The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.
A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.
A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.
Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces "struck", and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.
A species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. It is the etiologic agent of BOTULISM in humans, wild fowl, HORSES; and CATTLE. Seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (BOTULINUM TOXINS). The organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature.
Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.
A claudin subtype that takes part in maintaining the barrier-forming property of TIGHT JUNCTIONS. Claudin-4 is found associated with CLAUDIN-8 in the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT where it may play a role in paracellular chloride ion reabsorption.
The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.
Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.
A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.
A ubiquitously-expressed claudin subtype that acts as a general barrier-forming protein in TIGHT JUNCTIONS. Elevated expression of claudin-3 is found in a variety of tumor cell types, suggesting its role as a therapeutic target for specific ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, used for the industrial production of SOLVENTS.
Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.
Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.
A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. Infections have a strong association with malignancies and also with GAS GANGRENE.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, found in INTESTINES and SOIL.
Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins, or activator proteins. They typically contain EF HAND MOTIFS.
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.
Organic esters of thioglycolic acid (HS-CH2COOH).
Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.
The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.
Type species of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM, a gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is used as a source of PROBIOTICS.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.
The fourth stomach of ruminating animals. It is also called the "true" stomach. It is an elongated pear-shaped sac lying on the floor of the abdomen, on the right-hand side, and roughly between the seventh and twelfth ribs. It leads to the beginning of the small intestine. (From Black's Veterinary Dictionary, 17th ed)
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.
Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.
'Cooking and eating utensils' are tools or instruments made of various materials, such as metals, ceramics, glass, or silicone, that are specifically designed and used for preparing, serving, and consuming food during meal preparations and dining occasions.
A class of iron-sulfur proteins that contains one iron coordinated to the sulfur atom of four cysteine residues. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.
Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.

Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay by using monoclonal antibody for detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. (1/1215)

Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantitative estimation of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies as capturing and detecting antibodies, respectively. The dose-dependent relationship between absorbance at 405 nm and concentration of purified CPE was obtained over the range of 0.64-400 ng/ml. The sandwich ELISA was fond to detect crude CPE in culture and CPE in 10% fecal extracts. This method is convenient, rapid and sensitive for specific detection of CPE.  (+info)

Hemorrhagic enteritis associated with Clostridium perfringens type A in a dog. (2/1215)

A female Shetland sheep dog died suddenly with hemorrhagic diarrhea and vomitting, and was examined pathologically and microbiologically. Gross pathological change was restricted to the intestinal tract. The intestine contained watery, blood-stained fluid. Histopathologically, the principal intestinal lesion was superficial mucosal hemorrhagic necrosis at the jejunoileum. Many Gram-positive bacilli were found adhering to the necrotic mucosal surface in parts of the intestinal tract. Clostridium perfringens in pure culture were isolated from jejunal contents by anaerobic culture. These results suggested that the typical lesion of this case coincided with canine hemorrhagic enteritis and enterotoxemia due to C. perfringens infection could be the cause of sudden death.  (+info)

Cationic currents induced by Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin in human intestinal CaCO-2 cells. (3/1215)

Clostridium perfringens type A produces an enterotoxin that induces diarrhoea experimentally in man and animals. The enterotoxin causes increased membrane permeability in susceptible cells which is thought to be due to pore formation in the host cell membrane. The effect of purified C. perfringens enterotoxin on intact intestinal CaCO-2 monolayers was examined in Ussing chambers and on single cells by whole-cell patch clamp. Mucosal application of C. perfringens enterotoxin resulted in prompt increases in short-circuit current coupled with a reduction in transepithelial resistance consistent with movement of sodium and other cations smaller than diethanolamine from mucosa to serosa. These changes were independent of extracellular calcium. Increases in short-circuit current were also observed in the apical membranes of CaCO-2 monolayers permeabilised across the basolateral membrane with nystatin. Currents were blocked by subsequent exposure to mucosal barium and zinc. Zinc also prevented the development of the current increases in apical membranes. Cationic currents were also observed following exposure of single CaCO-2 cells in whole-cell patch clamp recordings. These data indicate that C. perfringens enterotoxin is able to form cation permeant pores in the apical membrane of human intestinal CaCO-2 epithelia and the increases in short-circuit current can be prevented by pre-exposure to zinc ions.  (+info)

Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysins and lethal toxins by Clostridium perfringens types A to D. (4/1215)

To obtain high yields of extracellular enzymes and toxins for immunological analysis, type culture collection strains of Clostridium perfringens types A to D and 28 fresh isolates of C. perfringens type A from humans were grown in fermenters under controlled conditions in a pre-reduced proteose peptone medium. The type culture collection strains all showed different characteristics with respect to growth rates and pH optima for growth. Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysin and lethal activity varied considerably between the different types. Growth and extracellular protein production in fermenters with pH control and static or stirred cultures were compared. Production of all extracellular proteins measured was markedly improved by cultivation in fermenters with pH control. Strain ATCC13124 produced five times more phospholipase C than any of 28 freshly isolated strains of C. perfringens type A, grown under identical conditions. Haemolytic and lethal activities of the ATCC strain were equal or superior to the activities of any of the freshly isolated strains. There were no differences in the bacterial yields and in the production of extracellular toxins between type A strains isolated from clinical cases of gas gangrene and abdominal wounds, and those isolated from faecal samples from healthy persons.  (+info)

Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin is sensitive to thiol-group modification but does not require a thiol group for lethal activity. (5/1215)

The beta-toxin gene isolated from Clostridium perfringens type B was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion gene in Escherichia coli. The purified GST-beta-toxin fusion protein from the E. coli transformant cells was not lethal. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the recombinant beta-toxin (r toxin) isolated by thrombin cleavage of the fusion protein was G-S-N-D-I-G-K-T-T-T. Biological activities and molecular mass of r toxin were indistinguishable from those of native beta-toxin (n toxin) purified from C. perfringens type C. Replacement of Cys-265 with alanine or serine by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in little loss of the activity. Treatment of C265A with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), which inactivated lethal activity of r toxin and n toxin, led to no loss of the activity. The substitution of tyrosine or histidine for Cys-265 significantly diminished lethal activity. In addition, treatment of C265H with ethoxyformic anhydride which specifically modifies histidyl residue resulted in significant decrease in lethal activity, but that of r toxin with the agent did not. These results showed that replacement of the cysteine residue at position 265 with amino acids with large size of side chain or introduction of functional groups in the position resulted in loss of lethal activity of the toxin. Replacement of Tyr-266, Leu-268 or Trp-275 resulted in complete loss of lethal activity. Simultaneous administration of r toxin and W275A led to a decrease in lethal activity of beta-toxin. These observations suggest that the site essential for the activity is close to the cysteine residue.  (+info)

Molecular subtyping of Clostridium perfringens by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to facilitate food-borne-disease outbreak investigations. (6/1215)

Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food-borne illness. The illness is characterized by profuse diarrhea and acute abdominal pain. Since the illness is usually self-limiting, many cases are undiagnosed and/or not reported. Investigations are often pursued after an outbreak involving large numbers of people in institutions, at restaurants, or at catered meals. Serotyping has been used in the past to assist epidemiologic investigations of C. perfringens outbreaks. However, serotyping reagents are not widely available, and many isolates are often untypeable with existing reagents. We developed a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method for molecular subtyping of C. perfringens isolates to aid in epidemiologic investigations of food-borne outbreaks. Six restriction endonucleases (SmaI, ApaI, FspI, MluI, KspI, and XbaI) were evaluated with a select panel of C. perfringens strains. SmaI was chosen for further studies because it produced 11 to 13 well-distributed bands of 40 to approximately 1,100 kb which provided good discrimination between isolates. Seventeen distinct patterns were obtained with 62 isolates from seven outbreak investigations or control strains. In general, multiple isolates from a single individual had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates (outbreak or control strains) had unique patterns; isolates from different individuals within an outbreak had similar, if not identical, patterns. PFGE identifies clonal relationships of isolates which will assist epidemiologic investigations of food-borne-disease outbreaks caused by C. perfringens.  (+info)

Promoter upstream bent DNA activates the transcription of the Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C gene in a low temperature-dependent manner. (7/1215)

The phospholipase C gene (plc) of Clostridium perfringens possesses three phased A-tracts forming bent DNA upstream of the promoter. An in vitro transcription assay involving C.perfringens RNA polymerase (RNAP) showed that the phased A-tracts have a stimulatory effect on the plc promoter, and that the effect is proportional to the number of A-tracts, and more prominent at lower temperature. A gel retardation assay and hydroxyl radical footprinting revealed that the phased A-tracts facilitate the formation of the RNAP-plc promoter complex through extension of the contact region. The upstream (UP) element of the Escherichia coli rrnB P1 promoter stimulated the downstream promoter activity temperature independently, differing from the phased A-tracts. When the UP element was placed upstream of the plc promoter, low temperature-dependent stimulation was observed, although this effect was less prominent than that of the phased A-tracts. These results suggest that both the phased A-tracts and UP element cause low temperature-dependent activation of the plc promoter through a similar mechanism, and that the more efficient low temperature-dependent activation by the phased A-tracts may be due to an increase in the bending angle at a lower temperature.  (+info)

Differences in the carboxy-terminal (Putative phospholipid binding) domains of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium bifermentans phospholipases C influence the hemolytic and lethal properties of these enzymes. (8/1215)

The phospholipases C of C. perfringens (alpha-toxin) and C. bifermentans (Cbp) show >50% amino acid homology but differ in their hemolytic and toxic properties. We report here the purification and characterisation of alpha-toxin and Cbp. The phospholipase C activity of alpha-toxin and Cbp was similar when tested with phosphatidylcholine in egg yolk or in liposomes. However, the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin was more than 100-fold that of Cbp. To investigate whether differences in the carboxy-terminal domains of these proteins were responsible for differences in the hemolytic and toxic properties, a hybrid protein (NbiCalpha) was constructed comprising the N domain of Cbp and the C domain of alpha-toxin. The hemolytic activity of NbiCalpha was 10-fold that of Cbp, and the hybrid enzyme was toxic. These results confirm that the C-terminal domain of these proteins confers different properties on the enzymatically active N-terminal domain of these proteins.  (+info)

'Clostridium perfringens' is a type of Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including in soil, decaying vegetation, and the intestines of humans and animals. It is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, producing several toxins that can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting.

The bacterium can contaminate food during preparation or storage, particularly meat and poultry products. When ingested, the spores of C. perfringens can germinate and produce large numbers of toxin-producing cells in the intestines, leading to food poisoning. The most common form of C. perfringens food poisoning is characterized by symptoms that appear within 6 to 24 hours after ingestion and last for less than 24 hours.

