Clostridium botulinum. Medical search

A species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. It is the etiologic agent of BOTULISM in humans, wild fowl, HORSES; and CATTLE. Seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (BOTULINUM TOXINS). The organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature.

Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.

A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)

A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type E which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type B which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.

Antiserum given therapeutically in BOTULISM.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type D which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type F which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.

Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.

Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type C which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans. It causes dissociation of ACTIN FILAMENTS.

The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.

The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.

Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.

Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.

Treatment of food with RADIATION.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.

Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.

An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.

Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., FISH FLOUR, fish meal).

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, used for the industrial production of SOLVENTS.

A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.

Type species of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM, a gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is used as a source of PROBIOTICS.

Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. FOOD LABELING is also available.

The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.

Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type G. Though it has been isolated from soil, no outbreaks involving this type have been recognized.

A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating a signal transduction pathway that controls assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.

Food that has been prepared and stored in a way to prevent spoilage.

The mechanical process of cooling.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, found in INTESTINES and SOIL.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A ubiquitous target SNARE protein that interacts with SYNTAXIN and SYNAPTOBREVIN. It is a core component of the machinery for intracellular MEMBRANE FUSION. The sequence contains 2 SNARE domains, one is the prototype for the Qb-SNARES, and the other is the prototype for the Qc-SNARES.

A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.

A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS.

The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.

The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.

Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.

Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. Infections have a strong association with malignancies and also with GAS GANGRENE.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.

A plant genus of the family TILIACEAE. Some species in this genus are called Limetree which is nearly the same as the common name for lime (CITRUS AURANTIIFOLIA). Some people are allergic to the POLLEN.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, capable of solventogenesis, and isolated from SOIL, infected WOUNDS, fermenting OLIVES, and spoiled CANDY.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.

Organic esters of thioglycolic acid (HS-CH2COOH).

Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.

RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.

An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A family of anadromous fish comprising SALMON; TROUT; whitefish; and graylings. They are the most important food and game fishes. Their habitat is the northern Atlantic and Pacific, both marine and inland, and the Great Lakes. (Nelson: Fishes of the World, 1976, p97)

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.

A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)

Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.

A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)

Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is a cellulolytic, mesophilic species isolated from decayed GRASS.

Rejection of Clostridium putrificum and conservation of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes-Opinion 69. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. (1/657)

The Judicial Commission rejected the name Clostridium putrificum while conserving Clostridium botulinum for toxigenic strains and conserving Clostridium sporogenes for non-toxigenic strains. (+info)

Biodiversity of Clostridium botulinum type E strains isolated from fish and fishery products. (2/657)

The genetic biodiversity of Clostridium botulinum type E strains was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with two macrorestriction enzymes (SmaI-XmaI and XhoI) and by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis with two primers (OPJ 6 and OPJ 13) to characterize 67 Finnish isolates from fresh fish and fishery products, 15 German isolates from farmed fish, and 10 isolates of North American or North Atlantic origin derived mainly from different types of seafood. The effects of fish species, processing, and geographical origin on the epidemiology of the isolates were evaluated. Cluster analysis based on macrorestriction profiles was performed to study the genetic relationships of the isolates. PFGE and RAPD analyses were combined and resulted in the identification of 62 different subtypes among the 92 type E isolates analyzed. High genetic biodiversity among the isolates was observed regardless of their source. Finnish and North American or North Atlantic isolates did not form distinctly discernible clusters, in contrast with the genetically homogeneous group of German isolates. On the other hand, indistinguishable or closely related genetic profiles among epidemiologically unrelated samples were detected. It was concluded that the high genetic variation was probably a result of a lack of strong selection factors that would influence the evolution of type E. The wide genetic biodiversity observed among type E isolates indicates the value of DNA-based typing methods as a tool in contamination studies in the food industry and in investigations of botulism outbreaks. (+info)

Growth from spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in heat-treated vegetable juice. (3/657)

Unheated spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum were able to lead to growth in sterile deoxygenated turnip, spring green, helda bean, broccoli, or potato juice, although the probability of growth was low and the time to growth was longer than the time to growth in culture media. With all five vegetable juices tested, the probability of growth increased when spores were inoculated into the juice and then heated for 2 min in a water bath at 80 degrees C. The probability of growth was greater in bean or broccoli juice than in culture media following 10 min of heat treatment in these media. Growth was prevented by heat treatment of spores in vegetable juices or culture media at 80 degrees C for 100 min. We show for the first time that adding heat-treated vegetable juice to culture media can increase the number of heat-damaged spores of C. botulinum that can lead to colony formation. (+info)

Inhibition of Rho at different stages of thymocyte development gives different perspectives on Rho function. (4/657)

Development of thymocytes can be staged according to the levels of expression of the cell-surface markers CD4, CD8, CD44, CD25 and CD2. Thymocyte development is regulated by a complex signalling network [1], one component of which is the GTPase Rho. The bacterial enzyme C3 transferase from Clostridium botulinum selectively ADP-ribosylates Rho in its effector-binding domain and thereby abolishes its biological function [2,3]. To explore the function of Rho in thymocyte development, we previously used the proximal promoter of the gene encoding the Src-family kinase p56lck to make transgenic mice that selectively express C3 transferase in the thymus [4,6]. In these mice, which lack Rho function from the earliest thymocyte stages, thymocyte numbers are reduced by approximately 50- to 100-fold. Here, we describe transgenic mice that express C3 transferase under the control of the locus control region (LCR) of the CD2 gene; this regulatory element drives expression at a later stage of thymocyte development than the lck proximal promoter [7]. In these mice, thymocyte numbers were also reduced by 50- to 100-fold, but unlike the lck-C3 mice, in which the reduction predominantly results from defects in cell survival of CD25(+) thymocyte progenitors, the CD2-C3 transgenic mice had a pre-T-cell differentiation block at the CD25(+) stage after rearrangement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chains. Analysis of CD2-C3 mice demonstrated that Rho acts as an intracellular switch for TCR beta selection, the critical thymic-differentiation checkpoint. These results show that Rho-mediated survival signals for CD25(+) pre-T cells are generated by the extracellular signals that act on earlier thymocyte precursors and also that temporal cell-type-specific elimination of Rho can reveal different functions of this GTPase in vivo. (+info)

In situ detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in wetland sediments with a nested PCR assay. (5/657)

A nested PCR was developed for detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in sediments collected from wetlands where avian botulism outbreaks had or had not occurred. The C1 toxin gene was detected in 16 of 18 sites, demonstrating both the ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum type C in wetland sediments and the sensitivity of the detection assay. (+info)

A predictive model that describes the effect of prolonged heating at 70 to 90 degrees C and subsequent incubation at refrigeration temperatures on growth from spores and toxigenesis by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in the presence of lysozyme. (6/657)

Refrigerated processed foods of extended durability such as cook-chill and sous-vide foods rely on a minimal heat treatment at 70 to 95 degrees C and then storage at a refrigeration temperature for safety and preservation. These foods are not sterile and are intended to have an extended shelf life, often up to 42 days. The principal microbiological hazard in foods of this type is growth of and toxin production by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum. Lysozyme has been shown to increase the measured heat resistance of nonproteolytic C. botulinum spores. However, the heat treatment guidelines for prevention of risk of botulism in these products have not taken into consideration the effect of lysozyme, which can be present in many foods. In order to assess the botulism hazard, the effect of heat treatments at 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90 degrees C combined with refrigerated storage for up to 90 days on growth from 10(6) spores of nonproteolytic C. botulinum (types B, E, and F) in an anaerobic meat medium containing 2,400 U of lysozyme per ml (50 microg per ml) was studied. Provided that the storage temperature was no higher than 8 degrees C, the following heat treatments each prevented growth and toxin production during 90 days; 70 degrees C for >/=2,545 min, 75 degrees C for >/=463 min, 80 degrees C for >/=230 min, 85 degrees C for >/=84 min, and 90 degrees C for >/=33.5 min. A factorial experimental design allowed development of a predictive model that described the incubation time required before the first sample showed growth, as a function of heating temperature (70 to 90 degrees C), period of heat treatment (up to 2,545 min), and incubation temperature (5 to 25 degrees C). Predictions from the model provided a valid description of the data used to generate the model and agreed with observations made previously. (+info)

Pure botulinum neurotoxin is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and produces peripheral neuromuscular blockade. (7/657)

Clostridium botulinum serotype A produces a neurotoxin composed of a 100-kDa heavy chain and a 50-kDa light chain linked by a disulfide bond. This neurotoxin is part of a ca. 900-kDa complex, formed by noncovalent association with a single nontoxin, nonhemagglutinin subunit and a family of hemagglutinating proteins. Previous work has suggested, although never conclusively demonstrated, that neurotoxin alone cannot survive passage through the stomach and/or cannot be absorbed from the gut without the involvement of auxiliary proteins in the complex. Therefore, this study compared the relative absorption and toxicity of three preparations of neurotoxin in an in vivo mouse model. Equimolar amounts of serotype A complex with hemagglutinins, complex without hemagglutinins, and purified neurotoxin were surgically introduced into the stomach or into the small intestine. In some experiments, movement of neurotoxin from the site of administration was restricted by ligation of the pylorus. Comparison of relative toxicities demonstrated that at adequate doses, complex with hemagglutinins, complex without hemagglutinins, and pure neurotoxin can be absorbed from the stomach. The potency of neurotoxin in complex was greater than that of pure neurotoxin, but the magnitude of this difference diminished as the dosage of neurotoxin increased. Qualitatively similar results were obtained when complex with hemagglutinins, complex without hemagglutinins, and pure neurotoxin were placed directly into the intestine. This work establishes that pure botulinum neurotoxin serotype A is toxic when administered orally. This means that pure neurotoxin does not require hemagglutinins or other auxiliary proteins for absorption from the gastrointestinal system into the general circulation. (+info)

