Cobalt
Cobalt Radioisotopes
Cobalt Isotopes
Nickel
Chromium
Chromium Alloys
Protoporphyrins
Metals
Metals, Heavy
Porphyrins
Cobamides
Vitamin B 12
Zinc
Ionic currents underlying spontaneous action potentials in isolated cerebellar Purkinje neurons. (1/2206)
Acutely dissociated cell bodies of mouse Purkinje neurons spontaneously fired action potentials at approximately 50 Hz (25 degrees C). To directly measure the ionic currents underlying spontaneous activity, we voltage-clamped the cells using prerecorded spontaneous action potentials (spike trains) as voltage commands and used ionic substitution and selective blockers to isolate individual currents. The largest current flowing during the interspike interval was tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current (approximately -50 pA between -65 and -60 mV). Although the neurons had large voltage-dependent calcium currents, the net current blocked by cobalt substitution for calcium was outward at all times during spike trains. Thus, the electrical effect of calcium current is apparently dominated by rapidly activated calcium-dependent potassium currents. Under current clamp, all cells continued firing spontaneously (though approximately 30% more slowly) after block of T-type calcium current by mibefradil, and most cells continued to fire after block of all calcium current by cobalt substitution. Although the neurons possessed hyperpolarization-activated cation current (Ih), little current flowed during spike trains, and block by 1 mM cesium had no effect on firing frequency. The outward potassium currents underlying the repolarization of the spikes were completely blocked by 1 mM TEA. These currents deactivated quickly (<1 msec) after each spike. We conclude that the spontaneous firing of Purkinje neuron cell bodies depends mainly on tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current flowing between spikes. The high firing rate is promoted by large potassium currents that repolarize the cell rapidly and deactivate quickly, thus preventing strong hyperpolarization and restoring a high input resistance for subsequent depolarization. (+info)Cyanide poisoning: pathophysiology and treatment recommendations. (2/2206)
This paper aims to assess and compare currently available antidotes for cyanide poisoning. Such evaluation, however, is difficult. Thus, extrapolation from the results of animal studies has potential pitfalls, as significant inter-species differences in response may exist, and these experiments often involve administration of toxin and antidote almost simultaneously, rather than incorporating a more realistic time delay before initiation of treatment. Direct inference from human case reports is also problematic; either because of uncertainties over the exposure levels involved (and hence the likely outcome without treatment), or because of difficulties in identifying the specific contribution of a particular antidote within the overall treatment regimen. Certainly an effort to compare the relative efficacy of cyanide antidotes produces equivocal findings, with no single regimen clearly standing out. Indeed, factors such as the risks of antidote toxicity to various individuals and other practical issues, may be more important considerations. There is therefore no single treatment regimen which is best for all situations. Besides individual risk factors for antidote toxicity, the nature of the exposure and hence its likely severity, the evolving clinical features and the number of persons involved and their proximity to hospital facilities, all need to be considered. Clinically mild poisoning may be treated by rest, oxygen and amyl nitrite. Intravenous antidotes are indicated for moderate poisoning. Where the diagnosis is uncertain, sodium thiosulphate may be the first choice. With severe poisoning, an additional agent is required. Given the various risks with methaemoglobin formers or with unselective use of kelocyanor, hydroxocobalamin may be preferred from a purely risk-benefit perspective. However the former alternatives will likely remain important. (+info)Source of inappropriate receptive fields in cortical somatotopic maps from rats that sustained neonatal forelimb removal. (3/2206)
Previously this laboratory demonstrated that forelimb removal at birth in rats results in the invasion of the cuneate nucleus by sciatic nerve axons and the development of cuneothalamic cells with receptive fields that include both the forelimb-stump and the hindlimb. However, unit-cluster recordings from primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of these animals revealed few sites in the forelimb-stump representation where responses to hindlimb stimulation also could be recorded. Recently we reported that hindlimb inputs to the SI forelimb-stump representation are suppressed functionally in neonatally amputated rats and that GABAergic inhibition is involved in this process. The present study was undertaken to assess the role that intracortical projections from the SI hindlimb representation may play in the functional reorganization of the SI forelimb-stump field in these animals. The SI forelimb-stump representation was mapped during gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-receptor blockade, both before and after electrolytic destruction of the SI hindlimb representation. Analysis of eight amputated rats showed that 75.8% of 264 stump recording sites possessed hindlimb receptive fields before destruction of the SI hindlimb. After the lesions, significantly fewer sites (13.2% of 197) were responsive to hindlimb stimulation (P < 0.0001). Electrolytic destruction of the SI lower-jaw representation in four additional control rats with neonatal forelimb amputation did not significantly reduce the percentage of hindlimb-responsive sites in the SI stump field during GABA-receptor blockade (P = 0.98). Similar results were obtained from three manipulated rats in which the SI hindlimb representation was silenced temporarily with a local cobalt chloride injection. Analysis of response latencies to sciatic nerve stimulation in the hindlimb and forelimb-stump representations suggested that the intracortical pathway(s) mediating the hindlimb responses in the forelimb-stump field may be polysynaptic. The mean latency to sciatic nerve stimulation at responsive sites in the GABA-receptor blocked SI stump representation of neonatally amputated rats was significantly longer than that for recording sites in the hindlimb representation [26.3 +/- 8.1 (SD) ms vs. 10.8 +/- 2.4 ms, respectively, P < 0.0001]. These results suggest that hindlimb input to the SI forelimb-stump representation detected in GABA-blocked cortices of neonatally forelimb amputated rats originates primarily from the SI hindlimb representation. (+info)Regulation of interleukin-8 expression by reduced oxygen pressure in human glioblastoma. (4/2206)
Oxygen deprivation is an important biological feature of tumor growth. We previously showed that in glioma, anoxia increases expression of IL-8, a chemokine and angiogenic factor. Here, we analysed for the first time the biochemical mechanisms inducing the IL-8 gene upon anoxia in glioma cells, and showed that they differ from those inducing the VEGF gene. Both genes are induced in biologically and genetically heterogenous glioblastoma cell lines (LN-229, LN-Z308, U87MG, T98G), whereas, in gliosarcoma cells (D247MG), only the VEGF gene is induced. The kinetics of IL-8 and VEGF mRNA inductions differ in these cells and reoxygenation experiments showed that the induction is due to the anoxic stress per se. Furthermore, in LN-229 and LN-Z308 cell lines actinomycin D, DRB and nuclear run-on experiments showed that anoxia stimulates increased transcription of both genes. Electromobility shift assays show increased protein binding to the AP-1 site on the IL-8 promoter following anoxia treatment. Finally, in situ hybridization on glioblastoma sections shows that the in vivo expression patterns of IL-8 and VEGF genes overlap, but are not identical. Since intratumoral augmentation of IL-8 and VEGF secretion, following microenvironmental decreases in oxygen pressure, may promote angiogenesis, further definition of these pathways is essential to appropriately target them for antitumoral therapy. (+info)Acetylcholine-induced membrane potential changes in endothelial cells of rabbit aortic valve. (5/2206)