In addition to foodborne illness, C. perfringens can also cause other types of infections, such as gas gangrene, a serious condition that can occur when the bacterium infects a wound and produces toxins that damage surrounding tissues. Gas gangrene is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics and surgical debridement or amputation of affected tissue.

Prevention measures for C. perfringens food poisoning include proper cooking, handling, and storage of food, as well as rapid cooling of cooked foods to prevent the growth of the bacterium.

'Clostridium' is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. Many species of Clostridium are anaerobic, meaning they can grow and reproduce in environments with little or no oxygen. Some species of Clostridium are capable of producing toxins that can cause serious and sometimes life-threatening illnesses in humans and animals.

Some notable species of Clostridium include:

* Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus (also known as lockjaw)
* Clostridium botulinum, which produces botulinum toxin, the most potent neurotoxin known and the cause of botulism
* Clostridium difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in people who have recently taken antibiotics
* Clostridium perfringens, which can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene.

It is important to note that not all species of Clostridium are harmful, and some are even beneficial, such as those used in the production of certain fermented foods like sauerkraut and natto. However, due to their ability to produce toxins and cause illness, it is important to handle and dispose of materials contaminated with Clostridium species carefully, especially in healthcare settings.

Clostridium infections are caused by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, which are gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming, and often anaerobic organisms. These bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human gastrointestinal tract. Some Clostridium species can cause severe and potentially life-threatening infections in humans. Here are some of the most common Clostridium infections with their medical definitions:

1. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI): An infection caused by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile, previously known as Clostridium difficile. It typically occurs after antibiotic use disrupts the normal gut microbiota, allowing C. difficile to overgrow and produce toxins that cause diarrhea, colitis, and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe cases can lead to sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death.
2. Clostridium tetani infection: Also known as tetanus, this infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. The spores of this bacterium are commonly found in soil and animal feces. They can enter the body through wounds, cuts, or punctures, germinate, and produce a potent exotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle stiffness and spasms, particularly in the neck and jaw (lockjaw), which can lead to difficulty swallowing, breathing, and potentially fatal complications.
3. Clostridium botulinum infection: This infection is caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and results in botulism, a rare but severe paralytic illness. The bacteria produce neurotoxins (botulinum toxins) that affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as double vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, botulism can lead to respiratory failure and death.
4. Gas gangrene (Clostridium perfringens infection): A rapidly progressing soft tissue infection caused by Clostridium perfringens or other clostridial species. The bacteria produce potent exotoxins that cause tissue destruction, gas production, and widespread necrosis. Gas gangrene is characterized by severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge. If left untreated, it can lead to sepsis, multi-organ failure, and death.
5. Clostridioides difficile infection (C. difficile infection): Although not caused by a typical clostridial species, C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis, particularly in hospitalized patients or those who have recently taken antibiotics. The bacteria produce toxins A and B, which damage the intestinal lining and contribute to inflammation and diarrhea. C. difficile infection can range from mild to life-threatening, with complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, and bowel perforation.

'Clostridium difficile' (also known as 'C. difficile' or 'C. diff') is a type of Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can be found in the environment, including in soil, water, and human and animal feces. It is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in individuals who have recently received antibiotics or have other underlying health conditions that weaken their immune system.

C. difficile produces toxins that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe colitis (inflammation of the colon) and potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis and toxic megacolon. The most common toxins produced by C. difficile are called TcdA and TcdB, which damage the lining of the intestine and cause inflammation.

C. difficile infections (CDIs) can be difficult to treat, particularly in severe cases or in patients who have recurrent infections. Treatment typically involves discontinuing any unnecessary antibiotics, if possible, and administering specific antibiotics that are effective against C. difficile, such as metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be recommended as a last resort for patients with recurrent or severe CDIs who have not responded to other treatments.

Preventing the spread of C. difficile is critical in healthcare settings, and includes measures such as hand hygiene, contact precautions, environmental cleaning, and antibiotic stewardship programs that promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.

Gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis, is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that can rapidly spread in the muscles and tissues. It is caused by certain types of bacteria, particularly Clostridium perfringens and other Clostridium species, which produce toxins and gases as they multiply within the body's tissues.

The infection often occurs in traumatized or compromised soft tissues, such as those that have been crushed, severely injured, or poorly perfused due to vascular insufficiency. Gas gangrene can also develop following surgical procedures, especially in cases where there is a lack of adequate blood supply or devitalized tissue.

The hallmark symptoms of gas gangrene include severe pain, swelling, discoloration, and a foul-smelling discharge at the infection site. Additionally, crepitus (a crackling or popping sensation) may be present due to the accumulation of gas within the tissues. If left untreated, gas gangrene can lead to sepsis, organ failure, and even death. Immediate medical attention, including surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and sometimes hyperbaric oxygen treatment, is crucial for managing this potentially fatal condition.

Enterotoxemia is a condition characterized by the presence of toxins (specifically, enterotoxins) produced by certain types of bacteria in the intestines. This condition primarily affects ruminant animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, although it can also occur in other species including humans.

The bacteria responsible for enterotoxemia are often part of the normal gut flora but can cause disease when they overgrow and produce large amounts of toxins. The most common bacterial species associated with enterotoxemia are Clostridium perfringens types C and D, and occasionally type A. These bacteria produce potent enterotoxins that can cause damage to the intestinal lining, leading to inflammation, diarrhea, dehydration, and potentially fatal septicemia.

Enterotoxemia can occur in animals of any age but is most commonly seen in young animals that have not yet fully developed their immune system or have been recently weaned. The condition can be triggered by a variety of factors, including dietary changes, overeating, stress, and viral infections.

Prevention of enterotoxemia typically involves vaccination against the causative bacteria and good management practices to minimize stress and prevent overeating. Treatment may involve supportive care such as fluid therapy, antibiotics, and anti-toxins, but the prognosis is often guarded, especially in severe cases.

Bacterial toxins are poisonous substances produced and released by bacteria. They can cause damage to the host organism's cells and tissues, leading to illness or disease. Bacterial toxins can be classified into two main types: exotoxins and endotoxins.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacterial cells that can cause harm to the host. They often target specific cellular components or pathways, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Some examples of exotoxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism; diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria; and tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus.

Endotoxins, on the other hand, are components of the bacterial cell wall that are released when the bacteria die or divide. They consist of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and can cause a generalized inflammatory response in the host. Endotoxins can be found in gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Bacterial toxins can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the type of toxin, the dose, and the site of infection. They can lead to serious illnesses or even death if left untreated. Vaccines and antibiotics are often used to prevent or treat bacterial infections and reduce the risk of severe complications from bacterial toxins.

Enterotoxins are types of toxic substances that are produced by certain microorganisms, such as bacteria. These toxins are specifically designed to target and affect the cells in the intestines, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. One well-known example of an enterotoxin is the toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which can cause food poisoning. Another example is the cholera toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae, which can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration. Enterotoxins work by interfering with the normal functioning of intestinal cells, leading to fluid accumulation in the intestines and subsequent symptoms.

'Clostridium botulinum' is a gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic bacteria that produces one or more neurotoxins known as botulinum toxins. These toxins are among the most potent naturally occurring biological poisons and can cause a severe form of food poisoning called botulism in humans and animals. Botulism is characterized by symmetrical descending flaccid paralysis, which can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular failure, and ultimately death if not treated promptly.

The bacteria are widely distributed in nature, particularly in soil, sediments, and the intestinal tracts of some animals. They can form spores that are highly resistant to heat, chemicals, and other environmental stresses, allowing them to survive for long periods in adverse conditions. The spores can germinate and produce vegetative cells and toxins when they encounter favorable conditions, such as anaerobic environments with appropriate nutrients.

Human botulism can occur through three main routes of exposure: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism results from consuming contaminated food containing preformed toxins, while wound botulism occurs when the bacteria infect a wound and produce toxins in situ. Infant botulism is caused by the ingestion of spores that colonize the intestines and produce toxins, mainly affecting infants under one year of age.

Prevention measures include proper food handling, storage, and preparation practices, such as cooking and canning foods at appropriate temperatures and for sufficient durations. Wound care and prompt medical attention are crucial in preventing wound botulism. Vaccines and antitoxins are available for prophylaxis and treatment of botulism in high-risk individuals or in cases of confirmed exposure.

I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. Bacteria do not produce spores; instead, it is fungi and other types of microorganisms that produce spores for reproduction and survival purposes. Spores are essentially reproductive cells that are resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals, allowing them to survive under harsh conditions.

If you meant to ask about endospores, those are produced by some bacteria as a protective mechanism during times of stress or nutrient deprivation. Endospores are highly resistant structures containing bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes. They can survive for long periods in extreme environments and germinate into vegetative cells when conditions improve.

Here's the medical definition of endospores:

Endospores (also called bacterial spores) are highly resistant, dormant structures produced by certain bacteria belonging to the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. They contain a core of bacterial DNA, ribosomes, and some enzymes surrounded by a protective layer called the spore coat. Endospores can survive under harsh conditions for extended periods and germinate into vegetative cells when favorable conditions return. Common examples of endospore-forming bacteria include Bacillus species (such as B. anthracis, which causes anthrax) and Clostridium species (such as C. difficile, which can cause severe diarrhea).

Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Enteritis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the small intestine. The small intestine is responsible for digesting and absorbing nutrients from food, so inflammation in this area can interfere with these processes and lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.

Enteritis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections, parasites, autoimmune disorders, medications, and exposure to toxins. In some cases, the cause of enteritis may be unknown. Treatment for enteritis depends on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotics, antiparasitic drugs, anti-inflammatory medications, or supportive care such as fluid replacement therapy.

Claudin-4 is a protein that belongs to the family of claudins, which are major components of tight junctions in cells. Tight junctions are specialized structures that serve as barriers between adjacent cells, controlling the paracellular movement of ions, solutes, and water. Claudin-4 is primarily expressed in epithelial tissues, where it plays a crucial role in maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion and regulating the permeability of tight junctions.

Claudin-4 has been identified as a potential biomarker for various cancers, including ovarian, pancreatic, and gastric cancers. Its overexpression is often associated with increased malignancy, invasiveness, and poor prognosis in these cancers. Additionally, claudin-4 is involved in the regulation of cell signaling pathways, inflammation, and immune responses, making it a target for therapeutic interventions in cancer and other diseases.

'Clostridium tetani' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium that is the causative agent of tetanus. The bacteria are commonly found in soil, dust, and manure, and can contaminate wounds, leading to the production of a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin. This toxin causes muscle spasms and stiffness, particularly in the jaw and neck muscles, as well as autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which can be life-threatening. Tetanus is preventable through vaccination with the tetanus toxoid vaccine.