Development of an in vitro bioassay for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in foods that is more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. (8/657)

A novel, in vitro bioassay for detection of the botulinum type B neurotoxin in a range of media was developed. The assay is amplified by the enzymic activity of the neurotoxin's light chain and includes the following three stages: first, a small, monoclonal antibody-based immunoaffinity column captures the toxin; second, a peptide substrate is cleaved by using the endopeptidase activity of the type B neurotoxin; and finally, a modified enzyme-linked immunoassay system detects the peptide cleavage products. The assay is highly specific for type B neurotoxin and is capable of detecting type B toxin at a concentration of 5 pg ml(-1) (0.5 mouse 50% lethal dose ml(-1)) in approximately 5 h. The format of the test was found to be suitable for detecting botulinum type B toxin in a range of foodstuffs with a sensitivity that exceeds the sensitivity of the mouse assay. Using highly specific monoclonal antibodies as the capture phase, we found that the endopeptidase assay was capable of differentiating between the type B neurotoxins produced by proteolytic and nonproteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum type B. (+info)

against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813. von der Weid I, Alviano DS, Santos AL, Soares RM, Alviano CS, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus_vortex

against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813. von der Weid I, Alviano DS, Santos AL, Soares RM, Alviano CS, ... plant pathogenic bacteria and even important anaerobic pathogens as Clostridium botulinium. P. dendritiformis is a social ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus_dendritiformis

against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813. Piuri M, Sanchez-Rivas C, Ruzal SM: A novel antimicrobial activity ... and even important anaerobic pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum. More specifically, several Paenibacillus species serve as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus

"Clostridium botulinum" (PDF). Retrieved December 13, 2016. "Ingested Nitrates and Nitrites, and Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins ... Nitrates and nitrites reduce the risk of dangerous botulism during curing by inhibiting the growth of Clostridium botulinum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef

and Clostridium botulinum. In the European Union, listeriosis follows an upward trend that began in 2008, causing 2,161 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes

Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infectious_diseases

Clostridium botulinum toxin Cage layer fatigue mineral deficiency, lack of physical exercise ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster

Clostridium perfringens. 0.95. [7] Escherichia coli. 0.95. [7] Clostridium botulinum A, B. 0.94. [7] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_activity

Novak, John S., Peck, Micheal W.; Juneja, Vijay K.; Johnson, Eric A. (2005). "Chapter 19: Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium ... Émile Pierre-Marie van Ermengem (1851-1932) was a Belgian bacteriologist who, in 1895, isolated Clostridium botulinum, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_van_Ermengem

Botulism (Type A Clostridium botulinum) in Peoria, Illinois. 28 persons were hospitalized, and 20 patients were treated with an ... Out of 324 soup cans, five of them were found to be contaminated with botulinum toxin, all in the initial batch of vichyssoise ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States

... by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium botulinum is a large anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus that forms ... Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram positive, spore-forming rod. Botulinum toxin is one of the most powerful known ... Clostridium botulinum type C toxin has been incriminated as the cause of grass sickness, a condition in horses which occurs in ... Clostridium botulinum is a ubiquitous soil-dwelling bacterium. Many infant botulism patients have been demonstrated to live ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism

The Clostridium botulinum bacteria are the cause of botulism. Vegetative cells of C. botulinum may be ingested. Introduction of ... This happens because C. botulinum produces a toxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine. Botulism toxin blocks the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaccid_paralysis

"Clostridium botulinum type F: Seasonal inhibition by Bacillus lichenoformis". Science 1967;155(758): 89-90. "Myron Wentz ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_W._Wentz

CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Clostridium Botulinum Outbreak FAQs". CDC.gov. July 26, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ... While regular cooking will destroy botulinum toxin, the botulinum spores can only be killed by cooking at 121 °C for 3 minutes ... resulting in the production of botulinum toxin within the cans. At that time, the Castleberry's plant was owned and operated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleberry's_Food_Company

A related bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, produces the botulinum toxin. Various botulinum toxin serotypes exist that each ... Synaptobrevin is degraded by tetanospasmin, a protein derived from the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptobrevin

use anaerobic respiration (e.g. Clostridium botulinum). Multicellular[change , change source]. Multicellular organisms are made ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell

1993). "The use of clostridium botulinum toxin in palatal myclonus. A preliminary report". Journal of Laryngology & Otology. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_myoclonus

Botulism is a rare disease caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. A small number of the bacteria can cause severe poisoning ... On 31 July 2013, tests revealed signs of Clostridium botulinum, leading to the recall. The contamination was blamed on ... A problem was first noticed by Fonterra in March 2013 when testing suggested the possible presence of Clostridium, a sometimes- ... Further testing showed that the bacteria found were Clostridium sporogenes, which do not produce botulism toxins. There was no ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Fonterra_recall

High-Pressure-Mediated Survival of Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Endospores at High Temperature. Appl ... Clostridium botulinum merupakan salah satu contoh bakteri penghasil endospora yang sangat tahan suhu dan tekanan tinggi, dimana ... Clostridium botulinum, menghasilkan racun botulinin, seringkali terdapat pada makanan kalengan dan kini senyawa tersebut ... Clostridium Botulinum (Botulism). http://www.foodborneillness.com/botulism_food_poisoning/. Diakses pada 24 Juni 2011. ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri

Botulism is a rare disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This microbe is primarily found in the soil or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenous_bacteria

Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum ... Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of ... Botulinum toxin Injectable filler Danby, FW (Jul-Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. ... In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkle

His thesis was on the biological and biochemical studies of Clostridium botulinum. He served in the science department of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Keynan

Botulinum neurotoxins also portray these dichotomous roles. This specific molecule is formed by Clostridium Botulinum, a spore ... May 2018). "A lipid-binding loop of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes B, DC and G is an essential feature to confer their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus-faced_molecule

Infants can develop botulism after consuming honey contaminated with Clostridium botulinum endospores. Infantile botulism shows ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey

"Natural Clostridium botulinum Type C Toxicosis in a Group of Cats". J Clin Microbiol. 42 (11): 5406-8. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.11. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyneuropathy_in_dogs_and_cats

Tar heroin injection can also be associated with Clostridium botulinum infection.[7] ... or subcutaneous injection predisposes to necrotizing fasciitis or necrotizing cellulitis from Clostridium perfringens, while ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_tar_heroin

Botulinum toxin (from Clostridium botulinum) and bleomycin (from Streptomyces verticillus) are two examples. Botulinum, the ... "Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders". Toxicon. 67 (June): 94- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product

This is a paralytic disease brought on by the Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNt) of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum ... Yule, Adam; Ian K. Barker; John W. Austin; Richard D. Moccia (2006). "Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to ... Franciosa, G; L. Fenicia; C. Caldiani; P. Aureli (1996). "PCR for detection of Clostridium botulinum type C in avian and ... The botulinum neurotoxin is lethal because it causes paralysis. Field identification involves locating birds showing flaccidity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_botulism

"Sporulation of Clostridium botulinum Types A, B and E, Clostridium Perfringens, and putrefactive Anaerobe 3679 in dialysis sacs ... "Concentrated Culture of Clostridium botulinum Spores in Dialysis Sacks", Q[uarter]M[aster] Corps Project No. 7-84-01-002 ... "Resistance of Clostridium botulinum Spores to Ionizing Radiation as Related to Radappertization of Foods", in Mendel Herzberg ( ... "Survival of Clostridium botulinum Spores", Applied Microbiology 13, 397-401. Nicholas Grecz, Otto Peter Snyder, A. A. Walker ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Anellis

He took his doctorate (dr.med.vet.) in 1965, on the topic Studies on the formation of toxin by Clostridium botulinum. He was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Skulberg

Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._pneumoniae

கிலோஸ்டிரிடியம் பொட்டிலினம் (Clostridium botulinum) என்பது ஒரு இனக்கீற்று ஏற்கும் ஒரு வகை பாக்டீரியா ஆகும். ... Pathema-Clostridium Resource. *Jeremy Sobel (2005). "Botulism". Clinical Infectious Diseases 41 (8): 1167-1173. doi:10.1086/ ...

https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/கிலோஸ்டிரிடியம்_பொட்டிலினம்

Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritter's_disease

Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_Tract_Infections

... as the Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in the anaerobic conditions created by the air-tight enclosure in plastic.[15] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_

Clostridium acetobutylicum. *Clostridium botulinum. *Clostridium difficile. *Clostridium perfringens. *Corynebacterium ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Rintisan_bertopik_bakteri

Effects of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism). *Toxic gases. *Vaccinations do not increase the risk of ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome

... that prevented Clostridium botulinum growth.[15][18] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservatives

Clostridium: tetani (Tetanospasmin) · perfringens (Alpha toxin, Enterotoxin) · difficile (A, B) · botulinum (Botox). khác: ...

https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin

Mae Botwliaeth in salwch prin a allai fod yn angheuol a achosir gan docsin a gynhyrchir gan y bacteriwm Clostridium botulinum. ... Truong, Daniel; Dressler, Dirk; Hallett, Mark; Zachary, Christopher (2014). Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy (yn Saesneg) (arg ...

https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism

Botulinum. Clostridium botulinum. Botulism. One of the deadliest toxins known to exist;. Weaponized by U.S. between 1942-1969[6 ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapon

... that prevented Clostridium botulinum growth.[13][16] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservative

