Cnidarian venoms. Medical search

Venoms from jellyfish; CORALS; SEA ANEMONES; etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neuro-toxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.

A phylum of radially symmetrical invertebrates characterized by possession of stinging cells called nematocysts. It includes the classes ANTHOZOA; CUBOZOA; HYDROZOA, and SCYPHOZOA. Members carry CNIDARIAN VENOMS.

A class in the phylum CNIDARIA which alternates between polyp and medusa forms during their life cycle. There are over 2700 species in five orders.

The order Actiniaria, in the class ANTHOZOA, comprised of large, solitary polyps. All species are carnivorous.

Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.

A double-walled capsule found in jellyfish and other CNIDARIA whose functions include prey capture, defense, locomotion, and attachment. Nematocysts contain toxic CNIDARIAN VENOMS which are injected into the victim via a barbed tubule.

Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.

Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.

Venoms produced by the wasp (Vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms.

The class of true jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA. They are mostly free-swimming marine organisms that go through five stages in their life cycle and exhibit two body forms: polyp and medusa.

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

Phylum of marine colenterates characterized by eight comb rows of fused cilia on the body surface. In contrast to CNIDARIA they lack stinging cells, but they are voracious predators and possess sticky cells (colloblasts) for capturing prey. Most species are transparent and many exhibit bioluminescence.

A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.

Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.

A phylum of primitive invertebrate animals that exemplify a simple body organization. Trichoplax adhaerens is considered a key species for early metazoan evolution.

The class of box jellyfish, in the phylum CNIDARIA, characterized by their cube shape, and considered the most venomous jellyfish.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Single-celled, aquatic endoparasitic worms that are currently considered belonging to the phylum CNIDARIA. They have a complex life cycle and parasitize a wide range of hosts including FISHES; ANNELIDA; and BRYOZOA.

A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.

Animals that have no spinal column.

Venoms produced by FISHES, including SHARKS and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. They contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the HEART specifically and all MUSCLES generally.

The phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of ALKALOIDS; STEROLS; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research.

Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.

A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

The continuous sequence of changes undergone by living organisms during the post-embryonic developmental process, such as metamorphosis in insects and amphibians. This includes the developmental stages of apicomplexans such as the malarial parasite, PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)

Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.

Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Profound physical changes during maturation of living organisms from the immature forms to the adult forms, such as from TADPOLES to frogs; caterpillars to BUTTERFLIES.

A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Genes that encode highly conserved TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that control positional identity of cells (BODY PATTERNING) and MORPHOGENESIS throughout development. Their sequences contain a 180 nucleotide sequence designated the homeobox, so called because mutations of these genes often results in homeotic transformations, in which one body structure replaces another. The proteins encoded by homeobox genes are called HOMEODOMAIN PROTEINS.

The processes occurring in early development that direct morphogenesis. They specify the body plan ensuring that cells will proceed to differentiate, grow, and diversify in size and shape at the correct relative positions. Included are axial patterning, segmentation, compartment specification, limb position, organ boundary patterning, blood vessel patterning, etc.

Synthetic analogs of NUCLEIC ACIDS composed of morpholine ring derivatives (MORPHOLINES) linked by phosphorodimidates. One standard DNA nucleic acid base (ADENINE; GUANINE; CYTOSINE; OR THYMINE) is bound to each morpholine ring.

A process of complicated morphogenetic cell movements that reorganizes a bilayer embryo into one with three GERM LAYERS and specific orientation (dorsal/ventral; anterior/posterior). Gastrulation describes the germ layer development of a non-mammalian BLASTULA or that of a mammalian BLASTOCYST.

Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)

Photosensitive proteins in the membranes of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS such as the rods and the cones. Opsins have varied light absorption properties and are members of the G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS family. Their ligands are VITAMIN A-based chromophores.

A genus of cone-shaped marine snails in the family Conidae, class GASTROPODA. It comprises more than 600 species, many containing unique venoms (CONUS VENOMS) with which they immobilize their prey.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A portion of the animal phylum Chordata comprised of the subphyla CEPHALOCHORDATA; UROCHORDATA, and HYPEROTRETI, but not including the Vertebrata (VERTEBRATES). It includes nonvertebrate animals having a NOTOCHORD during some developmental stage.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

The internal fragments of precursor proteins (INternal proTEINS) that are autocatalytically removed by PROTEIN SPLICING. The flanking fragments (EXTEINS) are ligated forming mature proteins. The nucleic acid sequences coding for inteins are considered to be MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Inteins are composed of self-splicing domains and an endonuclease domain which plays a role in the spread of the intein's genomic sequence. Mini-inteins are composed of the self-splicing domains only.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Bites and stings inflicted by insects.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

Cellular and ionic basis for T-wave alternans under long-QT conditions. (1/271)

BACKGROUND: T-wave alternans (TWA), an ECG phenomenon characterized by beat-to-beat alternation of the morphology, amplitude, and/or polarity of the T wave, is commonly observed in the acquired and congenital long-QT syndromes (LQTS). This study examines the cellular and ionic basis for TWA induced by rapid pacing under conditions mimicking the LQT3 form of the congenital LQTS in an arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Transmembrane action potentials from epicardial, M, and endocardial cells and 6 to 8 intramural unipolar electrograms were simultaneously recorded together with a transmural ECG and isometric tension development. In the presence of sea anemone toxin (ATX-II; 20 nmol/L), an increase in pacing rate (from a cycle length [CL] of 500 to 400 to 250 ms) produced a wide spectrum of T-wave and mechanical alternans. Acceleration to CLs of 400 to 300 ms produced mild to moderate TWA principally due to beat-to-beat alternation of repolarization of cells in the M region. Transmural dispersion of repolarization during alternans was exaggerated during alternate beats. Acceleration to CLs of 300 to 250 ms caused more pronounced beat-to-beat alternation of action potential duration (APD) of the M cell, resulting in a reversal of repolarization sequence across the ventricular wall, leading to alternation in the polarity of the T wave. The peak of the negative T waves coincided with repolarization of the M region, whereas the end of the negative T wave coincided with the repolarization of epicardium. In almost all cases, electrical alternans was concordant with mechanical alternans. Torsade de pointes occurred after an abrupt acceleration of CL, which was associated with marked TWA. Both ryanodine and low [Ca2+]o completely suppressed alternans of the T wave, APD, and contraction, suggesting a critical role for intracellular Ca2+ cycling in the maintenance of TWA. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that TWA observed at rapid rates under long-QT conditions is largely the result of alternation of the M-cell APD, leading to exaggeration of transmural dispersion of repolarization during alternate beats, and thus the potential for development of torsade de pointes. Our data also suggest that unlike transient forms of TWA that damp out quickly and depend on electrical restitution factors, the steady-state electrical and mechanical alternans demonstrated in this study appears to be largely the result of beat-to-beat alternans of [Ca2+]i. (+info)

ATX II, a sodium channel toxin, sensitizes skeletal muscle to halothane, caffeine, and ryanodine. (2/271)

BACKGROUND: The function or expression of subtypes of the sodium ion (Na+) channel is altered in biopsies or cultures of skeletal muscle from many persons who are susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). ATX II, a specific Na+ channel toxin from a sea anemone, causes delayed inactivation of the channel similar to that seen in cell cultures of MH muscle. ATX II was added to skeletal muscle to determine whether altered Na+ channel function could increase the sensitivity of normal skeletal muscle to agents (halothane, caffeine, ryanodine) to which MH muscle is hypersensitive. METHODS: Studies were performed of fiber bundles from the vastus lateralis muscle of persons who were deemed not MH susceptible (MH-) or MH susceptible (MH+) according to the MH diagnostic test and of strips of diaphragm muscle from rats. Preparations in a tissue bath containing Krebs solution were connected to a force transducer. ATX II was introduced 5 min before halothane, caffeine, or ryanodine. RESULTS: ATX II increased the magnitude of contracture to halothane in preparations from most MH-, but not MH+, human participants. After ATX II treatment, preparations from 9 of 24 MH- participants generated contractures to halothane, 3%, that were of the same magnitude as those from MH+ participants. Preparations from four of six ATX II-treated healthy participants also gave responses of the same magnitude as those of MH-susceptible participants to a graded halothane challenge (0.5-3%). The contractures to bolus doses of halothane in specimens from male participants were more than three times larger than the contractures in specimens from female participants. In rat muscle, ATX II increased the magnitude of contracture to caffeine (2 mM) and decreased the time to produce a 1-g contracture to ryanodine (1 microM). CONCLUSIONS: ATX II, which causes delayed inactivation of the Na+ channel in cell cultures similar to that reported in cultures of MH+ skeletal muscle, increased the sensitivity of normal muscle to three agents to which MH+ muscle is hypersensitive. The increased sensitivity to halothane, 3%, occurred in most (79%), but not all, MH- participants, and this effect was most evident in male participants. Therefore, abnormal function of the Na+ channel, even if it is a secondary event in MH, may contribute to a positive contracture test result for MH. (+info)

Structural conservation of the pores of calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin. (3/271)

The structurally defined sea anemone peptide toxins ShK and BgK potently block the intermediate conductance, Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel IKCa1, a well recognized therapeutic target present in erythrocytes, human T-lymphocytes, and the colon. The well characterized voltage-gated Kv1.3 channel in human T-lymphocytes is also blocked by both peptides, although ShK has a approximately 1,000-fold greater affinity for Kv1.3 than IKCa1. To gain insight into the architecture of the toxin receptor in IKCa1, we used alanine-scanning in combination with mutant cycle analyses to map the ShK-IKCa1 interface, and compared it with the ShK-Kv1.3 interaction surface. ShK uses the same five core residues, all clustered around the critical Lys(22), to interact with IKCa1 and Kv1.3, although it relies on a larger number of contacts to stabilize its weaker interactions with IKCa1 than with Kv1.3. The toxin binds to IKCa1 in a region corresponding to the external vestibule of Kv1.3, and the turret and outer pore of the structurally defined bacterial potassium channel, KcsA. Based on the NMR structure of ShK, we deduce the toxin receptor in IKCa1 to have x-y dimensions of approximately 22 A, a diameter of approximately 31 A, and a depth of approximately 8 A; we estimate that the ion selectivity lies approximately 13 A below the outer lip of the toxin receptor. These dimensions are in good agreement with those of the KcsA channel determined from its crystal structure, and the inferred structure of Kv1.3 based on mapping with scorpion toxins. Thus, these distantly related channels exhibit architectural similarities in the outer pore region. This information could facilitate development of specific and potent modulators of the therapeutically important IKCa1 channel. (+info)

Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of an eukaryotic pore-forming toxin from sea anemone: topology in lipid membranes. (4/271)

Equinatoxin II is a cysteineless pore-forming protein from the sea anemone Actinia equina. It readily creates pores in membranes containing sphingomyelin. Its topology when bound in lipid membranes has been studied using cysteine-scanning mutagenesis. At approximately every tenth residue, a cysteine was introduced. Nineteen single cysteine mutants were produced in Escherichia coli and purified. The accessibility of the thiol groups in lipid-embedded cysteine mutants was studied by reaction with biotin maleimide. Most of the mutants were modified, except those with cysteines at positions 105 and 114. Mutants R144C and S160C were modified only at high concentrations of the probe. Similar results were obtained if membrane-bound biotinylated mutants were tested for avidin binding, but in this case three more mutants gave a negative result: S1C, S13C and K43C. Furthermore, mutants S1C, S13C, K20C, K43C and S95C reacted with biotin only after insertion into the lipid, suggesting that they were involved in major conformational changes occurring upon membrane binding. These results were further confirmed by labeling the mutants with acrylodan, a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe. When labeled mutants were combined with vesicles, the following mutants exhibited blue-shifts, indicating the transfer of acrylodan into a hydrophobic environment: S13C, K20C, S105C, S114C, R120C, R144C and S160C. The overall results suggest that at least two regions are embedded within the lipid membrane: the N-terminal 13-20 region, probably forming an amphiphilic helix, and the tryptophan-rich 105-120 region. Arg144, Ser160 and residues nearby could be involved in making contacts with lipid headgroups. The association with the membrane appears to be unique and different from that of bacterial pore-forming proteins and therefore equinatoxin II may serve as a model for eukaryotic channel-forming toxins. (+info)

Increased hindrance on the chiral carbon atom of mexiletine enhances the block of rat skeletal muscle Na+ channels in a model of myotonia induced by ATX. (5/271)

1 The antiarrhythmic drug mexiletine (Mex) is also used against myotonia. Searching for a more efficient drug, a new compound (Me5) was synthesized substituting the methyl group on the chiral carbon atom of Mex by an isopropyl group. Effects of Me5 on Na+ channels were compared to those of Mex in rat skeletal muscle fibres using the cell-attached patch clamp method. 2 Me5 (10 microM) reduced the maximal sodium current (INa) by 29.7+/-4.4 % (n=6) at a frequency of stimulation of 0.3 Hz and 65.7+/-4.4 % (n=6) at 1 Hz. At same concentration (10 microM), Mex was incapable of producing any effect (n=3). Me5 also shifted the steady-state inactivation curves by -7. 9+/-0.9 mV (n=6) at 0.3 Hz and -12.2+/-1.0 mV (n=6) at 1 Hz. 3 In the presence of sea anemone toxin II (ATX; 5 microM), INa decayed more slowly and no longer to zero, providing a model of sodium channel myotonia. The effects of Me5 on peak INa were similar whatever ATX was present or not. Interestingly, Me5 did not modify the INa decay time constant nor the steady-state INa to peak INa ratio. 4 Analysis of ATX-induced late Na+ channel activity shows that Me5 did not affect mean open times and single-channel conductance, thus excluding open channel block property. 5 These results indicate that increasing hindrance on the chiral atom of Mex increases drug potency on wild-type and ATX-induced noninactivating INa and that Me5 might improve the prophylaxis of myotonia. (+info)

Mapping the functional anatomy of BgK on Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3. Clues to design analogs with enhanced selectivity. (6/271)

BgK is a peptide from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera, which blocks Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3 potassium channels. Using 25 analogs substituted at a single position by an alanine residue, we performed the complete mapping of the BgK binding sites for the three Kv1 channels. These binding sites included three common residues (Ser-23, Lys-25, and Tyr-26) and a variable set of additional residues depending on the particular channel. Shortening the side chain of Lys-25 by taking out the four methylene groups dramatically decreased the BgK affinity to all Kv1 channels tested. However, the analog K25Orn displayed increased potency on Kv1.2, which makes this peptide a selective blocker for Kv1.2 (K(D) 50- and 300-fold lower than for Kv1.1 and Kv1.3, respectively). BgK analogs with enhanced selectivity could also be made by substituting residues that are differentially involved in the binding to some of the three Kv1 channels. For example, the analog F6A was found to be >500-fold more potent for Kv1.1 than for Kv1.2 and Kv1.3. These results provide new information about the mechanisms by which a channel blocker distinguishes individual channels among closely related isoforms and give clues for designing analogs with enhanced selectivity. (+info)

Structure-function studies of tryptophan mutants of equinatoxin II, a sea anemone pore-forming protein. (7/271)

Equinatoxin II (EqtII) is a eukaryotic cytolytic toxin that avidly creates pores in natural and model lipid membranes. It contains five tryptophan residues in three different regions of the molecule. In order to study its interaction with the lipid membranes, three tryptophan mutants, EqtII Trp(45), EqtII Trp(116/117) and EqtII Trp(149), were prepared in an Escherichia coli expression system [here, the tryptophan mutants are classified according to the position of the remaining tryptophan residue(s) in each mutated protein]. They all possess a single intrinsic fluorescent centre. All mutants were less haemolytically active than the wild-type, although the mechanism of erythrocyte damage was the same. EqtII Trp(116/117) resembles the wild-type in terms of its secondary structure content, as determined from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and its fluorescent properties. Tryptophans at these two positions are buried within the hydrophobic interior of the protein, and are transferred to the lipid phase during the interaction with the lipid membrane. The secondary structure of the other two mutants, EqtII Trp(45) and EqtII Trp(149), was altered to a certain extent. EqtII Trp(149) was the most dissimilar from the wild-type, displaying a higher content of random-coil structure. It also retained the lowest number of nitrogen-bound protons after exchange with (2)H(2)O, which might indicate a reduced compactness of the molecule. Tryptophans in EqtII Trp(45) and EqtII Trp(149) were more exposed to water, and also remained as such in the membrane-bound form. (+info)

Differential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long QT syndrome. (8/271)

OBJECTIVES: To define the cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of life-threatening arrhythmias in response to sympathetic activity in the congenital and acquired long QT syndromes (LCQTS). METHODS: Transmembrane action potentials (AP) from epicardial (EPI), M and endocardial (ENDO) cells and a transmural electrocardiogram were simultaneously recorded from an arterially perfused wedge of canine left ventricle. We examined the effect of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on action potential duration (APD90), transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) and the development of Torsade de Pointes (TdP) in models of LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 forms of LQTS. RESULTS: I(Ks) block with chromanol 293B (LQT1) homogeneously prolonged APD90 of the three cell types without increasing TDR. Addition of isoproterenol prolonged QT and APD90 of M but abbreviated that of EPI and ENDO, causing a persistent increase in TDR; Torsade de Pointes developed or could be induced only in the presence of isoproterenol. I(Kr) block with d-sotalol (LQT2) and augmentation of late I(Na) with ATX-II (LQT3) prolonged APD90 of M more than EPI and ENDO, causing increases in QT and TDR. TdP developed in the absence of isoproterenol. In LQT2 isoproterenol initially prolonged, then abbreviated, the APD90 of M but always abbreviated EPI, thus transiently increasing TDR and the incidence of TdP. In LQT3, isoproterenol always abbreviated APD90 of the three cell types, causing a persistent decrease in TDR and suppression of TdP. The arrhythmogenic as well as protective actions of isoproterenol were reversed by propranolol. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that beta-adrenergic stimulation induces TdP by increasing transmural dispersion of repolarization in LQT1 and LQT2 but suppresses TdP by decreasing dispersion in LQT3. The data indicate that beta-blockers are protective in LQT1 and LQT2 but may facilitate TdP in LQT3. (+info)

Venom from animals such as cnidarians, scorpions and spiders may be species-specific. A substance that is weakly toxic for ... This prevents the cnidarian from stinging itself although sloughed off cnidae can be induced to fire independently. Over 30 ... Other cnidarians, such as the jellyfish Cyanea capillata (the "Lion's Mane" made famous by Sherlock Holmes) or the siphonophore ... Brinkman D, Burnell J (November 2007). "Identification, cloning and sequencing of two major venom proteins from the box ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidocyte

... wasp venoms MeSH D23.946.833.230 - cnidarian venoms MeSH D23.946.833.370 - fish venoms MeSH D23.946.833.590 - mollusk venoms ... cnidarian venoms MeSH D23.946.580.370 - fish venoms MeSH D23.946.580.450 - holothurin MeSH D23.946.580.565 - lyngbya toxins ... arthropod venoms MeSH D23.946.833.065.055 - ant venoms MeSH D23.946.833.065.115 - bee venoms MeSH D23.946.833.065.115.060 - ... viper venoms MeSH D23.946.833.850.960.200 - crotalid venoms MeSH D23.946.833.850.960.200.050 - ancrod MeSH D23.946.833.850. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D23)

