Clostridium infections. Medical search

Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.

A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

A species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. It is the etiologic agent of BOTULISM in humans, wild fowl, HORSES; and CATTLE. Seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (BOTULINUM TOXINS). The organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature.

An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, used for the industrial production of SOLVENTS.

A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.

The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.

Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, found in INTESTINES and SOIL.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Type species of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM, a gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is used as a source of PROBIOTICS.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. Infections have a strong association with malignancies and also with GAS GANGRENE.

Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, capable of solventogenesis, and isolated from SOIL, infected WOUNDS, fermenting OLIVES, and spoiled CANDY.

A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is a cellulolytic, mesophilic species isolated from decayed GRASS.

A species of gram-positive, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It produces CELLULOSOMES which are involved in plant CELL WALL degradation.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae isolated from infected CATTLE; SHEEP; and other animals. It causes blackleg in cattle and sheep and is transmitted through soil-borne spores.

An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of butanol (C4H9OH).

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type E which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is distinctive for its ability to ferment ETHANOL to caproic acid.

A species of gram-positive, strongly proteolytic bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It contains several forms of COLLAGENASE whose action can lead to GAS GANGRENE in humans and HORSES.

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.

A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in CELLOBIOSE. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.

Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type B which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.

Extracellular structures found in a variety of microorganisms. They contain CELLULASES and play an important role in the digestion of CELLULOSE.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae responsible for spoilage of some CHEESE via FERMENTATION of BUTYRIC ACID.

Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces "struck", and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type D which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type F which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).

A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.

Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.

Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons, usually at a low potential, to flavoproteins; the iron is not present as in heme. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A class of iron-sulfur proteins that contains one iron coordinated to the sulfur atom of four cysteine residues. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.

A species of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae frequently used for the study of ENZYMES.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.

Antiserum given therapeutically in BOTULISM.

Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria found in cavities of man and animals, animal and plant products, infections of soft tissue, and soil. Some species may be pathogenic. No endospores are produced. The genus Eubacterium should not be confused with EUBACTERIA, one of the three domains of life.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type C which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans. It causes dissociation of ACTIN FILAMENTS.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, causing BACTEREMIA in humans and ANIMALS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that ferments both CARBOHYDRATES and AMINO ACIDS.

A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis.

Characteristics of a strain of Clostridium carnis causing septicaemia in a young infant. (1/851)

Clostridium carnis is a species which is only rarely isolated from man or animals and is occasionally found in the soil. This paper is an account of a single isolate found in blood cultures obtained from an 8-week-old boy who was suffering from gastroenteritis. (+info)

Hemorrhagic enteritis associated with Clostridium perfringens type A in a dog. (2/851)

A female Shetland sheep dog died suddenly with hemorrhagic diarrhea and vomitting, and was examined pathologically and microbiologically. Gross pathological change was restricted to the intestinal tract. The intestine contained watery, blood-stained fluid. Histopathologically, the principal intestinal lesion was superficial mucosal hemorrhagic necrosis at the jejunoileum. Many Gram-positive bacilli were found adhering to the necrotic mucosal surface in parts of the intestinal tract. Clostridium perfringens in pure culture were isolated from jejunal contents by anaerobic culture. These results suggested that the typical lesion of this case coincided with canine hemorrhagic enteritis and enterotoxemia due to C. perfringens infection could be the cause of sudden death. (+info)

Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease in a calf. (3/851)

Naturally occurring Clostridium piliforme infection (Tyzzer's disease) was found in a calf. Light microscopic examination revealed multifocal coagulative necrosis in the liver, catarrhal gastroenteritis, tracheitis and pneumonia, and thymic atrophy. Warthin-Starry staining clearly showed large filamentous bacilli in bundles or criss-cross patterns within the hepatocytes and epithelium and smooth muscle cells of the ileum and cecum. Immunohistochemistry using anti-C. piliforme RT and MSK strain antisera showed positive reaction against the bacilli. Electron microscopic examination revealed bacilli within the hepatocytes that demonstrated a characteristic vegetative form, with peritrichous flagella, and spores. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) study using the paraffin-embedded liver sections, the 196-bp DNA fragment specific to 16S ribosomal RNA of C. piliforme was amplified. The characteristics of these bacilli are consistent with those of of C. piliforme. The PCR technique using paraffin-embedded sections should be useful for confirming C. piliforme infection in spontaneous cases. (+info)

Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysins and lethal toxins by Clostridium perfringens types A to D. (4/851)

To obtain high yields of extracellular enzymes and toxins for immunological analysis, type culture collection strains of Clostridium perfringens types A to D and 28 fresh isolates of C. perfringens type A from humans were grown in fermenters under controlled conditions in a pre-reduced proteose peptone medium. The type culture collection strains all showed different characteristics with respect to growth rates and pH optima for growth. Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysin and lethal activity varied considerably between the different types. Growth and extracellular protein production in fermenters with pH control and static or stirred cultures were compared. Production of all extracellular proteins measured was markedly improved by cultivation in fermenters with pH control. Strain ATCC13124 produced five times more phospholipase C than any of 28 freshly isolated strains of C. perfringens type A, grown under identical conditions. Haemolytic and lethal activities of the ATCC strain were equal or superior to the activities of any of the freshly isolated strains. There were no differences in the bacterial yields and in the production of extracellular toxins between type A strains isolated from clinical cases of gas gangrene and abdominal wounds, and those isolated from faecal samples from healthy persons. (+info)

Factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to Clostridium difficile. (5/851)

OBJECTIVE: toxigenic Clostridium difficile is responsible for a spectrum of disease severity ranging from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis. This study attempts to determine the proportion of patients in each category of severity and evaluate the risk factors for a more prolonged and complicated course. DESIGN: prospective cohort study. SETTING: university teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: all patients with symptomatic C. difficile infection during 4 months of an outbreak (January-April 1995); n=73; median age 74 years (range 17-91). MEASUREMENTS: incidence of C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD); severity of disease; percentage of patients in each category of severity; risk factors for severe disease/prolonged symptoms (univariate and multivariable analyses). RESULTS: the incidence of CDAD was 0.93%. Of the cases identified, 18 (24.7%) had mild, self-limiting disease; 26 (35.6%) had moderately severe disease; 23 (31.5%) had prolonged symptoms and six (8.2%) had a complicated course. Although CDAD was more common in older patients (P < 0.001), increasing age was not a risk factor for severity. Significant risk factors for severe CDAD included low Barthel and abbreviated mental test scores (P < 0.01, P < 0.001 respectively) and recent endoscopy (P=0.03). Logistic regression analysis revealed the following independent predictors of severe CDAD: endoscopy [odds ratios (OR) 4.0, P=0.03] and cognitive impairment (OR 11.0, P < 0.01). A trend towards significance was noted for nasogastric tube insertion (OR 3.1, P=0.08). Complications of infection included dehydration, malnutrition and faecal incontinence (which was statistically significantly associated with more severe disease; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: risk factors for severity of CDAD include functional disability, cognitive impairment, and recent endoscopy. Anticipation of severe CDAD may limit morbidity and mortality. (+info)

Molecular subtyping of Clostridium perfringens by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to facilitate food-borne-disease outbreak investigations. (6/851)

Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food-borne illness. The illness is characterized by profuse diarrhea and acute abdominal pain. Since the illness is usually self-limiting, many cases are undiagnosed and/or not reported. Investigations are often pursued after an outbreak involving large numbers of people in institutions, at restaurants, or at catered meals. Serotyping has been used in the past to assist epidemiologic investigations of C. perfringens outbreaks. However, serotyping reagents are not widely available, and many isolates are often untypeable with existing reagents. We developed a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method for molecular subtyping of C. perfringens isolates to aid in epidemiologic investigations of food-borne outbreaks. Six restriction endonucleases (SmaI, ApaI, FspI, MluI, KspI, and XbaI) were evaluated with a select panel of C. perfringens strains. SmaI was chosen for further studies because it produced 11 to 13 well-distributed bands of 40 to approximately 1,100 kb which provided good discrimination between isolates. Seventeen distinct patterns were obtained with 62 isolates from seven outbreak investigations or control strains. In general, multiple isolates from a single individual had indistinguishable PFGE patterns. Epidemiologically unrelated isolates (outbreak or control strains) had unique patterns; isolates from different individuals within an outbreak had similar, if not identical, patterns. PFGE identifies clonal relationships of isolates which will assist epidemiologic investigations of food-borne-disease outbreaks caused by C. perfringens. (+info)

