AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
Clostridium botulinumBotulinum ToxinsClostridiumBotulismBotulinum Toxins, Type AClostridium botulinum type AClostridium botulinum type EClostridium botulinum type BClostridium difficileBotulinum AntitoxinClostridium InfectionsClostridium botulinum type DClostridium botulinum type FADP Ribose TransferasesFood PreservationClostridium botulinum type CSporesNeurotoxinsToxins, BiologicalFood MicrobiologySpores, BacterialNeuromuscular AgentsClostridium tetaniToxoidsAntitoxinsFood IrradiationBacterial ToxinsLethal Dose 50Anti-Dyskinesia AgentsEnterocolitis, PseudomembranousFish ProductsClostridium acetobutylicumClostridium thermocellumClostridium butyricumFood PackagingFood ContaminationClostridium botulinum type GrhoB GTP-Binding ProteinAdenosine Diphosphate RiboseFood, PreservedRefrigerationCulture MediaSorbic AcidHot TemperatureHemagglutininsClostridium sordelliiMolecular Sequence DataSynaptosomal-Associated Protein 25Biological AssayrhoA GTP-Binding ProteinDNA, BacterialBacteriological TechniquesEnterotoxinsFecesTetanus ToxinMeatClostridium perfringensFood PreservativesBacterial Proteinsrho GTP-Binding ProteinsCobalt IsotopesSodium NitriteClostridium septicumSoil MicrobiologyImmunodiffusionMeat ProductsGTP-Binding ProteinsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationBlepharospasmTiliaClostridium beijerinckiiGenes, BacterialAmmonium SulfateAmino Acid SequenceBird DiseasesThioglycolatesShellfishRibotypingSpasmTrypsinWater MicrobiologySalmonidaeTemperatureBiological Warfare AgentsGangliosidesChromatographySpecies SpecificityTorticollisFermentationCytotoxinsMuscle SpasticityInjections, IntramuscularNeutralization TestsFoodborne DiseasesSynaptosomesClostridium cellulolyticum
Clostridium botulinum
A species of anaerobic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with characteristic neurotoxicity. It is the etiologic agent of BOTULISM in humans, wild fowl, HORSES; and CATTLE. Seven subtypes (sometimes called antigenic types, or strains) exist, each producing a different botulinum toxin (BOTULINUM TOXINS). The organism and its spores are widely distributed in nature.
Botulinum Toxins
Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.
Clostridium
A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.
Botulism
A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)
Botulinum Toxins, Type A
A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.
Clostridium botulinum type A
Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.
Clostridium botulinum type E
Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type E which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.
Clostridium botulinum type B
Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type B which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.
Clostridium difficile
A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.
Botulinum Antitoxin
Antiserum given therapeutically in BOTULISM.
Clostridium Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM.
Clostridium botulinum type D
Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type D which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans.
Clostridium botulinum type F
Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type F which is neurotoxic to humans and animals.
ADP Ribose Transferases
Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.
Food Preservation
Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.
Clostridium botulinum type C
Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type C which is neurotoxic to ANIMALS, especially CATTLE, but not humans. It causes dissociation of ACTIN FILAMENTS.
Spores
The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.
Neurotoxins
Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.
Toxins, Biological
Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.
Food Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
Spores, Bacterial
Heat and stain resistant, metabolically inactive bodies formed within the vegetative cells of bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium.
Neuromuscular Agents
Drugs used for their actions on skeletal muscle. Included are agents that act directly on skeletal muscle, those that alter neuromuscular transmission (NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENTS), and drugs that act centrally as skeletal muscle relaxants (MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRAL). Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders are ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS.
Clostridium tetani
The cause of TETANUS in humans and domestic animals. It is a common inhabitant of human and horse intestines as well as soil. Two components make up its potent exotoxin activity, a neurotoxin and a hemolytic toxin.
Toxoids
Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.
Antitoxins
Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.
Food Irradiation
Treatment of food with RADIATION.
Bacterial Toxins
Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.
Lethal Dose 50
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
Anti-Dyskinesia Agents
Drugs used in the treatment of movement disorders. Most of these act centrally on dopaminergic or cholinergic systems. Among the most important clinically are those used for the treatment of Parkinson disease (ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS) and those for the tardive dyskinesias.
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.
Fish Products
Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., FISH FLOUR, fish meal).
Clostridium acetobutylicum
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, used for the industrial production of SOLVENTS.
Clostridium thermocellum
A species of gram-positive, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacteria in the family Clostridaceae. It degrades and ferments CELLOBIOSE and CELLULOSE to ETHANOL in the CELLULOSOME.
Clostridium butyricum
Type species of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM, a gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is used as a source of PROBIOTICS.
Food Packaging
Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. FOOD LABELING is also available.
Food Contamination
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
Clostridium botulinum type G
Subtype of CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM that produces botulinum toxin type G. Though it has been isolated from soil, no outbreaks involving this type have been recognized.
rhoB GTP-Binding Protein
