain distribution constitutes hydrophilic and hydrophobic belts around the protein, alternating in the trend of the three main loops. Because of the Omega-shaped backbone, formed in participation with two bound water molecules, the tip of loop II bridges the tips of loops I and III. This ensures the continuity of the largest hydrophobic belt, formed with the residues of these tips. Comparison revealed pronounced differences in the spatial organization of the tips of the three main loops between CTII and previous structures of homologous cytotoxins (cardiotoxins) in solution.  (+info)

In vivo satellite cell activation via Myf5 and MyoD in regenerating mouse skeletal muscle. (5/98)

Regeneration of adult skeletal muscle is an asynchronous process requiring the activation, proliferation and fusion of satellite cells, to form new muscle fibres. This study was designed to determine the pattern of expression in vivo of the two myogenic regulatory factors, Myf5 and MyoD during this process. Cardiotoxin was used to induce regeneration in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of heterozygous Myf5-nlacZ mice, and the muscles were assayed for the presence of (beta)-galactosidase (Myf5) and MyoD. Adult satellite cells identified by M-cadherin labelling, when activated, initially express either MyoD or Myf5 or both myogenic factors. Subsequently all proliferating myoblasts express MyoD and part of the population is (beta)-galactosidase (Myf5) positive. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activated satellite cells, which express either Myf5 or MyoD, do not accumulate selectively on fast or slow muscle fibres.  (+info)

Activation of high levels of endogenous phospholipase A2 in cultured cells. (6/98)

Activatable cellular phospholipase A2 (PLase; phosphatide 2-acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) has been proposed to constitute the first and rate-limiting step in prostaglandin synthesis and to regulate membrane function by altering the levels in the membrane of the detergent lipids lysolecithin and free fatty acids. We have observed that a wide variety of cells in culture contain high levels of endogenous PLase that can be activated by polypeptide toxins, such as melittin purified from bee venom and direct lytic factor purified from the venom of African Ringhals cobra (Hemachatus hemachatus). Activation of PLase by sublytic concentrations of these agents results in the synthesis and release of prostaglandins. Melittin concentrations greater than or equal to 10 microgram/ml activate sufficient PLase in 3T3-4a mouse fibroblasts to hydrolyze 10% of the cellular lecithin in less than 5 min and virtually all of it within 30 min, demonstrating the existence of sufficient activatable PLase to provide the basis for the proposed mechanism of regulation of membrane function by alteration of membrane lipid composition. Lipases, phospholipases B and C, and sphingomyelinases are not activated by melittin. The PLase activated in 3T3-4a cells exhibits little, if any, specificity for individual phosphoglycerides. The PLase activated by direct lytic factor exhibits a Ca2+ dependence characteristic of lysosomal PLase, wherease the Ca2+ dependence of PLase activated by melittin is consistent with the activation of a cell-surface enzyme. The extent of cell death correlates with percent of maximal PLase activation.  (+info)

Myogenic stem cell function is impaired in mice lacking the forkhead/winged helix protein MNF. (7/98)

Myocyte nuclear factor (MNF) is a winged helix transcription factor that is expressed selectively in myogenic stem cells (satellite cells) of adult animals. Using a gene knockout strategy to generate a functional null allele at the Mnf locus, we observed that mice lacking MNF are viable, but severely runted. Skeletal muscles of Mnf-/- animals are atrophic, and satellite cell function is impaired. Muscle regeneration after injury is delayed and incomplete, and the normal timing of expression of cell cycle regulators and myogenic determination genes is dysregulated. Mnf mutant mice were intercrossed with mdx mice that lack dystrophin and exhibit only a subtle myopathic phenotype. In contrast, mdx mice that also lack MNF die in the first few weeks of life with a severe myopathy. Haploinsufficiency at the Mnf locus (Mnf+/-) also exacerbates the mdx phenotype to more closely resemble Duchenne's muscular dystrophy in humans. We conclude that MNF acts to regulate genes that coordinate the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic stem cells after muscle injury. Animals deficient in MNF may prove useful for evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions to promote muscle regeneration for patients having Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.  (+info)

Elucidation of the solution structure of cardiotoxin analogue V from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra)--identification of structural features important for the lethal action of snake venom cardiotoxins. (8/98)