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the inner lining of the small intestine (enteritis) and large intestine (colitis), resulting in the formation of pseudomembranes – raised, yellowish-white plaques composed of fibrin, mucus, and inflammatory cells. The condition is most commonly caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), which can overgrow in the gut following disruption of the normal gut microbiota, often after antibiotic use. Symptoms may include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, and dehydration. Severe cases can lead to complications such as sepsis, toxic megacolon, or even death if left untreated. Treatment typically involves discontinuing the offending antibiotic, administering oral metronidazole or vancomycin to eliminate C. difficile, and managing symptoms with supportive care. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be considered as a treatment option.

Biological toxins are poisonous substances that are produced by living organisms such as bacteria, plants, and animals. They can cause harm to humans, animals, or the environment. Biological toxins can be classified into different categories based on their mode of action, such as neurotoxins (affecting the nervous system), cytotoxins (damaging cells), and enterotoxins (causing intestinal damage).

Examples of biological toxins include botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria, tetanus toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria, ricin toxin from the castor bean plant, and saxitoxin produced by certain types of marine algae.

Biological toxins can cause a range of symptoms depending on the type and amount of toxin ingested or exposed to, as well as the route of exposure (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, skin contact). They can cause illnesses ranging from mild to severe, and some can be fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.

Prevention and control measures for biological toxins include good hygiene practices, vaccination against certain toxin-producing bacteria, avoidance of contaminated food or water sources, and personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling or working with potential sources of toxins.

Type C phospholipases, also known as group CIA phospholipases or patatin-like phospholipase domain containing proteins (PNPLAs), are a subclass of phospholipases that specifically hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of glycerophospholipids. They belong to the PNPLA family, which includes nine members (PNPLA1-9) with diverse functions in lipid metabolism and cell signaling.

Type C phospholipases contain a patatin domain, which is a conserved region of approximately 240 amino acids that exhibits lipase and acyltransferase activities. These enzymes are primarily involved in the regulation of triglyceride metabolism, membrane remodeling, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA1 (adiponutrin) is mainly expressed in the liver and adipose tissue, where it plays a role in lipid droplet homeostasis and triglyceride hydrolysis. PNPLA2 (ATGL or desnutrin) is a key regulator of triglyceride metabolism, responsible for the initial step of triacylglycerol hydrolysis in adipose tissue and other tissues.

PNPLA3 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 epsilon or iPLA2ε) is involved in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways. Mutations in PNPLA3 have been associated with an increased risk of developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease, and hepatic steatosis.

PNPLA4 (lipase maturation factor 1 or LMF1) is involved in the intracellular processing and trafficking of lipases, such as pancreatic lipase and hepatic lipase. PNPLA5 ( Mozart1 or GSPML) has been implicated in membrane trafficking and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA6 (neuropathy target esterase or NTE) is primarily expressed in the brain, where it plays a role in maintaining neuronal integrity by regulating lipid metabolism. Mutations in PNPLA6 have been associated with neuropathy and cognitive impairment.

PNPLA7 (adiponutrin or ADPN) has been implicated in lipid droplet formation, triacylglycerol hydrolysis, and cell signaling pathways. Mutations in PNPLA7 have been associated with an increased risk of developing NAFLD and hepatic steatosis.

PNPLA8 (diglyceride lipase or DGLα) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA9 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 gamma or iPLA2γ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA10 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 delta or iPLA2δ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA11 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 epsilon or iPLA2ε) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA12 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 zeta or iPLA2ζ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA13 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 eta or iPLA2η) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA14 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 theta or iPLA2θ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA15 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 iota or iPLA2ι) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA16 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 kappa or iPLA2κ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA17 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 lambda or iPLA2λ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA18 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 mu or iPLA2μ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA19 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 nu or iPLA2ν) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA20 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 xi or iPLA2ξ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA21 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 omicron or iPLA2ο) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA22 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 pi or iPLA2π) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA23 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 rho or iPLA2ρ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA24 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 sigma or iPLA2σ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA25 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 tau or iPLA2τ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA26 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 upsilon or iPLA2υ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA27 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 phi or iPLA2φ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA28 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 chi or iPLA2χ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA29 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 psi or iPLA2ψ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA30 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 omega or iPLA2ω) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA31 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 pi or iPLA2π) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, arachidonic acid release, and cell signaling pathways.

PNPLA32 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 rho or iPLA2ρ) is involved in the regulation of intracellular triacylglycerol metabolism, particularly in adipocytes and muscle cells. PNPLA33 (calcium-independent phospholipase A2 sigma or iPLA2σ) has been implicated in membrane remodeling, ar

Claudin-3 is a protein that belongs to the family of claudins, which are essential components of tight junctions in cells. Tight junctions are specialized structures that serve as barriers between adjacent cells, controlling the paracellular movement of ions, solutes, and water. Claudin-3 is primarily expressed in epithelial tissues, where it helps maintain cell polarity and regulate the permeability of the intercellular space. Mutations or abnormal expression of claudin-3 have been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer and inflammatory diseases.

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

In the context of medicine, spores are typically discussed in relation to certain types of infections and diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. Spores are a dormant, resistant form of these microorganisms that can survive under harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, lack of nutrients, and exposure to chemicals.

Spores can be highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated surfaces or medical equipment. When the conditions are favorable, spores can germinate and grow into mature microorganisms that can cause infection.

Some examples of medically relevant spores include those produced by Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), a bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized patients, and Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that can cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.

It's worth noting that spores are not unique to medical contexts and have broader relevance in fields such as botany, mycology, and biology.

'Clostridium acetobutylicum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and aquatic environments. It is a species of the genus Clostridium, which includes many bacteria capable of producing industrial chemicals through fermentation.

'Clostridium acetobutylicum' is particularly known for its ability to produce acetic acid and butyric acid, as well as solvents such as acetone and butanol, during the process of anaerobic respiration. This makes it a potential candidate for biotechnological applications in the production of biofuels and other industrial chemicals.

However, like many Clostridium species, 'Clostridium acetobutylicum' can also produce toxins and cause infections in humans and animals under certain circumstances. Therefore, it is important to handle this organism with care and follow appropriate safety protocols when working with it in a laboratory setting.

ADP Ribose Transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose groups from donor molecules, such as NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), to specific acceptor molecules. This transfer process plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, gene expression regulation, and modulation of protein function.

The reaction catalyzed by ADP Ribose Transferases can be represented as follows:

Donor (NAD+ or NADP+) + Acceptor → Product (NR + ADP-ribosylated acceptor)

There are two main types of ADP Ribose Transferases based on their function and the type of modification they perform:

1. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs): These enzymes add multiple ADP-ribose units to a single acceptor protein, forming long, linear, or branched chains known as poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PARylation is involved in DNA repair, genomic stability, and cell death pathways.
2. Monomeric ADP-ribosyltransferases: These enzymes transfer a single ADP-ribose unit to an acceptor protein, which is called mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation. This modification can regulate protein function, localization, and stability in various cellular processes, such as signal transduction, inflammation, and stress response.

Dysregulation of ADP Ribose Transferases has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

Botulinum toxins are neurotoxic proteins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. They are the most potent naturally occurring toxins, and are responsible for the paralytic illness known as botulism. There are seven distinct botulinum toxin serotypes (A-G), each of which targets specific proteins in the nervous system, leading to inhibition of neurotransmitter release and subsequent muscle paralysis.

In clinical settings, botulinum toxins have been used for therapeutic purposes due to their ability to cause temporary muscle relaxation. Botulinum toxin type A (Botox) is the most commonly used serotype in medical treatments, including management of dystonias, spasticity, migraines, and certain neurological disorders. Additionally, botulinum toxins are widely employed in aesthetic medicine for reducing wrinkles and fine lines by temporarily paralyzing facial muscles.

It is important to note that while botulinum toxins have therapeutic benefits when used appropriately, they can also pose significant health risks if misused or improperly handled. Proper medical training and supervision are essential for safe and effective utilization of these powerful toxins.

'Clostridium thermocellum' is a type of anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium that is known for its ability to produce cellulases and break down cellulose. It is thermophilic, meaning it grows optimally at higher temperatures, typically between 55-70°C. This organism is of interest in the field of bioenergy because of its potential to convert plant biomass into useful products such as biofuels. However, it's important to note that this bacterium can also produce harmful metabolic byproducts and can be potentially pathogenic to humans.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Antitoxins are substances, typically antibodies, that neutralize toxins produced by bacteria or other harmful organisms. They work by binding to the toxin molecules and rendering them inactive, preventing them from causing harm to the body. Antitoxins can be produced naturally by the immune system during an infection, or they can be administered artificially through immunization or passive immunotherapy. In a medical context, antitoxins are often used as a treatment for certain types of bacterial infections, such as diphtheria and botulism, to help counteract the effects of the toxins produced by the bacteria.

'Clostridium septicum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans. It is an obligate anaerobe, meaning it grows best in environments with little or no oxygen.

The bacterium can cause a serious infection known as clostridial myonecrosis or gas gangrene, which is characterized by rapidly spreading tissue death and gas formation in muscles. This condition is often associated with traumatic injuries, surgical wounds, or underlying conditions that compromise the immune system, such as cancer or diabetes.

'Clostridium septicum' infection can also lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by overwhelming inflammation throughout the body. Symptoms of 'Clostridium septicum' infection may include fever, severe pain, swelling, and discoloration at the site of infection, as well as systemic symptoms such as low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and confusion.

Treatment typically involves surgical debridement of infected tissue, along with antibiotic therapy targeting 'Clostridium septicum' and other anaerobic bacteria. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent the spread of infection and reduce the risk of serious complications or death.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

'Clostridium sordellii' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic rod-shaped bacterium. It is part of the normal microbiota found in the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. However, it can cause severe and potentially fatal infections in humans, such as sepsis, myonecrosis (gas gangrene), and soft tissue infections. These infections are more commonly associated with contaminated wounds, surgical sites, or drug use (particularly black tar heroin). The bacterium produces powerful toxins that contribute to its virulence and can lead to rapid progression of the infection. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment, which typically involves antibiotics, surgical debridement, and supportive care.

Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) are a diverse group of proteins that have the ability to bind calcium ions (Ca^2+^) with high affinity and specificity. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and protection against oxidative stress.

The binding of calcium ions to these proteins induces conformational changes that can either activate or inhibit their functions. Some well-known CaBPs include calmodulin, troponin C, S100 proteins, and parvalbumins. These proteins are essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis within cells and for mediating the effects of calcium as a second messenger in various cellular signaling pathways.

Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:

1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.

2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.

3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.

4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.

5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.

6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.

8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.

Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Hemolysins are a type of protein toxin produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and plants that have the ability to damage and destroy red blood cells (erythrocytes), leading to their lysis or hemolysis. This results in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding environment. Hemolysins can be classified into two main categories:

1. Exotoxins: These are secreted by bacteria and directly damage host cells. They can be further divided into two types:
* Membrane attack complex/perforin-like proteins (MACPF): These hemolysins create pores in the membrane of red blood cells, disrupting their integrity and causing lysis. Examples include alpha-hemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus and streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes.
* Enzymatic hemolysins: These hemolysins are enzymes that degrade specific components of the red blood cell membrane, ultimately leading to lysis. An example is streptolysin S from Streptococcus pyogenes, which is a thiol-activated, oxygen-labile hemolysin.
2. Endotoxins: These are part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause indirect hemolysis by activating the complement system or by stimulating the release of inflammatory mediators from host cells.

Hemolysins play a significant role in bacterial pathogenesis, contributing to tissue damage, impaired immune responses, and disease progression.

Thioglycolates are a group of chemical compounds that contain a thiol (sulfhydryl) group (-SH) bonded to a glycolate group. In the context of medical and cosmetic use, the term "thioglycolates" often refers to salts of thioglycolic acid, which are used as depilatories or hair-curling agents.

Thioglycolates work by breaking the disulfide bonds in keratin, the protein that makes up hair and nails. When applied to hair, thioglycolates reduce the disulfide bonds into sulfhydryl groups, making the hair more flexible and easier to shape or remove. This property is exploited in hair-curling products and depilatories (hair removal creams).

It's important to note that thioglycolates can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and respiratory issues in some individuals. Therefore, they should be used with caution, following the manufacturer's instructions, and in a well-ventilated area.

Cycloserine is an antibiotic medication used to treat tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to other antibiotics. It works by killing or inhibiting the growth of the bacteria that cause TB. Cycloserine is a second-line drug, which means it is used when first-line treatments have failed or are not effective.

The medical definition of Cycloserine is:

A bacteriostatic antibiotic derived from Streptomyces orchidaceus that inhibits gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by interfering with peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall. It has been used to treat tuberculosis, but its use is limited due to its adverse effects, including neurotoxicity, which can manifest as seizures, dizziness, and confusion. Cycloserine is also used in the treatment of urinary tract infections and other bacterial infections that are resistant to other antibiotics. It is available in oral form and is typically taken two to four times a day.

Anaerobiosis is a state in which an organism or a portion of an organism is able to live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2). In biological contexts, "anaerobe" refers to any organism that does not require oxygen for growth, and "aerobe" refers to an organism that does require oxygen for growth.

There are two types of anaerobes: obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and will die if exposed to it; and facultative anaerobes, which can grow with or without oxygen but prefer to grow in its absence. Some organisms are able to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen, a process known as "facultative anaerobiosis."

Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen. In this process, organisms use alternative electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate energy through the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Examples of alternative electron acceptors include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism in terms of energy production, but it allows organisms to survive in environments where oxygen is not available or is toxic. Anaerobic bacteria are important decomposers in many ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment. In the human body, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections and other health problems if they proliferate in areas with low oxygen levels, such as the mouth, intestines, or deep tissue wounds.

Neuraminidase is an enzyme that occurs on the surface of influenza viruses. It plays a crucial role in the life cycle of the virus by helping it to infect host cells and to spread from cell to cell within the body. Neuraminidase works by cleaving sialic acid residues from glycoproteins, allowing the virus to detach from infected cells and to move through mucus and other bodily fluids. This enzyme is a major target of antiviral drugs used to treat influenza, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Inhibiting the activity of neuraminidase can help to prevent the spread of the virus within the body and reduce the severity of symptoms.

Hemolysis is the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells, resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid (plasma). This process can occur due to various reasons such as chemical agents, infections, autoimmune disorders, mechanical trauma, or genetic abnormalities. Hemolysis may lead to anemia and jaundice, among other complications. It is essential to monitor hemolysis levels in patients undergoing medical treatments that might cause this condition.

A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.

Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.

'Clostridium butyricum' is a gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the environment, including soil and water. It is also part of the normal gut microbiota in humans and animals. This organism produces butyric acid as one of its main fermentation products, hence the name 'butyricum'.

While 'Clostridium butyricum' can sometimes be associated with human diseases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying gastrointestinal disorders, it is also being investigated for its potential probiotic properties. Some studies suggest that certain strains of this bacterium may help prevent and treat various conditions, such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the safety and efficacy of 'Clostridium butyricum' as a probiotic.

Phospholipases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, which are major components of cell membranes. Phospholipases cleave specific ester bonds in phospholipids, releasing free fatty acids and other lipophilic molecules. Based on the site of action, phospholipases are classified into four types:

1. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1): This enzyme hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
2. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): PLA2 cleaves the ester bond at the sn-2 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid (often arachidonic acid) and a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic acid is a precursor for eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules involved in inflammation and other physiological processes.
3. Phospholipase C (PLC): PLC hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond in the headgroup of a glycerophospholipid, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and a soluble head group, such as inositol trisphosphate (IP3). DAG acts as a secondary messenger in intracellular signaling pathways, while IP3 mediates the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
4. Phospholipase D (PLD): PLD cleaves the phosphoester bond between the headgroup and the glycerol moiety of a glycerophospholipid, releasing phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free head group. PA is an important signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell survival.

Phospholipases have diverse roles in normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation, immunity, and neurotransmission. Dysregulation of phospholipase activity can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.

In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.

Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.

Food preservation, in the context of medical and nutritional sciences, refers to the process of treating, handling, and storing food items to reduce the risk of foodborne illness and to extend their shelf life. The goal is to prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and mold, as well as to slow down the oxidation process that can lead to spoilage.

Common methods of food preservation include:

1. Refrigeration and freezing: These techniques slow down the growth of microorganisms and enzyme activity that cause food to spoil.
2. Canning: This involves sealing food in airtight containers, then heating them to destroy microorganisms and inactivate enzymes.
3. Dehydration: Removing water from food inhibits the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds.
4. Acidification: Adding acidic ingredients like lemon juice or vinegar can lower the pH of food, making it less hospitable to microorganisms.
5. Fermentation: This process involves converting sugars into alcohol or acids using bacteria or yeasts, which can preserve food and also enhance its flavor.
6. Irradiation: Exposing food to small doses of radiation can kill bacteria, parasites, and insects, extending the shelf life of certain foods.
7. Pasteurization: Heating food to a specific temperature for a set period of time can destroy harmful bacteria while preserving the nutritional value and taste.

Proper food preservation is crucial in preventing foodborne illnesses and ensuring the safety and quality of the food supply.

The abomasum is the fourth and final stomach chamber in ruminant animals, such as cows, sheep, and goats. It is often referred to as the "true" stomach because its structure and function are most similar to the stomachs of non-ruminant animals, including humans.

In the abomasum, gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes are secreted, which help to break down proteins and fats in the ingested feed. The abomasum also serves as a site for nutrient absorption and further mechanical breakdown of food particles before they enter the small intestine.

The term "abomasum" is derived from Latin, where "ab-" means "away from," and "omassum" refers to the "stomach." This name reflects its location away from the other three stomach chambers in ruminants.

Poultry diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious disorders that affect domesticated birds, particularly those raised for meat, egg, or feather production. These diseases can be caused by various factors including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, and management practices.

Infectious poultry diseases are often highly contagious and can lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to decreased production, increased mortality, and reduced quality of products. Some examples of infectious poultry diseases include avian influenza, Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and coccidiosis.

Non-infectious poultry diseases can be caused by factors such as poor nutrition, environmental stressors, and management issues. Examples of non-infectious poultry diseases include ascites, fatty liver syndrome, sudden death syndrome, and various nutritional deficiencies.

Prevention and control of poultry diseases typically involve a combination of biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, good management practices, and monitoring for early detection and intervention. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of poultry diseases is crucial to implementing effective treatment and prevention strategies, and can help minimize the impact of disease outbreaks on both individual flocks and the broader poultry industry.

Sulfadiazine is an antibacterial drug, specifically a sulfonamide. It is chemically described as 4-amino-N-(2-pyrimidinyl)benzenesulfonamide. Sulfadiazine works by inhibiting the bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid, which is essential for bacterial growth and reproduction.

It is used to treat a wide range of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, including urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and certain types of meningitis. Sulfadiazine is often combined with other antibiotics, such as trimethoprim, to increase its effectiveness against certain bacteria.

Like all sulfonamides, sulfadiazine can cause side effects, including skin rashes, allergic reactions, and stomach upset. It should be used with caution in people who are allergic to sulfa drugs or have kidney or liver disease. Additionally, it is important to note that the use of sulfonamides during pregnancy, especially during the third trimester, should be avoided due to the risk of kernicterus in the newborn.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium or other organism. Plasmids are typically not essential for the survival of the organism, but they can confer beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to degrade certain types of pollutants.

Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation. They often contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and other environmental stressors. Plasmids have also been engineered for use in molecular biology as cloning vectors, allowing scientists to replicate and manipulate specific DNA sequences.

Plasmids are important tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology because they can be easily manipulated and transferred between organisms. They have been used to produce vaccines, diagnostic tests, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Gene expression regulation in bacteria refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins from specific genes. This regulation allows bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure the appropriate amount of protein is produced at the right time.

Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for regulating gene expression, including:

1. Operon structure: Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The expression of these genes can be coordinately regulated by controlling the transcription of the entire operon.
2. Promoter regulation: Transcription is initiated at promoter regions upstream of the gene or operon. Bacteria have regulatory proteins called sigma factors that bind to the promoter and recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. The binding of sigma factors can be influenced by environmental signals, allowing for regulation of transcription.
3. Attenuation: Some operons have regulatory regions called attenuators that control transcription termination. These regions contain hairpin structures that can form in the mRNA and cause transcription to stop prematurely. The formation of these hairpins is influenced by the concentration of specific metabolites, allowing for regulation of gene expression based on the availability of those metabolites.
4. Riboswitches: Some bacterial mRNAs contain regulatory elements called riboswitches that bind small molecules directly. When a small molecule binds to the riboswitch, it changes conformation and affects transcription or translation of the associated gene.
5. CRISPR-Cas systems: Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. These systems incorporate short sequences from foreign DNA into their own genome, which can then be used to recognize and cleave similar sequences in invading genetic elements.

Overall, gene expression regulation in bacteria is a complex process that allows them to respond quickly and efficiently to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can provide insights into bacterial physiology and help inform strategies for controlling bacterial growth and behavior.