Differences in the carboxy-terminal (Putative phospholipid binding) domains of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium bifermentans phospholipases C influence the hemolytic and lethal properties of these enzymes. (7/851)

The phospholipases C of C. perfringens (alpha-toxin) and C. bifermentans (Cbp) show >50% amino acid homology but differ in their hemolytic and toxic properties. We report here the purification and characterisation of alpha-toxin and Cbp. The phospholipase C activity of alpha-toxin and Cbp was similar when tested with phosphatidylcholine in egg yolk or in liposomes. However, the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin was more than 100-fold that of Cbp. To investigate whether differences in the carboxy-terminal domains of these proteins were responsible for differences in the hemolytic and toxic properties, a hybrid protein (NbiCalpha) was constructed comprising the N domain of Cbp and the C domain of alpha-toxin. The hemolytic activity of NbiCalpha was 10-fold that of Cbp, and the hybrid enzyme was toxic. These results confirm that the C-terminal domain of these proteins confers different properties on the enzymatically active N-terminal domain of these proteins. (+info)

Septicemia in neutropenic patients infected with Clostridium tertium resistant to cefepime and other expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. (8/851)

Clostridium tertium was isolated from two immunocompromised patients with septicemia, fever, and gastrointestinal symptoms. The strains were resistant to ceftazidime, cefepime, and clindamycin; intermediately resistant to penicillin; and susceptible to metronidazole, quinolones, and vancomycin. (+info)

Some common types of Clostridium infections include:

* Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection: This is a common type of diarrheal disease that can occur after taking antibiotics, especially in people who are hospitalized or living in long-term care facilities.
* Gas gangrene: This is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that occurs when Clostridium bacteria infect damaged tissue, causing gas to build up in the affected area.
* Tetanus: This is a serious neurological infection caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which can enter the body through open wounds or puncture wounds.
* Botulism: This is a potentially fatal illness caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, which can be contracted through contaminated food or wounds.

Clostridium infections can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and swelling or redness in the affected area. Treatment depends on the type of infection and may include antibiotics, surgery, or supportive care to manage symptoms.

Prevention measures for Clostridium infections include proper hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and practicing safe food handling practices to prevent the spread of botulism and other clostridial infections. Vaccines are also available for some types of clostridial infections, such as tetanus and botulism.

In summary, Clostridium infections are a diverse group of bacterial infections that can cause a range of illnesses, from mild to severe and life-threatening. Proper prevention and treatment measures are essential to avoid the potential complications of these infections.

PSE can be a serious condition, especially in older adults or those with weakened immune systems, as it can lead to life-threatening complications such as inflammation of the bowel wall, perforation of the bowel, and sepsis. PSE is often diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms such as fluid replacement, pain management, and wound care. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged portions of the intestine.

Prevention measures for PSE include proper hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and environmental cleaning to reduce the transmission of C. diff spores. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that are similar to the beneficial bacteria found in the gut, have also been shown to be effective in preventing PSE recurrence.

1. Foodborne botulism: This type of botulism is caused by eating foods that have been contaminated with the bacteria. Symptoms typically begin within 12 to 72 hours after consuming the contaminated food and can include double vision, droopy eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and muscle weakness.
2. Infant botulism: This type of botulism occurs in infants who are exposed to the bacteria through contact with contaminated soil or object. Symptoms can include constipation, poor feeding, and weak cry.
3. Wound botulism: This type of botulism is caused by the bacteria entering an open wound, usually a deep puncture wound or surgical incision.

Botulism is a rare illness in the United States, but it can be deadly if not treated promptly. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation and fluids, as well as antitoxin injections to neutralize the effects of the toxin. Prevention measures include proper food handling and storage, good hygiene practices, and avoiding consumption of improperly canned or preserved foods.

The symptoms of gas gangrene can include sudden onset of severe pain, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area. The skin may also be tender to the touch and feel firm or hard. In severe cases, the infection can spread quickly and lead to sepsis, shock, and even death.

Gas gangrene can occur as a result of trauma, such as a wound or injury, or it can be caused by a surgical incision that becomes infected. The infection can also spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream.

Treatment of gas gangrene typically involves antibiotics and surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) to remove the infected tissue and promote healing. In severe cases, amputation of the affected limb may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes.

In summary, gas gangrene is a life-threatening bacterial infection that can occur in muscle tissue, causing sudden pain, swelling, and warmth in the affected area. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes.

There are several types of diarrhea, including:

1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.

Symptoms of diarrhea may include:

* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea

Complications of diarrhea can include:

* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.

Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.

The symptoms of enterotoxemia may include:

* Diarrhea
* Abdominal cramping
* Vomiting
* Fever
* Blood in stools

If you suspect you or someone else has enterotoxemia, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as fluids and electrolyte replacement. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention is key in avoiding enterotoxemia, which includes:

* Proper food handling and storage
* Good hygiene practices
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick

If you have a weakened immune system or other underlying health conditions, it is especially important to take precautions to avoid getting enterotoxemia. By being aware of the risk factors and taking preventative measures, you can reduce your chances of developing this serious disease.

Symptoms of enteritis may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. In severe cases, the condition can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and even death if left untreated.

The diagnosis of enteritis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, imaging studies, and laboratory tests (e.g., blood tests, stool cultures). Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

Foodborne diseases, also known as food-borne illnesses or gastrointestinal infections, are conditions caused by eating contaminated or spoiled food. These diseases can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can be present in food products at any stage of the food supply chain.

Examples of common foodborne diseases include:

1. Salmonella: Caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica, this disease can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
2. E. coli: Caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, this disease can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia.
3. Listeria: Caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, this disease can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and stiffness in the neck.
4. Campylobacter: Caused by the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni, this disease can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
5. Norovirus: This highly contagious virus can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.
6. Botulism: Caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, this disease can cause symptoms such as muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, and difficulty swallowing.

Foodborne diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including stool samples, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or other supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention is key to avoiding foodborne diseases, and this includes proper food handling and preparation practices, as well as ensuring that food products are stored and cooked at safe temperatures.

In medicine, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure. This type of transmission can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, where patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to infection.

Cross-infection can occur through a variety of means, including:

1. Person-to-person contact: Direct contact with an infected individual, such as touching, hugging, or shaking hands.
2. Contaminated surfaces and objects: Touching contaminated surfaces or objects that have been touched by an infected individual, such as doorknobs, furniture, or medical equipment.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhaling droplets or aerosolized particles that contain the infectious agent, such as during coughing or sneezing.
4. Contaminated food and water: Consuming food or drinks that have been handled by an infected individual or contaminated with the infectious agent.
5. Insect vectors: Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects can transmit infections through their bites.

Cross-infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to outbreaks of nosocomial infections (infections acquired in hospitals) and can spread rapidly among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. To prevent cross-infection, healthcare providers use strict infection control measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and implementing isolation precautions for infected individuals.

In summary, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure in healthcare settings. Preventing cross-infection is essential to maintaining a safe and healthy environment for patients, healthcare workers, and visitors.

... but unlike other Clostridium species like Clostridium perfringens, no trauma is necessary at the site of the infection. It is ... Clostridium septicum can cause infection quickly if the gut tissue becomes necrotic or inflamed. C. septicum produces four ... Oct 1995). "Clostridium septicum infection". Surgery. 118 (4): 592-8. doi:10.1016/s0039-6060(05)80023-6. PMID 7570310. *Mahon, ... ISBN 0-7216-7917-X. Smith-Slatas CL, Bourque M and Salazar JC (2006). Clostridium septicum infections in children: a case ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_septicum

"Clostridium Infections". Advances in Research and Treatment (2011 ed.). ScholarlyEditions. 9 January 2012. ISBN 9781464960130. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallard

... (CDI or C-diff), also known as Clostridium difficile infection, is a symptomatic infection ... "Rapid detection of Clostridium difficile toxins and laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections". Infection. 45 (3 ... June 2014). "Strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 Update". Infection Control ... "Clostridium difficile Infection Information for Patients , HAI , CDC". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection

Bartlett JG, Gerding DN (January 2008). "Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection". Clinical ... Clostridium difficile infection. Malabsorption Short bowel syndrome Attempts to reduce the odor of feces (and flatus) are ... "Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 9 ( ... Diarrhea is most commonly caused by a myriad of viral infections but is also often the result of bacterial toxins and sometimes ...