1. Using a microelectrode technique, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced membrane potential changes were characterized using various types of inhibitors of K+ and Cl- channels in rabbit aortic valve endothelial cells (RAVEC). 2. ACh produced transient then sustained membrane hyperpolarizations. Withdrawal of ACh evoked a transient depolarization. 3. High K+ blocked and low K+ potentiated the two ACh-induced hyperpolarizations. Charybdotoxin (ChTX) attenuated the ACh-induced transient and sustained hyperpolarizations; apamin inhibited only the sustained hyperpolarization. In the combined presence of ChTX and apamin, ACh produced a depolarization. 4. In Ca2+-free solution or in the presence of Co2+ or Ni2+, ACh produced a transient hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. In BAPTA-AM-treated cells, ACh produced only a depolarization. 5. A low concentration of A23187 attenuated the ACh-induced transient, but not the sustained, hyperpolarization. In the presence of cyclopiazonic acid, the hyperpolarization induced by ACh was maintained after ACh removal; this maintained hyperpolarization was blocked by Co2+. 6. Both NPPB and hypertonic solution inhibited the membrane depolarization seen after ACh washout. Bumetanide also attenuated this depolarization. 7. It is concluded that in RAVEC, ACh produces a two-component hyperpolarization followed by a depolarization. It is suggested that ACh-induced Ca2+ release from the storage sites causes a transient hyperpolarization due to activation of ChTX-sensitive K+ channels and that ACh-activated Ca2+ influx causes a sustained hyperpolarization by activating both ChTX- and apamin-sensitive K+ channels. Both volume-sensitive Cl- channels and the Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter probably contribute to the ACh-induced depolarization. (+info)The distribution of neurons expressing calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. (6/2206)
The superficial dorsal horn is a major site of termination of nociceptive primary afferents. Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in this region is mediated mainly by release of glutamate onto postsynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors. NMDA receptors are known to be Ca2+-permeable and to provide synaptically localized Ca2+ signals that mediate short-term and long-term changes in synaptic strength. Less well known is a subpopulation of AMPA receptors that is Ca2+-permeable and has been shown to be synaptically localized on dorsal horn neurons in culture (Gu et al., 1996) and expressed by dorsal horn neurons in situ (Nagy et al., 1994; Engelman et al., 1997). We used kainate-induced cobalt uptake as a functional marker of neurons expressing Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors and combined this with markers of nociceptive primary afferents in the postnatal rat dorsal horn. We have shown that cobalt-positive neurons are located in lamina I and outer lamina II, a region strongly innervated by nociceptors. These cobalt-positive neurons colocalize with afferents labeled by LD2, and with the most dorsal region of capsaicin-sensitive and IB4- and LA4-positive afferents. In contrast, inner lamina II has a sparser distribution of cobalt-positive neurons. Some lamina I neurons expressing the NK1 receptor, the receptor for substance P, are also cobalt positive. These neurons are likely to be projection neurons in the nociceptive pathway. On the basis of all of these observations, we propose that Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors are localized to mediate transmission of nociceptive information. (+info)EPR characterization of axial bond in metal center of native and cobalt-substituted guanylate cyclase. (7/2206)
The nature of the metal-proximal base bond of soluble guanylate cyclase from bovine lung was examined by EPR spectroscopy. When the ferrous enzyme was mixed with NO, a new species was transiently produced and rapidly converted to a five-coordinate ferrous NO complex. The new species exhibited the EPR signal of six-coordinate ferrous NO complex with a feature of histidine-ligated heme. The histidine ligation was further examined by using the cobalt protoporphyrin IX-substituted enzyme. The Co2+-substituted enzyme exhibited EPR signals of a broad g perpendicular;1 component and a g;1 component with a poorly resolved triplet of 14N superhyperfine splittings, which was indicative of the histidine ligation. These EPR features were analogous to those of alpha-subunits of Co2+-hemoglobin in tense state, showing a tension on the iron-histidine bond of the enzyme. The binding of NO to the Co2+-enzyme markedly stimulated the cGMP production by forming the five-coordinate NO complex. We found that N3- elicited the activation of the ferric enzyme by yielding five-coordinate high spin N3- heme. These results indicated that the activation of the enzymes was initiated by NO binding to the metals and proceeded via breaking of the metal-histidine bonds, and suggested that the iron-histidine bond in the ferric enzyme heme was broken by N3- binding. (+info)Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activation by carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. Implications for oxygen sensing and signaling. (8/2206)
It has been proposed that cells sense hypoxia by a heme protein, which transmits a signal that activates the heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), thereby inducing a number of physiologically relevant genes such as erythropoietin (Epo). We have investigated the mechanism by which two heme-binding ligands, carbon monoxide and nitric oxide, affect oxygen sensing and signaling. Two concentrations of CO (10 and 80%) suppressed the activation of HIF-1 and induction of Epo mRNA by hypoxia in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, CO had no effect on the induction of HIF-1 activity and Epo expression by either cobalt chloride or the iron chelator desferrioxamine. The affinity of CO for the putative sensor was much lower than that of oxygen (Haldane coefficient, approximately 0.5). Parallel experiments were done with 100 microM sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor. Both NO and CO inhibited HIF-1 DNA binding by abrogating hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1alpha protein. Moreover, both NO and CO specifically targeted the internal oxygen-dependent degradation domain of HIF-1alpha, and also repressed the C-terminal transactivation domain of HIF-1alpha. Thus, NO and CO act proximally, presumably as heme ligands binding to the oxygen sensor, whereas desferrioxamine and perhaps cobalt appear to act at a site downstream. (+info)Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is a hard, silver-white, lustrous, and brittle metal that is found naturally only in chemically combined form, except for small amounts found in meteorites. Cobalt is used primarily in the production of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys, as well as in the manufacture of batteries, magnets, and pigments.