A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating a signal transduction pathway that controls assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose
An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.
Food, Preserved
Food that has been prepared and stored in a way to prevent spoilage.
Refrigeration
The mechanical process of cooling.
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Sorbic Acid
Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.
Hot Temperature
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
Hemagglutinins
Agents that cause agglutination of red blood cells. They include antibodies, blood group antigens, lectins, autoimmune factors, bacterial, viral, or parasitic blood agglutinins, etc.
Clostridium sordellii
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, found in INTESTINES and SOIL.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25
A ubiquitous target SNARE protein that interacts with SYNTAXIN and SYNAPTOBREVIN. It is a core component of the machinery for intracellular MEMBRANE FUSION. The sequence contains 2 SNARE domains, one is the prototype for the Qb-SNARES, and the other is the prototype for the Qc-SNARES.
Biological Assay
A method of measuring the effects of a biologically active substance using an intermediate in vivo or in vitro tissue or cell model under controlled conditions. It includes virulence studies in animal fetuses in utero, mouse convulsion bioassay of insulin, quantitation of tumor-initiator systems in mouse skin, calculation of potentiating effects of a hormonal factor in an isolated strip of contracting stomach muscle, etc.
rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
A RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEIN involved in regulating signal transduction pathways that control assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.
DNA, Bacterial
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Bacteriological Techniques
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
Enterotoxins
Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.
Feces
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Tetanus Toxin
Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS.
Meat
The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.
Clostridium perfringens
The most common etiologic agent of GAS GANGRENE. It is differentiable into several distinct types based on the distribution of twelve different toxins.
Food Preservatives
Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.
Bacterial Proteins
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
rho GTP-Binding Proteins
A large family of MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that are involved in regulation of actin organization, gene expression and cell cycle progression. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.
Cobalt Isotopes
Stable cobalt atoms that have the same atomic number as the element cobalt, but differ in atomic weight. Co-59 is a stable cobalt isotope.
Sodium Nitrite
Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.
Clostridium septicum
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. Infections have a strong association with malignancies and also with GAS GANGRENE.
Soil Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Immunodiffusion
Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.
Meat Products
Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).
GTP-Binding Proteins
Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Blepharospasm
Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.
Tilia
A plant genus of the family TILIACEAE. Some species in this genus are called Limetree which is nearly the same as the common name for lime (CITRUS AURANTIIFOLIA). Some people are allergic to the POLLEN.
Clostridium beijerinckii
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae, capable of solventogenesis, and isolated from SOIL, infected WOUNDS, fermenting OLIVES, and spoiled CANDY.
Genes, Bacterial
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Ammonium Sulfate
Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Bird Diseases
Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from POULTRY DISEASES which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.
Thioglycolates
Organic esters of thioglycolic acid (HS-CH2COOH).
Shellfish
Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.
Ribotyping
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM analysis of rRNA genes that is used for differentiating between species or strains.
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Trypsin
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
Water Microbiology
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Salmonidae
A family of anadromous fish comprising SALMON; TROUT; whitefish; and graylings. They are the most important food and game fishes. Their habitat is the northern Atlantic and Pacific, both marine and inland, and the Great Lakes. (Nelson: Fishes of the World, 1976, p97)
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Biological Warfare Agents
Living organisms or their toxic products that are used to cause disease or death of humans during WARFARE.
Gangliosides
A subclass of ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS. They contain one or more sialic acid (N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID) residues. Using the Svennerholm system of abbrevations, gangliosides are designated G for ganglioside, plus subscript M, D, or T for mono-, di-, or trisialo, respectively, the subscript letter being followed by a subscript arabic numeral to indicated sequence of migration in thin-layer chromatograms. (From Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1997)
Chromatography
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Torticollis
A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.
Fermentation
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
Cytotoxins
Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.
Muscle Spasticity
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)
Injections, Intramuscular
Forceful administration into a muscle of liquid medication, nutrient, or other fluid through a hollow needle piercing the muscle and any tissue covering it.
Neutralization Tests
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Foodborne Diseases
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
Synaptosomes
Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.
Clostridium cellulolyticum
A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae. It is a cellulolytic, mesophilic species isolated from decayed GRASS.