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Cho JC, Crotty MP, Pardo J (March 2019). "Clostridium difficile infection". Annals of Gastroenterology. 32 (2): 134-140. doi: ... To Compare Ridinilazole Versus Vancomycin Treatment for Clostridium Difficile Infection" at ClinicalTrials.gov "Fast Track". U. ... "Novel antibiotics in development to treat Clostridium difficile infection". Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 33 (1): 1-7. ... a novel therapy for Clostridium difficile infection". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 48 (2): 137-43. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridinilazole

July 2019). "Clostridium difficile infection: review". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 38 (7 ... An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of ... Since opportunistic infections can cause severe disease, much emphasis is placed on measures to prevent infection. Such a ... formerly known as Clostridium difficile) is a species of bacteria that is known to cause gastrointestinal infection and is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection

Wound infection by C novyi and many other clostridium species cause gas gangrene Spontaneous infection is mostly associated ... Kornbluth AA, Danzig JB, Bernstein LH (January 1989). "Clostridium septicum infection and associated malignancy. Report of 2 ... November 2002). "Isolation and identification of Clostridium spp. from infections associated with the injection of drugs: ... Spontaneous, nontraumatic, or intrinsic infections from a bowel source have been increasingly reported recently. Clostridium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_novyi

... can be helpful in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections, to absorb toxins A and B, and reduce the ... Stroehlein JR (June 2004). "Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection". Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 7 (3): 235-239. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colestyramine

Ward PB, Young GP (1997). Dynamics of Clostridium difficile infection. Control using diet. Advances in Experimental Medicine ... and Clostridium difficile, due in part to the short-chain fatty acids produced with subsequent anti-inflammatory actions upon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber

However, Clostridium infections are also known to occur in healthy individuals. Four species of Clostridium (Clostridium ... Clostridium tetani, and Clostridium sordelli) are responsible for most human infections. Since Clostridium is an obligate ... Clostridium perfingens causes 80-90% of infections and produces both these toxins.[citation needed] Alpha toxin (α-toxin) ... Clostridium infections are usually opportunistic, and occur in individuals with serious preexisting medical conditions. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_gangrene

Gerding DN, Muto CA, Owens RC (January 2008). "Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 46 ... so can be taken only orally against Clostridium difficile infections of the gastrointestinal tract. Ramoplanin is "particularly ... Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for multiple antibiotic-resistant Clostridium difficile infection of the ... Scheinfeld N (January 2007). "A comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramoplanin

"Clostridium difficile Infection Information for Patients". Centers for Disease Control. Retrieved 2018-06-27. Surawicz CM, ... FMTs are currently used to treat patients with Clostridium difficile infections, who have proved resistant to other therapies ... April 2013). "Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections". The American Journal of ... Dupont HL (October 2013). "Diagnosis and management of Clostridium difficile infection". Clinical Gastroenterology and ...

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"Human Infection Caused by Clostridium hathewayi". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (11): 1950-1952. doi:10.3201/eid1011.040006 ... Hungatella hathewayi can cause infection in Humans in rare cases. "Species: Hungatella hathewayi". LPSN.DSMZ.de. "Hungatella ... nov., an obligately anaerobic bacterium isolated from an effluent treatment plant, and reclassification of Clostridium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungatella_hathewayi

Perelman, B; Mints, S; Zjut, M; Kuttin, E; Machny, S (September 1991). "An unusual Clostridium colinum infection in broiler ... Clostridium colinum can cause ulcerative enteritis in chicken. Parte, A.C. "Clostridium". LPSN. "Clostridium colinum Taxon ... Clostridium colinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been ... Clostridium] colinum". www.uniprot.org. Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M; Taylor, Dorothea (2009). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_colinum

April 2018). "Clostridium difficile infection is associated with treatment outcome". Gut. 67 (4): 634-643. doi:10.1136/gutjnl- ... November 2018). "Clostridium difficile infection and other potential indications: joint British Society of Gastroenterology ( ... The first randomized controlled trial in Clostridium difficile infection was published in January 2013. The study was stopped ... December 2011). "Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation". Clinical Gastroenterology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_microbiota_transplant

"Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: A review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes". Journal of Infection. 58 (6): ... September 12-15, 2009). Safety of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin in treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. 49th ... "Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (5): 422-31. doi: ... "A Systematic Literature Review of Economic Evaluations of Antibiotic Treatments for Clostridium difficile Infection". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidaxomicin

December 2011). "Treating Clostridium difficile infection with fecal microbiota transplantation". Clinical Gastroenterology and ... Burke KE, Lamont JT (August 2013). "Fecal transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in older adults: a ... Liubakka A, Vaughn BP (July 2016). "Clostridium difficile Infection and Fecal Microbiota Transplant". AACN Advanced Critical ... Brown WR (August 2014). "Fecal microbiota transplantation in treating Clostridium difficile infection". Journal of Digestive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_microbiome

King A, Rampling A, Wight DG, Warren RE (1984). "Neutropenic enterocolitis due to Clostridium septicum infection". J Clin ... The condition is usually caused by Gram-positive enteric commensal bacteria of the gut (gut flora). Clostridium difficile is a ... Neutropenic enterocolitis is inflammation of the cecum (part of the large intestine) that may be associated with infection. It ... whereas Clostridium septicum is responsible for most cases of neutropenic enterocolitis. Typhlitis most commonly occurs in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutropenic_enterocolitis

"Human antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in relation to clinical course of infection". Infection and Immunity. ... Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) is a toxin generated by Clostridioides difficile, formerly known as Clostridium difficile ... "Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 8 ( ... "The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection". Nature. 467 (7316): 711-3. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..711K. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_toxin_A

Ferrell, ST; Tell, L (2001). "Clostridium tertium Infection in a Rainbow Lorikeet with Enteritis". Journal of Avian Medicine ... C. tertium has also been implicated with osteomyelitis, and miscellaneous soft tissue infections in humans. Clostridium tertium ... "Clostridium tertium" at the Encyclopedia of Life UniProt. "Clostridium tertium". Retrieved 2011-12-28. Type strain of ... Clostridium tertium was initially isolated from war wounds by Captain Herbert Henry (RAMC) in 1917, but it was not until the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_tertium

"First case of intra-abdominal infection with Clostridium disporicum". Anaerobe. 19: 77-8. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.12.002. ... Parte, A.C. "Clostridium". LPSN. "Clostridium disporicum Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net. "Clostridium ... Clostridium disporicum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped and anaerobic bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been ... Horn, N. (1 October 1987). "Clostridium disporicum sp. nov., a Saccharolytic Species Able to Form Two Spores per Cell, Isolated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_disporicum

Clostridium tetani, causative agent of tetanus; and Clostridium perfringens, commonly found in wound infections and diarrhea ... Clostridium enterotoxins are toxins produced by Clostridium species. Clostridial species are one of the major causes of food ... Clostridium enterotoxin is a nine-stranded beta sheet sandwich in shape. It has been determined that it is very similar to ... Long H, Crean CD, Lee WH, Cummings OW, Gabig TG (November 2001). "Expression of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin receptors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_enterotoxin

Blackleg is caused by infection with Clostridium bacteria. The most common causative agent is C. chauvoei, but the disease can ... Uzal, Francisco A (2012). "Evidence-Based Medicine Concerning Efficacy of Vaccination Against Clostridium chauvoei Infection in ... Crepitation (the sensation of air under the skin) can be noticed in many infections, as the area seems to crackle under ... Treatment is only effective in the early stages and as a control measure.[citation needed] Gas gangrene Clostridium vaccine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackleg_(disease)