The aim of the present study is to understand the structural features responsible for the lethal activity of snake venom cardiotoxins. Comparison of the lethal potency of the five cardiotoxin isoforms isolated from the venom of Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) reveals that the lethal potency of CTX I and CTX V are about twice of that exhibited by CTX II, CTX III, and CTX IV. In the present study, the solution structure of CTX V has been determined at high resolution using multidimensional proton NMR spectroscopy and dynamical simulated annealing techniques. Comparison of the high resolution solution structures of CTX V with that of CTX IV reveals that the secondary structural elements in both the toxin isoforms consist of a triple and double-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet domains. Critical examination of the three-dimensional structure of CTX V shows that the residues at the tip of Loop III form a distinct "finger-shaped" projection comprising of nonpolar residues. The occurrence of the nonpolar "finger-shaped" projection leads to the formation of a prominent cleft between the residues located at the tip of Loops II and III. Interestingly, the occurrence of a backbone hydrogen bonding (Val27CO to Leu48NH) in CTX IV is found to distort the "finger-shaped" projection and consequently diminish the cleft formation at the tip of Loops II and III. Comparison of the solution structures and lethal potencies of other cardiotoxin isoforms isolated from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) venom shows that a strong correlation exists between the lethal potency and occurrence of the nonpolar "finger-shaped" projection at the tip of Loop III. Critical analysis of the structures of the various CTX isoforms from the Taiwan cobra suggest that the degree of exposure of the cationic charge (to the solvent) contributed by the invariant lysine residue at position 44 on the convex side of the CTX molecules could be another crucial factor governing their lethal potency.  (+info)

Cobra venom contains cardiotoxins (CTXs) that induce tissue necrosis and systolic heart arrest in bitten victims. CTX-induced membrane pore formation is one of the major mechanisms responsible for...
antibody-antibodies.com is the marketplace for research antibodies. Find the right antibody for your research needs. The multiplicity of cardiotoxins from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) venom.
Cardiotoxin III (CTX III, also known as cytotoxin 3) is a sixty amino-acid polypeptide toxin from the Taiwan Cobra Naja atra. It is an example of a group of snake cardio/cytotoxins (InterPro: IPR003572), which are made up of shorter snake venom three-finger toxins.[1] Recent evidence has shown that CTX III may induce apoptosis in K562 cells via the release of cytochrome c.[2] ...
This manuscript describes a detailed protocol to induce acute skeletal muscle regeneration in adult mice and subsequent manipulations...
Supplementary MaterialsFigure S1: Metformin treatment enhances mitochondrial biogenesis. response of skeletal muscle to damage. In our conditions, metformin treatment did not significantly influence muscle regeneration. On the other hand we Adrucil cell signaling observed that the muscles of metformin treated mice are more resilient to cardiotoxin injury displaying lesser muscle damage. Accordingly myotubes, originated from differentiated C2C12 myoblast cell line, become more resistant to cardiotoxin damage after pre-incubation with metformin. Our results indicate that metformin limits cardiotoxin damage by protecting myotubes from necrosis. Although the details of the molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect remain to be elucidated, we report a correlation between the ability of metformin to promote resistance to damage and its capacity to counteract the increment Adrucil cell signaling of intracellular calcium levels induced by cardiotoxin treatment. Since increased cytoplasmic ...
A cardiotoxin-like basic polypeptide from the venom of Naja naja atra is homologous to cardiotoxins from the same venom, but much less toxic. To determine if it acts like the cardiotoxins its depolarizing ability was measured. It was about 10 times less potent than the cardiotoxins. Five amino acids are conserved in the sequences studied, on the exposed second and third loops of the toxin backbone. They may be part of the toxins interactive site.. ...
In this study, we have shown that Id-mutant mice, unlike Id3-null mice, display a muscle regeneration phenotype using the cardiotoxin-induced TA muscle regeneration paradigm. The Id1 and Id3 proteins were markedly upregulated in the injured skeletal muscle of WT mice within 24 h, as were BMPR-II and pSmad1/5/8. Hindlimb injection of the BMP antagonist Noggin reduced the amounts of pSmad1/5/8 and both Id1 and Id3 at 24 h after cardiotoxin injury, suggesting that BMP signaling was responsible for their expression. These proteins were also expressed in the satellite cell-derived myogenic cell line C2C12 (3) when actively proliferating as myoblasts, but were all reduced on differentiation into myotubes. Immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that pSmad1/5/8, Id1, and Id3 were all detectable in the nuclei of many Pax7+ myoblasts in the injured mouse hindlimb at day 3 post-cardiotoxin injection. Finally, we showed that the Id-mutant mice, but not Id3-null mice, displayed a reduced number of ...