... includes the genus Clostridium (e.g. the pathogens C. dificile, C. tetani, C. botulinum and the biotech C. acetobutylicum) ... Low-G+C species (later renamed Firmicutes[19]) (Clostridium, Peptococcus, Bacillus, Mycoplasma) ... the class Clostridia of mostly anaerobic sulphite-reducing saprophytic species, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_phyla

https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

Clostridium botulinum. botulinum toxin group (en) Sintoma(k). blurred vision (en) , mydriasis (en) , ptosis (en) , idorreria, ... Botulismoa Clostridium botulinum bakterioak eragindako patologia larria da, janari-intoxikaziotzat jotzen dena. Gaitzaren ... Janari bat kutsatzen duenean Clostridium botulinum-ek bere toxina hilgarria ekoizten du. Toxina hori neurotoxina da, ... Botulismoaren kasu gehienak janari intoxikazioak dira, Clostridium botulinum bakterioaz kutsatutako janariak kontsumitzarakoan ...

https://eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulismo

Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ... Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani.[1] Tetanus is an international health problem, as C. tetani ... Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacterium Clostridium tetani,[1] which is commonly found in soil, saliva, dust, and ... Clostridium tetani is strongly durable due to its endospores. Pictured is the bacterium alone, with a spore being produced, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus

Clostridium: tetani (Tetanospasmin) · perfringens (Toksin alpha, Enterotoxin) · difficile (A, B) · botulinum (Botox). lain: ... Simpson, L. L. (1986) "Molecular Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin and Tetanus Toxin." Annual Review of Pharmacology and ... "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon." The Journal of the Americal Medical Association, 285 ... "Extrafusal and Intrafusal Muscle Effects in Experimental Botulinum Toxin-A Injection." Muscle & Nerve, 19 (4): 488-96. ...

https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoksin

Botulism toxins are produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, namely Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C ... Botulinum toxin (Botox) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] It ... Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism.[17] Humans most commonly ingest the toxin from ... Hill KK, Smith TJ (2013). Rummel A, Binz T (eds.). "Genetic Diversity Within Clostridium botulinum Serotypes, Botulinum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum

Clostridium botulinum. *Escherichia coli. *Listeria. *Salmonella. *Vibrio cholerae. *Cronobacter spp. Viral pathogens. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_chain

Clostridium:. *tetani *Tetanospasmin. *Tetanolysin. *perfringens *Alpha toxin. *Enterotoxin. *difficile *A. *B. *botulinum * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III

Clostridium:. *tetani *Tetanospasmin. *Tetanolysin. *perfringens *Alpha toxin. *Enterotoxin. *difficile *A. *B. *botulinum * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrionicotoxin

Properly cured sauerkraut is sufficiently acidic to prevent a favorable environment for the growth of Clostridium botulinum, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut

Makikita rin ang mga Clostridium sa mga gulay tulad mais at mani. Kung ang Clostridium botulinum ay hindi napapatay sa proseso ... Bacillus, Clostridium o Enterobacteriaceae Ang mga Photoautotrophs ay pangkat ng mga bakterya na gumagamit ng sinag ng araw ... Kung ang lupa ay naglalaman ng Clostridium na kung saan ay pumapasok sa mga sugat ng tao, maaari itong magsanhi ng tetanus o ... Isang halimbawa ng Bilugang Positibong Bakterya na Tagabuo ng mga Endospore ang Clostridium. ...

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya

Clostridium botulinum (which can survive anaerobic conditions and high temperatures and is thus not always affected by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar

Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_fragilis

Two examples of obligate anaerobes are Clostridium botulinum and the bacteria which live near hydrothermal vents on the deep- ... In 1913 Martinus Beijerinck repeated Van Leeuwenhoek's experiment and identified Clostridium butyricum as a prominent anaerobic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism

For example, the spores of the microorganism Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism) can be eliminated only at ... C. botulinum prefers low oxygen environments and is a poor competitor to other bacteria, but its spores are resistant to ... Foodborne botulism results from contaminated foodstuffs in which C. botulinum spores have been allowed to germinate and produce ... When a canned food is sterilized insufficiently, most other bacteria besides the C. botulinum spores are killed, and the spores ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning

Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA

Clostridium botulinum is a relatively large, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod bacterium that grows best in an anaerobic ... Clostridium botulinum replication. C. botulinum is mainly found in soil and freshwater sediments. The spores of the bacteria ... Pathogenesis of Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine neurotransmitter release, which prevents muscle ... Clostridium botulinum Life Cycle. News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Clostridium-botulinum-Life-Cycle. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Clostridium-botulinum-Life-Cycle.aspx

CCUG 15942 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›CDC KA 38. ›CIP 104310. ›CIP 60.54 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›Clostridium botulinum ( ... JCM 1410 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›NCIMB 10677 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›NCTC 13037 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›Pacinia ... Clostridia. › Clostridiales. › Clostridiaceae. › Clostridium. Strains i. › 62A / Type A ,62A, Type A / 62A. › NCTC 2916 / Type ... Clostridium putrificum (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922 (Approved Lists 1980). ›DSM 1734 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. › ...

https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/1491

... all organisms capable of producing botulinum neurotoxin become classified as Clostridium botulinum (Prevot, 1953). ... It occurs as a result of intestinal colonization with Clostridium botulinum and in vivo toxin production in a manner similar to ... Human botulism is primarily caused by Clostridium botulinum that produce toxin type A, B and E. Type F toxin produced by ... C. botulinum spores produced by all strains are highly heat resistant. Toxins produced by some C. botulinum bacteria are non- ...

http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/bacteria/pim858.htm

"Rejection of Clostridium putrificum and conservation of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes-Opinion 69. Judicial ... 26: 1-8. Erbguth FJ (March 2004). "Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the ... of Clostridium botulinum type G and some nontoxigenic strains previously identified as Clostridium subterminale or Clostridium ... botulinum groups I-IV, as well as some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, are the bacteria responsible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum

Sardines recalled due to botulinum toxin risk. By News Desk on January 31, 2019. ... A compound that strongly inhibits botulinum neurotoxin has been identified by researchers. ... has recalled a batch of canned sardines in olive oil in Spain and Portugal because of botulinum toxin. ... Clostridium botulinum. Subscribe to Clostridium botulinum. Officials report 21 global food safety investigations in first ...

https://www.foodsafetynews.com/tag/clostridium-botulinum/

Tag: Clostridium botulinum. Science and Medicine. CDC Warns Against Honey Pacifier Use After 4 Texas Infants Develop Botulism. ...

https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/tag/clostridium-botulinum/

Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome. gi,187932320 ... Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome. NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_010674.1 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_010674

A thorough investigation by E. van Ermengem led to the discovery of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin. About 75 years ... A thorough investigation by E. van Ermengem led to the discovery of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin. About 75 years ... On the discovery of Clostridium botulinum J Hist Neurosci. 1999 Apr;8(1):43-50. doi: 10.1076/jhin.8.1.43.1774. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624135/?dopt=Abstract

Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme is a toxin that causes the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to Rho-like proteins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum_C3_toxin

These bacteria form part of the Clostridium genus which includes clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. ... Clostridium botulinum This is the medical name for botulism: a rare but serious form of food poisoning which is caused by a ... Clostridium botulinum bacteria This bacterium is part of a group of rod shaped organisms which are usually found in soils, the ... Foods which contain the clostridium botulinum bacteria These include canned foods which have not been properly preserved, ...

http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/food-poisoning/clostridium-botulinum.html

Clostridium botulinum adalah bakteri yang memproduksi racun botulin, penyebab terjadinya botulisme.[1] Bakteri ini masuk ... Pathema-Clostridium Resource. Artikel bertopik bakteri ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan ... C. botulinum termasuk bakteri gram positif, anaerob obligat (tidak bisa hidup bila terdapat oksigen), motil (dapat bergerak), ... Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_botulinum&oldid=11424825" ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum

... Wan-dong Liang,1 Yun-tian Bi,2 Hao-yan Wang,3 Sheng ... Genes induced two folds or more different in response to heat shock stress in Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502 ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/760904/sup/

Two-component systems are involved in the regulation of botulinum neurotoxin synthesis in Clostridium botulinum type A strain ... "botulinum cook." Spore germination in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum is initiated by the presence of the amino acid L- ... Clostridium botulinum is most commonly found as an inactive spore in the shape of an oval. The spores generate a tough outer ... The Clostridium botulinum in Group I produce the toxin types A, B, and F. They are proteolytic and have an optimal growth ...

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium_botulinum_Neurotoxins

Clostridium botulinum and sudden infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study.. Byard RW1, Moore L, Bourne AJ, Lawrence ... It has been proposed that sudden and unexpected death in infants due to intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum may ... The results of this study suggest that routine post-mortem culture of faeces for C. botulinum has been of limited use within ... Faecal samples were obtained from both small and large intestines and cultured specifically for C. botulinum. No samples were ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1562366?dopt=Abstract

Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium botulinum is one of the better-known food poisoning bacteria due to the severe nature of the ... When spores of Clostridium botulinum in dust or soil are mixed with moist and nutritious food they can produce cells that ... Different types of Clostridium botulinum produce several types of toxin, and we hear of some types that cause outbreaks in ... Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming bacterium and is widespread in environments such as sediments, soil and dust, and dead ...

http://foodsafety.asn.au/clostridium-botulinum/

tr,Q57236,Q57236_CLOBO Botulinum neurotoxin type F OS=Clostridium botulinum OX=1491 GN=F PE=1 SV=1 ... IPR036248 Clostridium_toxin_transloc. IPR013320 ConA-like_dom_sf. IPR011065 Kunitz_inhibitor_STI-like_sf. IPR013104 Toxin_rcpt- ... IPR036248 Clostridium_toxin_transloc. IPR013320 ConA-like_dom_sf. IPR011065 Kunitz_inhibitor_STI-like_sf. IPR013104 Toxin_rcpt- ... Botulinum neurotoxin type FImported. Automatic assertion inferred from database entriesi ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q57236