Cnidarian Toxins and Venoms. 54 (8): 1071-1074. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.027. ISSN 0041-0101. PMID 19268681. da Silva, ... Venom is a type of poison, especially one secreted by an animal. Venom has evolved in a wide variety of animals, both predators ... Snake venom may have originated with duplication of genes that had been expressed in the salivary glands of ancestors. Venom is ... Venoms cause their biological effects via the toxins that they contain; some venoms are complex mixtures of toxins of differing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom

After many tests on frogs, it was determined that A. aurita has a proteinaceous venom that causes muscle twitching by inducing ... "Preliminary Results of the in Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of a Tentacle Venom Fraction from the Jellyfish Aurelia aurita ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelia_(cnidarian)

Prey of cnidarians ranges from plankton to animals several times larger than themselves.[34][37] Some cnidarians are parasites ... Nematocysts inject venom into prey, and usually have barbs to keep them embedded in the victims. Most species have nematocysts. ... Recent phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of cnidarians, as well as the position of cnidarians as the sister group of ... The position of Anthozoa nearest the beginning of the cnidarian family tree also implies that Anthozoa are the cnidarians most ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidarian

Pelagic cnidarians (jellyfish and related species) have nematocysts on their tentacles that eject a coiled microscopic thread ... These threads penetrate the surface of their target and release a series of complicated, biologically advanced venoms. Their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoplankton

Cnidarians[edit]. Cnidarians, such as jellyfish, sea anemones, Hydra and coral have numerous hair-like tentacles. Cnidarians ... The longer tentacles are equipped with cnidocytes whose venom paralyses and kills prey. The smaller tentacles guide food into ... "CNIDARIANS: SIMPLE ANIMALS WITH A STING!". oceanicresearch.org. Oceanic Research Group. Archived from the original on 7 July ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacle

The venom is injected through the hollow filament to immobilise the prey; the tentacles then manoeuvre the prey into the ... Many corals, as well as other cnidarian groups such as sea anemones form a symbiotic relationship with a class of ... These cells carry venom which they rapidly release in response to contact with another organism. A dormant nematocyst ... Coral reefs are extremely diverse marine ecosystems hosting over 4,000 species of fish, massive numbers of cnidarians, molluscs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral

... wasp venoms MeSH D20.888.230 - cnidarian venoms MeSH D20.888.370 - fish venoms MeSH D20.888.590 - mollusk venoms MeSH D20.888. ... arthropod venoms MeSH D20.888.065.055 - ant venoms MeSH D20.888.065.115 - bee venoms MeSH D20.888.065.115.060 - apamin MeSH ... viper venoms MeSH D20.888.850.960.200 - crotalid venoms MeSH D20.888.850.960.200.050 - ancrod MeSH D20.888.850.960.200.105 - ... snake venoms MeSH D20.888.850.325 - elapid venoms MeSH D20.888.850.325.139 - bungarotoxins MeSH D20.888.850.325.220 - cobra ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D20)

Cnidarians and ctenophoresEdit. Cnidarians, such as jellyfish, sea anemones, Hydra and coral have numerous hair-like tentacles ... The longer tentacles are equipped with cnidocytes whose venom paralyses and kills prey. The smaller tentacles guide food into ... Cnidarians have huge numbers of cnidocytes on their tentacles. In medusoid form, the body floats on water so that the tentacles ... "CNIDARIANS: SIMPLE ANIMALS WITH A STING!". oceanicresearch.org. Oceanic Research Group. Archived from the original on 7 July ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacle

The venom contains, among other components, numerous ion channel-blocking peptides. In 1995, a group led by Olga Castaneda and ... HMP2 and PMP-1 are astacin metalloproteinases from the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris and the jellyfish Podocoryne carnea that ... These proteins are involved in mammalian reproduction as well as in the venoms of some snakes. In both cases, the mechanism is ... Yamazaki Y, Morita T (September 2004). "Structure and function of snake venom cysteine-rich secretory proteins". Toxicon. 44 (3 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stichodactyla_toxin

The venom is a mix of toxins, including neurotoxins, that paralyzes the prey so the anemone can move it to the mouth for ... Unlike other cnidarians, anemones (and other anthozoans) entirely lack the free-swimming medusal stage of their lifecycle; the ... As cnidarians, sea anemones are related to corals, jellyfish, tube-dwelling anemones, and Hydra. Unlike jellyfish, sea anemones ... The muscles and nerves are much simpler than those of most other animals, although more specialised than in other cnidarians, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemone

Like many cnidarians, they rely on nematocysts for protection and to capture prey. They are not difficult to care for, and can ... The nematocyte venom of A. mutabilis contains at least one or more toxins with powerful cytolytic activity. However, conditions ... Like most nematocysts found in cnidarians, the nematocysts of A. mutabilis injects a tubule of venomous substances as a respose ... Marino, A.; Morabito, R.; La Spada, G. (March 2009). "Factors altering the haemolytic power of crude venom from Aiptasia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiptasia_mutabilis

Prey of cnidarians ranges from plankton to animals several times larger than themselves. Some cnidarians are parasites, mainly ... A tough capsule, the cnida, which houses the thread, its payload and a mixture of chemicals that may include venom or adhesives ... Hence, cnidarians and ctenophores have traditionally been labelled diploblastic, along with sponges. However, both cnidarians ... Recent phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of cnidarians, as well as the position of cnidarians as the sister group of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria

"Therapeutic Value Of Peptides From Animal Venoms". Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010, pp. 287-303.. .William R. Kem, ... "Coelenteron , Cnidarian Anatomy". Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/science/coelenteron ."Stichodactyla ... 2017). Peptide therapeutics from venom: Current status and potential. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 26. 10.1016/j.bmc. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stichodactyla_helianthus

... the two basic body plans of cnidarians. Both of these body plans comprise entire individuals in non-colonial cnidarians (for ... The stinging, venom-filled nematocysts in the tentacles of the Portuguese man o' war can paralyze small fish and other prey. ... A small fish, Nomeus gronovii (the man-of-war fish or shepherd fish), is partially immune to the venom from the stinging cells ... The blanket octopus is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o' war; young individuals have been observed to carry broken ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_man_o'_war

This structure is believed to carry most of the venom within the entire nematocyst. The umbrella-shaped fleshy body of C. ... Burke, William (2002). "Cnidarians and human skin". Dermatologic Therapy. 15: 18-25. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8019.2002.01508.x. ... Chiropsoides buitendijki has potent venom that can harm human skin. Several reported cases of human injury have been reported ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropsoides

Other preyed upon animals are paralysed with venom before being eaten; venom can also be used to start digesting the animal. ... 1018 molluscs and 1016 cnidarians, for a total of 1021 wild animals. It has been estimated that there are 2.25 times more wild ... Paley also contended that venom is a merciful way for poisonous animals to kill the animals that they predate. The problem of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering

The proteins closest in structure to the macins are a superfamily of proteins derived from scorpion venom, dubbed the scorpion ... Hydramacin-1 was first isolated from epithelial cells of the cnidarian Hydra, a small (almost-microscopic) freshwater animal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydramacin-1

... and throes were observed following venom injection. S. cyanea venom also contains some antibacterial activity. Human accidents ... "A report of 49 cases of cnidarian envenoming from southeastern Brazilian coastal waters". Toxicon. 40 (10): 1445-1450. ... The venom of Conus is a conotoxin, whose action occurs by blocking muscle and neural receptors. Two cases were recorded by ... Phoneutria nigriventer venom contains two fractions PhTx-1 and PhTx-2 which are potent for primates, however, the spider has ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_attacks_in_Latin_America

In some slow-moving radially symmetrical marine animals such as ctenophores and cnidarians (including sea anemones and ... They have mouthparts called chelicerae which are often connected to venom glands as most spiders are venomous. They have a ... the gelatinous cuticle of cnidarians (polyps, sea anemones, jellyfish) and the collagenous cuticle of annelids. The outer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_physiology

The tentacles are armed with nematocysts, venom-containing cells which can be fired harpoon-fashion to snare and subdue prey. ... Anthozoa is the largest taxon of cnidarians; over six thousand solitary and colonial species have been described. They range in ... the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthozoa

Yue Y, Yu H, Li R, Liu S, Xing R, Li P (March 2019). "Insights into individual variations in nematocyst venoms from the giant ... the largest cnidarian in the world. It is edible but not considered high quality. It is the only species in the monotypic genus ... the envenomations can cause death.The nematocyst venom of the N. Nomurai is composed of complex, toxic mixtures of proteins. ... which could predict specific symptoms from the venom and aid in treatment. Using experimental omics-based approaches, research ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura's_jellyfish

Examples include the crotamine toxin in snake venom, many scorpion toxins, some sea anemone toxins, and one of the toxins in ... "Evolution of cnidarian trans-defensins: Sequence, structure and exploration of chemical space". Proteins. 87 (7): 551-560. doi: ... There appear to have been multiple evolutionary recruitments of defensins to be toxin proteins used in the venoms of animals. ... June 2008). "Defensins and the convergent evolution of platypus and reptile venom genes". Genome Research. 18 (6): 986-94. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensin

Examples include the crotamine toxin in snake venom,[30] many scorpion toxins,[31] some sea anemone toxins,[10] and one of the ... Mitchell ML, Shafee T, Papenfuss AT, Norton RS (July 2019). "Evolution of cnidarian trans-defensins: Sequence, structure and ... There appear to have been multiple evolutionary recruitments of defensins to be toxin proteins used in the venoms of animals.[ ... "Defensins and the convergent evolution of platypus and reptile venom genes". Genome Research. 18 (6): 986-94. doi:10.1101/gr. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensin

Although they lack a true brain, cnidarian jellyfish have a "ring" nervous system that plays a significant role in motor and ... Contact with a jellyfish tentacle can trigger millions of nematocysts to pierce the skin and inject venom, but only some ... The subphylum Medusozoa includes all cnidarians with a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic cycle is egg, planula larva ... Purcell, J.; Arai, M. (2001). Purcell, J. E; Graham, W. M; Dumont, H. J (eds.). "Interactions of pelagic cnidarians and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish

... sinica to be likely stem-cnidarian. Pseudooides prima is interpreted as a cnidarian and a senior synonym of Hexaconularia ... A study on the anatomy of the teeth and maxilla of Euchambersia mirabilis and its implications for the hypothesis that venom ... 2017). Fossilized cnidarian medusae are described from the Cambrian Zabriskie Quartzite (California, United States) by ... Jerzy Dzik; Andrzej Baliński; Yuanlin Sun (2017). "The origin of tetraradial symmetry in cnidarians". Lethaia. 50 (2): 306-321 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_paleontology

... are probably extremely reduced cnidarians).[17] ... Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organisms

Cnidarians can be compared to Ctenophores (comb jellyfish), which although are both jellyfish, have very different nervous ... Unlike Cnidarians, Ctenophores have neurons that use electrochemical signaling. This was perplexing because the phylum ... The other theory states that the nervous system arose independently twice, one basal to Cnidarians and one basal to Ctenophores ... Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems

Venom[edit]. Further information: Venom and Evolution of snake venom. Many smaller predators such as the box jellyfish use ... most cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, hydroids), ctenophora (comb jellies), echinoderms (e.g., sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars ... venom to subdue their prey,[86] and venom can also aid in digestion (as is the case for rattlesnakes and some spiders).[87][88] ... However, when the prey is capable of killing the predator (as can a coral snake with its venom), there is no opportunity for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator

Like cnidarians (jellyfish, etc.) and ctenophores (comb jellies), and unlike all other known metazoans, sponges' bodies consist ... there is no evidence that they use venom.[37] ... Cnidarians and ctenophores[23]. Nervous system. No. Yes, simple ... cnidarians and bilaterians). Since choanoflagellates are thought to be animals' closest single-celled relatives, a team of ... cnidarians; algae; foraminiferans; a completely separate phylum of animals, Archaeocyatha; or even a completely separate ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sponge

Like cnidarians (jellyfish, etc.) and ctenophores (comb jellies), and unlike all other known metazoans, sponges' bodies are ... there is no evidence that they use venom.[11] ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge

"Australian Venom Research Unit. Retrieved 2008-10-03.. *^ a b Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W.; Rifkin, J. (1996 ... Their venom is a complex mixture of toxins, some fast-acting and others slower but deadlier.[100][96][101] The effects of ... Some molluscs sting or bite, but deaths from mollusc venoms total less than 10% of those from jellyfish stings.[96] ... but their venom kills 25% of human victims. Another tropical species, Octopus apollyon, causes severe inflammation that can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusks

VenomEdit. Further information: Venom and Evolution of snake venom. Many smaller predators such as the box jellyfish use venom ... most cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, hydroids), ctenophora (comb jellies), echinoderms (e.g., sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars ... However, when the prey is capable of killing the predator (as can a coral snake with its venom), there is no opportunity for ... A more symmetric arms race may occur when the prey are dangerous, having spines, quills, toxins or venom that can harm the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation

Cnidarians and ctenophores have simple nervous systems, and their cell layers are bound by internal connections and by being ... there is no evidence that they use venom. Most known carnivorous sponges have completely lost the water flow system and ... Like cnidarians (jellyfish, etc.) and ctenophores (comb jellies), and unlike all other known metazoans, sponges' bodies consist ... It has been suggested that they were produced by: sponges; cnidarians; algae; foraminiferans; a completely separate phylum of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge

November 2020). "Adaptive venom evolution and toxicity in octopods is driven by extensive novel gene formation, expansion, and ... May 2019). "The genome of the jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica and the evolution of the cnidarian life-cycle". Nature Ecology & ... December 2013). "The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system". Proceedings of ... May 2014). "Spider genomes provide insight into composition and evolution of venom and silk". Nature Communications. 5: 3765. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sequenced_animal_genomes

The marine invertebrate fauna of Puerto Rico is composed of 61 sponges, 171 cnidarians, 8 nemerteans, 1,176 mollusks, 129 ... Javier A. Rodriguez Robles; Richard Thomas (1992). "Venom function in the Puerto Rican Racer, Alsophis portoricensis" (PDF). ... secretes venom. These species belong to 3 families and 4 genera: Typhlopidae (genus Typhlops), Boidae (Epicrates) and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Puerto_Rico

"Venom evolution widespread in fishes: a phylogenetic road map for the bioprospecting of piscine venoms". Meighen EA (1999). " ... cnidarians, echinoderms, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Also found in single-cell ciliate. A similar structure is also found in ... Toxic agent, serine protease BLTX, in the venom produced by two distinct species, the North American short-tailed shrew ( ... some anthozoan cnidarians, bryozoans, calcareous algae and some bivalves (rudist bivalves). Magnetite for orientation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution

Interestingly, of the marine bioactive natural compounds identified to date, many are venoms, coming from Cnidarians (jellyfish ... of Cnidarian venoms/extracts, highlighting potential aspects for ongoing research towards their utilization in human ... sea anemones, corals). Cnidarians are therefore particularly interesting marine species, producing important biological ...

https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/handle/10072/389246

... which is consistent with previous findings in other cnidarian venoms. However, we found few toxins that are typical of sea ... We identified 525 venom-like genes between all four species. The venom-gene profile for each species was dominated by enzymatic ... both known to utilize venom in stinging-cell rich tentacles. Cnidarians are an entirely venomous group that utilize their ... Our study is the first to provide a survey of the putative venom composition of cerianthids and contributes to our general ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/8/413

Cnidarian Venoms .. Chironex Venom .. Cnidarian Venom .. Jellyfish Venom .. Portuguese Man-of-War Venom .. Sea Anemone Venom . ... Ant Venoms .. Ant Venom .. Fire Ant Venoms .. Venom, Ant .. Venoms, Ant .. Venoms, Fire Ant .. Venoms, Formicoidea .. ... Sea Snake Venom .. Sea Snake Venoms .. Venom, Cobra .. Venom, Elapid .. Venom, Hydrophid .. Venom, King Cobra .. Venom, Naja . ... Elapid Venoms .. Cobra Venom .. Elapid Venom .. Hydrophid Venom .. Hydrophid Venoms .. King Cobra Venom .. Naja Venom .. ...

https://trigramas.bireme.br/cgi-bin/mx/[email protected]?collection=DeCSxi&lang=i&minsim=0.30&maxrel=10&text=Venoms%20from%20jellyfish

Cnidarian Venom Evolution: Nothing New Under the Sun-by David Nelsen. Cnidarians appear to have recruited as toxins the same ...

https://grisda.org/topics?primary=biology&secondary=plants-and-animals

Evolution of an ancient venom: recognition of a novel family of cnidarian toxins and the common evolutionary origin of sodium ... The Rise and Fall of an Evolutionary Innovation: Contrasting Strategies of Venom Evolution in Ancient and Young Animals. PLoS ... Biogeographical venom variation in the Indian spectacled cobra (Naja naja) underscores the pressing need for pan-India ... Biogeographic venom variation in Russells viper (Daboia russelii) and the preclinical inefficacy of antivenom therapy in ...

https://www.venomicslab.com/

From caterpillars to cone snails to short-tailed shrews, venom serves as a quick, efficient way to subdue prey, as well as a ... While venom is most often associated with creepy, crawly creatures like scorpions, snakes and spiders, this naturally occurring ... this venom-delivery method is quite useful and also is found in other cnidarian species, such as jellyfish and coral. ... "They cant afford to lose venom, because its really all they have," Daly said, adding that sea anemone venom is harmless to ...

https://artsandsciences.osu.edu/ascent-online/2018/autumn-2018/pick-your-poison

Unlike other cnidarians, anemones (and other anthozoans) entirely lack the free-swimming medusa stage of the life cycle; the ... Ghost anemones are related to sea … In this study, cytotoxicity induced by H. magnifica venom was investigated using the ... Venom from the tidal zone of all oceans to depths of more than 10,000 metres about... Area of the anemone can harvest some of ... life cycle may indeed exist outside of the cnidarian phylum,! The tips of their tentacles and other upward-facing parts of the ...

http://minasrey.com.br/robert-hardy-sfebm/life-cycle-of-sea-anemone-e41216

Copyright notice: The venom is very potent and the tentacles are long and likely to come into contact with more of the skin. ... Cnidarians can regenerate by regrowing small body parts and cells portrayed in the world to jellyfish Australia. Is also known ... It has some of the worlds most potent venom, even though it is no bigger than a human thumbnail. AMRI brings together ... All cnidarians can regenerate, although some more than others. Macropus agilis Alcoota Cleaver-headed Crocodile Aboriginal and ...

https://tangara.unemat.br/best-ever-mnjzztt/2ccda7-jellyfish-species-australia

The venom of this jellyfish is not very strong.. There is a central cavity in the under surface of the bell. It is the mouth of ... Sea anemones, corals, sea pens etc also are cnidarians. Look at the chart below to understand the classification better.. ... Yes, there stings have venom. But it is too mild for humans to do any real harm. The stinging can only create itching, nothing ... Do Moon Jellyfish Sting? Yes, they do like any other cnidarians. There are tentacles are full with small stinging cells which ...

https://www.allfiveoceans.com/2016/05/moon-jellyfish-facts.html

... cnidarian)&oldid=975799447, Articles lacking in-text citations from May 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. ... "Preliminary Results of the in Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of a Tentacle Venom Fraction from the Jellyfish Aurelia aurita ... aurita has a proteinaceous venom that causes muscle twitching by inducing the irreversible depolarization of the muscle ...