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Pulmonary and systemic vascular effects of three stable prostaglandin (PG) I2 analogs were studied in normoxic and hypoxic conscious newborn lambs. The three agents were : (5E)-6a-carba-PGI2 (analog I); 9-deoxy-9 alpha, 6-nitrilo-PGF1 hydrochloride (analog II); and (2E,5S)-9-deoxy-5,9 alpha-epoxy-13,14-dihydro-delta 1-PGF1 (analog III). Each component was injected into either a branch pulmonary artery or the ascending aorta. Locally induced alterations in pulmonary vascular tone were assessed from changes in the ratio of blood flow to the injected lung over total flow (delta Qinj/Qt). Each compound was a systemic vasodilator, with thresholds from 1 to 3 micrograms/kg. However, analog III was without local pulmonary vasoactivity, and analog I was a pulmonary vasodilator only at the highest dose used (30 micrograms/kg) and in hypoxic lambs. Analog II, in contrast, was a pulmonary vasodilator in both hypoxic (threshold = 3 micrograms/kg) and normoxic (threshold = 10 micrograms/kg) lambs. Moreover, ...
MiR-206 is a muscle specific miRNA involved in muscle development and myogenesis. Importantly its function was mostly associated to muscle regeneration by the down-regulation of several target genes triggered during muscle repair (Pax7, Cx43 and Utrn). In order to better characterize the function of miR-206 in muscle remodelling, we induced acute muscle damage in control mice by injecting cardiotoxin (CTX) in the tibialis (TA) of c57bl mice. We isolated single muscle fiber from injected TA and quantified by absolute Realt-Time PCR (Q-PCR) the expression levels of miR-206. Furthermore in situ hybridization experiments on tissue slices of damaged TA were performed in order to localized miR-206. Data obtained highlighted the over-expression of miR-206 in newly formed and regenerating myofibers, demostrating the association of miR-206 with muscle regeneration. Furthermore, a target-gene prediction-analysis for miR-206 was performed by using 6 different computational algorithms (PITA, TargetScan, ...
Proton NMR studies of the structural and dynamical effect of chemical modification of a single aromatic side-chain in a snake cardiotoxin. Relation to
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The essential role of tyrosine residue(s) of cardiotoxin II in the biological activity of the toxin was evaluated using N-bromosuccinimide. N-bromosuccinimide effected oxidation of the tyrosine residues in cardiotoxin II with enhancement in absorbance at 260 nm. The influence of various solvent media such as acetate-formate buffer (pH 4.0), 0.01 N H2SO4 (pH 2.0) and Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5) on oxidation of tyrosine residues was exa mined. In comparison with 0.01 N H2S O4, acetate-formate buffer could prevent secondary oxidations as revealed by lower consumption of oxidant, N-bromosuccinimide, to achieve oxidation. In Tris-HCl buffer oxidation of tyrosine did not take place effectively. N-iodo-succinimide caused only limited oxidation as evident from minor increase in absorbance at 260 nm. N-chlorosuccinimide was completely ineffective. Oxidation of cardiotoxin II with 3.75 equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide tyrosine residue led to complete loss of lethal activity. However, the derivative retained ...
Aconitine (ACO), a highly toxic diterpenoid alkaloid, is recognized to have effects on cardiac voltage-gated Na+ channels. However, it remains unknown whether it has any effects on K+ currents. The effects of ACO on ion currents in differentiated clonal cardiac (H9c2) cells and in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were investigated in this study. In H9c2 cells, ACO suppressed ultrarapid-delayed rectifier K+ current (IKur) in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. The IC50 value for ACO-induced inhibition of IKur was 1.4μM. ACO could accelerate the inactivation of IKur with no change in the activation time constant of this current. Steady-state inactivation curve of IKur during exposure to ACO could be demonstrated. Recovery from block by ACO was fitted by a single-exponential function. The inhibition of IKur by ACO could still be observed in H9c2 cells preincubated with ruthenium red (30μM). Intracellular dialysis with ACO (30μM) had no effects on IKur. IKur elicited by ...
Multianalyte microphysiometry, a real-time instrument for simultaneous measurement of metabolic analytes in a microfluidic environment, was used to explore the effects of cholera toxin (CTx). Upon exposure of CTx to PC-12 cells, anaerobic respiration was triggered, measured as increases in acid and lactate production and a decrease in the oxygen uptake. We believe the responses observed are due to a CTx-induced activation of adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP production and resulting in a switch to anaerobic respiration. Inhibitors (H-89, brefeldin A) and stimulators (forskolin) of cAMP were employed to modulate the CTx-induced cAMP responses. The results of this study show the utility of multianalyte microphysiometry to quantitatively determine the dynamic metabolic effects of toxins and affected pathways.