Agar is a substance derived from red algae, specifically from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria. It is commonly used in microbiology as a solidifying agent for culture media. Agar forms a gel at relatively low temperatures (around 40-45°C) and remains stable at higher temperatures (up to 100°C), making it ideal for preparing various types of culture media.

In addition to its use in microbiology, agar is also used in other scientific research, food industry, and even in some artistic applications due to its unique gelling properties. It is important to note that although agar is often used in the preparation of food, it is not typically consumed as a standalone ingredient by humans or animals.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Peptones are not a medical term per se, but they are commonly used in medical and clinical laboratory settings. Peptones are complex organic compounds that result from the partial hydrolysis of proteins. They consist of a mixture of polypeptides, peptides, and free amino acids.

In medical laboratories, peptones are often used as a nutrient source in various culture media for the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Peptone water is a common liquid medium used to culture and isolate bacteria. It contains peptones, sodium chloride, and other ingredients that provide essential nutrients for bacterial growth.

Peptones are also used in biochemical tests to identify specific microorganisms based on their ability to metabolize certain components of the peptone. For example, in the sulfur-indole-motility (SIM) medium, peptones serve as a source of amino acids and other nutrients that support the growth of bacteria producing enzymes responsible for the production of indole from tryptophan.

Polymyxins are a group of antibiotics derived from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa. They consist of polymyxin B and polymyxin E (also known as colistin), which have similar structures and mechanisms of action. Polymyxins bind to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, causing disruption of the membrane and ultimately leading to bacterial cell death. These antibiotics are primarily used to treat serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, but their use is limited due to potential nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.

Toxoids are inactivated bacterial toxins that have lost their toxicity but retain their antigenicity. They are often used in vaccines to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against certain diseases without causing the harmful effects associated with the active toxin. The process of converting a toxin into a toxoid is called detoxication, which is typically achieved through chemical or heat treatment.

One example of a toxoid-based vaccine is the diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) or diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis toxoids (DTaP or TdaP) vaccines. These vaccines contain inactivated forms of the diphtheria and tetanus toxins, as well as inactivated pertussis toxin in the case of DTaP or TdaP vaccines. By exposing the immune system to these toxoids, the body learns to recognize and mount a response against the actual toxins produced by the bacteria, thereby providing immunity and protection against the diseases they cause.

Cooking and eating utensils are devices or tools used in the preparation, cooking, and serving of food. Here is a brief medical definition for some common types:

1. Cooking utensils: These include various tools and equipment used to prepare and cook food, such as knives, cutting boards, pots, pans, whisks, spatulas, colanders, and measuring cups/spoons. They help to chop, dice, mix, blend, stir, sauté, boil, fry, bake, or grill ingredients.
2. Eating utensils: These are devices used to consume food and include items like forks, spoons, knives, chopsticks, and straws. They aid in bringing food from the plate or bowl to the mouth and cutting or separating food into manageable pieces.

Proper cleaning and maintenance of cooking and eating utensils are essential to prevent cross-contamination of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause foodborne illnesses. Using clean utensils and following safe food handling practices can help minimize the risk of infection and promote overall health.

Rubredoxins are small iron-sulfur proteins that contain a single iron atom bonded to four cysteine residues, forming an iron(II)-sulfur cluster. They play a role in electron transfer reactions in certain bacteria and archaea. The name "rubredoxin" comes from the fact that these proteins can be easily reduced, turning them red in color. They have a molecular weight of around 6,000 daltons and are known for their stability and resistance to chemical changes. Rubredoxins are not commonly found in higher organisms such as plants and animals.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Sulfites are a group of chemical compounds that contain the sulfite ion (SO3−2), which consists of one sulfur atom and three oxygen atoms. In medical terms, sulfites are often used as food additives or preservatives, serving to prevent bacterial growth and preserve the color of certain foods and drinks.

Sulfites can be found naturally in some foods, such as wine, dried fruits, and vegetables, but they are also added to a variety of processed products like potato chips, beer, and soft drinks. While sulfites are generally considered safe for most people, they can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with asthma or a sensitivity to sulfites.

In the medical field, sulfites may also be used as medications to treat certain conditions. For example, they may be used as a vasodilator to widen blood vessels and improve blood flow during heart surgery or as an antimicrobial agent in some eye drops. However, their use as a medication is relatively limited due to the potential for adverse reactions.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

"Chickens" is a common term used to refer to the domesticated bird, Gallus gallus domesticus, which is widely raised for its eggs and meat. However, in medical terms, "chickens" is not a standard term with a specific definition. If you have any specific medical concern or question related to chickens, such as food safety or allergies, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate answer.

I understand you are asking for a medical definition of "Horse Diseases." However, it's important to note that there isn't a specific medical field dedicated to horse diseases as we typically categorize medical fields by human diseases and conditions. Veterinary medicine is the field responsible for studying, diagnosing, and treating diseases in animals, including horses.

Here's a general definition of 'Horse Diseases':

Horse diseases are health issues or medical conditions that affect equine species, particularly horses. These diseases can be caused by various factors such as bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic infections; genetic predispositions; environmental factors; and metabolic disorders. Examples of horse diseases include Strangles (Streptococcus equi), Equine Influenza, Equine Herpesvirus, West Nile Virus, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever, Lyme Disease, and internal or external parasites like worms and ticks. Additionally, horses can suffer from musculoskeletal disorders such as arthritis, laminitis, and various injuries. Regular veterinary care, preventative measures, and proper management are crucial for maintaining horse health and preventing diseases.

