Cnidarian Venoms
Cnidaria
Hydrozoa
Sea Anemones
Crotalid Venoms
Hydra
Nematocyst
Bee Venoms
Venoms
Cobra Venoms
Viper Venoms
Wasp Venoms
Scyphozoa
Elapid Venoms
Spider Venoms
Ctenophora
Anthozoa
Scorpion Venoms
Arthropod Venoms
Dinoflagellida
Placozoa
Cubozoa
Myxozoa
Bothrops
Fish Venoms
Porifera
Ant Venoms
Evolution, Molecular
Symbiosis
Elapidae
Mollusk Venoms
Molecular Sequence Data
Life Cycle Stages
Biological Evolution
Scorpions
Amino Acid Sequence
Agkistrodon
Amphibian Venoms
Animal Structures
Embryo, Nonmammalian
Metamorphosis, Biological
Annelida
Sequence Alignment
Genes, Homeobox
Body Patterning
Morpholinos
Gastrulation
Snake Bites
Opsins
Conus Snail
Trimeresurus
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Fossils
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Chordata, Nonvertebrate
Neurotoxins
Eukaryota
Inteins
Phospholipases A2
Bungarus
Expressed Sequence Tags
Crotoxin
Base Sequence
In Situ Hybridization
Larva
Russell's Viper
DNA, Complementary
Cellular and ionic basis for T-wave alternans under long-QT conditions. (1/271)
BACKGROUND: T-wave alternans (TWA), an ECG phenomenon characterized by beat-to-beat alternation of the morphology, amplitude, and/or polarity of the T wave, is commonly observed in the acquired and congenital long-QT syndromes (LQTS). This study examines the cellular and ionic basis for TWA induced by rapid pacing under conditions mimicking the LQT3 form of the congenital LQTS in an arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedge preparation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Transmembrane action potentials from epicardial, M, and endocardial cells and 6 to 8 intramural unipolar electrograms were simultaneously recorded together with a transmural ECG and isometric tension development. In the presence of sea anemone toxin (ATX-II; 20 nmol/L), an increase in pacing rate (from a cycle length [CL] of 500 to 400 to 250 ms) produced a wide spectrum of T-wave and mechanical alternans. Acceleration to CLs of 400 to 300 ms produced mild to moderate TWA principally due to beat-to-beat alternation of repolarization of cells in the M region. Transmural dispersion of repolarization during alternans was exaggerated during alternate beats. Acceleration to CLs of 300 to 250 ms caused more pronounced beat-to-beat alternation of action potential duration (APD) of the M cell, resulting in a reversal of repolarization sequence across the ventricular wall, leading to alternation in the polarity of the T wave. The peak of the negative T waves coincided with repolarization of the M region, whereas the end of the negative T wave coincided with the repolarization of epicardium. In almost all cases, electrical alternans was concordant with mechanical alternans. Torsade de pointes occurred after an abrupt acceleration of CL, which was associated with marked TWA. Both ryanodine and low [Ca2+]o completely suppressed alternans of the T wave, APD, and contraction, suggesting a critical role for intracellular Ca2+ cycling in the maintenance of TWA. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that TWA observed at rapid rates under long-QT conditions is largely the result of alternation of the M-cell APD, leading to exaggeration of transmural dispersion of repolarization during alternate beats, and thus the potential for development of torsade de pointes. Our data also suggest that unlike transient forms of TWA that damp out quickly and depend on electrical restitution factors, the steady-state electrical and mechanical alternans demonstrated in this study appears to be largely the result of beat-to-beat alternans of [Ca2+]i. (+info)ATX II, a sodium channel toxin, sensitizes skeletal muscle to halothane, caffeine, and ryanodine. (2/271)
BACKGROUND: The function or expression of subtypes of the sodium ion (Na+) channel is altered in biopsies or cultures of skeletal muscle from many persons who are susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). ATX II, a specific Na+ channel toxin from a sea anemone, causes delayed inactivation of the channel similar to that seen in cell cultures of MH muscle. ATX II was added to skeletal muscle to determine whether altered Na+ channel function could increase the sensitivity of normal skeletal muscle to agents (halothane, caffeine, ryanodine) to which MH muscle is hypersensitive. METHODS: Studies were performed of fiber bundles from the vastus lateralis muscle of persons who were deemed not MH susceptible (MH-) or MH susceptible (MH+) according to the MH diagnostic test and of strips of diaphragm muscle from rats. Preparations in a tissue bath containing Krebs solution were