In a medical context, cobalt is sometimes used in the form of cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope, for cancer treatment through radiation therapy. Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays that can be directed at tumors to destroy cancer cells. Additionally, small amounts of cobalt are present in some vitamin B12 supplements and fortified foods, as cobalt is an essential component of vitamin B12. However, exposure to high levels of cobalt can be harmful and may cause health effects such as allergic reactions, lung damage, heart problems, and neurological issues.
Cobalt radioisotopes are radioactive forms of the element cobalt, which are used in various medical applications. The most commonly used cobalt radioisotope is Cobalt-60 (Co-60), which has a half-life of 5.27 years.
Co-60 emits gamma rays and beta particles, making it useful for radiation therapy to treat cancer, as well as for sterilizing medical equipment and food irradiation. In radiation therapy, Co-60 is used in teletherapy machines to deliver a focused beam of radiation to tumors, helping to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
It's important to note that handling and disposal of cobalt radioisotopes require strict safety measures due to their radioactive nature, as they can pose risks to human health and the environment if not managed properly.
Cobalt isotopes are variants of the chemical element Cobalt (Co) that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. This results in the different isotopes having slightly different masses and varying levels of stability.
The most naturally occurring stable cobalt isotope is Co-59, which contains 27 neutrons in its nucleus. However, there are also several radioactive isotopes of cobalt, including Co-60, which is a commonly used medical and industrial radioisotope.
Co-60 has 30 neutrons in its nucleus and undergoes beta decay, emitting gamma rays and becoming Nickel-60. It has a half-life of approximately 5.27 years, making it useful for a variety of applications, including cancer treatment, industrial radiography, and sterilization of medical equipment.
Other radioactive isotopes of cobalt include Co-57, which has a half-life of 271.8 days and is used in medical imaging, and Co-56, which has a half-life of just 77.2 seconds and is used in research.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nickel" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. Nickel is a hard, silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. It is one of four elements that are ferromagnetic and is used as a common component in various alloys due to its properties such as resistance to corrosion and heat.
However, in a medical context, nickel may refer to:
* Nickel allergy: A type of allergic contact dermatitis caused by an immune system response to the presence of nickel in jewelry, clothing fasteners, or other items that come into contact with the skin. Symptoms can include redness, itching, and rash at the site of exposure.
* Nickel carbonyl: A highly toxic chemical compound (Ni(CO)4) that can cause respiratory and neurological problems if inhaled. It is produced during some industrial processes involving nickel and carbon monoxide and poses a health risk to workers if proper safety measures are not taken.
If you have any concerns about exposure to nickel or symptoms related to nickel allergy, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.
Chromium is an essential trace element that is necessary for human health. It is a key component of the glucose tolerance factor, which helps to enhance the function of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Chromium can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables. However, it is also available in dietary supplements for those who may not get adequate amounts through their diet.
The recommended daily intake of chromium varies depending on age and gender. For adults, the adequate intake (AI) is 20-35 micrograms per day for women and 35-50 micrograms per day for men. Chromium deficiency is rare but can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
It's important to note that while chromium supplements are marketed as a way to improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, there is limited evidence to support these claims. Moreover, excessive intake of chromium can have adverse effects on health, including liver and kidney damage, stomach irritation, and hypoglycemia. Therefore, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements containing chromium.
Chromium alloys are materials made by combining chromium with other metals, such as nickel, cobalt, or iron. The addition of chromium to these alloys enhances their properties, making them resistant to corrosion and high temperatures. These alloys have a wide range of applications in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and medical devices.
Chromium alloys can be classified into two main categories: stainless steels and superalloys. Stainless steels are alloys that contain at least 10.5% chromium by weight, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface of the material, protecting it from corrosion. Superalloys, on the other hand, are high-performance alloys designed to operate in extreme environments, such as jet engines and gas turbines. They contain significant amounts of chromium, along with other elements like nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum.
Chromium alloys have several medical applications due to their excellent properties. For instance, they are used in surgical instruments, dental implants, and orthopedic devices because of their resistance to corrosion and biocompatibility. Additionally, some chromium alloys exhibit superelasticity, a property that allows them to return to their original shape after being deformed, making them suitable for use in stents and other medical devices that require flexibility and durability.
Protoporphyrins are organic compounds that are the immediate precursors to heme in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. They are composed of a porphyrin ring, which is a large, complex ring made up of four pyrrole rings joined together, with an acetate and a propionate side chain at each pyrrole. Protoporphyrins are commonly found in nature and are important components of many biological systems, including hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.