"Treating Clostridium difficile Infection With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 9 ( ... Internal bleeding or rupture may leave the individual exposed to infections from intestinal bacteria. Blood resulting from ... A coffee enema can cause numerous maladies including infections, sepsis (including campylobacter sepsis), severe electrolyte ... Prevalence of Infection and Factors Related to Transmission". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 146 (1): 7-15. doi:10.1093/infdis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enema

... to rule out infection from Clostridium difficile infection (C Diff) or Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Treatment of infections usually ... If an infection from Clostridium difficile infection (C Diff) or Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is found, initial therapy is usually ... Clostridium difficile infection (C Diff) or Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Biopsies of the pouch should confirm if an infection is the ... Seril, Darren N.; Shen, Bo (20 July 2014). "Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouches". The American ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileo-anal_pouch

O'Keefe SJ (January 2010). "Tube feeding, the microbiota, and Clostridium difficile infection". World J. Gastroenterol. 16 (2 ... prolonged use of an elemental diet elevates the risk of developing clostridium difficile infection/colonisation. List of diets ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental_diet

Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani. Newborns can be infected via their unhealed umbilical stump, ... In childhood, it usually causes a mild disease but infection in pregnancy can result in fetal infection, or congenital rubella ... Infection significantly increased the risk of preterm birth, stillbirth and pre-eclampsia. mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were first ... COVID-19 is a respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV2 virus. Before COVID-19 vaccines were available, pregnant women who ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy

"Bacteriophage cocktail shows significant promise for Clostridium difficile infections". le.ac.uk. University of Leicester. ... She has also worked on bacteriophages that can be used to prevent bacterial infections in Antheraea assamensis (Muga silkworms ... Her research includes identifying specific phage combinations that can be used to destroy Clostridioides difficile Infections ( ... and that phages do not only exert pressure on the infection-survival mechanism of cyanobacteria but can acquire the genes of a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Clokie

Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN (July 2009). "Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and ... It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory ... These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by feces, or directly from another person who ... The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacterium, or parasite-a condition also known as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea

FMT is being used as a new and effective treatment for C. diff infections, a gastrointestinal disease in which Clostridium ... "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection". J Clin Gastroenterol. 48 (8): 693-702. ... for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 53 (10): 994-1002. doi:10.1093/cid/cir632. PMID ... In a systematic review of the use of FMT to treat C. diff infections (mostly C. diff associated diarrhea), 536 patients age 4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriotherapy

"Metabolic engineering of Clostridium acetobutylicum for the industrial production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol". Metabolic ... have been validated as important during various stages of the infection lifecycle of M. tuberculosis. Amino acids are either ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

In addition to diseases caused by direct infection by pathogens, some food borne diseases are caused by the presence of toxins ... Several bacteria, such as E. coli, Clostridium botulinum, and Salmonella enterica, are well-known and are targeted for ... such as serology tests that find antibodies formed in organisms as a response to infection. In contrast, chromogenic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_biological_process_engineering

The Trust has a strong infection control record, and slashed the number of MRSA and Clostridium difficile rates by more than 70 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barking,_Havering_and_Redbridge_University_Hospitals_NHS_Trust

Peptic ulcers are most commonly caused by a bacterial Helicobacter pylori infection. Epstein-Barr virus infection is another ... Generalised inflammation of the large intestine is referred to as colitis, which when caused by the bacteria Clostridium ... Inflammation of the stomach by infection from any cause is called gastritis, and when including other parts of the ... Other conditions, such as anal cancer may be associated with ulcerative colitis or with sexually transmitted infections such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease

These interactions can contribute to the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Clostridium difficile, which uses sialic acid as ... Similar interactions can cause B. thetaiotaomicron to exacerbate pathogenic E. coli infection. Daniel Ryan; Laura Jenniches; ... "The Gut Commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Exacerbates Enteric Infection through Modification of the Metabolic Landscape". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron

... bacterial infections including E. coli, Campylobacter, or Salmonella, protozoal infections such as coccidiosis or giardiasis, ... Clostridium perfringens has been found in large numbers in the intestines of many affected dogs. Profuse vomiting is usually ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhagic_gastroenteritis

against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813. von der Weid I, Alviano DS, Santos AL, Soares RM, Alviano CS, ... a new cause of human infection, inducing bacteremia in a patient on hemodialysis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2008, 38:393-400. Konishi, J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus_vortex

It can also help prevent ear infections. Previous infection from the disease does not grant immunity from future infection ... Tetanus is often referred to as lockjaw due to the fact that the bacteria the causes it (Clostridium tetani) cause the muscles ... People who are in close contact with someone who has the disease are at increased risk of infection. In the case of infection, ... It prevents meningitis, Hib pneumonia, Hib epiglottitis (severe throat infection) and other infections that are a result of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_immunizations_in_the_United_States

Impact of Changes in Antibiotic Use Practices on Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance-Clostridium difficile and ... In the US, the most frequent type of hospital infection is urinary tract infection (36%), followed by surgical site infection ( ... infections of surgery site (14.2%). Infections of the skin and mucous membrane (10.2%), other respiratory infections (6.8%) and ... Nosocomial infections can cause severe pneumonia and infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and other parts of the body. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection

"FDA warns about rare occurrences of a serious infection of the genital area with SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes". www.fda.gov. ... Most cases of Fournier gangrene are infected with both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens. It can ... It begins as a subcutaneous infection. However, necrotic patches soon appear in the overlying skin, which later develop into ... also result from infections caused by group A streptococcus (GAS), as well as other pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fournier_gangrene

"The Fungal Infection of Agricultural Produce and the Production of Mycotoxins". European Mycotoxins Awareness Network. Archived ... Clostridium species), certain spirochetes and certain fungi. Mold growth in buildings generally occurs as fungi colonize porous ... showing that it could inhibit various types of bacteria found in infections and other ailments, but he was unable to produce ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold

Infection. 26 (6): 364-367. doi:10.1007/bf02770837. PMID 9861561. S2CID 21933403. Feder, Henry M.; Johnson, Barbara J.B.; ... nasal carriage of Clostridium tetani, antibiotic cure of rhinoscleroma, antibiotic sensitivity testing of Coccidiodes immitis, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida_Holmes_Mattman

Immunity against infections that can cause serious illness is beneficial. Founded on a germ theory of infectious diseases, as ... "Pathogenic Clostridia, including Botulism and Tetanus (page 3)". Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Roitt, I.M. (1977). ... Tetanus toxin is so lethal that humans cannot develop immunity to a natural infection, as the amount of toxin and time required ... 2004). Immunology, Infection, and Immunity. ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-246-5 Therapeutic antibodies Ganfyd on-line collaborative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity

For example, the tetanus toxoid is derived from the tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. The latter causes tetanus and ... Infection and Immunity. 65 (6): 2088-93. doi:10.1128/IAI.65.6.2088-2093.1997. PMC 175288. PMID 9169736. v t e (CS1 maint: ... Infection and Immunity. 13 (6): 1692-8. doi:10.1128/iai.13.6.1692-1698.1976. PMC 420821. PMID 823107. "NIBSC - Anthrax". www. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxoid

... is closely related phylogenetically to Clostridium fallax and Clostridium intestinale. Infections in ... Infections may be persistent due to the organisms ability to sporulate. Clostridium cadaveris normally colonizes in the ... Clostridium cadaveris is found in soil, water, and is a normal component of the human intestinal tract. The genus Clostridium ... Clostridium cadaveris is an enteric, gas-forming, motile, strictly anaerobic gram-positive bacterium of the genus Clostridium. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_cadaveris

Liao, C. H.; Ko, W. C.; Lu, J. J.; Hsueh, P. R. (2012). "Characterizations of Clinical Isolates of Clostridium difficile by ... and acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections (ABSSSI). Nemonoxacin has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram- ... "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nemonoxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in Vitro Infection Model". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonoxacin

It is suitable for wounds where the amount of dead tissue is not extensive and where there is no infection. Chemical enzymes ... These enzymes are derived from micro-organisms including Clostridium histolyticum; or from plants, examples include collagenase ... Whirlpools also create an unwanted risk of bacterial infection, can damage fragile body tissue, and in the case of treating ... Hakkarainen, TW; Kopari, NM; Pham, TN; Evans, HL (August 2014). "Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debridement