... has a stable G+C content around 27-28% and average genome size of 3.5 Mb. Genomes of 56 C. perfringens ... Clostridium perfringens is more often susceptible to vancomycin compared to other pathogenic Clostridia. Hyperbaric oxygen may ... perfringens. There are four major toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens. Alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins increase a cells ... a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID Pathema-Clostridium Resource Type strain of Clostridium perfringens at BacDive ...
... is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and is ... Clostridium perfringens beta toxin Awad, M.M.; Bryant, A.E.; Stevens, D.L. & Rood, J.I. (1995). "Virulence studies on ... Sakurai J, Nagahama M, Oda M (2004). "Clostridium perfringens Alpha-Toxin: Characterization and Mode of Action". J Biochem. 136 ... Williamson ED, Titball RW (1993). "A genetically engineered vaccine against the alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens also ...
... is one of the four major lethal protein toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens Type B ... Clostridium perfringens beta toxin shows significant genetic homology with several other toxins. C. perfringens beta toxin ... Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin Hunter SE, Brown JE, Oyston PC, Sakurai J, Titball RW (September 1993). "Molecular genetic ... Miclard J, Jäggi M, Sutter E, Wyder M, Grabscheid B, Posthaus H (June 2009). "Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin targets ...
The suspected cause was Clostridium perfringens. On May 9, 1987, the eighth probe was conducted by the Public Advocate's Office ...
Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Clostridium perfringens isolates from Darmbrand cases in post-World War II Germany ... Fu, Ying; Alenezi, Tahrir; Sun, Xiaolun (June 2022). "Clostridium perfringens-Induced Necrotic Diseases: An Overview". Immuno. ... is a severe and potentially fatal type of food poisoning caused by a β-toxin of Clostridium perfringens, Type C. It occurs in ... The causative agents of these CNE cases have since been described as Type C isolates of C. perfringens, which possessed genes ...
Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens". In Fratamico, Pina M.; Bhunia, Arun K. & Smith, James L. (eds.). Foodborne ... Émile Pierre-Marie van Ermengem (1851-1932) was a Belgian bacteriologist who, in 1895, isolated Clostridium botulinum, the ...
Four species of Clostridium (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, and Clostridium sordelli) are ... Clostridium perfringens causes 80-90% of infections and produces both these toxins.[citation needed] Alpha toxin (α-toxin) ... 2008), "Clostridium perfringens Poisoning", Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook (4th ed.), Informa, pp. 892-893, ISBN 978-1-4200- ... This deadly form of gangrene usually is caused by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. About 1,000 cases of gas gangrene are ...
Her dissertation was titled: Bacteriocine von Clostridium perfringens. Walter then worked as a scientific assistant at the ... Walter, E. (1918). Bacteriocine von Clostridium perfringens Walter, H., & Walter, E. (1929). Ökologische Untersuchungen des ... Walter, Erna (1981). Bacteriocine von Clostridium perfringens (Thesis) (in German). OCLC 45930861. Walter, H. (2012). ...
"Vet's Corner//Clostridium perfringens in domestic farm animals". www.colorado-serum.com. Archived from the original on 2017-03- ... A form of enterotoxemia caused by type D C. perfringens that occurs in sheep and goats. When an animal is exposed to a rapid ... A form of enterotoxemia caused by type B or type C C. perfringens. Calves less than one month of old are affected. The symptoms ... is a condition induced by the absorption of large volumes of toxins produced by bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens from ...
Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by ...
Clostridium perfringens can be identified presumptively with this test. Listeria monocytogenes is also positive on sheep's ...
Clostridium perfringens can be identified presumptively with this test. Listeria monocytogenes is also positive on sheep's ...
Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin. She also admitted conducting research into cholera ...
... clostridium perfringens, a bacterium that can cause gas gangrene; and ricin, a castor bean derivative which can kill by ...
Pratiksha Pokhrel (2015-09-24). "Reverse CAMP test for the identification of Clostridium perfringens". Microbiology Notes. ... aureus indicates positivity The reverse CAMP test is a method to identify Clostridium perfringens using β-hemolytic ... The CAMP factor produced by S. agalactiae and the alpha toxin produced by C. perfringens act synergistically to produce ...
It can be caused by Clostridium, most commonly alpha toxin-producing C. perfringens, or various nonclostridial species. ... In wet gangrene, the tissue is infected by saprogenic microorganisms (Clostridium perfringens or Bacillus fusiformis, for ... Sakurai, J.; Nagahama, M.; Oda, M. (November 2004). "Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin: characterization and mode of action ... Chi CH, Chen KW, Huang JJ, Chuang YC, Wu MH (December 1995). "Gas composition in Clostridium septicum gas gangrene". Journal of ...
"Reverse CAMP test for the identification of Clostridium perfringens". Microbiology Notes. 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2017-04-03. " ... abilities of the CAMP factor produced by Streptococcus agalactiae with the α-toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens. ... "Use of Modified PCR Ribotyping for Direct Detection of Clostridium difficile Ribotypes in Stool Samples". Journal of Clinical ...
The genes encoding alpha-toxin (Clostridium perfringens), Bacillus cereus PLC (BC-PLC), and PLCs from Clostridium bifermentans ... Zinc-metallophospholipases C: Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin, Bacillus cereus PLC (BC-PLC) Sphingomyelinases: B. cereus, ... Fujii Y, Sakurai J (May 1989). "Contraction of the rat isolated aorta caused by Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin ( ... Sakurai J, Nagahama M, Oda M (November 2004). "Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin: characterization and mode of action". ...
Clostridium tetani, causative agent of tetanus; and Clostridium perfringens, commonly found in wound infections and diarrhea ... Long H, Crean CD, Lee WH, Cummings OW, Gabig TG (November 2001). "Expression of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin receptors ... Katahira J, Sugiyama H, Inoue N, Horiguchi Y, Matsuda M, Sugimoto N (October 1997). "Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin ... Czeczulin JR, Hanna PC, Mcclane BA (1993). "Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and expression of the Clostridium perfringens ...
Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens (inhabitants of the lower bowel); and Clostridium tetani.[citation needed] Causes ...
"Sporulation of Clostridium botulinum Types A, B and E, Clostridium Perfringens, and putrefactive Anaerobe 3679 in dialysis sacs ... "Clostridium perfringens. I. Sporulation in a Biphasic Glucose-Ion Exchange Resin Medium", Applied Microbiology 22 (no. 5), 856- ... "Radiation Resistance of Some Clostridium perfringens Strains", Applied Microbiology 29 (no. 6, June), 861-863. Abe Anellis, ... and Method of Enumeration of Several Strains of Clostridium perfringens Spores", Applied Microbiology 27 (no. 4, April), 784- ...
"Identification of Clostridium Species and DNA fingerprinting of Clostridium perfringens" (PDF). Journal of Clinical ... Clostridium cadaveris is closely related phylogenetically to Clostridium fallax and Clostridium intestinale. Infections in ... A number of Clostridium species are pathogenic to humans. Members including C.botulinium, C. perfringens, and C.septicum are ... Clostridium cadaveris is found in soil, water, and is a normal component of the human intestinal tract. The genus Clostridium ...
"Investigating the Anti-Virulent Activity of Probiotic Bioactives on Clostridium Perfringens." M.Sc. Thesis. Universitat ... Clostridium perfringens, and Salmonella Typhimurium. Yun, B.; Oh, S.; Griffiths, M.W. (2014). "Lactobacillus acidophilus ... have been shown to impact virulence gene expression in Campylobacter jejuni, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Clostridium ... Clostridium difficile, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni. Whereas those produced by ...
2002). "Complete genome sequence of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic flesh-eater". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2): ... 2003). "The genome sequence of Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus disease". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 ( ... 2001). "Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum". J Bacteriol. ...
AtsB is 48% similar to an enzyme present in Clostridium perfringens. Both enzymes possess the Cx3Cx2C motif unique to the ...
... can be caused by several factors: Bacterial infections (e.g. Clostridium septicum, C. perfringens (type A), C. ... "Braxy or Bradsot-like Abomastitis Caused by Clostridium septicum in a Calf". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 27 (4): 194. ISSN ...
Clostridium species involved are Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium septicum, and Clostridium sordellii, which typically ... Clostridium perfringens produces two deadly toxins: alpha-toxin and theta-toxin. Alpha-toxin causes excessive platelet ... though it is unrelated to the Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. Myonecrotic infections caused by these clostridial species ... The key Clostridium septicum virulence factor is a pore-forming toxin called alpha-toxin, ...
The top five offenders were norovirus, salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The ...
... perfringens causes a wide range of symptoms, from food poisoning to cellulitis, fasciitis, necrotic enteritis and ... Mixtures of Clostridium species, such as Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium butyricum, and species from other genera have ... Clostridium tetani causes tetanus. Clostridium difficile, now placed in Clostridioides. Clostridium histolyticum, now placed in ... Clostridium welchii and Clostridium tetani respond to sulfonamides. Clostridia are also susceptible to tetracyclines, ...
Sequence studies have shown the protein to be similar both to alpha toxin from Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium ... Titball RW, Rubidge T (1990). "The role of histidine residues in the alpha toxin of Clostridium perfringens". FEMS Microbiol. ... of Clostridium perfringens". Infect. Immun. 57 (2): 367-376. doi:10.1128/IAI.57.2.367-376.1989. PMC 313106. PMID 2536355. Kocks ... These residues are all conserved in the Clostridium alpha-toxin. Some examples of this enzyme contain a C-terminal sequence ...
Clostridium perfringens has a stable G+C content around 27-28% and average genome size of 3.5 Mb. Genomes of 56 C. perfringens ... Clostridium perfringens is more often susceptible to vancomycin compared to other pathogenic Clostridia. Hyperbaric oxygen may ... perfringens. There are four major toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens. Alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins increase a cells ... a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID Pathema-Clostridium Resource Type strain of Clostridium perfringens at BacDive ...
All about Gangrene (Clostridium perfringens). FACTS: Although gangrene may sound like a hazard of jungle exploits and military ... Bacteria such as clostridium perfringens, which produce toxic gases that can bubble up under the skin, are often implicated. ... Clostridium perfringens is a bacteria that commonly causes food poisoning that lasts 24 hours. Its found everywhere in the ... C. perfringens gets its name from the toxin it produces, which causes pierces through red blood cells. Perfringens originates ...
Genus: Clostridium. Species: Clostridium perfringens Strains: C. perfringens ATCC 13124 - C. perfringens SM101 - C. perfringens ... Clostridium perfringens. Taxonavigation[edit]. Taxonavigation: Clostridiales Prokaryota Superregnum: Bacteria Regnum: Bacteria ... Clostridium perfringens - Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).. *Bacterial Nomenclature Up-to ... Retrieved from "https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_perfringens&oldid=8061661" ...
PHOSPHOLIPASE CCALCIUM IONZINC ION
Timeline for Species Clostridium perfringens [TaxId:1502] from c.1.8.10 automated matches: *Species Clostridium perfringens [ ... Species Clostridium perfringens [TaxId:1502] from c.1.8.10 automated matches appears in SCOPe 2.05. *Species Clostridium ... PDB entry in Species: Clostridium perfringens [TaxId: 1502]:. *Domain(s) for 2xpk: *. Domain d2xpka2: 2xpk A:179-495 [244577]. ... Lineage for Species: Clostridium perfringens [TaxId: 1502]. *Root: SCOPe 2.06 *. Class c: Alpha and beta proteins (a/b) [51349 ...
CDC report looks at an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in North Carolina. ... CDC report looks at an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in North Carolina. ... Foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus-United States, 1998- ... C. perfringens containing the C. perfringens enterotoxin gene (cpe) was recovered from all five stool specimens and from all ...
Clostridium Perfringens Type B in U.S Retail Foods Objective. ,p,Determine the distribution of the bacterim Clostriium ... Clostridium Perfringens Type B in U.S Retail Foods ... perfringens Types B and D in retail meat and poutry. These ...
... an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens at a psychiatric hospital in Louisiana claimed the lives of 3 of the 54 people sickened ... Tags: Clostridium perfringens, psychiatric hospital. Print:. Email this postTweet this postLike this postShare this post on ... perfringens enterotoxin," reads the report. The 2010 outbreak was the second reported outbreak of Clostridium perfringens type ... Clostridium perfringens May Cause More Severe Illness in Psychiatric Inpatients. By Gretchen Goetz on August 17, 2012. ...
Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin: closely correlated with enterotoxemia of sheep; possesses pressor, lethal & ... Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin. Subscribe to New Research on Clostridium perfringens epsilon-toxin ...
Humans as Reservoir for Enterotoxin Gene-carrying Clostridium perfringens Type A Annamari Heikinheimo*. , Miia Lindström*, Per ... Humans as Reservoir for Enterotoxin Gene-carrying Clostridium perfringens Type A. ...
Clostridium perfringens outbreaks, like the one that caused 40 illnesses and 3 deaths in Louisiana earlier this month, are all ... Clostridium perfringens outbreaks frequently occur in institutional settings. Clostridium perfringens outbreaks frequently ... Another large Clostridium perfringens outbreak occurred in Cedar Falls, Iowa linked to a Thanksgiving meal prepared by a Hy Vee ... Clostridium perfringens outbreaks, like the one that caused 40 illnesses and 3 deaths in Louisiana earlier this month, are all ...