Rejection of Clostridium putrificum and conservation of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes-Opinion 69. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. (1/657)

The Judicial Commission rejected the name Clostridium putrificum while conserving Clostridium botulinum for toxigenic strains and conserving Clostridium sporogenes for non-toxigenic strains.  (+info)

Biodiversity of Clostridium botulinum type E strains isolated from fish and fishery products. (2/657)

The genetic biodiversity of Clostridium botulinum type E strains was studied by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) with two macrorestriction enzymes (SmaI-XmaI and XhoI) and by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis with two primers (OPJ 6 and OPJ 13) to characterize 67 Finnish isolates from fresh fish and fishery products, 15 German isolates from farmed fish, and 10 isolates of North American or North Atlantic origin derived mainly from different types of seafood. The effects of fish species, processing, and geographical origin on the epidemiology of the isolates were evaluated. Cluster analysis based on macrorestriction profiles was performed to study the genetic relationships of the isolates. PFGE and RAPD analyses were combined and resulted in the identification of 62 different subtypes among the 92 type E isolates analyzed. High genetic biodiversity among the isolates was observed regardless of their source. Finnish and North American or North Atlantic isolates did not form distinctly discernible clusters, in contrast with the genetically homogeneous group of German isolates. On the other hand, indistinguishable or closely related genetic profiles among epidemiologically unrelated samples were detected. It was concluded that the high genetic variation was probably a result of a lack of strong selection factors that would influence the evolution of type E. The wide genetic biodiversity observed among type E isolates indicates the value of DNA-based typing methods as a tool in contamination studies in the food industry and in investigations of botulism outbreaks.  (+info)

Growth from spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in heat-treated vegetable juice. (3/657)

Unheated spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum were able to lead to growth in sterile deoxygenated turnip, spring green, helda bean, broccoli, or potato juice, although the probability of growth was low and the time to growth was longer than the time to growth in culture media. With all five vegetable juices tested, the probability of growth increased when spores were inoculated into the juice and then heated for 2 min in a water bath at 80 degrees C. The probability of growth was greater in bean or broccoli juice than in culture media following 10 min of heat treatment in these media. Growth was prevented by heat treatment of spores in vegetable juices or culture media at 80 degrees C for 100 min. We show for the first time that adding heat-treated vegetable juice to culture media can increase the number of heat-damaged spores of C. botulinum that can lead to colony formation.  (+info)

Inhibition of Rho at different stages of thymocyte development gives different perspectives on Rho function. (4/657)

Development of thymocytes can be staged according to the levels of expression of the cell-surface markers CD4, CD8, CD44, CD25 and CD2. Thymocyte development is regulated by a complex signalling network [1], one component of which is the GTPase Rho. The bacterial enzyme C3 transferase from Clostridium botulinum selectively ADP-ribosylates Rho in its effector-binding domain and thereby abolishes its biological function [2,3]. To explore the function of Rho in thymocyte development, we previously used the proximal promoter of the gene encoding the Src-family kinase p56lck to make transgenic mice that selectively express C3 transferase in the thymus [4,6]. In these mice, which lack Rho function from the earliest thymocyte stages, thymocyte numbers are reduced by approximately 50- to 100-fold. Here, we describe transgenic mice that express C3 transferase under the control of the locus control region (LCR) of the CD2 gene; this regulatory element drives expression at a later stage of thymocyte development than the lck proximal promoter [7]. In these mice, thymocyte numbers were also reduced by 50- to 100-fold, but unlike the lck-C3 mice, in which the reduction predominantly results from defects in cell survival of CD25(+) thymocyte progenitors, the CD2-C3 transgenic mice had a pre-T-cell differentiation block at the CD25(+) stage after rearrangement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chains. Analysis of CD2-C3 mice demonstrated that Rho acts as an intracellular switch for TCR beta selection, the critical thymic-differentiation checkpoint. These results show that Rho-mediated survival signals for CD25(+) pre-T cells are generated by the extracellular signals that act on earlier thymocyte precursors and also that temporal cell-type-specific elimination of Rho can reveal different functions of this GTPase in vivo.  (+info)

In situ detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in wetland sediments with a nested PCR assay. (5/657)

A nested PCR was developed for detection of the Clostridium botulinum type C1 toxin gene in sediments collected from wetlands where avian botulism outbreaks had or had not occurred. The C1 toxin gene was detected in 16 of 18 sites, demonstrating both the ubiquitous distribution of C. botulinum type C in wetland sediments and the sensitivity of the detection assay.  (+info)

A predictive model that describes the effect of prolonged heating at 70 to 90 degrees C and subsequent incubation at refrigeration temperatures on growth from spores and toxigenesis by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in the presence of lysozyme. (6/657)