Non-coliform bacteria, such as Streptococcus bovis and certain clostridia may also be used as an index of faecal contamination ... According to the World Health Organization, to not cause significant infections from helminth eggs, there is only allowed to be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_organism

Woolever, Donald Raj (February 7, 2020). "Skin Infections and Outpatient Burn Management: Fungal and Viral Skin Infections". FP ... Colitis, also called: clostridium difficile colitis, or Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with the use of antibiotics ... Group B streptococcal infection, also known as Group B streptococcal disease or just Group B strep, is the infection caused by ... Common viral skin infections include herpes simplex virus infection, herpes zoster, cutaneous and genital warts, and molluscum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clobetasone

... aggressive treatment of acute infection can prevent chronic infection. When the risk of anaerobic infection is high, as with ... In this case they are mixed with organisms of intestinal origin such as E coli, bacteroides fragilis group, and clostridium ... aggressive treatment of acute infection can prevent chronic infection. When the risk of anaerobic infection is high, as with ... CNS infections can be isolated from subdural empyema and brain abscesses which are a result of chronic infections. Also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptostreptococcus

... lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, genitourinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections ... Another side effect may include Clostridium difficile diarrhea. It is not recommended in people who have had previous ... Intra-abdominal infections - e.g. peritonitis Bone and joint infections - S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. CNS infections - e.g. ... Genitourinary system infections - urinary tract infections (e.g. E. coli, S. epidermidis, P. mirabilis) and cervical/urethral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefotaxime

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported for nearly all antibacterial agents including ceftaroline, ... However, only results for phase-II clinical trials in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections have been ... Prescribing ceftaroline in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to ... "FDA approves Teflaro for treatment of bacterial infections". 30 October 2010. Long SW, Olsen RJ, Mehta SC, et al. PBP2a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftaroline_fosamil

... its product pipeline focused on gram-negative bacterial infections, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and respiratory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubist_Pharmaceuticals

... for sheep and cattle that protects against diseases caused by toxins produced by an infection with one or more Clostridium ... Clostridium chauvoei Clostridium haemolyticum Clostridium novyi Clostridium perfringens Clostridium septicum Clostridium ... sordellii Clostridium tetani Clostridial vaccines which protect sheep against multiple clostridial diseases have been available ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridial_vaccine

Borody has used fecal microbiota transplantation as treatment for Clostridium difficile infection. He has also spruiked FMT for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Borody

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... Clostridium hathewayi DSM 13479. This protein is functionally uncharacterized and does not appear to be homologous to other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage_Hp1_holin_family

The noninvasive infections tend to be more common and less severe. The most common of these infections include streptococcal ... Clostridium perfringens can be identified presumptively with this test. Listeria monocytogenes is also positive on sheep's ... Group A S. pyogenes is the causative agent in a wide range of group A streptococcal infections (GAS). These infections may be ... Scarlet fever is also a noninvasive infection, but has not been as common in recent years. The invasive infections caused by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus

... Abstract. Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a ... TABLE 2. Reductions in hospital-onset Clostridium difficile infection rates - Illinois, Massachusetts, and New York, May 2008- ... FIGURE 2. Percentage of laboratory-identified Clostridium difficile infections (N = 42,157), by hospitalization status at time ... TABLE 1. Number and percentage of hospitals reporting laboratory-identified Clostridium difficile infections, by selected ...

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm61e0306a1.htm?s_cid=mm61e0306a1_w

Clostridium perfringens Infection Among Inmates at a County Jail --- Wisconsin, August 2008. ... Clostridium perfringens and foodborne infections. Int J Food Microbiol 2002;74:195--202. ... CDC. Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis associated with corned beef served at St. Patricks Day meals---Ohio and Virginia ... Foodborne outbreaks of C. perfringens infections typically occur in institutional settings, where large quantities of food are ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5806a2.htm

Use of respiratory antibiotics and infection with Clostridium difficile. Euro Surveill. 2000;4(29):pii=1565. https://doi.org/ ...

https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/esw.04.29.01565-en

... and optimal therapy of Clostridium sphenoides infections remains to be determined. We describe a case of bloodstream infection ... An unusual aspect of the infection in our patient was that it represents a primary invasion of clostridia in apparently healthy ... Kelesidis, T., & Tsiodras, S. (2011). Clostridium sphenoides Bloodstream Infection in Man. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17(1 ... Kelesidis T, Tsiodras S. Clostridium sphenoides Bloodstream Infection in Man. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2011;17(1):156-159 ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/1/10-1029

It can colonize the gut and result in an intestinal disease called Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). CDI infection rates ... Other health care-associated infections, like catheter-associated infections and surgical site infections, are associated with ... Guidelines For Clostridium Difficile Infection Testing Not Being Followed In Europe. *BD Announces CE Marking Of A New ... Overuse Of Antibiotics Tied To Increase In Clostridium Difficile Infection. By The Conversation , November 7th 2014 08:01 AM , ...

https://www.science20.com/the_conversation/overuse_of_antibiotics_tied_to_increase_in_clostridium_difficile_infection-148669

Clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of nosocomial disease in Western countries. The recent emergence of ... Clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of nosocomial disease in Western countries. The recent emergence of ... Rebeaud, Fabien; Bachmann, Martin F (2012). Immunization strategies for Clostridium difficile infections. Expert Review of ... Current treatments rely on metronidazol and vancomycin, but the limited ability of these antibiotics to cure infection and ...

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/75573/

Patients with severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are at increased risk for IAH and ACS. However, ACS has been only ... Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults, with recent reports of increased ... Patients with severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are at increased risk for IAH and ACS. However, ACS has been only ... Intra-abdominal hypertension in fulminant Clostridium difficile infection - an under-recognized treatable complication Lavi Oud ...

https://medscimonit.com/abstract/index/idArt/881116

Risk of Clostridium difficile infection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics: meta-analysis. The American Journal of ... Risk of Clostridium difficile infection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics : meta-analysis. In: The American Journal ... Risk of Clostridium difficile infection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics: meta-analysis. Chun Shing Kwok, Aaron ... Risk of Clostridium difficile infection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics : meta-analysis. / Kwok, Chun Shing; Arthur ...

https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/risk-of-clostridium-difficile-infection-with-acid-suppressing-dru

Incorrect diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection in a university hospital in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy ... Incorrect diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection in a university hospital in Japan. In: Journal of Infection and ... Incorrect diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection in a university hospital in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy ... Incorrect diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection in a university hospital in Japan, Journal of Infection and ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/incorrect-diagnosis-of-clostridium-difficile-infection-in-a-unive

Clostridium difficile infection is becoming increasingly complex to treat owing to the rise in treatment failures and recurrent ... difficile infection. Previous investigations have demonstrated potential antimicrobial activity of auranofin against C. ... infections. There is a clear need for new therapeutic options for the management of this disease. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed ... Clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection and incidence rates ...

https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/items/a3104350-d944-5e42-a1e3-1eea1e783c7a

Healthcare-associated infections result in a substantial burden of disease in Canadians, and are an important public health ... Infections due to Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE: Measures * Infections due to Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE: Success ... Infections due to Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE: Introduction * Infections due to Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE: ... Infections due to Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE: Measures. *Infections due to Clostridium difficile, MRSA or VRE: Success ...

https://healthcareexcellence.ca/en/what-we-do/all-programs/hospital-harm-is-everyones-concern/hospital-harm-improvement-resource/infections-due-to-cdiff-mrsa-vre-introduction/

Table 4. Treatment options in Clostridium difficile infection. First episode Nonsevere disease. Stop inducing antibiotics if ... Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is considered to be the main cause of bacterial infectious diarrhea in nosocomial ... Box 1. Risk factors for an initial episode of Clostridium difficileinfection. *. Antibacterial therapy14,171-173 ... Box 2. Factors associated with increased incidence of nosocomial Clostridium difficileinfection. *. Increasing numbers of ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777086

Antibacterianos Infecções por Clostridium Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico Clostridioides Clostridium Infecções por Clostridium/ ... We previously showed the trend of antimicrobial use (AMU) for Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) using ... The intended purpose and regional patterns of use of antibiotics for managing Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infections ... tratamento farmacológico Infecções por Clostridium/epidemiologia Humanos Seguro Saúde Japão/epidemiologia Estudos ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/pt/mdl-34916136