connected to a force transducer. ATX II was introduced 5 min before halothane, caffeine, or ryanodine. RESULTS: ATX II increased the magnitude of contracture to halothane in preparations from most MH-, but not MH+, human participants. After ATX II treatment, preparations from 9 of 24 MH- participants generated contractures to halothane, 3%, that were of the same magnitude as those from MH+ participants. Preparations from four of six ATX II-treated healthy participants also gave responses of the same magnitude as those of MH-susceptible participants to a graded halothane challenge (0.5-3%). The contractures to bolus doses of halothane in specimens from male participants were more than three times larger than the contractures in specimens from female participants. In rat muscle, ATX II increased the magnitude of contracture to caffeine (2 mM) and decreased the time to produce a 1-g contracture to ryanodine (1 microM). CONCLUSIONS: ATX II, which causes delayed inactivation of the Na+ channel in cell cultures similar to that reported in cultures of MH+ skeletal muscle, increased the sensitivity of normal muscle to three agents to which MH+ muscle is hypersensitive. The increased sensitivity to halothane, 3%, occurred in most (79%), but not all, MH- participants, and this effect was most evident in male participants. Therefore, abnormal function of the Na+ channel, even if it is a secondary event in MH, may contribute to a positive contracture test result for MH. (+info)Structural conservation of the pores of calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin. (3/271)
The structurally defined sea anemone peptide toxins ShK and BgK potently block the intermediate conductance, Ca(2+)-activated potassium channel IKCa1, a well recognized therapeutic target present in erythrocytes, human T-lymphocytes, and the colon. The well characterized voltage-gated Kv1.3 channel in human T-lymphocytes is also blocked by both peptides, although ShK has a approximately 1,000-fold greater affinity for Kv1.3 than IKCa1. To gain insight into the architecture of the toxin receptor in IKCa1, we used alanine-scanning in combination with mutant cycle analyses to map the ShK-IKCa1 interface, and compared it with the ShK-Kv1.3 interaction surface. ShK uses the same five core residues, all clustered around the critical Lys(22), to interact with IKCa1 and Kv1.3, although it relies on a larger number of contacts to stabilize its weaker interactions with IKCa1 than with Kv1.3. The toxin binds to IKCa1 in a region corresponding to the external vestibule of Kv1.3, and the turret and outer pore of the structurally defined bacterial potassium channel, KcsA. Based on the NMR structure of ShK, we deduce the toxin receptor in IKCa1 to have x-y dimensions of approximately 22 A, a diameter of approximately 31 A, and a depth of approximately 8 A; we estimate that the ion selectivity lies approximately 13 A below the outer lip of the toxin receptor. These dimensions are in good agreement with those of the KcsA channel determined from its crystal structure, and the inferred structure of Kv1.3 based on mapping with scorpion toxins. Thus, these distantly related channels exhibit architectural similarities in the outer pore region. This information could facilitate development of specific and potent modulators of the therapeutically important IKCa1 channel. (+info)Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis of an eukaryotic pore-forming toxin from sea anemone: topology in lipid membranes. (4/271)
Equinatoxin II is a cysteineless pore-forming protein from the sea anemone Actinia equina. It readily creates pores in membranes containing sphingomyelin. Its topology when bound in lipid membranes has been studied using cysteine-scanning mutagenesis. At approximately every tenth residue, a cysteine was introduced. Nineteen single cysteine mutants were produced in Escherichia coli and purified. The accessibility of the thiol groups in lipid-embedded cysteine mutants was studied by reaction with biotin maleimide. Most of the mutants were modified, except those with cysteines at positions 105 and 114. Mutants R144C and S160C were modified only at high concentrations of the probe. Similar results were obtained if membrane-bound biotinylated mutants were tested for avidin binding, but in this case three more mutants gave a negative result: S1C, S13C and K43C. Furthermore, mutants S1C, S13C, K20C, K43C and S95C reacted with biotin only after insertion into the lipid, suggesting that they were involved in major conformational changes occurring upon membrane binding. These results were further confirmed by labeling the