There are several different types of protoporphyrins, including protoporphyrin IX, which is the most common form found in humans and other animals. Protoporphyrins can be measured in the blood or other tissues as a way to diagnose or monitor certain medical conditions, such as lead poisoning or porphyrias, which are rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme. Elevated levels of protoporphyrins in the blood or tissues can indicate the presence of these conditions and may require further evaluation and treatment.
In the context of medicine, there is no specific medical definition for 'metals.' However, certain metals have significant roles in biological systems and are thus studied in physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Some metals are essential to life, serving as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, while others are toxic and can cause harm at certain levels.
Examples of essential metals include:
1. Iron (Fe): It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes involved in energy production, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.
2. Zinc (Zn): This metal is vital for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.
3. Copper (Cu): Copper is essential for energy production, iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes.
4. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions, including nerve and muscle function, protein synthesis, and blood pressure regulation.
5. Manganese (Mn): This metal is necessary for bone development, protein metabolism, and antioxidant defense. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes.
6. Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is essential for the function of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
7. Cobalt (Co): Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve function.
Examples of toxic metals include:
1. Lead (Pb): Exposure to lead can cause neurological damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and developmental issues.
2. Mercury (Hg): Mercury is highly toxic and can cause neurological problems, kidney damage, and developmental issues.
3. Arsenic (As): Arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is toxic and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and lung irritation.
5. Chromium (Cr): Excessive exposure to chromium can lead to skin ulcers, respiratory issues, and kidney and liver damage.
Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.
Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.
Porphyrins are complex organic compounds that contain four pyrrole rings joined together by methine bridges (=CH-). They play a crucial role in the biochemistry of many organisms, as they form the core structure of various heme proteins and other metalloproteins. Some examples of these proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and catalases, which are involved in essential processes such as oxygen transport, electron transfer, and oxidative metabolism.
In the human body, porphyrins are synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the heme biosynthesis pathway. Disruptions in this pathway can lead to an accumulation of porphyrins or their precursors, resulting in various medical conditions called porphyrias. These disorders can manifest as neurological symptoms, skin lesions, and gastrointestinal issues, depending on the specific type of porphyria and the site of enzyme deficiency.
It is important to note that while porphyrins are essential for life, their accumulation in excessive amounts or at inappropriate locations can result in pathological conditions. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of porphyrin metabolism is crucial for diagnosing and managing porphyrias and other related disorders.
Cobamides are a class of compounds that are structurally related to vitamin B12 (cobalamin). They consist of a corrin ring, which is a large heterocyclic ring made up of four pyrrole rings, and a cobalt ion in the center. The lower axial ligand of the cobalt ion can be a variety of different groups, including cyano, hydroxo, methyl, or 5'-deoxyadenosyl groups.
Cobamides are involved in a number of important biological processes, including the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, the metabolism of fatty acids and cholesterol, and the regulation of gene expression. They function as cofactors for enzymes called cobamide-dependent methyltransferases, which transfer methyl groups (CH3) from one molecule to another.
Cobamides are found in a wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. In humans, the most important cobamide is vitamin B12, which is essential for the normal functioning of the nervous system and the production of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to neurological problems and anemia.
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of DNA, formation of red blood cells, and maintenance of the nervous system. It is involved in the metabolism of every cell in the body, particularly affecting DNA regulation and neurological function.
Vitamin B12 is unique among vitamins because it contains a metal ion, cobalt, from which its name is derived. This vitamin can be synthesized only by certain types of bacteria and is not produced by plants or animals. The major sources of vitamin B12 in the human diet include animal-derived foods such as meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, as well as fortified plant-based milk alternatives and breakfast cereals.
Deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to various health issues, including megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, neurological symptoms such as numbness and tingling in the extremities, memory loss, and depression. Since vitamin B12 is not readily available from plant-based sources, vegetarians and vegans are at a higher risk of deficiency and may require supplementation or fortified foods to meet their daily requirements.
Tungsten compounds refer to chemical substances that contain tungsten (W, atomic number 74) in its ionic or molecular form. Tungsten is a heavy metal and exists in several oxidation states, most commonly +6, +4, and +2. Tungsten compounds have various applications in industrial, medical, and technological fields.
Examples of tungsten compounds include:
* Tungstic acid (WO3·2H2O)
* Sodium polytungstate (Na6WO6)
* Calcium tungstate (CaWO4)
* Tungsten carbide (WC)
* Tungsten hexafluoride (WF6)
Tungsten compounds have been used in medical imaging, such as X-ray machines and CT scanners, due to their high density and ability to absorb X-rays. They are also used in the production of surgical instruments, dental alloys, and other medical devices. However, some tungsten compounds can be toxic or carcinogenic, so proper handling and disposal are essential.
Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.
The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.
Corrinoids are a class of compounds that include vitamin B12 and its analogs. Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient for humans and other animals, playing a critical role in the synthesis of DNA, the maintenance of the nervous system, and the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids.
The corrinoid ring is the structural backbone of vitamin B12 and its analogs. It is a complex, planar molecule made up of four pyrrole rings joined together in a macrocycle. The corrinoid ring contains a central cobalt ion, which can form coordination bonds with various ligands, including organic groups such as methyl, hydroxo, and cyano.
Corrinoids can be found in a wide variety of foods, including meat, dairy products, fish, eggs, and some fortified plant-based foods. They are also produced by certain bacteria, which can synthesize the corrinoid ring and the cobalt ion de novo. Some corrinoids have biological activity similar to vitamin B12, while others do not.
In addition to their role in human nutrition, corrinoids are also used in industrial applications, such as the production of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals. They are also used as catalysts in chemical reactions, due to their ability to form stable coordination complexes with various ligands.