http://www.panaderiatroyano.com/acetophenone-c-skylsxs/moon-jelly-genus-7d1cea

Cnidarians, Coral Basics, Corals, FRONT PAGE, Slideshow. What are fire corals? Well, theyre not true corals, although their ... Instead, first, avoid rubbing the area - it helps spreads the venom. The Mayo Clinic recommends rinsing the area with vinegar, ... You can read more about cnidarian stings in Nematocysts & the Science of Sting and How to Treat Stings: Jellyfish & Fire Coral. ... As with all cnidarians, the mechanism involves their tentacles release of nematocysts, barbed darts embedded by the thousands ...

https://poseidonsweb.com/fire-coral-sneaky-painful/

Cnidarian Center. cnidarian fact sheets. colorful crayfish. Coloring Books. Colossal Squid. colubrid center. common raven. ... Deadliest venom. Declining Populations. deep sea creatures. Defender Glossary. degu. Dermestid Beetle. desert iguana. Dhole. ...

https://www.crittersquad.com/portfolio/hercules-beetle/

Some jellyfish have very weak venom, others have extremely Rare species of jellyfish "Pink Meanie" surrounded by small fish on ... Jellyfish have several different morphologies that represent several different cnidarian classes including the Scyphozoa (over ... Many jellyfish have potent venom, which upon sufficient exposure, can result in the death of a Sometimes called "sea wasps," ... pressure until they burst, driving the little harpoons and the venom into the [8] One species of jellyfish, the Turritopsis ...

http://www.ebbworld.com/settlers-of-eqzue/374358-florida-jellyfish-species

Skin infections after cnidarian stings are rare. Snakelocks anemone. Adverts are the main source of Revenue for DoveMed. In a ... The suggested treatment for the venom of snakelocks anemone consists of symptomatic treatment and prevention of … The latter ... nematocysts that inject venom/neurotoxin) that are launched by the creature on the slightest of contact pressure, either in ... Intoxication with kaliseptine amount of venom leave a nasty red rash breed, in of! Them their name, they live in bodies of ...

https://ewmf.life/078ayea1/65a055-snakelocks-anemone-sting-treatment

What is a defining characteristic between a cnidarian and an Ctenophore?. Answer: Both cnidarians and ctenophores are ... The tentacles of the jellyfish have tiny stingers called nematocysts which can detach, stick to skin, and release venom. Even ... The main difference between cnidarians and ctenophores is their body symmetry.. How do comb jellies move?. The combs act like ... A few jellyfish, however, release powerful venom into the skin. The stings of these species, if left untreated, can be ...

https://rehabilitationrobotics.net/what-is-the-function-of-statocyst/

Cnidarian Hydra. Grapples like a black tentacles spell, stings for 1d6 non-lethal damage while held. ... "Toad". Save or become stricken with Umbral Toad venom. While so affected, you take 2d6 damage every turn you are awake, but you ...

https://goblinpunch.blogspot.com/2015/08/

The most recognized trait animals in the Cnidarian phylum have is their ability to sting through specialized cells. A few other ... Different types of jellies have different lengths of nematocysts as well as different venom toxicity. Stings from species such ... If applicable and available administer anti venom for dangerous species such as box jellyfish. ... Cnidarian cousins to the jellyfish are animals like; anemones, hydroids, and corals. ...

https://divebuddies4life.com/species-in-the-spotlight/jellyfish/

To the New Jersey, they were first found in the Shrewsbury River in 2016 and to! Used for locomotion venom have made an ... COMMON GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON ("JELLYFISH") IN NJ WATERS: CNIDARIANS: LIONS MANE ( CYANEACAPILLATA) SEA NETTLES (CHRYSAORA ... Where the tentacles can jellyfish without tentacles new jersey deadly potent poisonous venom have made an appearance on New. At ... Potent poisonous venom have made an appearance on the sturdy central tentacle structures spotted in South Jersey for the Jersey ...

http://vendamaisnaaraujo.com.br/pj6wpzs/jellyfish-without-tentacles-new-jersey-ebf3e6

Examples are cnidarians (Phylum Cnidaria, jellyfish, anemones, and corals). Skip to content Monday - Friday 8 AM - 6 … Houghton ... Mediterranean jellyfish venoms: a review on scyphomedusae. Copyright © 1999-2020 BioExplorer.Net. Journal of Planktonic ... Of sexual reproduction are cnidarians ( phylum Cnidaria along with other compass jellyfish lifespan creatures such as and! Mit ...

http://thecoffeeparlor.com/sv6qo/77e93a-compass-jellyfish-lifespan

Enlarged teeth (venom fangs, generally grooved at the front or with a venom duct orifice near the tip) are +/- at the back; ... Venom fangs are at the very front of the row of teeth and are +/- fixed (not moveable) in the upper jaw. May be so small as to ... Exceedingly long venom fangs at the very front of the upper jaw that can be erected forwards, in rare cases laterally. Normally ... there are always normal teeth in front of these venom fangs!. yes. some species ofColubridae ...

https://vapaguide.info/morphology/TER-NORAM

South America and the West ...

https://www.vapaguide.info/catalogue/ISSEA-TER-ELA

Venom apparatus. For the structure and function of the venom apparatus, see above. Spiders are exclusively predators, and the ... Generally the venom glands are located in the anterior part of the cephalothorax, and the chelicerae contain venom ducts that ... the venom may only be weakly toxic for humans or the amount of venom available may be too small. Only a few species are known ... Range of venom effects. See Clinical flowchart: Spiders.. Way of life. There are hardly any terrestrial habitats that are not ...

https://www.vapaguide.info/page/22

South America and the West ...

https://www.vapaguide.info/catalogue/AUSPI-TER-ELA

These venomous spines are often serrated and covered by a tissue sheath in which the venom glands are embedded. In some species ... Apart from the Freshwater rays of South America, Catfishes are the only freshwater fish that possess a true venom apparatus. ...

https://vapaguide.info/catalogue/FIS-142

0 0. Roundworms, flatworms, sponges, cnidarians - all have no hearts. The hearts that earthworms possess are called ... 7 Incredible Animals That Are Immune To Snake Venom, Detection Rats Technology: Things You Dont Know About APOPO. Copyright © ...

https://vitalnursestaff.com/rebecca-plot-zmovg/which-animal-has-10-hearts-56ab0c

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The venom in its sting is so toxic that it can kill you. The venom will slow down your heartbeat and shut down your nervous ... Cnidarian. Class:. Cubozoa. Scientific Name:. Cubozoa. Box Jellyfish Description. *All jellyfish are invertebrate animals. They ... The venom paralyses its prey by attacking the nervous system, heart and skin cells. ... Vinegar deactivates stinging organelles that have not yet fired off venom. However, if the organelle has already fired off, ...

https://kidzfeed.com/box-jellyfish-facts-for-kids/

... wars venom for its own use. The tendrils at the edge of Glaucus atlanticus body can produce an extremely potent sting (so it ... cnidarians, and siphonophores) constitute such a substantial percentage of the biomass of the largest portion of the ocean. As ...

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Laura Natalia Esquivel 2020, In fact, these jellies do not generally use their venom to capture food at all. Die Telefonnummer ... Living Things » Cellular Organisms » Eukaryotes » Opisthokonts » Animals » Cnidarians » True Jellyfish » Rhizostomae » ... 101 567 . Invest In Astrazeneca, White-spotted jellies have very mild venom and do not pose a threat to human beings. ... Near the Philippines, these jellies do not generally use their venom to capture food at all salinities temperatures... Span and ...

https://jwgcs.com/cogs-in-vjvj/sig-rascal-electric

The table shows that most newly identified toxins sequenced in this study are more similar to toxins found in unrelated animals, like snakes and spiders, than to toxins from other cnidarians. (grisda.org)
Cnidarians produce toxins, which are composed of different polypeptides that induce pharmacological effects of biotechnological interest, such as antitumor, antiophidic and anti-clotting activities. (scielo.br)
However, the toxins in many venoms have potential to treat a wide range of diseases. (wikipedia.org)
some venoms are complex mixtures of toxins of differing types. (wikipedia.org)
Cnidarians appear to have recruited as toxins the same kinds of proteins recruited by many other venomous animals. (grisda.org)
These peptides elicit a wide array of physiological effects in other fishes, though any one species examined produced no more than three distinct putative toxins in its venom. (biomedcentral.com)
The venom contains pore-forming (creating pores in cell membranes) toxins that are structurally similar to anthrolysin O, the pore-forming toxin produced by anthrax. (midweek.com)
The box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri can kill a full grown man in less than five minutes, and the venom it wields in its tentacles contains of some of the most rapid, potent toxins in the world. (discovermagazine.com)
Transcriptomes tell you which genes are actively being expressed, but it can be hard to tell which of those genes are actually acting as venom toxins and which are involved in day-to-day cellular maintenance. (discovermagazine.com)
Their tandem proteomic analyses specifically identified 13 of these that were in venom in relatively high abundance: seven proteases, four of which were metalloproteinases, an alpha-macroglobulin domain containing protein, two peroxiredoxin toxins, two CRISP proteins and a turripeptide-like protease inhibitor. (discovermagazine.com)
However, little is known about the molecular evolution of the venom toxins underlying these biological activities. (springer.com)
We report 132 venom proteins including putative enzymes, cytolytic toxins, and antimicrobial peptides. (springer.com)
Toxin synergism is a complex biochemical phenomenon, where different animal venom proteins interact either directly or indirectly to potentiate toxicity to a level that is above the sum of the toxicities of the individual toxins. (frontiersin.org)
Among the toxins that are known for interacting synergistically are cytotoxins from snake venoms, phospholipases A 2 from snake and bee venoms, and melittin from bee venom. (frontiersin.org)
In general, venoms derive their toxicity from proteins known as toxins. (frontiersin.org)
These toxins are in themselves a diverse and complex group, including smaller neurotoxic peptides, larger phospholipases, and venom proteases, along with many other protein families ( Ducancel, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
have evolved to produce venoms with potencies that are larger than the sum of the individual toxins (toxin synergism). (frontiersin.org)
Venomous animals such as cnidarians, scorpions, and snakes utilize their toxins for a diversity of functions including defense from predators and for capturing prey. (bco-dmo.org)
Moreover, toxins are energetically expensive to produce so it is also hypothesized that their production is tightly regulated ("venom optimization hypothesis"), where individuals can module the amount and composition of their venom dependent on changes in diet and shifts in environmental factors such as temperature. (bco-dmo.org)