mutants with acrylodan, a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe. When labeled mutants were combined with vesicles, the following mutants exhibited blue-shifts, indicating the transfer of acrylodan into a hydrophobic environment: S13C, K20C, S105C, S114C, R120C, R144C and S160C. The overall results suggest that at least two regions are embedded within the lipid membrane: the N-terminal 13-20 region, probably forming an amphiphilic helix, and the tryptophan-rich 105-120 region. Arg144, Ser160 and residues nearby could be involved in making contacts with lipid headgroups. The association with the membrane appears to be unique and different from that of bacterial pore-forming proteins and therefore equinatoxin II may serve as a model for eukaryotic channel-forming toxins. (+info)Increased hindrance on the chiral carbon atom of mexiletine enhances the block of rat skeletal muscle Na+ channels in a model of myotonia induced by ATX. (5/271)
1 The antiarrhythmic drug mexiletine (Mex) is also used against myotonia. Searching for a more efficient drug, a new compound (Me5) was synthesized substituting the methyl group on the chiral carbon atom of Mex by an isopropyl group. Effects of Me5 on Na+ channels were compared to those of Mex in rat skeletal muscle fibres using the cell-attached patch clamp method. 2 Me5 (10 microM) reduced the maximal sodium current (INa) by 29.7+/-4.4 % (n=6) at a frequency of stimulation of 0.3 Hz and 65.7+/-4.4 % (n=6) at 1 Hz. At same concentration (10 microM), Mex was incapable of producing any effect (n=3). Me5 also shifted the steady-state inactivation curves by -7. 9+/-0.9 mV (n=6) at 0.3 Hz and -12.2+/-1.0 mV (n=6) at 1 Hz. 3 In the presence of sea anemone toxin II (ATX; 5 microM), INa decayed more slowly and no longer to zero, providing a model of sodium channel myotonia. The effects of Me5 on peak INa were similar whatever ATX was present or not. Interestingly, Me5 did not modify the INa decay time constant nor the steady-state INa to peak INa ratio. 4 Analysis of ATX-induced late Na+ channel activity shows that Me5 did not affect mean open times and single-channel conductance, thus excluding open channel block property. 5 These results indicate that increasing hindrance on the chiral atom of Mex increases drug potency on wild-type and ATX-induced noninactivating INa and that Me5 might improve the prophylaxis of myotonia. (+info)Mapping the functional anatomy of BgK on Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3. Clues to design analogs with enhanced selectivity. (6/271)
BgK is a peptide from the sea anemone Bunodosoma granulifera, which blocks Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3 potassium channels. Using 25 analogs substituted at a single position by an alanine residue, we performed the complete mapping of the BgK binding sites for the three Kv1 channels. These binding sites included three common residues (Ser-23, Lys-25, and Tyr-26) and a variable set of additional residues depending on the particular channel. Shortening the side chain of Lys-25 by taking out the four methylene groups dramatically decreased the BgK affinity to all Kv1 channels tested. However, the analog K25Orn displayed increased potency on Kv1.2, which makes this peptide a selective blocker for Kv1.2 (K(D) 50- and 300-fold lower than for Kv1.1 and Kv1.3, respectively). BgK analogs with enhanced selectivity could also be made by substituting residues that are differentially involved in the binding to some of the three Kv1 channels. For example, the analog F6A was found to be >500-fold more potent for Kv1.1 than for Kv1.2 and Kv1.3. These results provide new information about the mechanisms by which a channel blocker distinguishes individual channels among closely related isoforms and give clues for designing analogs with enhanced selectivity. (+info)Structure-function studies of tryptophan mutants of equinatoxin II, a sea anemone pore-forming protein. (7/271)