Refrigerated processed foods of extended durability such as cook-chill and sous-vide foods rely on a minimal heat treatment at 70 to 95 degrees C and then storage at a refrigeration temperature for safety and preservation. These foods are not sterile and are intended to have an extended shelf life, often up to 42 days. The principal microbiological hazard in foods of this type is growth of and toxin production by nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum. Lysozyme has been shown to increase the measured heat resistance of nonproteolytic C. botulinum spores. However, the heat treatment guidelines for prevention of risk of botulism in these products have not taken into consideration the effect of lysozyme, which can be present in many foods. In order to assess the botulism hazard, the effect of heat treatments at 70, 75, 80, 85, and 90 degrees C combined with refrigerated storage for up to 90 days on growth from 10(6) spores of nonproteolytic C. botulinum (types B, E, and F) in an anaerobic meat medium containing 2,400 U of lysozyme per ml (50 microg per ml) was studied. Provided that the storage temperature was no higher than 8 degrees C, the following heat treatments each prevented growth and toxin production during 90 days; 70 degrees C for >/=2,545 min, 75 degrees C for >/=463 min, 80 degrees C for >/=230 min, 85 degrees C for >/=84 min, and 90 degrees C for >/=33.5 min. A factorial experimental design allowed development of a predictive model that described the incubation time required before the first sample showed growth, as a function of heating temperature (70 to 90 degrees C), period of heat treatment (up to 2,545 min), and incubation temperature (5 to 25 degrees C). Predictions from the model provided a valid description of the data used to generate the model and agreed with observations made previously.  (+info)

Pure botulinum neurotoxin is absorbed from the stomach and small intestine and produces peripheral neuromuscular blockade. (7/657)

Clostridium botulinum serotype A produces a neurotoxin composed of a 100-kDa heavy chain and a 50-kDa light chain linked by a disulfide bond. This neurotoxin is part of a ca. 900-kDa complex, formed by noncovalent association with a single nontoxin, nonhemagglutinin subunit and a family of hemagglutinating proteins. Previous work has suggested, although never conclusively demonstrated, that neurotoxin alone cannot survive passage through the stomach and/or cannot be absorbed from the gut without the involvement of auxiliary proteins in the complex. Therefore, this study compared the relative absorption and toxicity of three preparations of neurotoxin in an in vivo mouse model. Equimolar amounts of serotype A complex with hemagglutinins, complex without hemagglutinins, and purified neurotoxin were surgically introduced into the stomach or into the small intestine. In some experiments, movement of neurotoxin from the site of administration was restricted by ligation of the pylorus. Comparison of relative toxicities demonstrated that at adequate doses, complex with hemagglutinins, complex without hemagglutinins, and pure neurotoxin can be absorbed from the stomach. The potency of neurotoxin in complex was greater than that of pure neurotoxin, but the magnitude of this difference diminished as the dosage of neurotoxin increased. Qualitatively similar results were obtained when complex with hemagglutinins, complex without hemagglutinins, and pure neurotoxin were placed directly into the intestine. This work establishes that pure botulinum neurotoxin serotype A is toxic when administered orally. This means that pure neurotoxin does not require hemagglutinins or other auxiliary proteins for absorption from the gastrointestinal system into the general circulation.  (+info)

Development of an in vitro bioassay for Clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in foods that is more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. (8/657)

A novel, in vitro bioassay for detection of the botulinum type B neurotoxin in a range of media was developed. The assay is amplified by the enzymic activity of the neurotoxin's light chain and includes the following three stages: first, a small, monoclonal antibody-based immunoaffinity column captures the toxin; second, a peptide substrate is cleaved by using the endopeptidase activity of the type B neurotoxin; and finally, a modified enzyme-linked immunoassay system detects the peptide cleavage products. The assay is highly specific for type B neurotoxin and is capable of detecting type B toxin at a concentration of 5 pg ml(-1) (0.5 mouse 50% lethal dose ml(-1)) in approximately 5 h. The format of the test was found to be suitable for detecting botulinum type B toxin in a range of foodstuffs with a sensitivity that exceeds the sensitivity of the mouse assay. Using highly specific monoclonal antibodies as the capture phase, we found that the endopeptidase assay was capable of differentiating between the type B neurotoxins produced by proteolytic and nonproteolytic strains of Clostridium botulinum type B.  (+info)