Pentose phosphate pathway - Clostridium botulinum A2 [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download KGML , Show ...

http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?cby00030

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, topical botulinum preparations are applied directly to the skin by a patient as ... In other embodiments, topical botulinum toxins are applied with the aid of mechanical, electrical, and/or chemical transdermal ... Hyperactive glandular conditions are treated using topically formulated botulinum toxin compositions. ... wherein the botulinum toxin is selected from the group consisting of botulinum toxin types A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and mixtures ...

http://www.google.es/patents/US7507419?hl=es&dq=flatulence

... botulinum genome are absent from the other five sequenced clostridia, and only 16 per cent of the C. botulinum genes are common ... This toxin is the one real weapon in the genome of Clostridium botulinum and less than 2 kg - the weight of two bags of sugar ... "Even after decades of research, only a handful of mutants had been made in clostridia, and none in C. botulinum," Professor ... Our findings emphasise just how different clostridia are from each other." C. botulinum toxin stops nerves from working - the ...

https://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/report-84933.html

Genomics of Clostridium Botulinum and Clostridium Perfringens. This organism produces one of the most potent and deadly ... Botulinum toxin, and C. botulinum cells, has been found in a wide variety of foods, including canned ones. Almost any food that ... Unlike most other clostridia, C. perfringens is non-motile. It is also oxygen tolerant which makes it an easy object to work ... Clostridium perfringens This organism is a causative agent of a wide spectrum of necrotic enterotoxicoses. In humans it is ...

https://www.jcvi.org/research/genomics-clostridium-botulinum-and-clostridium-perfringens

Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - Clostridium botulinum F Langeland [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download ...

http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?cbf00900

Clostridium botulinum bacteria (botulism bacillus). This bacterium secretes a powerful toxin which blocks the motor neurons ... Caption: Clostridium botulinum bacteria (botulism bacillus). This bacterium secretes a powerful toxin which blocks the motor ... clostridium botulinum, firmicutes, foodborne illness, gram-positive, medicine, microbiology, microorganism, microscope, ... Keywords: bacillus, bacteriology, bacterium, botox, botulinal toxin, botulism, clostridiaceae, clostridiales, clostridium, ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/546586/view/clostridium-botulinum

This is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), one the toxins that causes the deadly paralytic illness botulism. ... Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, molecular model showing secondary structure. ... Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, molecular model showing secondary structure. This is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), ... It is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and is usually ingested in the form of contaminated food. Type A is used ...

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/851041/view

... botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins (in particular neurotoxins), which cause the ... Fact sheet on Clostridium botulinum. By Naomi Osborne 10.10.2013 Chemical structure of a botulinum toxin molecule ... Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins (in particular neurotoxins), ... C. botulinum bacteria can lead to botulism in four different forms:. *Foodborne: develops when foods are consumed which are ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/food/fact-sheet-on-clostridium-botulinum/

... derived terms and more about the word clostridium botulinum. ... Meaning of Clostridium botulinum in English. Table of contents ... Definition of clostridium botulinum, with etymology, pronunciation (phonetic and audio), synonyms, antonyms, ... How to pronounce clostridium botulinum in British English, in context ▾. Use the controls below to browse different examples of ... How to pronounce clostridium botulinum in American English, in context ▾. Use the controls below to browse different examples ...

https://www.englishlearner.com/dictionary/clostridium_botulinum

Evaluation of adamantane hydroxamates as botulinum neurotoxin inhibitors: synthesis, crystallography, modeling, kinetic and ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain protein, length: 441 (BLAST) Sequence Similarity Cutoff. Rank. Chains in Cluster. ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/sequenceCluster.do?structureId=4HEV

Evaluation of adamantane hydroxamates as botulinum neurotoxin inhibitors: synthesis, crystallography, modeling, kinetic and ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details 24 2IMA 1 A, B Botulinum neurotoxin A light-chain 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details 20 2ILP 1 A, B Botulinum neurotoxin A light-chain 1491 3.4. ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A residues 1-424 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details 22 3DSE 1 A Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain 1491 ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/sequenceCluster.do?structureId=4HEV&entity=1&seqid=90

Daisy Jane Antipuesto RN MN. Currently a Nursing Local Board Examination Reviewer. Subjects handled are Pediatric, Obstetric and Psychiatric Nursing. Previous work experiences include: Clinical instructor/lecturer, clinical coordinator (Level II), caregiver instructor/lecturer, NC2 examination reviewer and staff/clinic nurse. Areas of specialization: Emergency room, Orthopedic Ward and Delivery Room. Also an IELTS passer.. ...

https://nursingcrib.com/microbiology/clostridium-botulinum/

Tagged With: Costco Black Bean Clostridium Botulinum Lawsuits, Costco Black Bean Clostridium Botulinum Lawyers, Costco Black ... Costco Black Bean Recall Extended Due to Clostridium Botulinum Bacterial Contamination Risks FDA - According to a news article ...

https://www.yourlawyer.com/tag/costco-black-bean-clostridium-botulinum-lawsuits/

anti-Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 350) Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 350). Details ... C. botulinum A toxoid. There is no cross-reactivity with B and E toxoids in sandwich ELISA. ... Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Reaktivität Bakterien. Alternativen 38 Bakterien. 14 Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum). ...

http://www.antikoerper-online.de/antibody/4263832/anti-Clostridium+Botulinum+A+Toxoid+antibody+DyLight+350/