Equinatoxin II (EqtII) is a eukaryotic cytolytic toxin that avidly creates pores in natural and model lipid membranes. It contains five tryptophan residues in three different regions of the molecule. In order to study its interaction with the lipid membranes, three tryptophan mutants, EqtII Trp(45), EqtII Trp(116/117) and EqtII Trp(149), were prepared in an Escherichia coli expression system [here, the tryptophan mutants are classified according to the position of the remaining tryptophan residue(s) in each mutated protein]. They all possess a single intrinsic fluorescent centre. All mutants were less haemolytically active than the wild-type, although the mechanism of erythrocyte damage was the same. EqtII Trp(116/117) resembles the wild-type in terms of its secondary structure content, as determined from Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and its fluorescent properties. Tryptophans at these two positions are buried within the hydrophobic interior of the protein, and are transferred to the lipid phase during the interaction with the lipid membrane. The secondary structure of the other two mutants, EqtII Trp(45) and EqtII Trp(149), was altered to a certain extent. EqtII Trp(149) was the most dissimilar from the wild-type, displaying a higher content of random-coil structure. It also retained the lowest number of nitrogen-bound protons after exchange with (2)H(2)O, which might indicate a reduced compactness of the molecule. Tryptophans in EqtII Trp(45) and EqtII Trp(149) were more exposed to water, and also remained as such in the membrane-bound form. (+info)Differential effects of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists in LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 models of the long QT syndrome. (8/271)
OBJECTIVES: To define the cellular mechanisms responsible for the development of life-threatening arrhythmias in response to sympathetic activity in the congenital and acquired long QT syndromes (LCQTS). METHODS: Transmembrane action potentials (AP) from epicardial (EPI), M and endocardial (ENDO) cells and a transmural electrocardiogram were simultaneously recorded from an arterially perfused wedge of canine left ventricle. We examined the effect of beta-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on action potential duration (APD90), transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) and the development of Torsade de Pointes (TdP) in models of LQT1, LQT2 and LQT3 forms of LQTS. RESULTS: I(Ks) block with chromanol 293B (LQT1) homogeneously prolonged APD90 of the three cell types without increasing TDR. Addition of isoproterenol prolonged QT and APD90 of M but abbreviated that of EPI and ENDO, causing a persistent increase in TDR; Torsade de Pointes developed or could be induced only in the presence of isoproterenol. I(Kr) block with d-sotalol (LQT2) and augmentation of late I(Na) with ATX-II (LQT3) prolonged APD90 of M more than EPI and ENDO, causing increases in QT and TDR. TdP developed in the absence of isoproterenol. In LQT2 isoproterenol initially prolonged, then abbreviated, the APD90 of M but always abbreviated EPI, thus transiently increasing TDR and the incidence of TdP. In LQT3, isoproterenol always abbreviated APD90 of the three cell types, causing a persistent decrease in TDR and suppression of TdP. The arrhythmogenic as well as protective actions of isoproterenol were reversed by propranolol. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that beta-adrenergic stimulation induces TdP by increasing transmural dispersion of repolarization in LQT1 and LQT2 but suppresses TdP by decreasing dispersion in LQT3. The data indicate that beta-blockers are protective in LQT1 and LQT2 but may facilitate TdP in LQT3. (+info)Here are some common types of bites and stings and their symptoms:
1. Insect bites: These can cause redness, swelling, itching, and pain at the site of the bite. Some people may experience an allergic reaction to insect venom, which can be severe and potentially life-threatening. Common insect bites include mosquito bites, bee stings, wasp stings, hornet stings, and fire ant bites.
2. Spider bites: Spiders can also cause a range of symptoms, including redness, swelling, pain, and itching. Some spider bites can be serious and require medical attention, such as the black widow spider bite or the brown recluse spider bite. These bites can cause necrotic lesions, muscle cramps, and breathing difficulties.
3. Animal bites: Animal bites can be serious and can cause infection, swelling, pain, and scarring. Rabies is a potential risk with animal bites, especially if the animal is not up to date on its vaccinations. Common animal bites include dog bites, cat bites, and bat bites.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may experience an allergic reaction to insect or animal bites or stings, which can be severe and potentially life-threatening. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include hives, itching, difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, tongue, or throat, and a rapid heartbeat.
5. Infections: Bites and stings can also cause infections, especially if the wound becomes infected or is not properly cleaned and cared for. Symptoms of an infection include redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and pus.