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TY - JOUR. T1 - Oxidation and structural perturbation of redox-sensitive enzymes in injured skeletal muscle. AU - Pierce, Anson P.. AU - de Waal, Eric. AU - McManus, Linda M.. AU - Shireman, Paula K.. AU - Chaudhuri, Asish R.. PY - 2007/12/15. Y1 - 2007/12/15. N2 - Molecular events that control skeletal muscle injury and regeneration are poorly understood. However, inflammation associated with oxidative stress is considered a key player in modulating this process. To understand the consequences of oxidative stress associated with muscle injury, inflammation, and regeneration, hind-limb muscles of C57Bl/6J mice were studied after injection of cardiotoxin (CT). Within 1 day post-CT injection, polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocyte accumulation was extensive. Compared to baseline, tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was elevated eight- and fivefold at 1 and 7 days post-CT, respectively. Ubiquitinylated protein was elevated 1 day postinjury and returned to baseline by 21 days. Cysteine residues ...
African villagers and experts alike fear the intense pain and suffering the mamba inflicts on its victims. Its poison is neuro-toxic. Unlike most poisonous snakes where the venom travels slowly through the blood stream, allowing a victim time to get treatment and to isolate the poison using a tourniquet, the black mambas poison goes straight for the nerves, attacking the central nervous system and shutting down major organs. Twenty minutes after being bitten you may lose the ability to talk. After one hour youre probably comatose, and by six hours, without an antidote, you are dead.. When feeling very threatened, the Black Mamba usually delivers multiple strikes, injecting its potent neuro- and cardiotoxin with each strike, often attacking the body or head, unlike most other snakes. It can strike up to 12 times in a row. A single bite from a Black Mamba can inject enough venom to kill up to 10-25 grown men, easily killing one unless the appropriate anti-venom is administered in time. When ...
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Objective: This study elucidates the protective effects of propolis against CTX-induced changes in mice. Materials and methods: Forty-eight male Swiss albino mice were divided into four groups; group 1 was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 200 µL of phosphate buffer saline (PBS), group 2 was injected with 100 mg/kg/d propolis, group 3 was injected with a single dose of CTX (200 mg/kg), and group 4 was injected with a single dose of CTX (200 mg/kg) followed by propolis (100 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. After 12 d, mice were bled and then sacrificed to analyze the hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters ...
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"Crystallographic studies of snake venom proteins from Taiwan cobra (Naja nana atra). Cardiotoxin-analogue III and phospholipase ... The Chinese cobra (Naja atra), also called the Taiwan cobra, is a species of cobra in the family Elapidae, found mostly in ... The Chinese cobra is sometimes confused with the Monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia). But it can be easily distinguished by virtue ... The Chinese cobra is a highly venomous member of the true cobras (genus Naja). Its venom consists mainly of postsynaptic ...
"Evidence showing an intermolecular interaction between KChIP proteins and Taiwan cobra cardiotoxins". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ... Lin YL, Chen CY, Cheng CP, Chang LS (2004). "Protein-protein interactions of KChIP proteins and Kv4.2". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ... Kv channel-interacting protein 1 also known as KChIP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNIP1 gene. This gene ... "Entrez Gene: KCNIP1 Kv channel interacting protein 1". Burgoyne RD (2007). "Neuronal calcium sensor proteins: generating ...
"Evidence showing an intermolecular interaction between KChIP proteins and Taiwan cobra cardiotoxins". Biochemical and ... Lin YL, Chen CY, Cheng CP, Chang LS (Aug 2004). "Protein-protein interactions of KChIP proteins and Kv4.2". Biochemical and ... Kv channel-interacting protein 2 also known as KChIP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNIP2 gene. This gene ... "Entrez Gene: KCNIP2 Kv channel interacting protein 2". Burgoyne RD (Mar 2007). "Neuronal calcium sensor proteins: generating ...
"Evidence showing an intermolecular interaction between KChIP proteins and Taiwan cobra cardiotoxins". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ... Kv channel-interacting protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNIP4 gene. This gene encodes a member of the ... 2007). "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: KCNIP4 Kv channel interacting protein 4". Burgoyne RD (2007). "Neuronal calcium sensor proteins: generating ...
Cardiotoxins represented 40% of the snake's venom protein, higher than sympatric cobras: N. sputatrix (35%), N. siamensis (30 ... golden spitting cobra, Sumatran spitting cobra, or Palawan spitting cobra, is a species of spitting cobra found in Southeast ... The Equatorial spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana) also called the black spitting cobra, Malayan spitting cobra, ... Like other cobra species, this snake possesses postsynaptic neurotoxic venom. The venom also consists of cardiotoxins and ...