It occurs as a result of intestinal colonization with Clostridium botulinum and in vivo toxin production in a manner similar to that of infant botulism. (inchem.org)
C. botulinum is responsible for foodborne botulism (ingestion of preformed toxin), infant botulism (intestinal infection with toxin-forming C. botulinum), and wound botulism (infection of a wound with C. botulinum). (wikipedia.org)
Human botulism is predominantly caused by group I or II C. botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum producing B and F toxin types have been isolated from human botulism cases in New Mexico and California. (wikipedia.org)
A few strains from organisms genetically identified as other Clostridium species have caused human botulism: C. butyricum has produced type E toxin and C. baratii had produced type F toxin. (wikipedia.org)
This is the medical name for botulism: a rare but serious form of food poisoning which is caused by a toxin released by the clostridium botulinum bacterium. (medic8.com)
The results of this study suggest that routine post-mortem culture of faeces for C. botulinum has been of limited use within the South Australian infant population over the last decade, and that occult botulism has not been a significant factor in the causation of sudden death. (nih.gov)
Traditionally, bacterial toxins, such as those produced by the genus Clostridia, were best known for their wide-ranging pathogenic effects, including food poisoning, tetanus, and botulism. (google.es)
One of the more gruesome conditions caused by the ingestion of C. botulinum toxin, botulism is a rare but often fatal disease. (google.es)
The wound botulism that occurs when C. botulinum infects an individual via an open wound is much rarer and is very similar to tetanus disease. (jcvi.org)
Clostridium botulinum bacteria (botulism bacillus). (sciencephoto.com)
This is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), one the toxins that causes the deadly paralytic illness botulism. (sciencephoto.com)
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive , anaerobic , rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins (in particular neurotoxins), which cause the serious disease botulism . (thermofisher.com)
an uncategorised form of botulism in adults which occurs when C. botulinum spores invade the intestinal tract, releasing toxin in vivo . (thermofisher.com)
2009. The recombinant Hc subunit of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A is an effective botulism vaccine candidate. (kenyon.edu)
2004. Clostridium botulinum and the Clinical Laboratorian: A detailed review of botulism, including biological warfare ramifications of botulinum toxin. (kenyon.edu)
Clostridium botulinum is also rod-shaped, endospore-forming, and responsible for producing the neurotoxin that causes botulism. (kenyon.edu)
Clostridium botulinum is mostly found in marine-sediments and soils all over the world, as evidenced by cases of botulism that have been reported in Europe, North America, and Australia (Sugiyama 1980). (kenyon.edu)
Clostridium botulinum causes the disease botulism, which was given the name after an outbreak of the disease in the 1700's where all of the people who were infected had eaten from the same large sausage. (kenyon.edu)
More interestingly, Clostridium botulinum can only produce the neurotoxin responsible for causing botulism during sporulation, which can only occur in favorable environments. (kenyon.edu)
1996). There are three general modes through which a person could be infected with Clostridium botulinum , the neurotoxin it produces, and the resulting disease, botulism. (kenyon.edu)
Clostridium botuinum is a spore-forming bacterium, which produces potent neurotoxins (BoNT) and which is responsible for a severe flaccid paralysis (botulism) in man and animals. (omicsonline.org)
Clostridium botulinum types C and D, as well as their mosaic variants C-D and D-C, are associated with avian and mammalian botulism. (biomedsearch.com)
These PCR assays were compared to previously published real-time PCRs for the detection of C. botulinum in 292 samples collected from cases of botulism events in four European regions. (biomedsearch.com)
Proteolytic C. botulinum (group I) and nonproteolytic C. botulinum (group II) are associated with food-borne botulism. (asm.org)
Although widely recognized as forming a deadly food-borne intoxicant, proteolytic Clostridium botulinum also infects humans, causing infant botulism after growth and neurotoxin formation in the gut ( 1 ) and wound botulism after contamination of a wound, often following injected drug abuse ( 8 ). (asm.org)
Comparative genomics of proteolytic C. botulinum recently identified four wound botulism strains as being closely related, each carrying identical copies of a new subtype (A5) of the A neurotoxin gene ( 3 ). (asm.org)
Since C. botulinum can only grow in the absence of oxygen, foodborne botulism occurs in products with low oxygen content (e.g. in airtight packaging) as well as with right combination of storage and preservative parameters. (gov.hk)
On the other hand, infant botulism is caused by the ingestion of the C. botulinum spores that germinate and grow in the intestine of infants and release toxin. (gov.hk)
For the diagnosis of botulism, a real-time PCR-based method including an internal amplification control for C. botulinum types A, B and E was developed. (avhandlingar.se)
The method was used to diagnose the first case of wound botulism in an injecting drug user in Sweden, which was also the first case of wound botulism reported to be caused by C. botulinum type E. It was previously assumed that only proteolytic C. botulinum could cause infectious botulism. (avhandlingar.se)
However, this case revealed that wound botulism can be caused by nonproteolytic C. botulinum. (avhandlingar.se)
In conclusion, our findings, confirmed with both qRT-PCR and ELISA, shed a new cautionary light on the potential risks of botulism associated with nonproteolytic C. botulinum and the use of modified atmosphere packaging. (avhandlingar.se)
Here we present the first complete genome of a C. botulinum strain from physiological group III, causing animal botulism. (biomedcentral.com)
Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by some of the most potent toxins known, the botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). (biomedcentral.com)
Foodborne botulism is the name of the disease (actually a foodborne intoxication) caused by the consumption of foods containing the neurotoxin produced by C. botulinum. (ciriscience.org)
This type of botulism is caused by the ingestion of C. botulinum spores which colonize and produce toxin in the intestinal tract of infants (intestinal toxemia botulism). (ciriscience.org)
Of the various potential environmental sources such as soil, cistern water, dust and foods, honey is the one dietary reservoir of C. botulinum spores thus far definitively linked to infant botulism by both laboratory and epidemiologic studies. (ciriscience.org)
Under permissive conditions, C . botulinum can grow and form BoNT, which on consumption causes botulism. (asmscience.org)
After all, C. botulinum is a nasty organism that is responsible for a life-threatening disease called botulism. (medicinalgenomics.com)
Bianco M.I., Luquez C., de Jong L.I.T., Fernanadez R.A. (2009): Linden flower (Tilia spp) as potential vehicle of Clostridium botulinum spores in the transmission of infant botulism. (agriculturejournals.cz)
Production of BoNT has been the single criterion for inclusion within the C. botulinum species and was adopted in order to prevent scientific and medical confusion regarding the intoxication known as botulism. (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium botulinum is the aetiological agent of botulism, a disease marked by flaccid paralysis that can progress to asphyxiation and death. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Development and application of real-time PCR assays to detect fragments of the Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E neurotoxin genes for investigation of human foodborne and infant botulism. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Dual toxin-producing strain of Clostridium botulinum type BF isolated from a California patient with infant botulism. (microbiologyresearch.org)
For example, some of the cadavers harboured C. botulinum , which can cause botulism, and C. difficile , one of the main culprits in hospital infections. (newscientist.com)
Caused by Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, or C. barati, the infectious agent for botulism is a large gram-positive obligate aerobe motile bacillus 3-8 micrometers long. (studentreader.com)
Infant botulism is the most frequent form of the illness and occurs mostly in babies under the age of 6 months, although it tends to occur through botulinum spores releasing the toxins once ingested, rather than pre-developed toxins in foods. (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
Botulism is the syndrome produced by the action of Clostridium botulinum toxin on the body's nervous system. (efoodalert.com)
Approximately 20% of infant botulism cases are traced back to honey that contains Clostridium botulinum spores. (efoodalert.com)
Clostridium botulinum strains are prevalent in the environment and produce a potent neurotoxin that causes botulism, a rare but serious paralytic disease. (cdc.gov)
Botulism is a deadly disease caused by a toxin-producing bacterium known as Clostridium botulinum. (ilovepets.co)
C. botulinum can cause a severe neurological disease in humans and animals called botulism. (mechpath.com)
Finally, infant botulism occurs in children less than 1 years old and results from the production of BoNTs by established C. botulinum in immature intestines. (mechpath.com)
Most cases of infant botulism are due to the consumption of honey contaminated with C. botulinum spores before the age of 1. (mechpath.com)
Clostridium botulinum is notorious for producing a toxin, called botulinum toxin, which causes botulism. (videosliv.com)
The diagnosis of botulism is primarily based on a serum analysis for the botulinum toxin. (videosliv.com)
Krüger M., Große-Herrenthey A., Schrödl W., Gerlach A., Rodloff A.: Visceral botulism at dairy farms in Schleswig Holstein, Germany: prevalence of Clostridium botulinum in feces of cows, in animal feeds, in feces of the farmers, and in house dust. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)

However, the incubation period is much longer (4 to 14 days), as time is required for the incubation of spores, growth of Clostridium, and release of toxins. (inchem.org)
Most Clostridium botulinum spores reside on the surfaces of fruits, dairy products, vegetables, seafood, and various canned foods. (kenyon.edu)
When spores of Clostridium botulinum in dust or soil are mixed with moist and nutritious food they can produce cells that produce the neurotoxin as they grow. (foodsafety.asn.au)
Whereas most endospore-forming microbes form spores to preserve cells during long periods of unfavorable environments, Clostridium botulinum is only capable of forming spores in anaerobic environments in which it thrives. (kenyon.edu)
We have produced data and developed analysis to build representations for the concentration of spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in materials that are used during the manufacture of minimally processed chilled foods in the United Kingdom. (asm.org)
A crucial piece of information in quantifying the risk from nonproteolytic C. botulinum concerns the initial spore loads in food materials, but detection of these spores is particularly challenging. (asm.org)
13 ) is considered a very sensitive enumeration method for spores of nonproteolytic C. botulinum in food materials. (asm.org)
It was rapidly adopted as the thermal processing surrogate for proteolytic Clostridium botulinum ( 5 , 8 ) because of morphological similarity and nontoxigenicity and because the heat resistance of its spores exceeded that of C. botulinum spores ( 6 , 7 ). (asm.org)
A bacteriocin-like substance, active against strains of Clostridium botulinum type E, is produced by certain nontoxic organisms whose biochemical properties and morphological characteristics are similar to type E. The substance, for which the name "boticin E" is proposed, is bacteriolytic for vegetative cells and bacteriostatic for spores of type E. Its spectrum of activity is somewhat strain-specific. (asm.org)
The level of contamination of honey with Clostridium botulinum spores is considered as an indicator of the adequacy of hygienic practices during collection, extraction, and subsequent processing. (agriculturejournals.cz)
A total of 39 honey samples purchased directly from beekeepers at outdoor markets and from small amateur apiaries in Silesia were analysed for Clostridium botulinum spores. (agriculturejournals.cz)
The analysis showed six (15.4%) samples to be contaminated with C. botulinum spores. (agriculturejournals.cz)
Küplülü Özlem, Göncüoğlu Muammer, Özdemir Haydar, Koluman Ahmet (2006): Incidence of Clostridium botulinum spores in honey in Turkey. (agriculturejournals.cz)
Spores of Clostridium botulinum are found in soil and water around the world. (efoodalert.com)
Under stressful conditions, C. botulinum form resistant spores that can even withstand most standard cooking. (mechpath.com)
In most preservatives and food processing nowadays, acidity and high salt concentrations prevent C. botulinum spores from germinating so that they do not cause damage if ingested. (mechpath.com)
Figure 1: Microscopic view of gentian violet-stained Clostridium botulinum and their spores. (mechpath.com)
Then, when environmental conditions improve, the spores are able to sprout into fully fledged Clostridia. (videosliv.com)
Honey had been implicated as a potential vector for transmitting Clostridium botulinum spores, and should be avoided in children under 12 months. (videosliv.com)
The Clostridium botulinum bacteria remain dormant in the form of spores when conditions for survival are poor. (renewmyhealth.org)

C. botulinum is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria initially grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and now known as four distinct groups, C. botulinum groups I-IV, as well as some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, are the bacteria responsible for producing botulinum toxin. (wikipedia.org)
These bacteria form part of the Clostridium genus which includes clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. (medic8.com)
That should destroy any botulinum bacteria harbouring within the food. (medic8.com)
Clostridium botulinum is one of the better-known food poisoning bacteria due to the severe nature of the illness it causes including death, if not treated. (foodsafety.asn.au)
Unlike Cdiff, in which more than 10 per cent of genes have been acquired from other bacteria, there is almost no footprint of these in C. botulinum. (innovations-report.com)
C. botulinum shows us one extreme of the ways that bacteria can make the most of animal hosts," explained Dr Julian Parkhill of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. (innovations-report.com)
To see off the competition, C. botulinum comes with its own 'antibiotic' - a chemical called boticin that kills competing bacteria. (innovations-report.com)
C. botulinum bacteria are found in a variety of home/commercial tinned foods which have been inadequately processed, thereby allowing the bacteria to grow and produce neurotoxin. (thermofisher.com)
The production of "pearly layer" around the colonies of the different types of C. botulinum on egg yolk enriched media has been used as an aid in differentiation and isolation of this group of bacteria. (oregonstate.edu)
Clostridium botulinum is a diverse species that comprises four distinct groups of bacteria, all of which form botulinum neurotoxin. (asm.org)
Whey protein, an ingredient found in the affected products, provided by Fonterra from New Zealand may have been contaminated with Clostridium botulinum bacteria. (gov.hk)
However, for the proteolytic type A, a second increase could be seen in late stationary phase in contrast to type E. The same behaviour has earlier been observed for proteolytic C. botulinum type B with a second increase in cntB mRNA when the bacteria reached the death phase. (avhandlingar.se)
Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which contains around 100 species including common free-living bacteria, as well as important pathogens. (creative-biolabs.com)
Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for at least four diverse groups of Gram positive spore-forming anaerobic bacteria that produce the most potent naturally occurring toxin known, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). (biomedcentral.com)
As the time since death increased, the bacteria present were more likely to be those that can function without oxygen, such as Clostridium strains. (newscientist.com)
Each type of bacteria has a different incubation period and duration, and all except the botulinum toxin cause inflammation of the intestines and diarrhea. (encyclopedia.com)
Clostridium botulinum is bacteria which is present in untreated water, soil and dust all over the world and can also be found on a number of food items, for example, anything which has been grown in soil may have had contact with the bacteria. (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
At this age, their bodies have not yet developed to deal with botulinum in bacteria form, as adults' immune systems have. (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
The botulinum bacteria is the main ingredient used in botox, where the skin is effectively 'paralysed' to reduce the appearance of wrinkles so, for those who seek the elixir of youth, the botulinum bacteria is one of the finds of the modern age! (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
It is caused by a bacteria (clostridium botulinum) that is found all over, even in soil and water. (rochester.edu)
Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming, strictly anaerobic that means they live and grow in low oxygen environments, and gram-positive bacteria. (renewmyhealth.org)