The occurrence of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium perfringens from Pigs. / ROOD, J. I.; BUDDLE, J. R.; WALES, A. J. et al ... ROOD JI, BUDDLE JR, WALES AJ, SIDHU R. The occurrence of antibiotic resistance in Clostridium perfringens from Pigs. Australian ... Clostridium perfringens strains were isolated, identified, and examined by disc susceptibility tests for their resistance to ... Clostridium perfringens strains were isolated, identified, and examined by disc susceptibility tests for their resistance to ...
Clostridium perfringens type D causes enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. The disease is mediated by epsilon toxin (ETX), which ... N2 - Clostridium perfringens type D causes enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. The disease is mediated by epsilon toxin (ETX), ... AB - Clostridium perfringens type D causes enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. The disease is mediated by epsilon toxin (ETX), ... abstract = "Clostridium perfringens type D causes enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. The disease is mediated by epsilon toxin ( ...
The disease is caused by the bacteria Clostridium perfringens. How this pathogen causes disease has been poorly understood for ...
Characterization of Acp, a peptidoglycan hydrolase of Clostridium perfringens with N-acetylglucosaminidase activity that is ... produced mainly during vegetative growth of Clostridium perfringens. Acp has a modular structure with three domains: a signal ... perfringens. A knockout acp mutant strain was obtained by using the insertion of mobile group II intron strategy (ClosTron). ... perfringens. Furthermore, cell fractionation and indirect immunofluorescence staining using anti-Acp antibodies revealed that ...
1967). Thermostable Clostridium Perfringens As Cause Of Food Poisoning Outbreak. 82(2). Helstad, A. G. and Mandel, A. D. and ... Title : Thermostable Clostridium Perfringens As Cause Of Food Poisoning Outbreak Personal Author(s) : Helstad, A. G.;Mandel, A ... "Thermostable Clostridium Perfringens As Cause Of Food Poisoning Outbreak" vol. 82, no. 2, 1967. Export RIS Citation Information ... 1962). Foodborne disease in California with special reference to Clostridium perfringens (welchii). 77(10). Kemp, Graham E. and ...
Hva er matforgiftning på grunn av Clostridium perfringens? Matforgiftning på grunn av Clostridium perfringens er forårsaket av ...
"Clostridium perfringens" by people in this website by year, and whether "Clostridium perfringens" was a major or minor topic of ... "Clostridium perfringens" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... In silico, in vitro and in vivo analysis of binding affinity between N and C-domains of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin. ... Heterologous protection against alpha toxins of Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus induced by binding domain ...
Clostridium perfringens Sepsis Sepsis with severe intravascular hemolysis is a rare but deadly complication of infection with C ... The C perfringens organism produces a series of toxins, of which the alpha toxin, a lecithinase, has the ability to destroy the ... There has been some association with C perfringens sepsis and leukemia,[7] but no literature has implicated multiple myeloma. ... A possible source of the C perfringens might have been a break in the gastric mucosa, causing ulceration and permitting ...
Clostridium perfringens. Foods that are prepared in large quantities and kept warm for a long time before serving are a common ... source of Clostridium perfringens.. How its transmitted: C. perfringens is often found on raw meat and poultry. Other common ... How its transmitted: Botulism is caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Infant botulism happens when a baby eats the ... and Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum causes botulism, which is especially dangerous for babies less than 1 year of age. ...
Clostridium perfringens. Download Table as PDF. Sources. Beef, poultry, gravies, food left for long periods in steam tables or ...
A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency room after stepping on a nail resulting in a puncture wound on his right foot. He was given a tetanus booster and he left against medical advice refusing antibiotics. Two days later, he returned to the emergency room for increasing pain in his right foot. Physical exam reveals dark purple and black discoloration of the right sole with multiple ruptured bullae oozing serous drainage. On palpation, there is soft tissue crepitus. A wound culture is sent, which shows gram-positive bacilli. He is started on the appropriate antibiotics immediately. ...
Clostridium perfringens, bacteria, gram positive, bacilli, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe, heat-labile, crepitus, food ... TOPICS: Clostridium perfringens, bacteria, gram positive, bacilli, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe, heat-labile, crepitus, ...
A confirmed outbreak of Clostridium perfringens was associated with eating stew or chili prepared by a caterer in Maryland. The ...
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that is a pathogen in humans and animals. C. perfringens has ... Clostridium perfringens, bacteria, Gram-Positive Bacteria, biofilm. Subjects:. C Biological Sciences , C530 Bacteriology. C ... Omoigberale, May (2021) Evaluating the impact of alternative antimicrobials on biofilms formed by Clostridium perfringens. PhD ... Evaluating the impact of alternative antimicrobials on biofilms formed by Clostridium perfringens ...
title = "Clostridium: Clostridium perfringens",. abstract = "Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of foodborne illness. ... Clostridium: Clostridium perfringens. / Labbe, R.; Juneja, V. K.; Blaschek, H. P. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology: Second ... Clostridium: Clostridium perfringens. In Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology: Second Edition. Elsevier Inc. 2014. p. 463-467 doi ... Labbe, R. ; Juneja, V. K. ; Blaschek, H. P. / Clostridium : Clostridium perfringens. Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology: Second ...
Clostridium Perfringens Research Paper. 1191 Words , 5 Pages. Back before the 1890s Clostridium perfringens used to be known ... F.W. Andrews and E. Klein discovered that Clostridium perfringens was associated with food poisoning, and in just a couple ...
Clostridium perfringens (type C) beta toxoid (inaktiveret). Clostridium perfringens (type C) beta toxoid (inaktiveret) Viser 2 ...
Please cite this article as: Guridi Mugica A, Marti Gelonch L, Jimenez Agüero R. Sepsis fulminante por Clostridium perfringens ... 2). The blood cultures proved positive for Clostridium perfringens. The clinical course was negative, leading to multiorgan ... Sepsis due to C. perfringens has a very poor prognosis if not detected early. The disorder should be suspected in the case of a ...
Clostridium perfringens. Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a type of bacteria often found in soil, sewage, and the ... C. perfringens often is found in school cafeterias. This is because it thrives in food that is served in large amounts and left ... Clostridium botulinum grows best without oxygen and in certain chemical conditions. This is why improperly canned food is most ... This is the rare but serious food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum. These bacteria normally can be found in soil and ...
  • Food poisoning in humans is caused by type A strains able to produce C. perfringens enterotoxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The C. perfringens enterotoxin that mediates the disease is heat-labile (inactivated at 74 °C (165 °F)). It can be detected in contaminated food (if not heated properly), and feces. (wikipedia.org)
  • Stools were tested for C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) using reversed passive latex agglutination. (cdc.gov)
  • Genetic analysis of toxins isolated from the chicken revealed the presence of Clostrdium perfringens type A. "This outbreak underscores the need for strict food preparation guidelines at psychiatric inpatient facilities and the potential risk for adverse outcomes among any patients with impaired intestinal motility caused by medications, disease, and extremes of age when exposed to C. perfringens enterotoxin," reads the report. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Immunization with recombinant bivalent chimera r-Cpae confers protection against alpha toxin and enterotoxin of Clostridium perfringens type A in murine model. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Once inside the gastrointestinal tract, C. perfringens produces an enterotoxin that acts on the small bowel. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis of C. perfringens food poisoning is based on epidemiologic evidence and isolation of large numbers of organisms from contaminated food or from stools of affected people or on direct identification of enterotoxin in stool samples. (msdmanuals.com)
  • PCR for C. perfringens NetB toxin and enterotoxin genes performed retrospectively on one of the C. perfringens isolates from the second outbreak and on paraffin-embedded tissues from one dead toucan from the first outbreak was negative. (uab.cat)
  • This is because Type C Clostridium perfringens is known for causing necrotic enteritis. (miradetoxifier.com)
  • Epsilon toxin (ETX) is an exotoxin produced by type B and D Clostridium perfringens that causes enterotoxemia or necrotic enteritis in animals such as goats , sheep , and cattle . (bvsalud.org)
  • Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is one of the main threats for aviculture, as it causes severe hemorrhagic diarrhea and acts as a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis, whose causative agent is Clostridium perfringens. (unibo.it)
  • Epidemia de enteritis necrótica aguda o crisi hemolítica y enfermedad renal asociada con Clostridium perfringens en tucanes en cautividad (Ramphastos spp. (uab.cat)
  • welchii] Enteritis necroticans 005.3 Food poisoning due to other Clostridia 005.4 Food poisoning due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus 005.8 Other bacterial food poisoning Food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus Excludes: salmonella food poisoning (003. (cdc.gov)
  • Fecal samples from 55 horses (43 adults, 12 foals) with colitis were cultured for Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, and C. perfringens. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile were isolated from 40% and 5.4% of samples, respectively. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Cytotoxin production by other bacteria (ie, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium difficile, enterohemorrhagic E coli ) results in mucosal cell destruction that leads to bloody stools with inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)
  • Inactivated vaccine against Clostridioides difficile and Clostridium perfringens type A infections in swine, in injectable suspension. (hipra.com)
  • Here we characterise phylogenetically diverse genome-encoded ABCFs from Actinomycetia (Ard1 from Streptomyces capreolus, producer of the nucleoside antibiotic A201A), Bacilli (VmlR2 from soil bacterium Neobacillus vireti) and Clostridia (CplR from Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridioides difficile). (lu.se)
  • Because meat is the most common source of C. perfringens outbreaks ( 1 ), one ham sample also was analyzed, although consumption of ham was not associated with an increased risk for illness. (cdc.gov)
  • Because diagnostic testing is not widely available, C. perfringens can go undetected as a cause of foodborne illness outbreaks ( 2 , 3 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • After studying this and two other deadly C. perfringens outbreaks at psychiatric hospitals, researchers now believe that psychiatric inpatients may be at a higher risk for severe illness from this foodborne bacterium, so extra precaution should be taken when preparing food for that population. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens outbreaks, like the one that caused 40 illnesses and 3 deaths in Louisiana earlier this month, are all too common in institutional settings where the preparation of large volumes of food means increased likelihood of foodhandling errors. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • The outbreaks of enteritic infections in piglets caused by Clostridium perfringens belongs to the disease group with marked age incidence i.e. it normally occurs in suckling piglets aged to 7 days, usually on 2nd or 3rd day. (ac.rs)
  • To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of outbreaks of NE associated with C. perfringens in captive toucans. (uab.cat)
  • With the current C. perfringens toxin typing scheme, C. perfringens type A was identified in the first two outbreaks. (uab.cat)
  • Since the pandemic, I have helped investigate a number of infectious disease outbreaks such as cryptosporidiosis in a summer camp and Clostridium perfringens intoxication at a youth conference. (cdc.gov)
  • C. perfringens gets its name from the toxin it produces, which causes pierces through red blood cells. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • It was renamed to Bacillus perfringens after its toxin activity then changed to Clositridum perfringens when the Bacillus genus was renamed. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • C. perfringens toxicoinfection (a foodborne illness caused by ingestion of toxin-producing bacteria) is often associated with consumption of meat that has been improperly prepared and handled ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In silico, in vitro and in vivo analysis of binding affinity between N and C-domains of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin. (ucdenver.edu)
  • The C perfringens organism produces a series of toxins, of which the alpha toxin, a lecithinase, has the ability to destroy the red cell membrane and cause spherocytosis, which leads to hemolysis. (medscape.com)
  • Because the people also ate a lot of these during the feasts, the problem compounded.Sweet potatoes contain a particular enzyme that acts as an inhibitor within the body to the destruction of the toxin that Type C Clostridium perfringens produces. (miradetoxifier.com)
  • The importance of the strain of C. perfringens in the development of NE was further investigated, by examining the role of the recently discovered NetB toxin in the pathogenesis of NE. (uconn.edu)
  • PLGA Nanoparticle-Based Dissolving Microneedle Vaccine of Clostridium perfringens ε Toxin. (bvsalud.org)
  • Clostridium perfringens was identified by culture and real-time multiplex PCR for C. perfringens alpha-, beta-, epsilon- and i-toxin genes in ligated intestine of one toucan from each outbreak. (uab.cat)
  • Mild NE was present in these birds and C. perfringens was demonstrated in liver by bacterial culture and real-time multiplex PCR for C. perfringens alpha-, beta-, epsilon- and i-toxin genes. (uab.cat)
  • The results showed that the percentage of C. perfringens isolates resistant to tetracycline or the macrolide‐lincosamide antibiotics was significantly higher from weaners fed one of a number of combinations of antimicrobial agents than was the percentage of resistant strains isolated from the one piggery that did not use antimicrobials. (monash.edu)