Second, if C difficile infection declines were driven by improvements in hospital infection control, then transmitted ( ... First, if C difficile infection declines in England were driven by reductions in use of particular antibiotics, then incidence ... METHODS:Regional (Oxfordshire and Leeds, UK) and national data for the incidence of C difficile infections and antimicrobial ... The importance of fluoroquinolone restriction over infection control was shown by significant declines in inferred secondary ( ...

https://www.bdi.ox.ac.uk/publications/659522

Toolkit for Reduction of Clostridium difficile Infections Through Antimicrobial Stewardship. Question 1. ... Ø1F TOOL: Common Evidence-Based Infection Prevention Measures. 1.2. What do we need to do before we begin to use our ASP to ... Healthcare-Associated Infections Program * Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria * Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program ( ... Desire to understand the differential effect or impact of stewardship versus infection control and environmental cleaning. ...

https://www.ahrq.gov/hai/patient-safety-resources/cdiff-toolkit/cdiff-questions1.html

C difficile infection (CDI) commonly manifests as mild to moderate diarrhea, occasionally with abdominal cramping. ... Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that is responsible for the development of ... Clinical and infection control implications of Clostridium difficile infection with negative enzyme immunoassay for toxin. Clin ... Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey. Lancet. 2011 Jan 1. 377(9759):63-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/186458-medication

... and laboratory-based surveillance system conducted through CDCs Emerging Infections Program (EIP) Healthcare-Associated ... The Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) surveillance program is an active population- ... CDCs Clostridium difficile Infection Surveillance Investigators. Impact of changes in Clostridium difficile testing practices ... Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 11;372(24):2369-70. doi: 10.1056/ ...

http://cdc.gov/hai/eip/cdiff-tracking.html

The 5D framework: a clinical primer for fecal microbiota transplantation to treat Clostridium difficile infection ...

https://openbiome.org/publication/the-5d-framework-a-clinical-primer-for-fecal-microbiota-transplantation-to-treat-clostridium-difficile-infection/

em,Clostridium difficile,/em, infection outbreak in a male rehabilitation ward, ,br,Hong Kong (China), 2011 Authors. * Tsz-sum ... em,Clostridium difficile,/em, infection outbreak in a male rehabilitation ward, ,br,Hong Kong (China), 2011. Western Pac ... An outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a boarding school in Hong Kong ...

https://ojs.wpro.who.int/ojs/index.php/wpsar/article/view/177

"Clostridium Infections Associated with Musculoskeletal-Tissue Allografts." New England Journal of Medicine, 2004. Online at ... Despite certain infections associated with unsterilized allograft tissue, sterilization is not required or consistently ... with zero confirmed incidence of implant-associated infection. ...

https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2019/02/26/undergoing-surgery-what-you-should-know-about-tissue-sterilization/

Clostridium difficile infections. *PSI-90. When CMS updates Hospital Compare data in July, CLABSI data will be suppressed and ... Current Issue - Beckers Clinical Leadership & Infection Control. *Past Issues - Beckers Clinical Leadership & Infection ... Current Issue - Beckers Clinical Leadership & Infection Control. *Past Issues - Beckers Clinical Leadership & Infection ...

https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/rankings-and-ratings/cms-won-t-update-hospital-overall-star-ratings-in-july.html

Systems Biology of Clostridium difficile Infection. A SARS-CoV-2 Protein Interaction Map Revels Targets for Drug Repurposing Dr ... Systems Biology of Clostridium difficile Infection. Predicting the emergence of antibiotic resistance through multi-omics ... Decoding Antibiotic-Induced Susceptibility to Clostridium difficile Infection. The Protein Interaction Landscape of Influenza A ... Decoding Antibiotic-Induced Susceptibility to Clostridium difficile Infection. Systems Immunobiology of Persistent MRSA ...

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/node/10171

Infections and Infestations:Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea Investigations: weight changes Metabolism and Nutritional ... Diarrhea caused by an infection (Clostridium difficile)in your intestines . Call your doctor right away if you have watery ... Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea: PPI therapy may be associated with increased risk of Clostridium difficile- ... 5.3 Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea 5.4 Bone Fracture 5.5 Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions 5.6 Cutaneous and ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=860aa2fc-db2b-400e-9a1a-5273b6884b49&version=5

... and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection. In: Journal of the American ... and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection. / Ruby, Rebecca; Magdesian ... and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of the American ... and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection, Journal of the American ...

https://scholars.uky.edu/en/publications/comparison-of-clinical-microbiologic-and-clinicopathologic-findin

Diseases : Clostridium Infections, Diarrhea, Low Immune Function: Natural Killer Cells. Problem Substances : Antacids: ... Diseases : Childhood Infections, Gastroenteritis, Infection: In Infants & Children , Pneumonia. Additional Keywords : Drug ... Proton pump inhibitor use during incident Clostridium difficile infection treatment was associated with a 42% increased risk of ... Diseases : Bacterial Infections and Mycoses. Problem Substances : Eszopiclone, Hypnotic Drugs, Ramelteon, Zaleplon, Zolpidem ( ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/content/immunosuppressive

Clostridium difficile infection † 1 0/153 (0.00%) 0. 1/159 (0.63%) 1. ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02242487

Utility of Perirectal Swab Specimens for Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection.. Categories: Posted on August 23, 2012. ... For 139 patients tested for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) by polymerase chain reaction, the sensitivity, specificity, ...

https://journalclub.wustl.edu/2012/08/23/utility-of-perirectal-swab-specimens-for-diagnosis-of-clostridium-difficile-infection/

Re-imagining discovery and access to research: grants, datasets, publications, citations, clinical trials, patents and policy documents in one place.

https://app.dimensions.ai/details/publication/pub.1122928540

Please enable or allow JavaScript for our site so you can have a full experience of the content and its features ...

https://seqbiome.com/publications/the-potential-for-emerging-therapeutic-options-for-clostridium-difficile-infection/

The intended purpose and regional patterns of use of antibiotics for managing Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infections: An analysis of the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups data of Japan. (bvsalud.org)
We previously showed the trend of antimicrobial use (AMU) for Clostridioides ( Clostridium ) difficile infection (CDI) using sales data. (bvsalud.org)
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and one of the most common healthcare-associated infections in the United States. (cdc.gov)
The Clostridioides difficile infection surveillance program is an active population- and laboratory-based surveillance system conducted through CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) Healthcare-Associated Infections Community Interface (HAIC). (cdc.gov)
Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficle) infection. (medlineplus.gov)

Clostridium difficile is the most common bacterium contributing to health care-associated infections. (science20.com)
Background: Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults, with recent reports of increased severity and case fatality. (medscimonit.com)

Probiotics have shown promise for a variety of health purposes, including prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (including diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile ), prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in premature infants, treatment of infant colic , treatment of periodontal disease , and induction or maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis . (nih.gov)
Conserving the effectiveness of existing treatments through infection prevention and control guidelines, education and awareness, regulations, and oversight. (healthcareexcellence.ca)
The framework encompasses the three pillars listed above, as well as a fourth pillar for Infection Prevention and Control (IPC). (healthcareexcellence.ca)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2016, " Clostridium difficile" ). (healthcareexcellence.ca)
Diflucan is also used for treating cryptococcal meningitis , and prevention of Candida infections in patients treated with chemotherapy or radiation after bone marrow transplantation. (medicinenet.com)
The CDC/STRIVE curriculum was developed by national infection prevention experts led by the Health Research & Educational Trust (HRET) for CDC. (cdc.gov)
Courses address both the technical and foundational elements of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention. (cdc.gov)
Defines competency-based training and describes key components to consider when designing infection prevention training. (cdc.gov)
Reviews the importance of conducting infection prevention audits and how audits can be performed and implemented as part of an infection prevention surveillance program. (cdc.gov)
Developed by national infection prevention experts, the curriculum focuses on foundational and HAI-specific prevention practices. (cdc.gov)
Describe the key components of a competency- based training program for infection prevention at the completion of the module set. (cdc.gov)
Describe how to design and implement audits for infection prevention practices at the completion of the module set. (cdc.gov)
9. Probiotics and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection. (nih.gov)