C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).[citation needed] Most strains produce one type of neurotoxin, but strains producing multiple toxins have been described. (wikipedia.org)
Clostridium botulinum can produce up to seven different types of toxins named with the letters A-G. The neurotoxins most usually infect individuals by contaminating canned or unrefrigerated food, infecting a wound, or entering a key water source. (kenyon.edu)
Group II consists of Clostridium botulinum that produces type B, E, and F toxins and is also mostly found in contaminated food products. (kenyon.edu)
In other embodiments, topical botulinum toxins are applied with the aid of mechanical, electrical, and/or chemical transdermal delivery enhancers. (google.es)
Virulent botulinum strains are divided into seven groups, with each group producing an antigenically distinct toxin (the so-called types A-G toxins). (google.es)
Remarkably, the toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are one of the few large molecules that are absorbed intact from the gastrointestinal tract, where they enter the bloodstream and prevent the contraction of skeletal muscles primarily by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from nerve cells. (google.es)
Most C. botulinum strains produce a single toxin but there have been reports of strains which have the capability to produce two or more toxins. (thermofisher.com)
No cross-reaction with Clostridium botulinum A and B toxins. (abnova.com)
Specificity: This antibody recognizes C. botulinum Toxin B. It does not cross-react with toxins A, C, E, or F. (qedbio.com)
The toxins are proteins mainly produced by the species Clostridium botulinum but some Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii strains are also capable of producing BoNTs. (biomedcentral.com)
Physiological group I (proteolytic) includes C. botulinum strains producing toxins of serotype A, B or F and is mainly associated with human cases. (biomedcentral.com)
The illness results when C. botulinum by itself or with other microorganisms infects a wound and produces toxins which reach other parts of the body via the blood stream. (ciriscience.org)
C. botulinum produces seven serotypes of BoNTs (A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G), which are distinguished by neutralization of toxicity in mice using homologous antisera prepared against the purified toxins. (asmscience.org)
This species is defined by the production of one of the botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which are the most potent toxins known. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Because of their potency, these toxins have the potential to be used as biological weapons, and therefore C. botulinum has been classified as a category A select agent. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This was because sausages provided the perfect environment for C. botulinum to grow and produce toxins at the time. (mechpath.com)
Also the medium would not be acidic enough to destroy the C. botulinum and if they had not been heat treated to the correct temperature/time then this would be an ideal environment for the toxins to grow and flourish. (befoodsafe.org.uk)
Botulinum toxins are considered as the most potent substances naturally occurred in the environment. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)
Grenda T., Kukier E., Kwiatek K.: Methods and difficulties in detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)

It occurs when neuromuscular transmission is interrupted by a protein neurotoxin produced by the spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum . (inchem.org)
Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
It is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and is usually ingested in the form of contaminated food. (sciencephoto.com)
The pathogenesis still remains unclear, but there seems be a toxicoinfection with the neurotoxin-producing bacterium clostridium botulinum and the disease. (vetcontact.com)
Like Dysort® and Botox®, Xeomin® is made from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (nvpsaz.com)

This organism produces one of the most potent and deadly neurotoxins known, a botulinum toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby inhibiting muscle contraction and causing paralysis. (jcvi.org)
On the other hand, there is the threat that neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum could be used as a method of bioterrorism. (kenyon.edu)
The neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are characterized as belonging to a group of proteins linked by disulphide chain bridges. (kenyon.edu)
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by spore-forming anaerobic Clostridium botulinum, are the most toxic substances known. (eurekaselect.com)
S. Cai and B. R. Singh, " Strategies to Design Inhibitors of Clostridium Botulinum Neurotoxins", Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2007) 7: 47. (eurekaselect.com)
This work provides new insights into the evolution of C. botulinum neurotoxins and the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the origins of virulent genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for at least four diverse species that are defined by the expression of one (monovalent) or two (bivalent) of seven different C. botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs, A-G). The four species have been classified as C. botulinum Groups I-IV. (biomedcentral.com)
However, if they do develop, growing C. botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), which are the most toxic substances known to man. (mechpath.com)
C. botulinum produce neurotoxins (BoNTs) which form a large complex with other proteins such as hemagglutinin and other non-toxic neurotoxin associated proteins (NAPs). (mechpath.com)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that EGS results from toxicoinfection with C. botulinum type C: growth of the bacterium in the GI tract with production of toxin (BoNT/C). (vetcontact.com)
Ileum contents and faeces from horses with EGS were investigated for BoNT/C, and indirectly for the presence of C. botulinum type C, and compared with control samples from horses without EGS. (vetcontact.com)
The tests were performed with a large variety of bacterial strains, including C. botulinum types C (n = 12), C-D (n = 29), D (n = 5), and D-C (n = 10), other botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing Clostridium strains (n = 20), non-BoNT-producing clostridia (n = 20), and other bacterial species (n = 23), and showed a high specificity. (biomedsearch.com)
85% match to type A1 botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing proteolytic C. botulinum strains. (asm.org)
Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BONT/A) is an extremely potent toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. (semanticscholar.org)
In C. botulinum type E and C. butyricum type E strains the location of the bont/e gene cluster appears to be the result of insertion events that split a rarA , recombination-associated gene, independently at the same location in both species. (biomedcentral.com)
1998) used a Clostridium/E. coli shuttle plasmid to make two recombinant constructs involving the BoNT gene cluster. (studentreader.com)
Both of these recombinant plasmids were transformed into wild type C. botulinum and a mutant of C. botulinum whose BoNT gene cluster was knocked out by Tn mutagenesis. (studentreader.com)
Bradshaw cloned only the 5" coding region of the BoNT gene on each of the plasmid constructs so that in a wild type C. botulinum background, expression of plasmid encoded toxin could be differentiated from expression of full length toxin expressed from the chromosomal gene. (studentreader.com)

Physiological differences and genome sequencing at 16S rRNA level support the subdivision of the C. botulinum species into groups I-IV. (wikipedia.org)
The ability of C. botulinum to naturally transfer neurotoxin genes to other clostridia is concerning, especially in the food industry, where preservation systems are designed to destroy or inhibit only C. botulinum but not other Clostridium species. (wikipedia.org)
There are several types of C. botulinum: although described as variants of a single species, they are really very different organisms linked simply because they have the deadly toxin. (innovations-report.com)
We have developed a highly efficient system, the ClosTron, with which we have, in a few months, knocked out over 30 genes in four different clostridial species, including eight in C. botulinum. (innovations-report.com)
In addition, some atypical strains belong to two other Clostridium species (C. baratii and C. butyricum). (omicsonline.org)
Of the clostridial species tested, only C. botulinum type E and, to a lesser extent, C. perfringens and C. acetobutylicum , but not C. botulinum types A, B, or F, are sensitive. (asm.org)
As demonstrated by the scattered phyletic distribution of neurotoxin-producing clostridia [ 10 ] and the patterns of sequence similarity between different neurotoxin gene clusters [ 11 ], CNT genes appear to have undergone significant lateral transfer between different species of Clostridium . (biomedcentral.com)
While CNTs have undergone frequent lateral transfer between species of Clostridium , no CNT homologues have been identified outside of the Clostridium genus. (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium botulinum strains can be divided into four physiological groups that are sufficiently diverged to be considered as separate species. (biomedcentral.com)
It belongs to the pathogenic species C. botulinum , but as a genotypic species it should also include C. novyi and C. haemolyticum . (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium species inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. (creative-biolabs.com)
A total of 79 C. botulinum isolates with varying toxin types was evaluated in this study, as well as numerous near-neighbours and other bacterial species. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The aim of this study was characterization of anaerobic spore-forming bacilli from C. botulinum species. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)

abstract = "Clostridium botulinum i f{\o}devarer kan f{\o}re til botulisme. (dtu.dk)
abstract = "A new cardinal parameter growth and growth boundary model for non-proteolytic C. botulinum was developed and validated for fresh and lightly preserved seafood and poultry products. (dtu.dk)

Clostridium botulinum and sudden infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study. (nih.gov)
It has been proposed that sudden and unexpected death in infants due to intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum may mimic the clinicopathological features of sudden infant death syndrome. (nih.gov)