  • One of the objectives of this study was to compare the biofilm-forming potential of C. perfringens isolates from broiler chickens, free-range poultry environments and neonatal humans using the traditional protocols of crystal violet staining assays in microtiter plates. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • All fifty-four (54) C. perfringens isolates tested from a variety of sources were shown to form biofilms. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • Subsequently, five C. perfringens isolates per fecal sample were genotyped and the supernatants of each of these isolates were evaluated for toxicity. (uoguelph.ca)
  • All equine C. perfringens isolates showed mild toxicity effects compared to CPB producing C. perfringens positive control. (uoguelph.ca)
  • The work described here was the first demonstration that netB was present in C. perfringens isolates outside of Australia, and, could be found in healthy chickens and in other animal species (bovine). (uconn.edu)
  • It also confirmed that the majority (58%) of chickens with NE, were caused by C. perfringens isolates that were netB positive. (uconn.edu)
  • Genomes of 56 C. perfringens strains have since been made available on NCBI genomes database for the scientific research community. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clostridium perfringens strains were isolated, identified, and examined by disc susceptibility tests for their resistance to several antibiotics. (monash.edu)
  • 50% to 0.1% of Acquorsol solution completely inhibited the growth of four C. perfringens planktonic grown strains while 50% to 0.78% of Acquorsol solution completely prevented the growth of four C. perfringens biofilm grown strains. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • 50% to 6.25% of Acquorsol inhibited the growth of 100% of tested planktonic strains while 50% concentration of Acquorsol prevented the formation of C. perfringens biofilm in 91% (30 out of 33) of tested strains. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • The role of type A Clostridium perfringens strains was evaluated in this study. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Finally, this work demonstrated for the first time, that C. perfringens strains, regardless of disease producing capability were capable of binding to extracellular matrix molecules (ECMM) and in some cases to Caco-2 cells. (uconn.edu)
  • The finding that C. perfringens strains that are capable of producing severe disease in the NE model were also capable of binding to collagen type III, IV, fibrinogen, laminin and vitronectin better than less severe disease producing strains, suggests that the ability to adhere to ECMMs might be an important virulence factor for C. perfringens in producing NE. (uconn.edu)
  • Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as C. welchii, or Bacillus welchii) is a Gram-positive, bacillus (rod-shaped), anaerobic, spore-forming pathogenic bacterium of the genus Clostridium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using the disease model, it was shown that under the conditions tested, factors such as co-infection with Eimeria species, genotype of chicken and the strain of C. perfringens were the most critical factors involved in disease development, while other factors such as age of chickens, contact with litter and protein content of the diet played a lesser role. (uconn.edu)
  • Intra-abdominal infections , including peritonitis and intra-abdominal abscess, caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Bacteroides species including Bacteroides fragilis, and Clostridium species. (rxlist.com)
  • Although haemolytic crisis has been reported in humans with C. perfringens type A septicaemia and hepatic abscesses, this presentation appears not to have been described in C. perfringens infections in toucans or other avian species. (uab.cat)
  • Since C. perfringens is harbored in the intestine, decreased intestinal function can slow the process of eliminating these toxins. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • This prolonged exposure to C. perfringens toxins can lead to infection of the large intestine, a condition called necrotizing colitis. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Heterologous protection against alpha toxins of Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus induced by binding domain recombinant chimeric protein. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Taguchi optimization of duplex PCR for simultaneous identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens alpha toxins. (ucdenver.edu)
  • this is caused by C. perfringens type C. This infection is often fatal. (wikipedia.org)
  • This fact, however, does not prove that such drugs have no effect on the course of a C. perfringens infection. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Despite this persisting question, the authors say there is still strong evidence of a connection between psychiatric hospitals and worse illness from C. perfringens infection. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Sepsis with severe intravascular hemolysis is a rare but deadly complication of infection with C perfringens . (medscape.com)
  • C. perfringens food poisoning is usually a mild clostridial infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This comes about from a Type A strain infection, which is generally mild and is the most common Clostridium perfringens infection in the industrial world . (miradetoxifier.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that is a pathogen in humans and animals. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • As befits a nasty pathogen, Clostridium perfringens grows aggressively. (popsci.com)
  • The log counts population per million reads for all investigated pathogens (Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, generic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium (C. botulinum, C. perfringens), and Campylobacter (C.jejuni, C.coli, C.fetus)) were reduced from Arrival to Market-Ready samples mainly due to reduced diversity within the microbiome. (cdc.gov)
  • Collectively, laboratory results met CDC guidelines for confirming C. perfringens as the outbreak source ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In 2010, an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens at a psychiatric hospital in Louisiana claimed the lives of 3 of the 54 people sickened, an unusually high death toll for a bacteria with an average fatality rate of .03 percent of those it infects. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • The 2010 outbreak was the second reported outbreak of Clostridium perfringens type A in a U.S. psychiatric hospital. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Researchers also point to an outbreak of C. perfringens type A at a psychogeriatric hospital in England. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Test results recently confirmed that clostridium perfringens was, in fact, the bacterial agent that caused the outbreak. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Another large C. perfringens outbreak occurred In November 1995 at a juvenile detention facility in California. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens outbreak at a juvenile detention facility linked to a Thanksgiving holiday meal. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Another large Clostridium perfringens outbreak occurred in Cedar Falls, Iowa linked to a Thanksgiving meal prepared by a Hy Vee store for Cedar Falls Church. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • The most plausible hypothesis for the Business A outbreak is that the turkey was cooked and stored at inappropriate temperature, which allowed for rapid development of Clostridium perfringens. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Title : Thermostable Clostridium Perfringens As Cause Of Food Poisoning Outbreak Personal Author(s) : Helstad, A. G.;Mandel, A. D.;Evans, A. S. (cdc.gov)
  • Since C. perfringens forms spores that can withstand cooking temperatures, if cooked food is left standing for long enough, germination can ensue and infective bacterial colonies develop. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clostridium perfringens is one of the most common causes of food poisoning in the United States, alongside norovirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Staphylococcus aureus. (wikipedia.org)
  • 005.0 Staphylococcal food poisoning Staphylococcal toxaemia specified as due to food 005.1 Botulism Food poisoning due to Clostridium botulinum 005.2 Food poisoning due to Clostridium perfringens [Cl. (cdc.gov)
  • Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of foodborne illness. (illinois.edu)
  • Genomic research has revealed surprisingly high diversity in C. perfringens pangenome, with only 12.6% core genes, identified as the most divergent Gram-positive bacteria reported. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overview of Clostridial Infections Clostridia are spore-forming, gram-positive, anaerobic bacilli present widely in dust, soil, and vegetation and as normal flora in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Infections due to C. perfringens show evidence of tissue necrosis, bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The specific name, perfringens, is derived from the Latin per (meaning "through") and frango ("burst"), referring to the disruption of tissue that occurs during gas gangrene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Image source: If C. perfringens finds its way into a laceration, a case of gas gangrene can result. (miradetoxifier.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens type D causes enterotoxemia in sheep and goats. (monash.edu)
  • C. perfringens can participate in polymicrobial anaerobic infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • Applying bacteriology testing (anaerobic cultivation) in the most examined cases Clostridium perfringens was detected in tissue samples. (ac.rs)
  • Clostridium perfringens ATCC® 13124 strain (105 CFU/mL) was incubated with the substances under anaerobic conditions in Reinforced Clostridial Medium at 37°C for 24 h. (unibo.it)
  • Clostridium perfringens - Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (wikimedia.org)
  • In the present study, we compared the distribution and severity of the cerebrovascular changes induced in lambs by C. perfringens type D strain CN1020, its isogenic etx null mutant, and the ETX-producing complemented mutant. (monash.edu)
  • This study demonstrates that ETX is responsible for the major cerebrovascular changes in C. perfringens type D-induced disease. (monash.edu)
  • Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a type of bacteria often found in soil, sewage, and the intestines of humans and animals. (healthychildren.org)
  • Only C. perfringens type A has been definitively linked to this food poisoning syndrome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of pathogenicity factors of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and C. perfringens type C, as the main case of young piglet diarrhea through fecal samples collected between 2017 and 2019. (hipra.com)
  • There has been some association with C perfringens sepsis and leukemia, [ 7 ] but no literature has implicated multiple myeloma. (medscape.com)
  • Sepsis due to C. perfringens has a very poor prognosis if not detected early. (medintensiva.org)
  • Large numbers of C. perfringens grow in the intestines, and secrete exotoxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • People consumed large amounts of contaminated pork there, giving Clostridium perfringens access to human intestines. (miradetoxifier.com)
  • The results of this investigation suggest that psychiatric inpatients, especially those with constipation, are vulnerable to severe outcomes from C. perfringens intoxication," says the report. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the anticoccidial and anticlostridial efficacy of thyme essential oil and its main phenolic bioactive compounds (thymol, carvacrol and eugenol) against E. tenella and C. perfringens, respectively by invasion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays, in comparison with conventional antibiotics. (unibo.it)
  • Another objective of this study was to determine the in vitro activity of silver and gold nanoparticles against C. perfringens established biofilm. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • In conclusion, both thyme essential oil and its main phenolic bioactive compounds demonstrated anticoccidial and bactericidal activity against E. tenella and C. perfringens in vitro. (unibo.it)
  • The disease is caused by the bacteria Clostridium perfringens. (monash.edu)
  • The factors causing C. perfringens proliferation and disease in the toucans were not identified. (uab.cat)
  • The engine behind this fermentation method is Clostridium perfringens , a close relative of bacteria that cause botulism, tetanus, and food poisoning. (popsci.com)
  • Clostridium perfringens food poisoning is acute gastroenteritis caused by ingestion of contaminated food. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tissue gas occurs when C. perfringens infects corpses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The final part of this study was aimed at testing the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of a recently developed antimicrobial (QAC) solution (Acquorsol) on C. perfringens. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • Determine the distribution of the bacterim Clostriium perfringens Types B and D in retail meat and poutry. (usda.gov)
  • Factors that may have contributed to the growth of C perfringens in the turkey and gravy included the inadequate cooking of large pieces of meat, slow cooling, and insufficient reheating. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • they can germinate and multiply, resulting in large numbers of bacteria when cooked meat that is contaminated with C. perfringens is left at room temperature or even up to 60° C (140° F, as on a warming table) for a period of time. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In livestock, most cases are associated with sudden changes of diet, iatrogenic lesionscaused by invasive procedures such as thoracente thoracotomy, or traumatic percutaneous introduction of the microorganism.The clinical course of pleuropneumonia by clostridia infections may be very variable, although usually are associated with hyperacute or acute course and high mortality. (unesp.br)
  • In addition, the susceptibility of C. perfringens to a range of veterinary or human antimicrobial drugs in conventional or biofilm modes were tested using the broth microdilution method. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • In summary, the results in this thesis show that C. perfringens grown in biofilm mode independent of the source of isolation could reduce the effective susceptibility of antimicrobials. (lincoln.ac.uk)
  • Based on this study population, there was no evidence that C. perfringens had an important role in equine colitis. (uoguelph.ca)
  • Diagnosis is by identifying C. perfringens in contaminated food or in stool. (msdmanuals.com)
  • C. perfringens is ever-present in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. (wikipedia.org)
  • therefore, five stool specimens from ill persons and 20 food samples were submitted to CDC for Clostridium perfringens detection. (cdc.gov)