Using protein homology information and expression data from different tissues of the cobra, 23,248 protein-coding genes, 31,447 ... The Indian cobra's venom mainly contains a powerful post-synaptic neurotoxin and cardiotoxin. The venom acts on the synaptic ... The Indian cobra (Naja naja), also known as the spectacled cobra, Asian cobra, or binocellate cobra, is a species of cobra ... Indian cobra displaying an impressive hood Albino spectacled cobra Binocellate cobra Indian cobra outside a home in Yelandur, ...
v t e (Protein articles without symbol, Vertebrate toxins, Peripheral membrane proteins, All stub articles, Membrane protein ... Cardiotoxin III (CTX III, also known as cytotoxin 3) is a sixty amino-acid polypeptide toxin from the Taiwan Cobra Naja atra. ... Yang SH, Chien CM, Lu MC, Lu YJ, Wu ZZ, Lin SR (July 2005). "Cardiotoxin III induces apoptosis in K562 cells through a ... Snake toxin-like (2 families) - Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database". Retrieved 2008-12-13. ...
However, the main components of its venom are cardiotoxins with cytotoxic activity. In fact, polypeptide cardiotoxins make up ... The most significant constituents of the venom include high-molecular-weight proteins and enzymes, phospholipase A2 enzymes, ... The Javan spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix), also called Indonesian cobra, is a species of cobra in the family Elapidae, found in ... The Javan spitting cobra is found mostly in tropical forests and wet forest, but the species adapts well to a wide variety of ...
The company also licensed a cardiotoxin therapy for acute and chronic nephropathy in 2015. In January, 2015, Celtic Biotech ... a protein found in South American rattlesnake venom, that could cause cell death in malignant cancer cells. Crotoxin was tested ... for rights to develop and commercialize analgesic products for the treatment of chronic pain utilizing active ingredient cobra ... agreement with Atlanta-based Emory University to study the viability of the cell-penetrating peptide Crotamine-a protein found ...
... is found in the venom of the king cobra (Ophioophagus hannah). LNTX-1 is an acronym for long neurotoxin 1. The "long" ... The 3FTx family consists of two major categories, neurotoxins and cardiotoxins. LNTX belongs to the neurotoxin family; other ... refers to the long-chain classification based on mature protein length of the neurotoxin, which is 66-79 amino acid residues ... He, Ying-Ying; Lee, Wei-Hui; Zhang, Yun (2004-09-01). "Cloning and purification of alpha-neurotoxins from king cobra ( ...
In addition to nonenzymatic proteins, the venom also contains nucleases, which cause tissue damage at the site of the bite and ... Two main toxins as well as a number of minor components and three basic polypeptides similar to cardiotoxins (CTXs) and ... The Caspian cobra (Naja oxiana), also called the Central Asian cobra, ladle snake, Oxus cobra, or Russian cobra, is a species ... The Caspian cobra (N. oxiana) normally has several dark bands under the throat, whereas in the black phase of the Indian cobra ...
In the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and Eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps), 3FTx proteins make up about 70% of ... These cardiotoxins also often have generalized cytotoxic effects and are sometimes known as cytolysins. The protein targets in ... Lee SC, Lin CC, Wang CH, Wu PL, Huang HW, Chang CI, Wu WG (July 2014). "Endocytotic routes of cobra cardiotoxins depend on ... Others, including the second-largest 3FTx subgroup, are cardiotoxins. Many of the most well-characterized 3FTx proteins exert ...
An example is the three-fingered cardiotoxin III from Chinese cobra, an example of the short three-fingered family (InterPro: ... Pre-existing salivary proteins are the likely ancestors of most venom toxin genes. Expression of the new protein in the venom ... The king cobra, which does prey on cobras, is said to be immune to their venom. The hedgehog (Erinaceidae), the mongoose ( ... The main challenge, however, is how to deliver protein to the nerve cells: proteins usually are not applicable as pills. The ...
"Crystallographic studies of snake venom proteins from Taiwan cobra (Naja nana atra). Cardiotoxin-analogue III and phospholipase ... Spitting cobras are another group of cobras that belong to the genus Naja. Spitting cobras can be found in both Africa and Asia ... The Cape cobras venom is made up of potent postsynaptic neurotoxins and might also contain cardiotoxins, that affect the ... The forest cobra is one of the least frequent causes of snake bite among the African cobras. This is largely due to its forest- ...