Clostridium difficile (CD) produces antibiotic associated diarrhea and leads to a broad range of diseases. (urosario.edu.co)

abstract = "Several studies have raised concern regarding the possible association between proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). (uea.ac.uk)

Adults with acute symptoms of C. difficile infection and a positive result on a stool toxin test were eligible for study entry. (nih.gov)
The secondary end points were recurrence of C. difficile infection (diarrhea and a positive result on a stool toxin test within 4 weeks after treatment) and global cure (i.e., cure with no recurrence). (nih.gov)
Objective - To compare clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings among horses infected with Clostridium difficile that had toxin A in their feces, horses with evidence of C difficile infection that were negative for toxin A in their feces, and horses with diarrhea that were negative for C difficile infection. (uky.edu)
Results - Horses with toxin A in their feces had higher band neutrophil count, rectal temperature, hospitalization time prior to the onset of diarrhea, and total hospitalization time than did horses without evidence of C difficile infection, and 32 of the 33 (97%) horses with toxin A in their feces had received antimicrobials prior to the onset of diarrhea. (uky.edu)
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - Results provided some evidence that horses positive for toxin A had more severe clinical disease than did horses with evidence of C difficile infection that were negative for toxin A and horses with diarrhea without evidence of C difficile infection. (uky.edu)

Some of the antibiotics with the highest CDI risk are fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, which are often used to treat common bacterial infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infections. (science20.com)
The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, has awarded approximately $5 million in funding for 24 research projects seeking to develop non-traditional therapeutics for bacterial infections to help address the growing health threat of antibiotic resistance. (nih.gov)
Increasing resistance to antibiotics coupled with the slow pace of new antibiotic development threatens to erode the past 70 years of progress in fighting life-threatening bacterial infections. (nih.gov)

The role of clostridia as intestinal pathogens has been recognized ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
It can colonize the gut and result in an intestinal disease called Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). (science20.com)
Clostridium difficile ( C. difficile ) is a bacterium that causes mild to severe diarrhea and intestinal conditions like pseudomembranous colitis (inflammation of the colon). (healthcareexcellence.ca)

Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that causes pseudomembranous colitis, manifesting as diarrhea that often recurs and can progress to toxic megacolon, sepsis, and death. (cdc.gov)
Clostridium difficile infections can lead to diarrhea, sepsis, and even death. (cdc.gov)
can lead to sepsis (a serious infection that spreads through the blood) or a puncture in your intestines. (novascotia.ca)

Although the incidence of other health-care-associated infections has declined ( 2 ), CDIs have increased and only recently plateaued ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
In the United States, health care-associated infections are the fifth leading cause of death among hospitalized patients, accounting for nearly 100,000 deaths in the US each year. (science20.com)
Other health care-associated infections, like catheter-associated infections and surgical site infections, are associated with the use of medical devices and surgical procedures. (science20.com)
Jon Mark Hirshon] Well, as with all health care associated infections, it's important that doctors, nurses, patients, and visitors wash their hands with soap and water. (cdc.gov)
This can greatly reduce all health care-associated infections, including C. diff . (cdc.gov)

Control of Clostridium difficile Infection by Defined Microbial Communities. (nih.gov)

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) often occurs in patients in health-care settings, where antibiotics are prescribed and symptomatic patients, an important source for transmission, are concentrated. (cdc.gov)
Patients can be exposed to dangerous infections while receiving treatment. (science20.com)
Patients with severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are at increased risk for IAH and ACS. (medscimonit.com)
Includes patients aged ≥65 years who were either hospitalized with Clostridium difficile infections or who acquired C. difficile during the hospital stay. (cdc.gov)
The majority of infections with C. difficile occur among persons aged ≥65 years and among patients in health-care facilities, such as hospitals and nursing homes. (cdc.gov)
The figure above shows rates of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized patients aged ≥65 years, by age group in the United States from 1996-2009, according to the National Hospital Discharge Survey. (cdc.gov)
The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) estimates that approximately two per cent of patients admitted to large, academic Canadian hospitals will have acquired an infection with an Antibiotic Resistant Organism (ARO) during the course of their hospital stay (Mitchell et al. (healthcareexcellence.ca)
Whereas metronidazole is the recommended first-line treatment for mild to moderate disease without complications, vancomycin is recommended first-line therapy for severe infection or for patients with risk factors for adverse outcomes, such as advanced age, critical illness, overall debility, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (medscape.com)
For 139 patients tested for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) by polymerase chain reaction, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of testing perirectal swabs versus stool specimens were 95.7%, 100%, 100%, and 99.1%, respectively. (wustl.edu)
In the end, among the almost 1100 patients whose stool we tested for C. diff , we found 43 with the infection. (cdc.gov)
So, as it turned out, we only found three patients without known risk factors or a co-infection. (cdc.gov)
however, microbes continually evolve and become resistant to these lifesaving drugs," said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "New strategies are desperately needed to treat patients with antibiotic-resistant infections that often are deadly. (nih.gov)

Utility of Perirectal Swab Specimens for Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection. (wustl.edu)

major reductions will require antibiotic stewardship along with infection control applied to nursing homes and ambulatory-care settings as well as hospitals. (cdc.gov)
Better antimicrobial stewardship could curb infection rates. (science20.com)
Antimicrobial stewardship should be a central component of C difficile infection control programmes. (ox.ac.uk)
Since its inception in 2013, the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG)'s clinical research agenda has focused on studies to address gram-negative and where appropriate gram-positive infections, as well as studies to support the development and use of diagnostic tests and to inform antibiotic stewardship efforts. (nih.gov)

Population-based data from the Emerging Infections Program were analyzed by location and antecedent health-care exposures. (cdc.gov)
CDC's Emerging Infections Program conducted active, population-based surveillance for CDIs from eight diverse geographic areas in 2010 ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was detected in stool samples collected from six ill inmates, and 43,000 CFU/g of the organism were isolated from a remaining sample of casserole. (cdc.gov)
Ordinarily, the absolute prerequisite for clostridial infection is a focus of necrotic tissue, which this organism then infects ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)

We describe a case of bloodstream infection in a man that was caused by C. sphenoides . (cdc.gov)
48 hours (second and third days postoperation) indicates that C. sphenoides was a true pathogen and the cause of bloodstream infection, rather than an apathogenic member of the colonic flora. (cdc.gov)

However, the full extent of the pathogenicity, clinical spectrum, and optimal therapy of Clostridium sphenoides infections remains to be determined. (cdc.gov)
This phase 3 clinical trial compared the efficacy and safety of fidaxomicin with those of vancomycin in treating C. difficile infection. (nih.gov)
The primary end point was clinical cure (resolution of symptoms and no need for further therapy for C. difficile infection as of the second day after the end of the course of therapy). (nih.gov)
BACKGROUND:The control of Clostridium difficile infections is an international clinical challenge. (ox.ac.uk)
Team membership will vary among organizations, but the core team should include an infectious disease physician, PharmD, clinical microbiologist, infection control representative, hospital epidemiologist, information technology (IT) representative, and senior administrator. (ahrq.gov)
Kass, Philip H. / Comparison of clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection . (uky.edu)
An integrated clinical research program that both explores ways to reduce the overall risk of antimicrobial resistance and tests new approaches to diagnose, prevent, and treat AR infections is a critical component of the response to the AR problem. (nih.gov)

Current treatments rely on metronidazol and vancomycin, but the limited ability of these antibiotics to cure infection and prevent relapse highlights the need for new strategies. (uzh.ch)
infection, such as metronidazole or vancomycin. (novascotia.ca)
Oral metronidazole and oral vancomycin have similar efficacy rates in treating diarrhea caused by C difficile in mild to moderate infection but not in severe disease. (medscape.com)

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites) evolve in ways that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of antimicrobial medicines (e.g. antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics) to treat infections. (healthcareexcellence.ca)
and, if no action is taken, it's estimated that by 2050, 10 million lives are at risk worldwide due to the rise of drug resistant infections ( Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2016). (healthcareexcellence.ca)
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England, Oxford, UK. (ox.ac.uk)

infections can range from mild to severe. (novascotia.ca)
The problem with C. diff is that, unlike most other causes of diarrhea, it can cause severe infections and potentially be life threatening. (cdc.gov)