The authors found that 75% of toxin protein families are shared between two or more cnidarian classes. (grisda.org)
However, the article also suggests that cnidarians share most of their toxin families. (grisda.org)
Among the major classes of toxin in venoms are: Necrotoxins, which cause necrosis (i.e., death) in the cells they encounter. (wikipedia.org)
These activities are consistent with the presence of a pore-forming toxin existing in the venoms which has been demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy in the case of C. fleckeri. (edu.au)
There was little information about the cardiotoxic component of jellyfish venoms, due to its extreme instability and the difficulties of toxin purification. (biomedcentral.com)
Beyond the level of sequence mutation, dramatic changes in venom activity and composition may reflect rapid changes in expression levels of toxin-encoding genes, i.e., in the recruitment of new proteins into venom or their loss or downregulation. (springer.com)
His chemical strategies have been instrumental in unravelling the complexity of cone snail venoms and developing toxin structure activity relationships using new synthetic chemistry as well as toxin re-engineering to form more stable peptidomimetics suitable for commercialisation. (edu.au)
To expand our capacity to discover venom sequences from the genomes of venomous organisms, we applied targeted sequencing techniques to selectively recover venom gene superfamilies and non-toxin loci from the genomes of 32 cone snail species (family, Conidae), a diverse group of marine gastropods that capture their prey using a cocktail of neurotoxic peptides (conotoxins). (readbyqxmd.com)

The venom is spread by tiny nematocysts, each containing picograms (trillionths of a gram) of proteins. (dermnetnz.org)
Like all cnidarians, cubozoans possess nematocysts, cells that fire a barb and transfer venom. (sciencephoto.com)
Venom extracted from nematocysts of mature Chironex fleckeri specimens was exposed to temperatures between 4°C and 58°C for periods of two, five or 20 minutes, and then injected into freshwater crayfish ( Cherax quadricarinatus ) to assess lethality. (mja.com.au)
4 Nematocysts were then ruptured with a bead mill beater to release venom. (mja.com.au)
Crude venom from nematocysts of Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) elicits a sodium conductance in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. (pubfacts.com)
Unlike snakes or spiders, jellyfish cannot be 'milked' - so the team had to separate nematocysts from fresh tentacles, make them "sting", and then separate the venom excreted from the capsule itself. (discovermagazine.com)
Another distinctive feature of Portuguese man-of-wars, as well as all Cnidarians are stinging organelles called nematocysts. (ambergriscaye.com)
Within Nudipleura, nudibranchs within Cladobranchia possess such a special defense: the ability to sequester cnidarian nematocysts - small capsules that can inject venom into the tissues of other organisms. (biomedcentral.com)
In particular, some taxa within Cladobranchia possess the ability to sequester nematocysts from their cnidarian prey. (biomedcentral.com)
Like all other cnidarians, cubozoans possess nematocysts (stinging organelles) essential for prey capture and defense. (beds.ac.uk)
Cnidarians such as jellyfish and corals have stinging cells called nematocysts. (howstuffworks.com)
The coral's tentacles contain nematocysts, or cnidocysts, specialized venom-filled cells containing a hollow, coiled, threadlike structure with a barbed tip used to trap and immobilize prey. (clinicaladvisor.com)

Venom has evolved in a wide variety of animals, both predators and prey, and both vertebrates and invertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Venoms adapt to their environment and victims and accordingly evolve to become maximally efficient on a predator's particular prey (particularly the precise ion channels within the prey). (wikipedia.org)
Bees synthesize and employ an acidic venom (apitoxin) to cause pain in those that they sting to defend their hives and food stores, whereas wasps use a chemically different alkaline venom designed to paralyze prey, so it can be stored alive in the food chambers of their young. (wikipedia.org)
When the nematocyst senses food either through touch or chemoreception, it fires outward, injecting venom through its tube into the prey (Fig. 3.26). (hawaii.edu)
When a nematocyst contacts something that might be prey or predator, the barb uncoils and fires from the capsule along with toxic venom. (sciencephoto.com)
Not only does it inject the prey with venom, but the small harpoon fixes it to the tentacle, preventing it from escaping and dying elsewhere. (scienceblogs.com)
Cnidocyst, sine qua non of cnidarian, is used for defense and prey. (cmas.org)
Most cnidarians prey on organisms ranging in size from plankton to animals several times larger than themselves, but many obtain much of their nutrition from dinoflagellates , and a few are parasites . (wikipedia.org)
Cnidarians are distinguished from all other animals by having cnidocytes that fire like harpoons and are used mainly to capture prey. (wikipedia.org)
Despite remarkable inter- and intra-species variability, defined sets of synergistic venom peptides (cabals) are considered essential for prey capture by cone snails. (readbyqxmd.com)
This provides the animals possessing venoms with synergistically enhanced toxicity with a metabolic advantage, since less venom is needed to inflict potent toxic effects in prey and predators. (frontiersin.org)
Expression of venom genes in field collected anemones will be correlated with ingested prey identified using microscopy and DNA barcodes. (bco-dmo.org)
The rapid activity of the injected neurotoxins immediately paralyzes the mobile prey, thus allowing the sessile cnidarian to devour it. (wikidoc.org)
But venom from animals such as cnidarians, scorpions and spiders may be species-specific: a substance that is weakly toxic for humans or other mammals may be very toxic to the natural prey or predators of the venomous animal. (wikidoc.org)

Cnidarians (corals, sea anemones, sea fans, sea pens, jellyfish, and hydroids) are believed by many evolutionary biologists to be the most ancient lineage of extant venomous animals. (grisda.org)
This study presents the first protein-based investigation of staurozoan (stalked jellyfish) venom, it expands what we know about hydrozoan and anthozoan (anemones and corals) venom, and compares the diversity and evolution of cnidarian venom to other venomous animals (e.g., snakes and arachnids). (grisda.org)
The body plans cnidarians generally have radial symmetry (Fig. 3.25 A). Because the tentacles of corals, jellyfish, and sea anemones have this radial structure, they can sting and capture food coming from any direction. (hawaii.edu)
Laboratory work demonstrates that the venom porin ― porins are in all cnidarians, from anemones to corals to jellyfish, and the most rapid acting and potent porins are in the cubozoa or box jellies ― is irreversibly inhibited by heat. (midweek.com)
Cnidarians are broken into four main classes: anthozoans (sea anemones, corals), hydrozoans (hydroids, fire coral, Portuguese man-of-war), scyphozoans (jellyfish, sea nettles) and cubozoans (box jellyfish). (clinicaladvisor.com)

Western blot analysis using CSL box jellyfish antivenom indicated several antigenic proteins in A. nr mordens venom, however, it did not detect all proteins present in the venom. (edu.au)
Again, since box jelly venom contains these pore-forming proteins that act very quickly to break open blood cells, releasing epinephrine, and is not an IgE-based allergy, use of an EpiPen (for injecting epinephrine or adrenaline to treat serious allergic reactions) is reportedly contraindicated and can lead to dangerous paradoxical effects. (midweek.com)
And while there's still more to learn, last week, a research team from Queensland, Australia published the most extensive analysis of Chironex venom proteins to date, revealing some of the diverse arsenal that these gelatinous killers are equipped with. (discovermagazine.com)
The team's goal was to perform the most in-depth analysis of Chironex venom to date, producing both a proteome (a library of the proteins present) and a transcriptome (a library of which genes are expressed). (discovermagazine.com)
While they could have used either the genetic or proteomic approaches to look at venom proteins, the combination was particularly powerful. (discovermagazine.com)
Over 73% (96 proteins) showed homology to venom proteins from assassin bugs (Reduviidae), including 21% (28 proteins from seven families) not known from other sources. (springer.com)
Their venoms are complex cocktails of toxic proteins, peptides, and small organic and inorganic molecules. (frontiersin.org)
This project will provide a synergistic international collaboration with Dr. Yehu Moran (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) to connect environmental variation with the expression and potency of venom proteins. (bco-dmo.org)
The red dye stains the polyanionic venom proteins found inside the capsule of this partially discharged nematocyst . (wikidoc.org)

The sea anemone is a member of a 10,000-strong group of simple animals called the cnidarians, whose ranks also include jellyfish and corals. (scienceblogs.com)
While reef-forming corals are almost entirely restricted to warm and shallow marine waters, other cnidarians can be found at great depths, in polar regions , and in freshwater. (wikipedia.org)
[7] Fossil cnidarians have been found in rocks formed about 580 million years ago , and other fossils show that corals may have been present shortly before 490 million years ago and diversified a few million years later. (wikipedia.org)

This box jellyfish belongs to the Cubozoa group of Cnidarians. (sciencephoto.com)

All cnidarian extracts showed indirect hemolytic activity, but only S. helianthus induced direct hemolysis and neurotoxic effect. (scielo.br)
Pelagia noctiluca is the most venomous and abundant jellyfish of the Mediterranean Sea and possesses a venom with hemolytic and cytolytic activity for which the mechanism is largely unknown. (pubfacts.com)
Results: P. caribaeorum venom produced hemolytic and PLA2 activity and showed specific cytotoxicity against U251 and SKLU-1 cell lines, with approximately 50% growing inhibition. (bvsalud.org)

This 'venomic' approach is starting to unravel the full complexity of cone snail venoms and to provide new insights into their biology and evolution. (readbyqxmd.com)