It's important to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any of these symptoms after a bite or sting, as they can be serious and potentially life-threatening. A healthcare professional can assess the severity of the injury and provide appropriate treatment.
The venom from snake bites contains a variety of toxins that can affect different parts of the body, including the cardiovascular, nervous, and muscular systems. Some common symptoms of snake bites include:
* Pain and swelling at the bite site
* Blurred vision or difficulty seeing
* Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
* Weakness, numbness, or tingling in the face, arms, or legs
* Seizures or convulsions
* Difficulty breathing or swallowing
* Rapid heartbeat or slow heart rate
* Low blood pressure or high blood pressure
* Nausea and vomiting
In severe cases, snake bites can cause respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, and other life-threatening complications.
The diagnosis of a snake bite is typically made based on the symptoms and medical history of the patient. In some cases, imaging tests like X-rays or CT scans may be ordered to confirm the presence of venom in the body.
Treatment for snake bites usually involves administering antivenin (also known as antivenom) to neutralize the venom and manage symptoms. Antivenin is a type of medicine that contains antibodies specifically designed to counteract the effects of snake venom. In severe cases, patients may require hospitalization and intensive care to monitor and treat any complications.
Prevention is key in avoiding snake bites, and this includes avoiding areas where snakes are known to live, wearing protective clothing and footwear when in these areas, and using repellents or other deterrents to discourage snakes from approaching. Education and awareness about snake behavior and safety measures can also help reduce the risk of snake bites.
Insects such as mosquitoes, wasps, bees, and hornets are common culprits of bites and stings that cause minor to severe reactions in humans. These reactions may cause pain, redness, swelling, itching, and burning sensations at the site of the bite or sting.
Most insect bites and stings can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, hydrocortisone creams, or calamine lotion. Severe allergic reactions may require medical attention and epinephrine injections to prevent anaphylaxis.
Venom
Cnidocyte
Enthemonae
List of MeSH codes (D23)
Box jellyfish
Diversity of venomous mammals
Holoplankton
Coral
List of MeSH codes (D20)
Aurelia (cnidarian)
Rhopilema esculentum
Chiropsella bronzie
Tentacle
Stichodactyla toxin
Sea anemone
Aiptasia mutabilis
Cnidaria
BscTx3
Stichodactyla helianthus
Malo maxima
Wild animal suffering
Portuguese man o' war
Carukia barnesi
Hydramacin-1
Chiropsoides
Morbakka virulenta
Chironex fleckeri
Cyanea annaskala
Phyllodiscus
Animal attacks in Latin America
Nemertea
Lion's mane jellyfish
Carybdea
Sponge
Carukiidae
List of sequenced animal genomes
Defensin
Chrysaora africana
Fauna of Puerto Rico
Anthozoa
List of examples of convergent evolution
Irukandji jellyfish
Anaphylaxis
Nomura's jellyfish
Oral arm
Chrysaora fulgida
Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | Extract from the Zooxanthellate Jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata Modulates Gap Junction...
Evaluation of Cyanea capillata Sting Management Protocols Using Ex Vivo and In Vitro Envenomation Models - PubMed
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Marine Toxins < Toxins (biological toxins) << Poisons <<< Biological Roles @...
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DeCS 2015 - December 22, 2015 version
NEW (2011) MESH HEADINGS WITH SCOPE NOTES (UNIT RECORD FORMAT; 8/9/2010
BENT ON WORLD DOMINATION
Jellyfish outbreaks: A Mediterranean focus on a global threat.