However, these integrations sites are degraded (except for the C and D types), indicating that the C. botulinum acquired the toxin genes quite far in the evolutionary past. (wikipedia.org)
Professor Mike Peck, from the Institute of Food Research, commented that "It is astonishing that 43 per cent of the predicted genes in the C. botulinum genome are absent from the other five sequenced clostridia, and only 16 per cent of the C. botulinum genes are common to all five. (innovations-report.com)
Professor Nigel Minton, Professor of Applied Molecular Microbiology at The University of Nottingham, has developed new methods to knock out genes in clostridia. (innovations-report.com)
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven proteolytic C. botulinum housekeeping genes ( http://pubmlst.org/cbotulinum ) revealed that PA 3679 resides in the same clade as the outlier A1 toxin-producing C. botulinum strain A207 ( 3 ). (asm.org)
The occurrence of lateral transfer is also supported by the discovery of plasmid-encoded neurotoxin genes in numerous C. botulinum strains [ 12 ], as well as the existence of putative insertion sequences flanking the neurotoxin gene cluster [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The neurotoxin genes of C. botulinum type C and D are carried by bacteriophages, which express unstable lysogeny and are frequently lost during cultivation. (biomedcentral.com)
Our qPCR assay detects the four toxin genes in C. botulinum , but it has sat on the shelf because we can't get access to the organism to calibrate the CFU/g to Cq correlations. (medicinalgenomics.com)
Chromosome and plasmid sequences of several C. botulinum strains representing A, B, E and F serotypes and a C. butyricum type E strain were compared to examine their genomic organization, or synteny, and the location of the botulinum toxin complex genes. (biomedcentral.com)
these events, in addition to recombination among the toxin complex genes, have led to the lineages observed today within the neurotoxin-producing clostridia. (biomedcentral.com)
Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rrn genes of C. botulinum strains clearly separates them into four Groups (I-IV) and supports this historical classification scheme based upon biochemical and biophysical parameters [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

C. botulinum A toxoid. (antikoerper-online.de)
There are currently no images for Clostridium Botulinum E Toxoid Antibody (NBP1-05057B). (novusbio.com)
Specific for botulinum toxoid. (novusbio.com)
There are currently no images for Clostridium Botulinum B Toxoid Antibody (NB100-73118V). (novusbio.com)
Be the first to review our Clostridium Botulinum B Toxoid Antibody (KBB36) [DyLight 405] and receive a gift card or discount. (novusbio.com)
Mouse monoclonal antibody raised against Clostridium botulinum D Toxoid. (abnova.com)
This antibody is specific to Clostridium botulinum D toxoid. (abnova.com)

Isolation of C. botulinum organism devoid of toxin from the suspected food has little significance. (inchem.org)
Genome sequences can tell us a lot about the biology of the organism, but research into clostridia has been hampered by the lack of a good genetic system. (innovations-report.com)
As an endospore-forming organism, Clostridium botulinum is somewhat unique. (kenyon.edu)
The purpose of this study was to compare and test the efficiency of the leading kinds of media being used for the isolation and identification of Clostridium botulinum type E strains, and to develop a more reliable method and media for the differentiation of this organism based on the "pearly layer" characteristic. (oregonstate.edu)

Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Neurotoxin Gene Expression in Non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type E. (lu.se)
In the present study, the effects of carbon dioxide on growth of, and neurotoxin production by, non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type E were studied during the growth cycle. (lu.se)
UK food industry and UK and Australian research organisations have produced this guidance , which is designed to ensure that sufficient information is provided by FBOs and laboratories to arrive at valid decisions regarding the shelf life of chilled foods in relation to non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum . (chilledfood.org)

Neurotoxin gene profiling of clostridium botulinum types C and D native to different countries within Europe. (biomedsearch.com)
BLAST ( 1 ) results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated 99 to 100% nucleotide similarity between PA 3679 and a number of proteolytic C. botulinum strains, as well as other C. sporogenes strains. (asm.org)
Of 38 other strains of proteolytic C. botulinum also possessing the ha + form of the neurotoxin gene cluster ( 8 ), selected as representing a wide range of diseases caused, geographical distribution and type of neurotoxin(s) formed ( 3 ), only the type B toxin-forming strain 2345 shared the same deletion, implying that this modification is quite rare. (asm.org)
Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to quantify expression of the type E botulinum neurotoxin gene (cntE) and formation of type E neurotoxin. (lu.se)
The objectives of the work presented in this thesis have been to develop molecular methods for (i) detection of Clostridium botulinum in food and clinical samples, and (ii) monitoring the expression of the neurotoxin gene, cnt, during different growth phases and under different growth conditions. (avhandlingar.se)
This flagellin sequence displayed the strongest sequence similarity to the neurotoxin and NTNH homologue out of all proteins encoded within C. botulinum strain A. The CBO0798 gene contains a unique hypervariable region, which in closely related flagellins encodes a collagenase-like domain. (biomedcentral.com)
Differences between the type B neurotoxin gene sequence of Clostridium botulinum type A(B) and Cl. (ovid.com)
botulinum type B, including a six nucleotide deletion, were recently proposed as a cause of the lack of expression of this gene in the type A toxigenic strains. (ovid.com)
isolates was used to develop the new model and these isolates had more than 99.8% 16S rRNA gene similarity to non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Group II). (dtu.dk)
Raphael B.H., Andreadis J.D.: Real-time PCR detection of the nontoxic non-hemagglutinin gene as a rapid screening method for bacterial isolates harboring the botulinum neurotoxin (A-G) gene complex. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)

As obligate anaerobes, Clostridium botulinum must live in low oxygen habitats, as higher concentrations are toxic to the cells. (kenyon.edu)
As an obligate anaerobe, Clostridium botulinum can actually survive small amounts of oxygen because it is equipped with an antioxidant defense enzyme, superoxide dismutase, which essentially protects the cells from damage due to oxygen exposure. (kenyon.edu)
Clostridia, as a family, are obligate anaerobes, meaning that oxygen is toxic to them. (videosliv.com)

Clostridium botulinum is a relatively large, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod bacterium that grows best in an anaerobic environment at around pH 5 and produces a potent neurotoxin. (news-medical.net)
C. botulinum produces heat-resistant endospores that are commonly found in soil and are able to survive under adverse conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, spore-forming rod that produces a potent neurotoxin. (ciriscience.org)
C . botulinum produces endospores that are resistant to many food processing conditions and to antimicrobials in foods. (asmscience.org)
Clostridium botulinum produces a toxin so deadly that it could be used as a biological weapon. (efoodalert.com)

Neurotoxin Type E antibody LS-C79439 is an unconjugated mouse monoclonal antibody to clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Type E (N-Terminus). (lsbio.com)
Monoclonal Antibody to Clostridium botulinum Type A Neurotoxin Heavy Chain (amino acids 1177-1195). (abgent.com)

CNTs are produced by four phylogenetically distinct groups (I-IV) of C. botulinum , and also by strains of C. tetani , C. baratii , and C. butyricum [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Group II is a subset of a more diverse clade that includes other saccharolytic clostridia, such as C. acetobutylicum , C. beijerinckii , and toxic and nontoxic Group V C. baratii and Group VI C. butyricum . (biomedcentral.com)

The strain of Clostridium sporogenes designated Putrefactive Anaerobe (PA) 3679 (ATCC 7955, NCTC 8594) was originally isolated from spoiled canned corn in 1927 (work of E. J. Cameron, as cited in reference 8 ). (asm.org)
Since microarray analysis showed that strain 2345 clustered with Clostridium sporogenes ( 3 ), it is tempting to postulate that a strain of C. sporogenes acquired a type B neurotoxin cluster by horizontal transfer to give a strain similar to strain 2345, which, following a further round of recombination at this locus, gave rise to the type A5 neurotoxin cluster now described. (asm.org)
The C. botulinum strain A genome was examined for potential homologues of CNTs. (biomedcentral.com)
Clostridium Botulinum (strain 657 / Type Ba4) Chromosomal replication initiator protein DnaA, recombinant protein. (gentaur.pl)

Circular representation of Clostridium botulinum genome. (kenyon.edu)
This toxin is the one real weapon in the genome of Clostridium botulinum and less than 2 kg - the weight of two bags of sugar - is enough to kill every person on the planet. (innovations-report.com)
The genome sequence shows that C. botulinum doesn't have subtle tools to evade our human defences or tricky methods of acquiring resistance to antibiotics. (innovations-report.com)
Although in the same group as Clostridium difficile - the Cdiff superbug - C. botulinum has a genome that is remarkable because it is so stable," commented Dr Mohammed Sebaihia, lead author on the paper from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. (innovations-report.com)
This study reports on the development of low-density macroarrays based on the GeneDisc cycler platform (Pall-GeneDisc Technologies) applied to the simultaneous detection of the C. botulinum subtypes C, C-D, D, and D-C. The limit of detection of the PCR assays was 38 fg of total DNA, corresponding to 15 genome copies. (biomedsearch.com)
To generate knowledge in this regard and provide a basis for exploring the relationships that exist between PA 3679 and proteolytic strains of C. botulinum , here we present a draft assembly of the genome of PA 3679. (asm.org)
The completion of the genome of C. botulinum group III has revealed it to be a genome with dual identity. (biomedcentral.com)