Analysis of a unique Clostridium botulinum strain from the Southern hemisphere producing a novel type E botulinum neurotoxin...Analysis of a unique Clostridium botulinum strain from the Southern hemisphere producing a novel type E botulinum neurotoxin...
Clostridium botulinum strains that produce botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT/E) are most commonly isolated from botulism cases, marine environments, and animals in regions of high latitude in the Northern hemisphere. A strain of C. botulinum type E (CDC66177) was isolated from soil in Chubut, Argentina. Previous studies showed that the amino acid sequences of BoNT/E produced by various strains differ by | 6% and that the type E neurotoxin gene cluster inserts into the rarA operon. Genetic and mass spectral analysis demonstrated that the BoNT/E produced by CDC66177 is a novel toxin subtype (E9). Toxin gene sequencing indicated that BoNT/E9 differed by nearly 11% at the amino acid level compared to BoNT/E1. Mass spectrometric analysis of BoNT/E9 revealed that its endopeptidase substrate cleavage site was identical to other BoNT/E subtypes. Further analysis of this strain demonstrated that its 16S rRNA sequence clustered with other Group II C. botulinum (producing BoNT types B, E, and F) strains. Genomic
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-12-245/figures/4
Clostridium Botulinum Type E Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 488) (ABIN4264035)Clostridium Botulinum Type E Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 488) (ABIN4264035)
Reaktivität: Bakterien Wirt: Maus Klon: KBE42 Konjugat: DyLight 488 | Clostridium Botulinum Type E Toxoid Antikörper (ABIN4264035).
http://www.antikoerper-online.de/antibody/4264035/anti-Clostridium+Botulinum+Type+E+Toxoid+antibody+DyLight+488/
Clostridium Botulinum Type E Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 755) (ABIN4263961)Clostridium Botulinum Type E Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 755) (ABIN4263961)
Reaktivität: Bakterien Wirt: Maus Klon: BE3 Konjugat: DyLight 755 | Clostridium Botulinum Type E Toxoid Antikörper (ABIN4263961).
https://www.antikoerper-online.de/antibody/4263961/anti-Clostridium+Botulinum+Type+E+Toxoid+antibody+DyLight+755/
A comparative study of Clostridium botulinum strains using differential egg yolk mediaA comparative study of Clostridium botulinum strains using differential egg yolk media
The purpose of this study was to compare and test the efficiency of the leading kinds of media being used for the isolation and identification of Clostridium botulinum type E strains, and to develop a more reliable method and media for the differentiation of this organism based on the pearly layer characteristic. The production of pearly layer around the colonies of the different types of C. botulinum on egg yolk enriched media has been used as an aid in differentiation and isolation of this group of bacteria. In this investigation a comparative study was conducted to test the efficiency of the pearly layer formation on liver veal agar egg yolk media (LVA) and trypticase agar egg yolk media (TA). Liver veal agar egg yolk media was not entirely satisfactory in that strains of C. botulinum type E and most non-toxic type E-like clostridia did not always give a typical reaction. These organisms in many cases produced a faint pearly layer or, in some cases, no pearly layer on the LVA egg ...
https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/gm80hz74q
The detection of a deletion in the type B neurotoxin gene of Clostridium botulinum A(B) strains by a two-step PCRThe detection of a deletion in the type B neurotoxin gene of Clostridium botulinum A(B) strains by a two-step PCR
Differences between the type B neurotoxin gene sequence of Clostridium botulinum type A(B) and Cl. botulinum type B, including a six nucleotide deletion, were recently proposed as a cause of the lack of expression of this gene in the type A toxigenic strains. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based
https://insights.ovid.com/letters-applied-microbiology/letsam/1998/06/000/detection-deletion-type-neurotoxin-gene/12/00043785
Grass Sickness and Clostridium Botulinum Type CGrass Sickness and Clostridium Botulinum Type C
Grass sickness is an often fatal disease affecting horses especially in the springtime and leading to different signs of neurotoxicity. The pathogenesis still remains unclear, but there seems be a toxicoinfection with the neurotoxin-producing bacterium clostridium botulinum and the disease.
http://www.vetcontact.com/en/art.php?a=816&t=
Clostridium Botulinum | Renew Health And WellnessClostridium Botulinum | Renew Health And Wellness
Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming, strictly anaerobic that means they live and grow in low oxygen environments, and gram-positive bacteria. The Clostridium botulinum bacteria remain dormant in the form of spores when conditions for survival are poor. The spore contains a small amount of all essential components of Clostridium botulinum, and has a thick protective …. ...
https://www.renewmyhealth.org/tag/clostridium-botulinum/
Study sheds light on Clostridium botulinum spore germinationStudy sheds light on Clostridium botulinum spore germination