Cobalt
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Alloys7
- As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. (wikipedia.org)
- Cobalt is primarily used in lithium-ion batteries, and in the manufacture of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. (wikipedia.org)
- Alloys produced with cobalt metal are used in the manufacture of aircraft engines, magnets, grinding and cutting tools, and medical devices and prosthetics. (cdc.gov)
- Cobalt enters the environment from natural sources and the burning of coal or oil or the production of cobalt alloys. (cdc.gov)
- or that produce cobalt alloys or use cobalt. (cdc.gov)
- 60Co (read as cobalt sixty) is used for sterilizing that produce cobalt alloys or use cobalt. (cdc.gov)
- This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of nine agents: cobalt metal (without tungsten carbide or other metal alloys), soluble cobalt(II) salts, cobalt(II) oxide, cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, trivalent antimony, pentavalent antimony, and weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy. (who.int)
20231
- New York, May 29, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- In 2023, the cobalt sulphate market will be worth US$4.09 billion . (globenewswire.com)
Pigments5
- Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass, but the color was for a long time thought to be due to the known metal bismuth. (wikipedia.org)
- People have been using cobalt-containing pigments to get that rich blue hue as far back as the 3rd millennium BCE, when Persians used them to color their necklace beads. (mentalfloss.com)
- Gettens and Stout cite J. G. Bearn (The Chemistry of Paints, Pigments and Varnishes, London, 1932) for the method of manufacturing cobalt yellow. (webexhibits.org)
- Cobalt is used in the manufacture of cutting and grinding tools, in pigments, paints, coloured glass, medical implants, and electroplating, and in lithium-ion battery production. (who.int)
- use of diamond-cobalt tools, plate painting with cobalt pigments, manufacture of nickel-hydrogen batteries, hard-metal production, and electronic-waste recycling. (who.int)
Compounds may dissolve1
- Some cobalt compounds may dissolve. (cdc.gov)
Carcinogenic to humans1
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified cobalt and cobalt compounds as "possibly" carcinogenic to humans (2B), which means there is sufficient evidence that they cause cancer in animals, but inadequate evidence that they cause cancer in humans. (cdc.gov)
Oxide5
- Cobalt is a weakly reducing metal that is protected from oxidation by a passivating oxide film. (wikipedia.org)
- Green cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) has rocksalt structure. (wikipedia.org)
- At temperatures of 600-700 °C, CoO oxidizes to the blue cobalt(II,III) oxide (Co3O4), which has a spinel structure. (wikipedia.org)
- Black cobalt(III) oxide (Co2O3) is also known. (wikipedia.org)
- Cobalt(II,III) oxide, cobalt(II) sulfide, other cobalt(II) compounds, and pentavalent antimony were each evaluated as not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3) . (who.int)
Carcinogenicity1
- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has not classified cobalt for carcinogenicity. (cdc.gov)
Sulfide1
- The principal chalcogenides of cobalt include the black cobalt(II) sulfides, CoS2, which adopts a pyrite-like structure, and cobalt(III) sulfide (Co2S3). (wikipedia.org)
Supply of cobalt2
- Part I presents an overview of the resources and potential supply of cobalt on the basis of inventory information. (usgs.gov)
- Almost three-fourths of the global supply of Cobalt is mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (forbes.com)
Nickel and cobalt3
- There is a 'big upswing in people looking at iron, nickel, and cobalt because of their price,' Holland tells Mental Floss. (mentalfloss.com)
- The newly discovered nickel and cobalt-bearing ultramafic intrusion, now referred to as the "Q-Zone", has a surface geophysical footprint of approximately two square kilometers. (businesswire.com)
- Weapons-grade tungsten (with nickel and cobalt) alloy is used in armour-penetrating munitions. (who.int)
Happens to cobalt2
Copper10
- An updated bankable feasibility study (BFS) has confirmed the potential of ICO to establish a near-term, low-cost cobalt/copper/cobalt mine, with significant opportunity to increase the mineral resource and extend mine reserves once mining starts. (miningweekly.com)
- The BFS is based on extracting 2.5-million metric tons of ore at an average grade of 0.55% cobalt, 0.80% copper and 0.64 g/t gold. (miningweekly.com)
- Based on a processing rate of 1 200 t/d, the project could produce 1 915 t/y of cobalt, 2 900 t/y of copper and 6 700 oz/y of gold in concentrate over a seven-year life-of-mine. (miningweekly.com)
- The operation will comprise a 1 200 t/d mill and concentrator to produce separated cobalt and copper concentrates. (miningweekly.com)
- Jervois has also completed engineering design and costing, flowsheets to produce separate cobalt and copper concentrates, and calcined cobalt concentrate as part of the BFS. (miningweekly.com)
- Though you can find cobalt just about everywhere-in the soil, in mineral deposits, and even in crusts on the seafloor-it's always combined with other elements like nickel, copper, iron, or arsenic, such as in the bright crimson arsenate mineral erythrite . (mentalfloss.com)
- In September 2004 Uganda Gold Mining Ltd. (YGM) signed an agreement with Kilembe Mines Ltd. whereby UGM can earn a 70% interest in the Kilembe Copper-Cobalt Mine in western Uganda by financing and carrying out exploration and completing a bankable feasibility study. (mbendi.co.za)
- Previously, Falconbridge Ltd. worked the mine and between 1956 and 1977, the mine produced over 16,000,000 tonnes of ore grading 1.98% copper and 0.17% cobalt. (mbendi.co.za)
- In the two zones Lower Bukangama and Eastern, he reported an in-situ resource of 3.15 million tonnes grading 0.18% cobalt and 0.97% copper. (mbendi.co.za)
- The Bureau of Mines in 1983 examined the Skagway B-4 quadrangle in southeast Alaska for volcanic host rocks similar to those that host the stratiform world class windy craggy copper-cobalt-gold deposit located across the U.S.-Canadian border 50 miles to the northwest. (cdc.gov)
Sulphate2