In the present study, nematocyst-derived venom from A. nr mordens (150-250 ?g/kg, i.v.) produced a long-lasting pressor effect in anaesthetised rats. (edu.au)
In each is a structure called a nematocyst which contains the venom and a harpoon-like structure on a biological thread. (discovermagazine.com)
During ingestion of cnidarian tissues, the cnidocyte (the cell) is separated from its nematocyst (the organelle). (biomedcentral.com)
Symptoms vary with species according to venom potency, nematocyst configuration, the organism's size, the volume of venom delivered, and the size, age and underlying health of the victim. (clinicaladvisor.com)

Venomous animals are considered to be specialized predators that have evolved the most sophisticated peptide chemistry and neuropharmacology for their own biological purposes by producing venoms that contain a structural and functional diversity of neurotoxins. (doabooks.org)
However, the production and replenishment of these venoms come with a metabolic cost for the venomous animals ( Morgenstern and King, 2013 ). (frontiersin.org)

along with scorpions and stinging insects, which inject venom with a sting. (wikipedia.org)
Venoms from marine and terrestrial animals (cone snails, scorpions, spiders, snakes, centipedes, cnidarian, etc.) can be seen as untapped cocktails of biologically active compounds that are being increasingly recognized as a new emerging source of peptide-based therapeutics. (doabooks.org)

The value of snake venom detection kits (VDKs) was also analysed. (nih.gov)
The venom acts more like a snake venom and causes cellular destruction. (midweek.com)

Snake venoms are complex mixtures of molecules possessing various biological functions. (biomedcentral.com)

The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) is a powerful model for characterizing the evolution of genes functioning in venom and nervous systems. (uib.no)

Cytotoxins, which kill individual cells, are found in the apitoxin of honey bees and the venom of black widow spiders. (wikipedia.org)

Cnidarians have a unique feature: stinging cells called cnidocytes (NID-uh-sites). (hawaii.edu)
However, little is known about the anti-tumor activity of the active components of P. noctiluca venom and their mechanism of action on cancer cells remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, this study attempts, for the first time to characterize and evaluate the exact role of P. noctiluca venom and its semi-purified fractions on (i) viability of human glioblastoma cells (U87), (ii) cell proliferation and (iii) cell adhesion to immobilized extracellular matrix (ECM) protein (fibrinogen). (biomedcentral.com)
When a spine enters a potential predator, the integument surrounding the venom gland cells is torn, releasing venom into the wound. (biomedcentral.com)
Blundering into the waving tentacles, the fish is stung by hundreds of tiny harpoons shot out from stinging cells, each one loaded with potent venom. (scienceblogs.com)

All cnidarian extracts were able to inhibit hemorrhagic activity induced by Bothrops moojeni venom. (scielo.br)
these results may contribute to elucidate the possible mechanisms of interaction between cnidarian extracts and snake venoms. (scielo.br)
In this study, I used histological preparations from over 100 catfish genera, basic biochemical and toxicological analyses of fin spine extracts from several species, and previous systematic studies of catfishes to examine the distribution of venom glands in this group. (biomedcentral.com)
Cnidarian venoms and extracts have shown a broad variety of biological activities including cytotoxic, antibacterial and antitumoral effects. (bvsalud.org)

Cubozoans (box jellyfish) are cnidarians that have evolved a number of distinguishing features. (beds.ac.uk)
Furthermore, we annotated a large set of candidate genes putatively involved in venom, vision and sex, providing an initial molecular characterization of these complex features in cubozoans. (beds.ac.uk)
This new genomic resource and the candidate gene dataset are valuable for further investigating the evolution of distinctive features of cubozoans, and of cnidarians more broadly. (beds.ac.uk)

Black widow spider, scorpion, box jellyfish, cone snail, centipede and blue-ringed octopus venoms (among many others) function in this way. (wikipedia.org)
Venomics-Accelerated Cone Snail Venom Peptide Discovery. (readbyqxmd.com)
Cone snail venoms are considered a treasure trove of bioactive peptides. (readbyqxmd.com)
Despite over 800 species of cone snails being known, each producing over 1000 venom peptides, only about 150 unique venom peptides are structurally and functionally characterized. (readbyqxmd.com)
Cone snail venoms have separately evolved for predation and defense. (readbyqxmd.com)

Natural Compounds and Drug Discovery: Can Cnidarian Venom Play a Role? (eurekaselect.com)
Conclusion: These results suggest that P. caribaeorum venom contains compounds with potential therapeutic value against microorganisms and cancer. (bvsalud.org)

The composition of cnidarian venoms remains incompletely elucidated. (scielo.br)
I did a basic literature search for biochemical publications and was surprised that little was known about the potentially lethal box jellyfish venom or its composition. (midweek.com)
Scientists have been trying to determine the composition of box jelly venom for decades, but have only uncovered some of its potent constituents . (discovermagazine.com)
In contrast, trophic switches to blood-feeding (e.g. in Triatominae and Cimicidae) or reversions to plant-feeding (e.g., in Pentatomomorpha) were accompanied by rapid changes in the composition of venom/saliva, including the loss of many protein families. (springer.com)
The composition of an animal's venom evolves dynamically within its larger ecological context. (springer.com)
Complete loss or gain of venom use (i.e., changes in whether a secretion is used for envenomation or not) unsurprisingly entails marked consequences for the evolution of its composition over time. (springer.com)
Heteropteran insects are an ideal group in which to explore how large changes in trophic strategy-for example between phytophagy, entomophagy, and haematophagy, and including complete loss or gain of venom use-co-evolve with the composition of a venom/saliva secretion. (springer.com)
This research will provide an integrative approach to identify mechanisms that determine shifts in the quantity and composition of the venom essential for the feeding ecology of a model cnidarian specializing in estuarine habitats that are vulnerable to the ongoing climate change. (bco-dmo.org)

This suggests that the observed lytic effects may not underlie the lethal effects of the venom, and raises the question of how such potent activities are dealt with by envenomed humans. (edu.au)
To conclude, we have demonstrated for the first time that Pelagia noctiluca venom and its fractions especially (F1 and F2) display potent anti-tumoral properties. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the most potent pharmacological effect exhibited by jellyfish venoms is on the cardiovascular system, and an acute heart failure caused by the cardiotoxicity of jellyfish venom is the major cause of fatal jellyfish envenomation [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Our experiments have indicated that the separation of the Mediterranean jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca crude venom extract by sephadex G-75 chromatography led to four fractions (F1, F2, F3, and F4). (biomedcentral.com)
Separation by sephadex G-75 chromatography give rise to more active fractions than the crude venom extract. (biomedcentral.com)
Objective: The present investigation is made to evaluate the efficiency of the crude venom of jellyfish Acromitus flagellates, a cnidarian for its antiproliferative activity. (isindexing.com)
The crude venom of nematocystm was tested against anticancer potential on human breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231) with 200 ?g IC50. (isindexing.com)
Results: The protein content of the crude venom was estimated to be 1.5 mg/ml. (isindexing.com)
The protein profile of crude venom protein was determined by SDS-PAGE and the molecular weight was found to be in the range of 205 kDa to 29 kDa. (isindexing.com)
The isolated crude venom was tested for its antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 by MTT assay. (isindexing.com)
The results revealed that the crude venom showed antiproliferative activity at an IC 50 concentration of 200 g/ml. (isindexing.com)

These organelles contain irritating poisons, and are armed with sharp hollow threads that deliver venom causing painful stings. (biomedcentral.com)
With one exception, systemic signs of envenoming following cnidarian stings occur more or less immediately after the sting. (vapaguide.info)
Independent of the aetiology, common to all serious cnidarian stings is the possibility that a critical, life-threatening situation may arise within a very short time following the sting. (vapaguide.info)
One strategy to solve this problem is to train paramedics in the initial treatment of cnidarian stings . (vapaguide.info)
Other cnidarians, such as the jellyfish Cyanea capillata (the " The Adventure of the Lion's Mane " made famous by Sherlock Holmes ) or the hydrozoan Physalia physalis ( Portuguese Man o' War , "Bluebottle") can cause extremely painful and sometimes fatal stings. (wikidoc.org)

Cnidarians may negatively impact human activities and public health but concomitantly their venom represents a rich source of bioactive substances. (pubfacts.com)
Cnidarians comprise an old and diverse animal phylum, and possess a wide variety of biologically active substances. (bvsalud.org)

In severe cases, the venom causes systemic effects, including acute cardiovascular collapse and death in a matter of minutes or more delayed but potentially deadly symptoms - a condition known as Irukandji Syndrome. (discovermagazine.com)

Many caterpillars have defensive venom glands associated with specialized bristles on the body, known as urticating hairs, which can be lethal to humans (e.g., that of the Lonomia moth), although the venom's strength varies depending on the species. (wikipedia.org)
The toxic peptides found in catfish venoms may be derived from epidermal secretions that have been demonstrated to accelerate the healing of wounds, rather than defensive crinotoxins. (biomedcentral.com)
Venoms are produced for defensive and/or predatory purposes to provide a survival benefit to the species possessing them. (frontiersin.org)

Fluorescens Anisotropi som værktøj til at studere protein-protein interaktioner Abril Gijsbers 1 , Takuya Nishigaki 2 , Nuria Sánchez-Puig 1 1 Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2 Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Protein interaktioner er kernen i en celles funktion. (jove.com)
5 Venom concentration in the resulting extract was assumed to be correlated with protein concentration, 6 which was determined by a Bradford Lowry assay. (mja.com.au)
Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-PAGE analysis showed that A. nr mordens venom is comprised of multiple protein bands ranging from 10 to 200 kDa. (edu.au)