Cobras, mambas, and taipans are mid- to large sized snakes which can reach 2 m (6 ft 7 in) or above. The king cobra is the ... In 1997, Slowinski, Knight and Rooney found in their phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences from venom proteins, that ... Other toxic components in some species comprise cardiotoxins and cytotoxins, which cause heart dysfunctions and cellular damage ... Asian cobras, coral snakes, and American coral snakes also appear to be monophyletic, while African cobras do not. The type ...
... a novel protein from king cobra venom: Its cDNA and genomic organization". Gene. 371 (2): 246-256. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.12. ... Rajagopalan, N.; Pung, Y. F.; Zhu, Y. Z.; Wong, P. T. H.; Kumar, P. P.; Kini, R. M. (2007). "β-Cardiotoxin: A new three-finger ... Killing a king cobra is punished with imprisonment of up to six years. A ritual in Myanmar involves a king cobra and a female ... Like most cobras and mambas, the king cobra's threat display includes spreading its neck-flap, raising its head upright, ...
... from certain toxic mushrooms Cardiotoxin III, from Chinese cobra Hemotoxin, from vipers Many living organisms employ toxins ... Toxins occur especially as a protein or conjugated protein. The term toxin was first used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger ( ... Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body ... "Genetic assembly and selective toxicity of diphtheria-toxin-related polypeptide hormone fusion proteins". Biochemical Society ...
... s and cobras are in the same family: the Elapidae. Like cobras, a mamba may rear and form a hood as part of its threat ... they also carry cardiotoxins and fasciculins. Other components may include calcicludine, which is a known component of the ... binds to potassium channel proteins.]". Epilepsy Research Supplement. 4: 263-73. PMID 1815606.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses ... Typically also, a rearing mamba tends to lean well forward, instead of standing erect as a cobra does. Stories of black mambas ...
It also is likely to hiss and spread its neck into a hood similar to that of the cobras in the genus Naja. During the threat ... In 2015, the proteome (complete protein profile) of black mamba venom was assessed and published, revealing 41 distinct ... Members of the three-finger family include alpha-neurotoxin, cardiotoxins, fasciculins and mambalgins. The most toxic ... First formally described by Albert Günther in 1864, it is the second-longest venomous snake after the king cobra; mature ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Crystallographic studies of snake venom proteins from Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra). Cardiotoxin-analogue III and phospholipase ... Chin, K. H., Chou, C. C., Wang, A. H. J. & Chou, S. H., 12月 1 2006, 於: Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics. 65, 4, p. ... Yang, C. Y., Chin, K. H., Yang, M. T., Wang, A. H. J. & Chou, S. H., 2月 1 2009, 於: Proteins: Structure, Function and ... Crystal Structure of the C-Terminal Domain of a Flagellar Hook-Capping Protein from Xanthomonas campestris. Kuo, W. T., Chin, K ...
... cardiotoxins from cobra venom, interact with mitochondrial phospholipids in order to gain a deep understanding of elevated ... biophysical and biochemical concepts in protein drug interactions with biomembranes. We also present the results of evaluative ... Tutorials on docking of pharmacologically relevant cardiotoxins with mitochondrial phospholipids. ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Cobra Neurotoxins. Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins. Direct Lytic Factors. Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins. D23 - Biological Factors. Shiga ... SHP1 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6. Thioredoxin Reductase (NADPH). ... Protein Isoprenylation. Protein Prenylation. G09 - Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology. Hemodynamic Processes. Hemodynamics ... Ca(2+)-Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase. Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases. Cholesterol Esterase. Sterol Esterase ...
Consequently, they are also known as cardiotoxins (CdTx). Studies have shown that cobra venom CTXs form cognate complexes with ... ribosomes or protein factors involved in protein synthesis) of quiescent or proliferating cells. Thus, toxin gene delivery ... These low-molecular-mass toxins, contributing to about 40 to 60% of the cobra venom proteome, play a significant role in cobra ... Programmable protein delivery with a bacterial contractile injection system. Kreitz, Joseph; Friedrich, Mirco J; Guru, Akash; ...
ofphospholipase AZ and totally unrelated to typical cobra cardiotoxins (LuandLo,1981).. These facts suggested that these toxins ... Aactiv-ity exactly at the position corresponding to that of the protein band stained with amino. black. This was true for all ... CARDIOTOXINS IN THE VENOM OF THE BANDED KRAIT. (BUNGARUS FASCIATUS). WEN-CHAN(3 CxANa,l 2. Mux-Lnv. LEEI. and. TuNC-Bnv. Lol. ... three cardiotoxins. It seems reasonable to conclude that the. enzyme activity is intrinsic to these protein toxins and did not ...