- With underground access at Castle, a pilot plant to produce cobalt-rich gravity concentrates on site, and a proprietary hydrometallurgical process known as Re-2OX for the creation of technical grade cobalt sulphate as well as nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) formulations, Canada Cobalt is strategically positioned to become a vertically integrated North American leader in cobalt extraction and recovery while it also exploits a powerful new silver-gold market cycle. (newswire.ca)
- Sales of cobalt sulphate are projected to grow consistently at a pace of 8.3% , reaching a value of US$ 9.09 billion by 2033 .The growth of the market is driven by the increasing demand for cobalt sulfate in the battery industry, particularly for lithium-ion batteries. (globenewswire.com)
Congolese1
- But the countrys poorly regulated artisanal mines, which produce a small but not-negligeable percentage of its total output, have tarnished the image of Congolese cobalt. (forbes.com)
Radioactive13
- Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high-energy gamma rays. (wikipedia.org)
- Cobalt exists in both radioactive and non-radioactive forms. (cdc.gov)
- Several radioactive isotopes of cobalt exist. (cdc.gov)
- Radioactive cobalt is used for commercial and medical purposes. (cdc.gov)
- Radioactive cobalt decays or changes into a stable non-radioactive substance. (cdc.gov)
- The general population is rarely exposed to radioactive cobalt. (cdc.gov)
- Workers at nuclear facilities, irradiation facilities, or nuclear waste storage sites may be exposed to small amounts of radioactive cobalt and its radiation. (cdc.gov)
- The health effects of ionizing radiation from cobalt or other radioactive materials are addressed in the ToxFAQs for Ionizing Radiation . (cdc.gov)
- The radiation is delivered through Cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope used in radiotherapy. (brusselstribunal.org)
- decreasing the amount of radioactive cobalt in the Cobalt is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, soil, environment. (cdc.gov)
- medical equipment and consumer products, radiation therapy ` The general population is rarely exposed to radioactive for treating cancer patients, manufacturing plastics, and cobalt unless a person is undergoing radiation therapy. (cdc.gov)
- Two types of tests are available for radioactive cobalt. (cdc.gov)
- Cancer has been shown, however, in animals that breathed is to see if you have been exposed to a large dose of cobalt or when cobalt was placed directly into the muscle or radiation, and the other is to see if radioactive cobalt is in under the skin. (cdc.gov)
Mining4
- Together with BMW, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics, we are committed to sustainable cobalt mining. (basf.com)
- Currently, companies are facing challenges in the areas of environment, health and safety, and human rights when cobalt is extracted through artisanal mining. (basf.com)
- This is the first time partners from automotive, chemical and consumer electronics industries have come together in a project on the ground to address the challenges of artisanal cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (basf.com)
- GlobalData uses proprietary data and analytics to provide a complete picture of this market in its Global Cobalt Mining to 2030 report. (mining-technology.com)
Congo5
- The Copperbelt in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Zambia yields most of the global cobalt production. (wikipedia.org)
- As part of a cross-industry initiative, the companies BMW Group, BASF SE, Samsung SDI and Samsung Electronics have launched a joint cobalt pilot project in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (basf.com)
- Congo produced 72 percent of the worlds cobalt last year, according to Darton Commodities. (forbes.com)
- The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) has more cobalt than the rest of the world combined. (forbes.com)
- How am I free," said Irving, the Dallas Mavericks superstar, "if I know kids are still working in cobalt mines in the Congo, making Teslas? (forbes.com)
Aluminate2
- The compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints and varnishes. (wikipedia.org)
- The famed 'cobalt blue' is actually the result of the compound cobalt aluminate. (mentalfloss.com)
Hydroxide1
- It is readily oxidized with water and oxygen to brown cobalt(III) hydroxide (Co(OH)3). (wikipedia.org)
Pigment3
- The color was long attributed to the element bismuth, depriving cobalt of pigment fame. (mentalfloss.com)
- Cobalt phosphate is used to make a violet pigment, and cobalt green is achieved by combining cobalt oxides with zinc oxides. (mentalfloss.com)
- Laurie and Blockx consider cobalt yellow chemically illogical for a permanent pigment. (webexhibits.org)
CoCl22
- citation needed] Four dihalides of cobalt(II) are known: cobalt(II) fluoride (CoF2, pink), cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2, blue), cobalt(II) bromide (CoBr2, green), cobalt(II) iodide (CoI2, blue-black). (wikipedia.org)
- Objectives: The aims of the study were to clarify to what extent CoNPs may elicit ACD responses in participants with Co contact allergy, and to evaluate whether the nanoparticles cause a distinct immune response compared with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in the skin reactions. (lu.se)
Alloy3
- Cobalt drill bits are not made of pure cobalt , but rather a steel alloy with 5 to 8 percent cobalt. (howstuffworks.com)
- it's not a paint or plating -- cobalt drill bits are cobalt alloy through and through. (howstuffworks.com)
- Built to power through hard metals, including stainless steel, these high-performance bits are crafted from industrial-strength Cobalt Alloy Steel for long life, with a 135-degree split point for fast, clean, burr-free drilling. (dewalt.com)
0.171
- Assay results for this hole include 0.17% nickel and 114 ppm cobalt over 322.77 metres and includes a 52.50 metre interval of 0.20% Ni + 115 ppm Co at the bottom of the hole (Table 1). (businesswire.com)
Oxides2
- Several oxides of cobalt are known. (wikipedia.org)
- Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature: CoO (Néel temperature 291 K) and Co3O4 (Néel temperature: 40 K), which is analogous to magnetite (Fe3O4), with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states. (wikipedia.org)
North America2
- North America is the largest market for cobalt sulfate, and it is expected to continue to be the largest market during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