A newly published research study by scientists at the UK Institute of Food Research (IFR) has identified part of the mechanism by which the resistant endospores of the dangerous foodborne pathogen Clostridium botulinum (the cause of botulism) are able to germinate.. It is known that spore germination is initiated when certain small molecules (germinants) are recognised by a specific germinant receptors (GR) located in the inner membrane of the spore. The IFR researchers were able to identify two active GRs in the spores of Cl. botulinum, which respond to amino acid germinants and act in synergy, but are unable to function alone. Other GRs form a complex that seems to play a role in controlling the speed of germination.. The authors of the study say that understanding the germination mechanism of Cl. botulinum spores is essential if new control measures to prevent germination and subsequent toxin production by vegetative cells in food are to be developed. They suggest that it may be possible to ...
http://www.foodsafetywatch.org/research/study-sheds-light-on-clostridium-botulinum-spore-germination/
Gentaur Molecular :ListBio \ QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex from Clostridium botulinum1,3,4 \ 9128BGentaur Molecular :ListBio \ QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex from Clostridium botulinum1,3,4 \ 9128B
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , ListBio \ QD Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Complex from Clostridium botulinum1,3,4 \ 9128B for more molecular products just contact us
http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product_det.php?id=237884&supplier=search&name=QD%20Botulinum%20Neurotoxin%20Type%20A%20Complex%20from%20Clostridium%20botulinum1,3,4
Centre for Food Safety - Food Safety Topics - Formula Products Contaminated with Clostridium BotulinumCentre for Food Safety - Food Safety Topics - Formula Products Contaminated with Clostridium Botulinum
Formula Products Contaminated with Clostridium Botulinum - FAQ What is Clostridium botulinum? C. botulinum is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming rod that commonly found in the soil. Although the toxin is destroyed by boiling for 10 minutes or longer; inactivation of spores requires much higher temperature. What is the cause of botulism? Foodborne botulism results from ingestion of preformed toxin present in contaminated foods. Since C. botulinum can only grow in the absence of oxygen, foodborne botulism occurs in products with low oxygen content (e.g. in airtight packaging) as well as with right combination of storage and preservative parameters. The bacterium will grow and produce toxin in these products which are then eaten without sufficient heating or post-production cooking to inactivate the toxin. This is the case in lightly preserved foods such as fermented, salted, or smoked fish and meat products and in inadequately processed home-canned or home-bottled low acid foods. On the ...
http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/whatsnew/whatsnew_fst/whatsnew_fst_Formula_Products_Contaminated_with_Clostridium_Botulinum_FAQ.html
Clostridium botulinum monoclonal antibody, clone KB22 - (MAB0406) - Products - AbnovaClostridium botulinum monoclonal antibody, clone KB22 - (MAB0406) - Products - Abnova
Mouse monoclonal antibody raised against Clostridium botulinum D Toxoid. Clostridium botulinum D toxoid (MAB0406) - Products - Abnova
http://www.abnova.com/products/products_detail.asp?catalog_id=MAB0406
Book Clostridium Botulinum (Food Science and Technology) by Hauschild Download PDF EPUB FB2Book Clostridium Botulinum (Food Science and Technology) by Hauschild Download PDF EPUB FB2
What is Clostridium botulinum? Clostridium botulinum are rod-shaped bacteria (also called C. are anaerobic, meaning they live and grow in low oxygen conditions. The bacteria form protective spores when conditions for survival are poor.
https://dopylypavywo.thuoctrigiatruyenbaphuong.com/clostridium-botulinum-book-11894ah.php
PDF] Clostridium botulinum by Christine Rasetti-Escargueil Download BookPDF] Clostridium botulinum by Christine Rasetti-Escargueil Download Book
What is Clostridium botulinum? Clostridium botulinum are rod-shaped bacteria (also called C. are anaerobic, meaning they live and grow in low oxygen conditions. The bacteria form protective spores when conditions for survival are poor.
https://xoxuruzinyvino.greggdev.com/clostridium-botulinum-book-14076wj.php
clostridium botulinum | I Love Petsclostridium botulinum | I Love Pets
About Clostridium botulinum:. Clostridium botulinum can cause severe and potentially fatal toxicity in both animals consuming the pet treat and people handling the pet treat or coming in contact with contact areas that have been exposed to the product. Common symptoms may include dizziness, blurred or double vision, trouble with speaking or swallowing, difficulty breathing, muscle weakness, abdominal distension, and constipation. Pets or Persons experiencing these symptoms should seek immediate medical attention.. FIND OUT WHAT OTHER PET BRANDS MADE THE RECALL LIST:. ...
https://ilovepets.co/tag/clostridium-botulinum/
China Clostridium Botulinum Treatment, WorldinMFG.comChina Clostridium Botulinum Treatment, WorldinMFG.com
Products list of China Clostridium Botulinum Treatment - You can find high-quality China Clostridium Botulinum Treatment on WorldinMFG.com