The Evolution of Poisonous Birds | ScienceBlogs
statistiche ricercatore
First Aid for Cnidarian Envenomations - MDPI Blog
Poisonings, Envenomations, and Toxic Exposures | CDC Yellow Book 2024
Man-of-War venom, and the discovery of anaphylaxis - Gelatinous Sting
aiptasia sting | Seahorse.com
TERM
184 bilder, fotografier och illustrationer med Academic Cv
Kleptocnidy
Shortfin Mako Shark
Sea anemone: Do you know Sea anemone
Eco-Evo Evo-Eco
VAPAGuide - Diagnosis & treatment - Terrestrial snakes, Australian Elapids
VAPAGuide - General information on venomous fish
BMC Biol Volume 21; 2023 - PMC
Anthozoa
Toxins6
- Megalopygid venoms consist of large aerolysin-like pore-forming toxins, which we have named megalysins, and a small number of peptides. (bvsalud.org)
- We show that the megalysins were recruited as venom toxins in the Megalopygidae following horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to the ancestors of ditrysian Lepidoptera. (bvsalud.org)
- Megalopygids have recruited aerolysin-like proteins as venom toxins convergently with centipedes, cnidarians, and fish. (bvsalud.org)
- An article in Toxins about the most effective treatments for cnidarian envenomations has attracted attention in the first-aid community. (mdpi.com)
- According to the published literature, cnidarian venoms and toxins are heat labile at temperatures safe for human application, which supports the use of hot-water immersion of the sting area(s). (mdpi.com)
- The acidity in the vinegar naturally tends to denature toxins associated with envenomation from cnidarians such as jellyfish and anemones, providing quick relief. (seahorse.com)
Anemone7
- The action of equinatoxin, a peptide from the venom of the sea anemone, Actinia equina, on the isolated lung. (nih.gov)
- His findings emerged directly from work on the venom of P. physalis and later the sea anemone, Actinia sp. (gelatinoussting.com)
- These anemones were common along the shores of France, so large numbers could be collected to obtain the volume of venom needed for their experiments (and later to isolate actinoporin, a cytolytic (cell-bursting) toxin from sea anemone venom). (gelatinoussting.com)
- Richet and Portier's hypothesis was that small injections of jellyfish or anemone venom might inoculate their subjects against later exposure and reduce symptoms, maybe even increasing their resilience to future stings, like vaccines. (gelatinoussting.com)
- Using the same technique of dissolving the sea anemone venom into glycerol, they injected pigeons and guinea pigs, but eventually moved to dogs because of their higher resistance to the toxin. (gelatinoussting.com)
- The barb has a type of venom they will help paralyze the prey and the sea anemone will slowly draw the prey item into its mouth. (click4aya.com)
- The sea anemone, a cnidarian, has no brain. (click4aya.com)
ANEMONES2
- After their journey at sea, Richet and Portier continued working on the effects of venom using sea anemones of the Genus Actinia . (gelatinoussting.com)
- The largest sea anemones-also the largest cnidarians-are of the genus Stichodactyla . (click4aya.com)
Cnidaria2
Nematocysts1
- He dislikes them being pulled on, since it hurts and also might damage the instigator since the nematocysts on them excrete venom that causes a reaction similar to allergies, and maybe even death if there is prolonged exposure. (ocfancy.com)
Type of venom1
- The most common type of venom apparatus is the fin ray with grooves on both sides. (vapaguide.info)
Venomous4
- The venom system differs markedly from those of previously studied venomous zygaenoids of the family Limacodidae, suggestive of an independent origin. (bvsalud.org)
- Limacodidae is a family with worldwide distribution, many of which are venomous in the larval stage, but the composition and mode of action of their venom is unknown. (bvsalud.org)
- The fact that a patient has been bitten by a known venomous snake and the presence of bite marks do not automatically allow the conclusion that a clinically relevant injection of venom has taken place. (vapaguide.info)
- Fig. 4.20 Venom apparatus in various venomous fishes (adapted from Halstead 1988). (vapaguide.info)
Prey3
- Kleptocnidy is a term that describes the phenomenon by which predators consume cnidarian prey and sequester the cnidocytes from their meal (klepto = steal, cnidy = cnidocytes). (babonislab.com)
- Jaw muscles are strong and after biting its prey it will not release, giving venom time to work. (brianeyes21comcast.net)
- Glands in the lower jaws secrete the venom into grooves in its teeth which mixes with saliva killing or disabling its prey. (brianeyes21comcast.net)
Tentacles2