Cell Cycle Proteins * Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins * DNA Primers * DNA-Binding Proteins * E2F Transcription Factors ... we employed high density cDNA microarrays for gene expression profiling in mouse tibialis anterior muscles after a cardiotoxin ...
Chinese king cobra (lat.: Ophiophagus hannah): Like the GENE vaccination! -- Symptoms of a snake bite of the Chinese krait ... In the snake venom of king cobra is also one of the three-finger toxins (beta-cardiotoxin), which acts specifically on the ... In the snake venom of king cobra there is also small amounts of proteases (peptidases) [web04], which can split proteins ( ... Chinese king cobra (lat.: Ophiophagus hannah) [4]. The king cobra is more of a poisonous krait. The king cobra is not a real ...
Yu C Cardiotoxin II from Taiwan cobra venom, Naja naja atra. Structure in solution and comparison among homologous cardiotoxins ... Yu C Proline inhibits aggregation during protein refolding.. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 2000, 9(2), ... Bhaskaran, R.; Huang, C.-C.; Tsai, Y.-C.; Jayaraman, G.; Chang, D.-K.; Yu, C. Cardiotoxin II from Taiwan cobra venom, Naja naja ... Bhaskaran, R.; Huang, C.-C.; Chang, D.-K.; Yu, C. Cardiotoxin III from the Taiwan cobra (Naja naja atra) determination of ...
Occurrence of non-protein low molecular weight cardiotoxin in Indian King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) Cantor 1836, venom.. Saha ... A lethal neurotoxic protein from Indian king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom.. De, Pallabi; Dasgupta, S C; Gomes, A. ... A lethal cardiotoxic protein isolated from Bidders organ of common Indian toad, Bufo melanostictus Schneider.. Gomes, A; Alam ...
Biochemically venoms are mainly composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, ions, etc., and classified into three major ... Rajagopalan N, Pung YF, Zhu YZ et al (2007) β-Cardiotoxin: a new three-finger toxin from Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom ... Debnath A, Saha A, Gomes A et al (2010) A lethal cardiotoxic-cytotoxic protein from the Indian monocellate cobra (Naja kaouthia ... Homeopathic system also uses the venoms of Vipers, Cobras, Crotalus and Lacasis [4]. Cobra venoms have also been used in the ...
Further, to study regeneration in aged tissue, the authors induced muscle injury using cobra cardiotoxin (CTX). Samples made ... Serum myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased in 60-92 year old women and men with muscle wasting. J Nutr Health Aging. ... The Role of the IGF-1 Signaling Cascade in Muscle Protein Synthesis and Anabolic Resistance in Aging Skeletal Muscle. Front ... Further, C-Xyloside increased concentrations of dermal proteins such as pro-collagen I and fibrillin, which are key ECM ...
... their venom compositions and functions.It includes different toxins like Cardiotoxins,Neurotoxins,Myotoxin,Cytotoxin. Resources ... Cardiotoxin Cardiotoxin-3 (CTX-3) They bind to particular sites on the surface of muscle cells and cause depolarisation ==, the ... Elapids and Hydrophids (Cobras, Sea snakes, Kraits, Australian Elapids) Weak neurotoxins Post-synaptic; weak affinity to both ... Cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRiSP). Induce hypothermia, immobilize prey. Colubridae, Elapidae, Viperidae. ...
A 500-ps molecular dynamics simulation trajectory of cardiotoxin II from Taiwan cobra venom in solution: Correlation with NMR ... 1H, 13C and 15N resonance assignments of the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of RstA protein from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Chen, S ...
Cobra Cardiotoxin Targets Mitochondria to Disrupt Mitochondrial Membrane Structure and Function. Toxin. 2019; 11(3): 152. Doi: ... protein chemistry (protein structure/function, molecular mobility, subcellular localization, and stereochemistry), transgenic ... oxiana Cobra Venom Cytotoxins CTI and CTII Disrupt Mitochondrial Membrane Integrity: Implications for Basic. Three-Fingered ... Khomenko T, Deng XM, Jadus MR, Szabo S. Effect of cysteamine on redox-sensitive thiol-containing proteins in the duodenal ...
Dubovskii, P. V., A. G. Konshina, and R. G. Efremov, Cobra cardiotoxins: membrane interactions and pharmacological potential. ... Lipid Nanodiscs as a Tool for High-Resolution Structure Determination of Membrane Proteins by Single-Particle Cryo-EM., ...