http://www.worldinmfg.com/products-search/china-clostridium-botulinum-treatment.html?style=p_list&showitem=20&isgold=1.html
Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins - microbewikiClostridium botulinum Neurotoxins - microbewiki
The carboxy-terminal domain of the heavy chain recognizes a specific binding site, while the nitrogen-terminus transports the lighter chain into the nerve cytosol (Peck et al. 2010). The lighter chain contains metalloproteases that target specific proteins involved in controlling the exocytosis machinery (Verderio et al. 2006). The inhibition of this integral machinery stops the release of acetylcholine and the neuron fails to send an important signal throughout the body. The lighter chain also decreases the stability of the binding complex, further preventing acetylcholine from being able to bind to the synaptic vesicles (Peck et al. 2010). In addition to releasing neurotoxins when exposed to varying environmental conditions, Clostridium botulinum also increases production of proteases that are secreted from the cell to breakdown polypeptides to contribute to contaminating food and therefore increasing its own toxicity. A large proportion of the bacterias genome encodes for several different ...
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium_botulinum_Neurotoxins
gltX - Glutamate--tRNA ligase - Clostridium botulinum (strain Alaska E43 / Type E3) - gltX gene & proteingltX - Glutamate--tRNA ligase - Clostridium botulinum (strain Alaska E43 / Type E3) - gltX gene & protein
Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two-step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu).
https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B2V5H4
CBO0556 - Putative membrane protein - Clostridium botulinum (strain Hall / ATCC 3502 / NCTC 13319 / Type A) - CBO0556 gene &...CBO0556 - Putative membrane protein - Clostridium botulinum (strain Hall / ATCC 3502 / NCTC 13319 / Type A) - CBO0556 gene &...
p>The checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. It is useful for tracking sequence updates.,/p> ,p>It should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low.,/p> ,p>However UniProtKB may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs).,/p> ,p>The checksum is computed as the sequence 64-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check value (CRC64) using the generator polynomial: x,sup>64,/sup> + x,sup>4,/sup> + x,sup>3,/sup> + x + 1. The algorithm is described in the ISO 3309 standard. ,/p> ,p class=publication>Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A. and Vetterling W.T.,br /> ,strong>Cyclic redundancy and other checksums,/strong>,br /> ,a href=http://www.nrbook.com/b/bookcpdf.php>Numerical recipes in C 2nd ed., pp896-902, Cambridge University Press (1993),/a>),/p> Checksum:i ...
https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A5HZA0
Why Requiring Testing for Clostridium botulinum on Cannabis is a bad idea | Medicinal GenomicsWhy Requiring Testing for Clostridium botulinum on Cannabis is a bad idea | Medicinal Genomics
A previous version of draft guidelines for cannabis testing in Florida listed Clostridium botulinum as a target for microbial testing. On the surface, this seems like a prudent action. After all, C. botulinum is a nasty organism that is responsible for a life-threatening disease called botulism. However, because it is so dangerous, the CDC/USDA has placed it on the FEDERAL SELECT AGENTS AND TOXINS LIST. This makes it very difficult for labs to acquire C. botulinum organisms to validate their tests. It requires BL3 storage and BL2 CO2 glove boxes to culture because its an obligate anaerobe. We dont know of a single cannabis testing lab that has a BL3 lab. There are also no attenuated strains available.. We know how hard it can be to test for C. botulinum. In a 2016 study, we detected C. botulinum DNA on a cannabis sample using 16S sequencing of short amplicons. Those results should always be verified with a species-specific confirmation assay, which we have designed. Our qPCR assay detects the ...
https://www.medicinalgenomics.com/requiring-testing-clostridium-botulinum-cannabis-bad-idea/
Amend Food Code Annex - Clarifying ROP of fish requirements | Council III | 2016 Scribe Packet | Conference for Food ProtectionAmend Food Code Annex - Clarifying ROP of fish requirements | Council III | 2016 Scribe Packet | Conference for Food Protection
The FDA Food Code Annex 3 explains the rationale for FDA Food Code Section 3-502.12 that using ROP methods in food establishments has the advantage of providing extended shelf life to many foods because it inhibits spoilage organisms that are typically aerobic1. For this reason, ROP has become a very popular method of packaging in retail food establishments. Most raw animal foods require a HACCP Plan only, and not a variance, because high levels of competing microorganisms help to control hazards of concern, mainly Listeria monocytogenes. However, ROP of raw fish has additional requirements for storage because of the presence of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type E in marine environments. This type of Clostridium botulinum can grow at temperatures as low as 37-38F2. Given the potency of the toxin that would be created, food products where C. botulinum type E is reasonably likely to occur must be stored at frozen temperatures.. The Fish and Fisheries Products Hazard Controls Guidance ...