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the botulinum toxin is type A. (google.es)
Food poisoning through C. botulinum is the most frequent type of infection caused by this bacterium. (jcvi.org)
There are several types of botulinum toxin known (type A through type F), all of them being neurotoxic polypeptides. (jcvi.org)
The most common and widely distributed are strains and serovars of C. botulinum that produce type A toxin. (jcvi.org)
Liver veal agar egg yolk media was not entirely satisfactory in that strains of C. botulinum type E and most non-toxic "type E-like" clostridia did not always give a typical reaction. (oregonstate.edu)
Types A and B and most non-toxic "type-E-like" clostridia do not produce starch-like granules even on a utilizable sugar such as glucose. (oregonstate.edu)
Trypticase base, therefore, is much more reliable than liver veal base, not only "pearly layer" formation but also in differentiation of C. botulinum type E's from other types by sucrose fermentation and starch reaction. (oregonstate.edu)
C. botulinum type C was shown to be present in 48% (14/29) of ileum samples and 44% (20/45) of faecal samples from horses with EGS, compared with 7% (2/27) of ileum samples and 8% (6/72) of faecal samples from controls. (vetcontact.com)
These results support the hypothesis that EGS results from a C. botulinum type C toxicoinfection. (vetcontact.com)
The association of Clostridium botulinum type C with equine grass sickness: a toxicoinfection? (vetcontact.com)
Native purified Clostridium botulinum Type B Neurotoxin emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. (abnova.com)
Therapeutic options such as botulinum toxin type A are an important part of the multidisciplinary approach for treating spasticity," said Alison Smith, Consultant Paediatric Neuro-physiotherapist, NPP Neuro Group, UK. (ipsen.com)
For the nonproteolytic C. botulinum type E the cntE expression declined rapidly after the peak in the transition between exponential and stationary phase. (avhandlingar.se)
Identification of protein receptor for clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in rat brain synaptosomes. (nii.ac.jp)
The high-affinity binding of clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin to synaptotagmin II associated with gangliosides GTlb/GDla. (nii.ac.jp)
Screening for Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and E in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables and raw material using polymerase chain reaction and molecular probes. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The botulinum toxin is a simple A-B toxin with a binding domain (B) and an enzymatic domain (A). There are 8 serotypes of botulinum toxin: A-H. The toxin binds to gangliosides receptor and is internalized. (news-medical.net)
C. botulinum is divided into four distinct phenotypic groups (I-IV) and is also classified into seven serotypes (A-G) based on the antigenicity of the botulinum toxin produced. (wikipedia.org)

The neurotoxin released by C. botulinum is extremely potent and can lead to serious health complications. (news-medical.net)
There are seven types of botulinum neurotoxin (A to G), and it is the most potent toxin known, with as little as 30 to 100 ng of neurotoxin potentially being fatal ( 4 - 7 ). (asm.org)

2019. Clostridium botulinum Life Cycle . (news-medical.net)
For all these reasons, we are happy to see the draft guidelines for Florida testing that were published September 12, 2019, do NOT include C. botulinum . (medicinalgenomics.com)

The largest plasmid, the botulinum-neurotoxin carrying prophage, was conserved at a level similar to that of the chromosome while the medium-sized plasmids seemed to be undergoing faster genetic drift. (biomedcentral.com)
This actin-like ParM is encoded on the large pCBH Clostridium botulinum plasmid. (elsevier.com)

Costco Black Bean Recall Extended Due to Clostridium Botulinum Bacterial Contamination Risks FDA - According to a news article posted on eatthis.com, Costco emailed its customers concerning three organic black bean products under recall back in late April. (yourlawyer.com)
Clostridium endospores have a distinct bowling pin or bottle shape, distinguishing them from other bacterial endospores, which are usually ovoid in shape. (creative-biolabs.com)

This is caused by the absorption of toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that colonize the intestinal tracts of infants under one year of age. (inchem.org)
It is proposed that these procedures may have altered the normal gut flora and allowed C. botulinum to colonize the intestinal tract. (ciriscience.org)
Botulinum Toxin Complex Increases Paracellular Permeability in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. (greenmedinfo.com)

However, all types of botulinum toxin are rapidly destroyed by heating to 100 °C for 15 minutes (900 seconds). (wikipedia.org)
Finally, two types of Botulinum toxin - A and B - are less toxic, and can reliably induce long lasting neuromuscular junction block, so they are sometimes diluted and injected into a rigid muscle to relax it. (videosliv.com)

Chronic Clostridium botulinum infections in farmers. (greenmedinfo.com)
Rodloff A. C., Krüger M.: Chronic Clostridium botulinum infections in farmers. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)

Clostridium botulinum (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. (uniprot.org)
A thorough investigation by E. van Ermengem led to the discovery of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin. (nih.gov)

Unlike most other clostridia, C. perfringens is non-motile. (jcvi.org)

[1] Bakteri ini masuk kedalam genus Clostridium . (wikipedia.org)

The largest difference between C. botulinum group III isolates occurred within their surprisingly large plasmidomes and in the pattern of mobile elements insertions. (biomedcentral.com)

Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive staining, anaerobic bacterium. (kenyon.edu)

An illness resulting from toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that has infected a wound. (cdc.gov)

Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to monitor the neurotoxin expression in C. botulinum types A, B, and E. The relative cnt expression varied with growth phase in all three types, reaching a maximum as the late exponential phase was changing into stationary phase. (avhandlingar.se)

Kędzia B., Kędzia A., Hołderna-Kędzia E. (1996): Badania nad występowaniem w miodzie przetrwalników laseczek Bacillus i Clostridium. (agriculturejournals.cz)
When doing a Gram stain, Clostridium botulinum stains purple, or Gram positive, and it's a bacillus, meaning that it looks like a big cylinder or rod under the microscope. (videosliv.com)

Ingestion of botulinum toxin results in an illness of variable severity. (cdc.gov)

C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming bacterium and is widespread in environments such as sediments, soil and dust, and dead animal carcasses, worldwide. (foodsafety.asn.au)
Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming bacterium that is only able to grow in the complete absence of molecular oxygen (anaerobic conditions), such as conditions found inside a hermetically sealed, processed can or jar of food. (efoodalert.com)

Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum is able to produce the neurotoxin only during sporulation, which can happen only in an anaerobic environment. (wikipedia.org)

C. botulinum is mainly found in soil and freshwater sediments. (news-medical.net)
Clostridium botulinum is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium and pathogen that is prevalent in marine and soil environments around the world (Figure 1). (kenyon.edu)
It is not only animals that can feel the wrath of C. botulinum, explains Dr Sebaihia: "The soil can be a harsh environment and food can be scarce. (innovations-report.com)
C. botulinum is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod that commonly found in the soil. (gov.hk)
Clostridium botulinum is a rod-shaped bacterium (Figure 1), naturally occurring in the environment, particularly in soil. (mechpath.com)

Nitrite Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum: Electron Spin Resonance " by D. Reddy, J. R. Lancaster, Jr. et al. (usu.edu)
This study evaluated the effect of temperature, product composition, and cultured celery juice powder (CCJP) as a source of nitrite on the inhibition of botulinum toxin formation in two experimental (meat- and vegetable-based) prepared meals. (allenpress.com)
Finally, this study confirms that product composition, the addition of nitrite via CCJP, storage time, and temperature play important roles in the inhibition of toxin formation by proteolytic C. botulinum . (allenpress.com)

Characteristic morphology of C. botulinum with an endospore. (asmscience.org)

Saeed E. M. A.: Studies on isolation and identification of Clostridium botulinum investigating field samples specially from equine grass sickness cases. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)

However, C. botulinum tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
C. botulinum thrives in conditions where there are low levels of oxygen which enable them to produce endospores. (thermofisher.com)
Clostridium botulinum is associated with foods where molecular oxygen is absent - typically, processed low-acid canned foods. (efoodalert.com)
They would be a non oxygen environment ideal for C. botulinum. (befoodsafe.org.uk)

Anatomy4

Organisms23

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs33

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes8

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture12

Information Science2

Health Care6

Rejection of Clostridium putrificum and conservation of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes-Opinion 69. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. (1/657)

Biodiversity of Clostridium botulinum type E strains isolated from fish and fishery products. (2/657)

Growth from spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in heat-treated vegetable juice. (3/657)

Inhibition of Rho at different stages of thymocyte development gives different perspectives on Rho function. (4/657)

In situ detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in wetland sediments with a nested PCR assay. (5/657)

A predictive model that describes the effect of prolonged heating at 70 to 90 degrees C and subsequent incubation at refrigeration temperatures on growth from spores and toxigenesis by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in the presence of lysozyme. (6/657)

Pure botulinum neurotoxin is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and produces peripheral neuromuscular blockade. (7/657)

Development of an in vitro bioassay for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in foods that is more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. (8/657)

Clostridium botulinum

Botulinum Toxins

Clostridium

Botulism

Botulinum Toxins, Type A

Clostridium botulinum type A

Clostridium botulinum type E

Clostridium botulinum type B

Clostridium difficile

Botulinum Antitoxin

Clostridium Infections

Clostridium botulinum type D

Clostridium botulinum type F

ADP Ribose Transferases

Food Preservation

Clostridium botulinum type C

Spores

Neurotoxins

Toxins, Biological

Food Microbiology

Spores, Bacterial

Neuromuscular Agents

Clostridium tetani

Toxoids

Antitoxins

Food Irradiation

Bacterial Toxins

Lethal Dose 50

Anti-Dyskinesia Agents

Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous

Fish Products

Clostridium acetobutylicum

Clostridium thermocellum

Clostridium butyricum

Food Packaging

Food Contamination

Clostridium botulinum type G

rhoB GTP-Binding Protein

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose

Food, Preserved

Refrigeration

Culture Media

Sorbic Acid

Hot Temperature

Hemagglutinins

Clostridium sordellii

Molecular Sequence Data

Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25

Biological Assay

rhoA GTP-Binding Protein

DNA, Bacterial

Bacteriological Techniques

Enterotoxins

Feces

Tetanus Toxin

Meat

Clostridium perfringens

Food Preservatives

Bacterial Proteins

rho GTP-Binding Proteins

Cobalt Isotopes

Sodium Nitrite

Clostridium septicum

Soil Microbiology

Immunodiffusion

Meat Products

GTP-Binding Proteins

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Blepharospasm

Tilia

Clostridium beijerinckii

Genes, Bacterial

Ammonium Sulfate

Amino Acid Sequence

Bird Diseases

Thioglycolates

Shellfish

Ribotyping

Spasm

Trypsin

$Gentaur Molecular :ListBio \ QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex from Clostridium botulinum1,3,4 \ 9128B$ Gentaur Molecular :ListBio \ QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex from Clostridium botulinum1,3,4 \ 9128B