First, if C difficile infection declines in England were driven by reductions in use of particular antibiotics, then incidence of C difficile infections caused by resistant isolates should decline faster than that caused by susceptible isolates across multiple genotypes. (ox.ac.uk)
METHODS:Regional (Oxfordshire and Leeds, UK) and national data for the incidence of C difficile infections and antimicrobial prescribing data (1998-2014) were combined with whole genome sequences from 4045 national and international C difficile isolates. (ox.ac.uk)
The incidence of C difficile infections caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant and fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates was estimated with negative-binomial regression, overall and per genotype. (ox.ac.uk)
INTERPRETATION:Restricting fluoroquinolone prescribing appears to explain the decline in incidence of C difficile infections, above other measures, in Oxfordshire and Leeds, England. (ox.ac.uk)
RTI recently reached the milestone of providing more than 8 million tissue-based implants processed through its three proprietary sterilization processes (including the BioCleanse Process) with zero confirmed incidence of implant-associated infection. (orlandosentinel.com)

Fidaxomicin: the newest addition to the armamentarium against Clostridium difficile infections. (nih.gov)
Advances in the treatment of Clostridium difficile with fidaxomicin: a narrow spectrum antibiotic. (nih.gov)
Fidaxomicin: a novel macrocyclic antibiotic approved for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. (nih.gov)

Gerding DN, Johnson S. Clostridial infections. (medlineplus.gov)

Our conversation is based on his paper about a Clostridium difficile infection in outpatients, which appears in CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. (cdc.gov)

Healthcare-associated infections result in a substantial burden of disease in Canadians, and are an important public health problem. (healthcareexcellence.ca)

Diflucan also may be effective in treating urinary tract infections , peritonitis , pneumonia , and disseminated infections caused by Candida. (medicinenet.com)

Clostridium difficile infection is a major cause of nosocomial disease in Western countries. (uzh.ch)

Hospital-onset CDIs were prevented through an emphasis on infection control. (cdc.gov)
While it is important to prevent, and control the spread of all infections, there are certain, antimicrobial resistant organisms that are more prevalent and pose a great risk in healthcare settings. (healthcareexcellence.ca)
Effects of control interventions on Clostridium difficile infection in England: an observational study. (ox.ac.uk)
Second, if C difficile infection declines were driven by improvements in hospital infection control, then transmitted (secondary) cases should decline regardless of susceptibility. (ox.ac.uk)

This is because antibiotics, while killing C. difficile , also kill other good bacteria in the gut, allowing C. difficile to grow and cause infection once again. (science20.com)
Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a type of bacteria that lives in many people's intestines. (novascotia.ca)

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy , 21 (10), 718-722. (edu.au)

The elderly, those with other co-morbid illnesses, those who are hospitalized, or who are taking antibiotics, are at a greater risk of infection. (healthcareexcellence.ca)
PPI therapy may be associated with increased risk of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea. (nih.gov)

Clostridium Difficile (C. diff. (novascotia.ca)
Jon Mark Hirshon] Well, Clostridium difficile , or C. diff , is a serious cause of infectious diarrhea seen mostly in older people who have recently stayed in a hospital or have been taking antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
Now, C. diff is considered a serious healthcare-acquired infection. (cdc.gov)
Additionally, in the hospital, if a patient has C. diff infection, the patient should ideally have a single room and visitors may need to wear a gown and gloves. (cdc.gov)
Jon Mark Hirshon] Well, again, good hand hygiene - keeping your hands clean - is the best single action people can take to help prevent C. diff infection in themselves and in their loved ones. (cdc.gov)

Clostridium difficile infection is a serious diarrheal illness associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. (nih.gov)

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used for treating vaginal, oral, and esophageal fungal infections caused by Candida. (medicinenet.com)

If your infection gets worse, you may become dehydrated or be unable to pass stool. (novascotia.ca)

Metronidazole and fluconazole are used to treat different types of vaginal infections. (medicinenet.com)
Metronidazole is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas vaginal infections, and fluconazole is an antifungal used to treat vaginal fungal infections caused by Candida. (medicinenet.com)
In the hospital, metronidazole can be administered intravenously to treat serious infections. (medicinenet.com)

Pharmacologic therapy should be tailored according to the severity of C difficile infection (CDI). (medscape.com)

An unusual aspect of the infection in our patient was that it represents a primary invasion of clostridia in apparently healthy colonic tissue. (cdc.gov)
Despite certain infections associated with unsterilized allograft tissue, sterilization is not required or consistently performed. (orlandosentinel.com)
Clostridium Infections Associated with Musculoskeletal-Tissue Allografts. (orlandosentinel.com)

The pathogenesis of C. sphenoides infections in humans remains unclear. (cdc.gov)
More studies are needed to clarify the pathogenesis of C. sphenoides infections in humans. (cdc.gov)

CDI has become the most common microbial cause of healthcare-associated infections in US hospitals, resulting in $4.8 billion yearly in excess healthcare costs for acute care facilities alone. (medscape.com)
This infection is a common cause of diarrhea after antibiotic use. (medlineplus.gov)

Editorial: Current Status of Oral Antiviral Drug Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Non-Hospitalized Pa. (medscimonit.com)

Infections are diseases caused by microorganisms and parasites. (nih.gov)

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes inflammation of the colon and is a potentially life-threatening diarrheal illness. (medscape.com)

A better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the disease, the host immune response and identification of key virulence factors of Clostridium difficile now permits the development of new products specifically targeting the pathogen. (uzh.ch)

infection, wash your hands with soap and water before eating and after using the restroom. (novascotia.ca)

Anatomy5

Organisms29

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs24

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Information Science4

Health Care2

Characteristics of a strain of Clostridium carnis causing septicaemia in a young infant. (1/851)

Hemorrhagic enteritis associated with Clostridium perfringens type A in a dog. (2/851)

Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease in a calf. (3/851)

Production of phospholipase C (alpha-toxin), haemolysins and lethal toxins by Clostridium perfringens types A to D. (4/851)

Factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to Clostridium difficile. (5/851)

Molecular subtyping of Clostridium perfringens by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to facilitate food-borne-disease outbreak investigations. (6/851)

Differences in the carboxy-terminal (Putative phospholipid binding) domains of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium bifermentans phospholipases C influence the hemolytic and lethal properties of these enzymes. (7/851)

Septicemia in neutropenic patients infected with Clostridium tertium resistant to cefepime and other expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. (8/851)

Clostridium Infections

Clostridium

Clostridium difficile

Clostridium botulinum

Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous

Clostridium acetobutylicum

Clostridium thermocellum

Clostridium tetani

Botulinum Toxins

Clostridium sordellii

Bacterial Toxins

Clostridium butyricum

Clostridium septicum

Enterotoxins

Clostridium beijerinckii

Botulism

Ribotyping

Spores, Bacterial

Clostridium botulinum type A

Feces

Clostridium cellulolyticum

Clostridium cellulovorans

Clostridium chauvoei

Cellulase

Butanols

Bacterial Proteins

Gas Gangrene

Clostridium botulinum type E

Clostridium kluyveri

Clostridium histolyticum

Diarrhea

Spores

Cellulose

Molecular Sequence Data

Bacteria, Anaerobic

ADP Ribose Transferases

Cytotoxins

Antitoxins

DNA, Bacterial

Clostridium botulinum type B

Toxins, Biological

Cellulosomes

Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Enterotoxemia

Clostridium botulinum type D

Culture Media

Clostridium botulinum type F

Food Microbiology

Fermentation

Anaerobiosis

Metronidazole

Cellobiose

Enteritis

Bacteriological Techniques

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Food Preservation

Ferredoxins

Rubredoxins

Genes, Bacterial

Toxoids

Clostridium sticklandii

Amino Acid Sequence

Foodborne Diseases

Botulinum Antitoxin

Cross Infection

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Vancomycin

Eubacterium

Clostridium botulinum type C

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Clostridium tertium

Base Sequence

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Hot Temperature

Phylogeny

Clindamycin

DNA, Ribosomal

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Cecum