- The United States is the largest market for cobalt sulfate in North America. (globenewswire.com)
Sulfate11
- Cobalt sulfate, also known as cobaltous sulfate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CoSO₄. (globenewswire.com)
- This research report aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the cobalt sulfate market, including its current trends, growth factors, challenges, and future prospects. (globenewswire.com)
- The global cobalt sulfate market is segmented by application, region, and company. (globenewswire.com)
- The growth of the North American market is driven by the increasing demand for cobalt sulfate in the battery industry, particularly for lithium-ion batteries. (globenewswire.com)
- Europe is the second largest market for cobalt sulfate, and it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period. (globenewswire.com)
- Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are the largest markets for cobalt sulfate in Europe. (globenewswire.com)
- The growth of the Asia Pacific market is driven by the increasing demand for cobalt sulfate in China, India, and Japan. (globenewswire.com)
- China is the largest market for cobalt sulfate in Asia Pacific. (globenewswire.com)
- The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the cobalt sulfate market, including the market size, growth drivers, challenges, and opportunities. (globenewswire.com)
- Structure and magnetic properties of an amine-templated one-dimensional cobalt-fluoro-sulfate containing Co 4 F 4 cubane and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of its derived carbon-wrapped CoSe 2 nanorods. (bvsalud.org)
- Amine -templated 1D cobalt fluoro sulfate of the composition [(CH3)2NH2]2[Co4F4(SO4)3(C3N2H4)4], consisting of Co4F4 cubane-type secondary building unit, has been synthesized under solvothermal condition. (bvsalud.org)
Chloride1
- The reduction potential for the reaction Co3+ + e− → Co2+ is +1.92 V, beyond that for chlorine to chloride, +1.36 V. Consequently, cobalt(III) chloride would spontaneously reduce to cobalt(II) chloride and chlorine. (wikipedia.org)
Ores3
- Today, some cobalt is produced specifically from one of a number of metallic-lustered ores, such as cobaltite (CoAsS). (wikipedia.org)
- Though the vapors actually arose from the arsenic also contained in the ores, when chemists later extracted cobalt from these minerals, the name stuck. (mentalfloss.com)
- It was not until the 1730s that Swedish chemist George Brandt purified and identified cobalt from arsenic-containing ores, then another 50 years until Torbern Bergman, another Swede, verified Brandt's new element. (mentalfloss.com)
20221
- According to GlobalData, Canada is the world's fifth-largest producer of cobalt in 2022, with output down by 6.74% on 2021. (mining-technology.com)
Amounts2
- Cobalt is beneficial to human health in minimal quantities but can be harmful in large amounts. (cdc.gov)
- Roughing cobalt square end mills remove large amounts of material from a workpiece more quickly than finishing cobalt square end mills. (grainger.com)
Occupational1
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has or in your chromosomes that occur at 3 to 5 times the annual determined that cobalt and cobalt compounds are possibly occupational dose limit. (cdc.gov)
Mines2
- Although BASF does not procure cobalt from artisanal mines, we actively support "Cobalt for Development" as it aims to look for new ways to improve the sustainability of the supply chain. (basf.com)
- The „Cobalt for Development" project team visits an artisanal mine in Kolwezi, DR Kongo, with the Minister of Mines for Lualaba Province, Jean-Marie Tshizainga Sanama Popa. (basf.com)
20192
- Canada Cobalt and PolyMet have executed an amendment dated December 3, 2019 , to their original binding Letter of Intent (the "Transaction", refer to October 10, 2019 news release) which provided for an issuance of shares by Canada Cobalt at a price of $0.34 as payment for PolyMet shares. (newswire.ca)
- The project was partially constructed when Jervois acquired it in July 2019, with more than $120-million invested by the previous owners since the discovery of the cobalt deposit. (miningweekly.com)
Teletherapy2
- Cobalt 60 radiotherapy, also known as teletherapy, is a technique used to treat cancer by exposing the tumor to high doses of radiation. (brusselstribunal.org)
- Cobalt-60 teletherapy : a compendium of international practice, a joint undertaking of the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Health Organization / compiled by Montague Cohen and Joseph S. Mitchell. (who.int)
Radiotherapy7
- What Is Cobalt 60 Radiotherapy? (brusselstribunal.org)
- If you're curious about radiation and what it means for your health, you might have heard of Cobalt 60 radiotherapy. (brusselstribunal.org)
- So, what is Cobalt 60 radiotherapy? (brusselstribunal.org)
- In this article, we'll explore in detail what Cobalt 60 radiotherapy is, how it works, and the potential risks and benefits associated with it. (brusselstribunal.org)
- Treating cancer with Cobalt-60 radiotherapy has several advantages. (brusselstribunal.org)
- In conclusion, Cobalt 60 radiotherapy is a valuable form of cancer treatment that has been used to treat a variety of cancers for decades. (brusselstribunal.org)
- If you have any further questions regarding cobalt 60 radiotherapy, then it's best to consult your doctor for more information. (brusselstribunal.org)
Ferromagnetic2
- Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with a specific gravity of 8.9. (wikipedia.org)
- Cobalt is one of the few elements that are ferromagnetic , which means it can become magnetized when exposed to an external magnetic field. (mentalfloss.com)
Respiratory1
- At sufficiently high levels, cobalt adversely affects respiratory and hematological systems. (cdc.gov)
Exposure5
- Food is the largest sources of exposure to cobalt for the general population and levels in most foods are low. (cdc.gov)
- Exposure to high levels of cobalt can result in adverse effects to blood, lungs, and skin. (cdc.gov)
- Food and drinking water and paints, and used as a drier for porcelain enamel and are the largest sources of exposure to cobalt for the general paints. (cdc.gov)
- Nonradioactive cobalt has not been found to cause cancer in humans or animals following exposure in food or water. (cdc.gov)