- Although vinegar, the 40-year field standard of first aid for the removal of adherent tentacles, completely inhibited cnidae firing in TSA and TSBAA ex vivo models, the most striking inhibition of both tentacle firing and subsequent venom-induced hemolysis was observed using newly-developed proprietary formulations (Sting No Moreā¢) containing copper gluconate, magnesium sulfate, and urea. (mdpi.com)
- Each animal would become paralyzed when injected with venom-infused glycerol from the tentacles of the Man-of-War. (gelatinoussting.com)
Glands3
- On the ventral side there are 2 venom glands arranged in pairs. (vapaguide.info)
- A venom gland is located in each groove, and these glands range from poorly to well evolved (Fig. 4.20 b and c ). (vapaguide.info)
- If the spine penetrates the flesh of the attacker or of a careless person, the integument is pushed downwards, and under the resulting pressure the venom glands discharge their contents along the grooves and into the wound. (vapaguide.info)
Proteins1
- Secondly, it will break down the complex proteins in the venom, providing immediate relief from the pain of the stings. (seahorse.com)
Species1
- Here, we present the anatomy, chemistry, and mode of action of the venom systems of caterpillars of two megalopygid species, the Southern flannel moth Megalopyge opercularis and the black-waved flannel moth Megalopyge crispata. (bvsalud.org)
Humans3
- Plus, however much scientists work as the propaganda department of the Cnidarians' world-domination efforts, many humans just don't listen to scientists. (alaskaforreal.com)
- What makes snake or bee venom [ t0 humans and how? (solvedlib.com)
- Venom is very painful to humans but does not usually result in death. (brianeyes21comcast.net)
Discharge1
- Vinegar safely prevents both chemically- and pressure-induced cnidae discharge and does not increase venom load, but decreases it, as demonstrated by a live red blood cell agar assay. (mdpi.com)
Genus1
- Larvae of the genus Megalopyge (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea: Megalopygidae), known as asp or puss caterpillars, produce defensive venoms that cause severe pain. (bvsalud.org)
Colonial1
- Siphonophores are colonial cnidarians, composed of genetically-identical animals, called zooids. (gelatinoussting.com)
Biology1
- Conversely, in the Mediterranean Sea extensive studies about the morphology, the biology, and the ecology of cnidarians were carried out, albeit the toxicological research on cnidarian venoms was scarcely developed until the 1980s. (unige.it)
Effects2
- Effects of Pelagia noctiluca crude venom on cell viability and volume regulation. (unime.it)
- He worked in collaboration with Paul Portier and Georges Richard, brought together by the Prince, to study the toxic effects of Man-of-War venom that frequently tormented fishermen. (gelatinoussting.com)
Study1
- This study highlights the role of horizontal gene transfer in venom evolution. (bvsalud.org)
Pain3
- Megalopygid venom potently activates mammalian sensory neurons via membrane permeabilization and induces sustained spontaneous pain behavior and paw swelling in mice. (bvsalud.org)
- After conducting a systematic review of the evidence for the use of heat or ice in the treatment of cnidarian envenomations, we conclude that the majority of studies to date support the use of hot-water immersion for pain relief and improved health outcomes. (mdpi.com)
- Following North American crotalid bites, strong local pain, swelling, discolouration of the skin and occasionally hyposensitivity in the region of the bite are early signs of a relevant injection of venom. (vapaguide.info)
Important1
- Cnidarian envenomations are an important public health problem, responsible for more deaths than shark attacks annually. (mdpi.com)
Activity2
- We report the use and results of these assays to evaluate the efficacy of topical first-aid approaches to inhibit tentacle firing and venom activity. (mdpi.com)
- In particular following bites by crotalids, whose venoms possess only direct fibrinogen-coagulating activity ("thrombin-like" activity), the haemostatic defect usually only manifests itself in the form of abnormal clotting test results and not clinically (Kitchens 1991, pers. (vapaguide.info)
Time1
- The symptoms and degree of envenoming depend not only on the amount of venom injected and numerous other variables, but also on the time that has elapsed since the bite. (vapaguide.info)
Reduce1
- Further, evidence points to the efficacy of a new copper gluconate based cream to reduce venom based destruction of red blood cells and tissue. (mdpi.com)
Show1
- We show that megalopygid venom is produced in secretory cells that lie beneath the cuticle and are connected to the venom spines by canals. (bvsalud.org)
Massive1
- A massive bony ray with a large venom gland on both sides that is surrounded by a sturdy integument. (vapaguide.info)