The venom of most viper species contains phospholipase and trypsin-like serine proteases. (wikipedia.org)
At least one ant species (Polyrhachis dives) has been shown to use venom topically for the sterilisation of pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
than the venom of the other species, consistent with the order of known human toxicities. (edu.au)
Catfishes (Order Siluriformes) are a diverse group of bony fishes that have long been known to include venomous taxa, but the extent and phylogenetic distribution of this venomous species diversity has never been documented, while the nature of the venoms themselves also remains poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
A number of putative toxic peptides were identified in the venoms of catfish species from many of the families determined to contain venomous representatives. (biomedcentral.com)
Despite the economic and medical impact that this jellyfish has on Australia (and similar species world-wide) we know very little about what is exactly in the venom," explained Jason Mulvenna, Team Head of Infectious Disease and Cancer at QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute and coauthor of the paper published in BMC Genomics . (discovermagazine.com)
Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-like zooids, or both (hence they are trimorphic ). (wikipedia.org)
Not all cnidarians reproduce sexually , with many species having complex life cycles of asexual polyp stages and sexual medusae. (wikipedia.org)
Jellyfish species (of the cnidarian subphylum Medusozoa) typically possess a benthic, sessile stage (polyp) that reproduces asexually by budding new polyps or medusae, the latter of which represent the sexually reproductive stage of the textbook medusozoan life cycle. (thefreelibrary.com)

Discovery and characterisation of novel low molecular weight bioactive peptides from Australian elapid venom. (edu.au)

Myotoxins, which damage muscles by binding to a receptor, are small, basic peptides found in snake (such as rattlesnake) and lizard venoms. (wikipedia.org)

To determine the effect of temperature on lethality of venom from Chironex fleckeri (the potentially fatal box jellyfish). (mja.com.au)
Venom lethality, assessed as time to cardiac standstill in crayfish after intramuscular injection. (mja.com.au)
At temperatures ≥ 43°C, venom lost its lethality more rapidly the longer the exposure time. (mja.com.au)
Exposure to heat dramatically reduces the lethality of extracted C. fleckeri venom. (mja.com.au)
We investigated the effect of exposing extracted C. fleckeri venom to a range of temperatures for different periods on its lethality in crayfish. (mja.com.au)
However, at temperatures of 43ºC and above, venom lost its lethality more rapidly the longer the exposure time ( Box 2 ). (mja.com.au)

The present study investigated the toxic effects of B. lienhardi venom, at the histological, hematological, biochemical and motor skill levels following a subcutaneous injection of different doses of venom. (readbyqxmd.com)

Many cnidarians take two main structural forms during their life cycles, a polyp form and a medusa form. (hawaii.edu)
Some cnidarians go through both a polyp and medusa phase in their life cycle. (hawaii.edu)
Like many cnidarians, cubozoan life history includes a swimming planula larva that ultimately settles onto a substrate to become an asexually reproducing polyp. (beds.ac.uk)

Cytotoxic and Cytolytic Cnidarian Venoms. (mdpi.com)

Our approach of using multiple body parts and life stages to generate this transcriptome effectively identified a broad range of candidate genes for the further study of coordinated processes associated with venom, vision and sex. (beds.ac.uk)
However, molecular clock analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests a much older age for the crown group of cnidarians, estimated around 741 million years ago , almost 200 million years before the Cambrian period as well as any fossils. (wikipedia.org)

Although both ctenophores and cnidarians have similar bodies with thin tissue layers enclosing a middle layer of jellylike material, scientists now group them separately. (hawaii.edu)
Cnidarians were formerly grouped with ctenophores in the phylum Coelenterata , but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla. (wikipedia.org)
Cnidarians form an animal phylum that are more complex than sponges , about as complex as ctenophores (comb jellies), and less complex than bilaterians , which include almost all other animals. (wikipedia.org)
Hence, cnidarians and ctenophores have traditionally been labelled diploblastic , along with sponges. (wikipedia.org)
[9] [10] However, both cnidarians and ctenophores have a type of muscle that, in more complex animals, arises from the middle cell layer . (wikipedia.org)

In P. Gopalakrishnakone (Ed.), Scorpion venoms (pp. 547-561) Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. (edu.au)
The LD50 of B. lienhardi scorpion venom was found to be 0.27 mg/Kg by subcutaneous injection route. (readbyqxmd.com)

Is it likely that a clinically relevant injection of venom has taken place? (vapaguide.info)

Emily is continuing her ecology and venom interests in cnidarians by working with jellyfish polyps. (edu.au)

This study characterizes the in vitro and in vivo effects of A. nr mordens venom and indicates that the cardiovascular effects are at least partially mediated by endogenous catecholamine release. (edu.au)
The present study aimed to determine the toxic activity and assess the antitumor and antiparasitic potential of Palythoa caribaeorum venom by evaluating its in vitro toxicity on several models including human tumor cell lines and against the parasite Giardia intestinalis. (bvsalud.org)

Consequently, venoms become specialized to an animal's standard diet. (wikipedia.org)

Some animals that look similar to cnidarians are actually not part of the same phylum. (hawaii.edu)

Cnidarians have a slightly more organized body plan, and have tissues, but no organs. (hawaii.edu)
The total amount of venom discharged into sting-site tissues, sometimes referred to as "venom load", has been previously shown to correlate with tentacle contact length and sequelae severity. (pubfacts.com)
A. nr mordens venom (25 ?g/ml) produced a contractile response in rat electrically stimulated vas deferens which was markedly reduced in tissues pre-treated with reserpine (0.1 mM) or guanethidine (0.1 mM). (edu.au)

Expression profiles and gene tree reconstruction provided a number of preliminary insights into the putative sites of nematogenesis and venom production, regions of phototransduction activity and fertilization dynamics in A. alata . (beds.ac.uk)

Overall, Pelagia noctiluca venom may has the potential to serve as a template for future anticancer-drug development. (biomedcentral.com)
Some anticancer agents were derived from the venoms of cnidarians. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell cycle analysis and changes of the mitochondrial membrane potential shows the cell cycle arrest at G1 phase which confirmed the potential anticancer activity of jellyfish venom against human breast cancer cell MDA-MB 231. (isindexing.com)

The patient had a rare form of contact dermatitis caused by cnidarian envenomation that occurred when he brushed against the coral reef.The main organism in most coral reef systems is the stony or true coral. (clinicaladvisor.com)
The patient had a rare form of contact dermatitis caused by cnidarian envenomation that occurred when he brushed against the coral reef. (clinicaladvisor.com)
The clinical manifestations of cnidarian envenomation range from a mild dermatitis to death within 30 to 60 seconds (box jellyfish). (clinicaladvisor.com)

and Hydrozoa , a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, and has both sessile members, such as Hydra , and colonial swimmers, such as the Portuguese Man o' War . (wikipedia.org)

Inside the cnidocyst, there is an inverted tubule, venom and a huge osmotic pressure. (cmas.org)

Our results also suggest that these fractions and the venom are able to inhibit cell adhesion to fibrinogen in dose-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)

Cnidarian jellyfish are among the most elegant and dazzling organisms inhabiting the global aquatic environment, due to their various and sometimes striking colours as well as their long and dense tentacle structures. (novapublishers.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms27

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs22

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes18

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Information Science4

Cellular and ionic basis for T-wave alternans under long-QT conditions. (1/271)

ATX II, a sodium channel toxin, sensitizes skeletal muscle to halothane, caffeine, and ryanodine. (2/271)

Structural conservation of the pores of calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin. (3/271)

Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of an eukaryotic pore-forming toxin from sea anemone: topology in lipid membranes. (4/271)

Increased hindrance on the chiral carbon atom of mexiletine enhances the block of rat skeletal muscle Na+ channels in a model of myotonia induced by ATX. (5/271)

Mapping the functional anatomy of BgK on Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3. Clues to design analogs with enhanced selectivity. (6/271)

Structure-function studies of tryptophan mutants of equinatoxin II, a sea anemone pore-forming protein. (7/271)

Differential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long QT syndrome. (8/271)

Cnidarian Venoms

Cnidaria

Hydrozoa

Sea Anemones

Crotalid Venoms

Hydra

Nematocyst

Bee Venoms

Venoms

Cobra Venoms

Viper Venoms

Wasp Venoms

Scyphozoa

Elapid Venoms

Spider Venoms

Ctenophora

Anthozoa

Scorpion Venoms

Arthropod Venoms

Dinoflagellida

Placozoa

Cubozoa

Phylogeny

Myxozoa

Bothrops

Antivenins

Invertebrates

Fish Venoms

Porifera

Ant Venoms

Evolution, Molecular

Symbiosis

Elapidae

Mollusk Venoms

Bites and Stings

Molecular Sequence Data

Snakes

Life Cycle Stages

Biological Evolution

Scorpions

Amino Acid Sequence

Agkistrodon

Amphibian Venoms

Animal Structures

Embryo, Nonmammalian

Metamorphosis, Biological

Annelida

Sequence Alignment

Genes, Homeobox

Body Patterning

Morpholinos

Gastrulation

Snake Bites

Opsins

Conus Snail

Trimeresurus

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Fossils

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Chordata, Nonvertebrate

Neurotoxins

Eukaryota

Inteins

Phospholipases A2

Bungarus

Expressed Sequence Tags

Crotoxin

Base Sequence

In Situ Hybridization

Insect Bites and Stings

Larva

Genome, Mitochondrial

Russell's Viper

DNA, Complementary

Genome

Cellular and ionic basis for T-wave alternans under long-QT conditions. (1/271)

ATX II, a sodium channel toxin, sensitizes skeletal muscle to halothane, caffeine, and ryanodine. (2/271)

Structural conservation of the pores of calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin. (3/271)

Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of an eukaryotic pore-forming toxin from sea anemone: topology in lipid membranes. (4/271)

Increased hindrance on the chiral carbon atom of mexiletine enhances the block of rat skeletal muscle Na+ channels in a model of myotonia induced by ATX. (5/271)