- The authors conclude that a hazard existed from airborne exposure to cobalt. (cdc.gov)
Https1
- IEA, Total cobalt demand by sector and scenario, 2020-2040 , IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/total-cobalt-demand-by-sector-and-scenario-2020-2040, IEA. (iea.org)
Particles3
Tonnes1
- The $110 million cobalt plant has the capacity to produce around 1,000 tonnes a year of cobalt, but was shut down and put on maintenance in August 2002 after losing an average of $18 million a year. (mbendi.co.za)
Metallic1
- Metallic cobalt occurs as two crystallographic structures: hcp and fcc. (wikipedia.org)
Inorganic1
- Cobalt in inorganic form is also a micronutrient for bacteria, algae, and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
Oxidation2
- citation needed] Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2 and +3, although compounds with oxidation states ranging from −3 to +5 are also known. (wikipedia.org)
- The oxidation number of cobalt in dicobalt trioxide is 3 . (webelements.com)
Ceramics1
- Cobalt compounds are also used to color glass, ceramics air, eating food, or drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Strata2
- Using standard export formats, Cobalt projects to be brought into your other Strata apps to produce stunning photoreal images, expressive animations, virtual reality presentations and even augmented reality visualizations. (strata.com)
- Share, explore and realize your design vision with Cobalt and the entire Strata line of tools. (strata.com)
Metals4
- With its 27 protons, cobalt is sandwiched between iron and nickel in the middle portion of the periodic table with the other 'transition' metals, which bridge the main group elements located on either side. (mentalfloss.com)
- When mixed with the right metals, cobalt can also help create materials called 'superalloys' that keep their strength under huge stress and high temperatures-advantageous, for instance, in a jet engine. (mentalfloss.com)
- Scientists such as chemist Patrick Holland at Yale University are looking at ways to use cobalt in place of the more rare and expensive metals often used in industrial catalysts. (mentalfloss.com)
- Cobalt drill bits are particularly successful in cutting through hard metals such as stainless steel and cast iron, although they can be used for softer materials, too. (howstuffworks.com)
Radiation therapy2
- 60 Co (read as cobalt sixty) is used for sterilizing medical equipment and consumer products, radiation therapy for treating cancer patients, manufacturing plastics, and irradiating food to increase shelf life. (cdc.gov)
- Some radiation therapy patients may be exposed to radiation from cobalt located inside a therapy machine. (cdc.gov)
Cancer3
Magnetic1
- Cobalt remains magnetic at extremely high temperatures, making it very useful for the specialized magnets in generators and hard drives. (mentalfloss.com)
Paints2
Ownership1
- Cobalt International has ownership stakes in deepwater prospects in the Gulf of Mexico and the African countries of Angola and Gabon, but investors will have to wait until at least 2012 for revenues. (pehub.com)
Beneficial1
- Cobalt has both beneficial and harmful effects on health. (cdc.gov)
Production3
- Cobalt is a key component in the production of batteries for the automotive and electronics industries. (basf.com)
- Cobalt promises that this problem will be rectified, either in the mold or by shimming the drives on production models. (boatingmag.com)
- In January 2004 the Kasese Cobalt Company Ltd (KCCL) announced that it would resume cobalt production at its plant in Uganda february 2004 amid higher prices for the metal. (mbendi.co.za)
Global1
- BASF is committed to a responsible and sustainable global supply chain for cobalt. (basf.com)
Vitamin2
Estimate1
- estimate how much cobalt you were exposed to. (cdc.gov)
Naturally3
- Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope, cobalt-59. (wikipedia.org)
- Cobalt (Co) is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, soils, water, and air. (cdc.gov)
- Cobalt takes what music lovers around the world have come to expect from the multi-award-winning DragonFly family-naturally beautiful, seductive sound-and strips away fuzz and fog that weren't even noticeable until Cobalt removed them. (stereophile.com)
Price3
- Each warrant will entitle the holder thereof to purchase one additional common share of Canada Cobalt at an exercise price of $0.50 for a period of two years from closing of the Transaction. (newswire.ca)
- As a result, the cost of sitting at the helm of a Cobalt is akin to the price of a courtside seat during the playoffs. (boatingmag.com)
- The Kasese mine is situated 420km west of Kampala in the south western parts of Uganda, near the DRC was placed on care and maintenance pending an improvement in the cobalt price in 2002. (mbendi.co.za)
Blue6
- In a borax bead flame test, cobalt shows deep blue in both oxidizing and reducing flames. (wikipedia.org)
- Inject some colour into your wardrobe with this vibrant cobalt-blue shirt. (cos.com)
- Cobalt hides out in everyday objects and happenings around us, from batteries and blue paint to medical procedures. (mentalfloss.com)
- From Egypt to China, artisans created blue glass from cobalt compounds for thousands of years. (mentalfloss.com)
- This season, it's all about that bright, cobalt blue color reminiscent of the hue seen on homes up and down the Grecian coast. (apartmenttherapy.com)
- And a saturated cobalt blue is the main theme that runs through the collection. (apartmenttherapy.com)
Metal1
- Cobalt drill bits are often more expensive than other drill bits, but if you regularly drill through metal, they are a good investment since they tend to last longer. (howstuffworks.com)
Color2
- New cobalt drill bits are a dull gold color, making them distinctive on the shelf (or in your toolbox). (howstuffworks.com)
- If cobalt isn't your favorite color, the CB2 and Azeeza homewares are also available in standard black and white, as well as playful pinks and emerald greens. (apartmenttherapy.com)
Content1
- Designed for capturing raw 8K, 6K, and 4K video, the 325GB CFexpress 2.0 Type B Cobalt Memory Card from ProGrade Digital provides read speeds of up to 1700 MB/s, which helps to quickly offload content to your computer, and write speeds of up to 1500 MB/s. (bhphotovideo.com)