  • STEM high school students performed multiple exercises to understand how the potential pharmacological agents, cardiotoxins from cobra venom, interact with mitochondrial phospholipids in order to gain a deep understanding of elevated biophysical and biochemical concepts in protein drug interactions with biomembranes. (nih.gov)
  • Corona is a drinking water contamination with snake venom, and peptides from snake venom was found in the so-called "corona vaccinations", and some of the side effects also correspond to the snake poison of Chinese royal cobra and Chinese krait. (med-etc.com)
  • So it could also be to heal instantly the GENE vaccination damages with snake venom cures: "antiserum", homeopathic remedies for snake bites such as Lachesis or Ophiophagus hannah (King's cobra), or also antibody medicaments against snake venoms, and in general also dialysis will better life after a snake venom injection, and there is the elimination of metals (graphene oxide) with alga cures etc. (med-etc.com)
  • In Charka Samhita cobra venom is used for the treatment of ascites, while the Sushruta and Vaghabata have also mentioned similar use. (springeropen.com)
  • One of the primary complications of kidney dysfunction is the accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream, particularly protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), which have a high affinity for plasma proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • The inadequacy of hemodialysis in clearing PBUTs underscores the significance of researching the binding mechanisms of these toxins with blood proteins, with a critical analysis of the methods used to obtain this information. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bungarus multicinctus) [5] - Chinese king cobra (lat. (med-etc.com)
  • Protein-membrane interactions and proteomics from bioinformatics. (sinica.edu.tw)
  • Moreover, PBUTs can bind to blood plasma proteins, such as human serum albumin, alter their conformational structure, block binding sites for other valuable endogenous or exogenous substances, and exacerbate the co-existing medical conditions associated with kidney disease. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chang, D. K. Kinetics Study on the HIV ‑ 1 Ectodomain Protein Quaternary Structure Formation Reveals Coupling of Chain Folding and Self-Assembly in the Refolding Cascade. (sinica.edu.tw)
  • Chang, D. K. The function of coreceptor as a basis for the kinetic dissection of HIV type 1 envelope protein-mediated cell fusion. (sinica.edu.tw)
  • Huang, S.-C. Identification of the LWYIK Motif Located in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane gp41 Protein as a Distinct Determinant for Viral Infection. (sinica.edu.tw)
  • The authors also presented information on structural modeling and functional diversity of a special group of snake proteins called 3FTxs (Three-finger toxins), broadly classified as neurotoxins, cytotoxins, cardiotoxins and anticoagulants. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Polypeptide toxins include cytotoxins, cardiotoxins, and postsynaptic neurotoxins, which bind to acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. (redefininghomeopathy.com)
  • Snake venoms are mostly composed of various proteins and peptides with toxicity and pharmacological effects depending on their geographical sources. (omicsdi.org)
  • For many, it's due to the protein peptides. (sciencesensei.com)
  • We report a de novo near-chromosomal genome assembly of Naja naja, the Indian cobra, a highly venomous, medically important snake. (omicsdi.org)
  • The definitive therapy for cobra envenomation is antivenom administration. (medscape.com)
  • Antivenom neutralization against cobra venoms is generally low in potency, presumably due to poor toxin-specific immunoreactivity. (mdpi.com)
  • Using a combination of various cutting-edge tools, including Hi-C for genome-wide chromatin conformation, the authors generated the near-chromosomal de novo genome assembly for the Indian cobra, and assigned portions of the genome, called scaffolds, to chromosomes. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • They used integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis to create a map of the Indian cobra genome, one of the "big four" medically important snakes for the pharmaceutical industry. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Reports of death within 1 hour of cobra bite exist, but a timeframe of 2-6 hours is more typical of fatal cases. (medscape.com)
  • There was an article recently about a traditional healer in India who put a woman in a pile of cow manure following a cobra bite , and she suffocated to death. (medscape.com)
  • Collectively, the generated assembly allowed for gene mapping of the chromosomes, analysis of genomic features like GC content, and comparisons of the Indian cobra genome with other species for evolutionary studies by a process called whole-genome synteny comparison. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • We reveal cytotoxicity towards smooth muscle and depression of cardiac contractility by this protein. (jvat.com.br)
  • Myotoxins are proteins that cause muscle necrosis. (expasy.org)
  • Proteins constitute 90-95% of venom's dry weight and they are responsible for almost all of its biological effects. (redefininghomeopathy.com)
  • Following cardiotoxin-induced injury, SelN expression was strongly up-regulated in wild-type muscles and, for the first time, we detected its endogenous expression in a subset of mononucleated cells by immunohistochemistry. (nih.gov)
  • The authors determined that the Indian cobra has two complete sets of chromosomes from each parent totaling 19 pairs, among which 1 pair contains the sex chromosomes. (activemotif.com.cn)