http://www.foodprotect.org/issues/packets/2016ScribePacket/issues/III_032.html
War on Bacteria: Canada: Smoked fish recalled due to possible Clostridium botulinum.War on Bacteria: Canada: Smoked fish recalled due to possible Clostridium botulinum.
Food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum toxin may not look or smell spoiled but can still make you sick. Symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, blurred or double vision, dry mouth, respiratory failure and paralysis. In severe cases of illness, people may die. ...
http://waronbacteria.blogspot.com/2015/07/canada-smoked-fish-recalled-due-to.html
The structure of the neurotoxin-associated protein HA33/A from Clostridium botulinum suggests a reoccurring beta-trefoil fold...The structure of the neurotoxin-associated protein HA33/A from Clostridium botulinum suggests a reoccurring beta-trefoil fold...
The hemagglutinating protein HA33 from Clostridium botulinum is associated with the large botulinum neurotoxin secreted complexes and is critical in toxin protection, internalization, and possibly activation. We report the crystal structure of serotype A HA33 (HA33/A) at 1.5 A resolution that contains a unique domain organization and a carbohydrate recognition site. In addition, sequence alignments of the other toxin complex components, including the neurotoxin BoNT/A, hemagglutinating protein HA17/A, and non-toxic non-hemagglutinating protein NTNHA/A, suggests that most of the toxin complex consists of a reoccurring beta-trefoil fold ...
https://vivo.scripps.edu/display/endnote52445
On the discovery of Clostridium botulinumOn the discovery of Clostridium botulinum
A description is given of a food intoxication in 1895 at Ellezelles, a village in Belgium. As a result 3 persons died within a few days and others became seriously ill. A thorough investigation by E. van Ermengem led to the discovery of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin. About 75 years later …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624135/?dopt=Abstract
What is Clostridium Botulinum?What is Clostridium Botulinum?
Clostridium botulinum is bacteria which is present in untreated water, soil and dust all over the world and can also be found on a number of food items, for example, anything which has been grown in soil may have had contact with the bacteria. The bacteria in its natural state is not harmful but, as an obligate anaerobe, if it is deprived of oxygen, its spores start to produce toxins which can, in very rare cases, be fatal. It is no exaggeration to say that it is probably the most dangerous of food borne illnesses that can be contracted. The toxins attack the nervous system, disabling the neurotransmitters which carry instructions from the brain to our muscles, thus causing paralysis. Symptoms include nausea, dizziness, vomiting, double vision, drooping eyelids and paralysis amongst others. It can be treated with antitoxins which prevent the toxins from travelling round the body so an immediate visit to the doctor or hospital is absolutely imperative.. Foodborne botulism is generally ...
https://catersafeconsultants.co.uk/what-is-clostridium-botulinum/
AID 329446 - Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum recombinant BoNT/A light chain toxin expressed in Escherichia coli by FRET...AID 329446 - Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum recombinant BoNT/A light chain toxin expressed in Escherichia coli by FRET...
BioAssay record AID 329446 submitted by ChEMBL: Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum recombinant BoNT/A light chain toxin expressed in Escherichia coli by FRET assay.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/329446
New publication: Guidelines for Setting Shelf Life of Chilled Foods in Relation to Non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum -...New publication: Guidelines for Setting Shelf Life of Chilled Foods in Relation to Non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum -...
UK food industry and UK and Australian research organisations have produced this guidance, which is designed to ensure that sufficient information is provided by FBOs and laboratories to arrive at valid decisions regarding the shelf life of chilled foods in relation to non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum. The Guidelines are intended to also support FBOs when challenged by Competent Authorities.. The Guidelines summarise in an accessible way:. ...
https://www.chilledfood.org/new-publication-guidelines-for-setting-shelf-life-of-chilled-foods-in-relation-to-non-proteolytic-clostridium-botulinum/
FBpp0077614 from Drosophila melanogaster 76 5FBpp0077614 from Drosophila melanogaster 76 5
Domain architecture, protein sequence and external database links and dcGO predictor for FBpp0077614 from Drosophila melanogaster 76_5.
https://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/dcpredictor.cgi?obo=GO
Clostridium botulinum - WikipediaClostridium botulinum - Wikipedia
Li clostrideye do botulisse, c est l microbe del famile des clostrideyes ki cåze li botulisse des djins et des biesses. No d l indje e sincieus latén : Clostridium botulinum ...
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum
C3KTD0 | SWISS-MODEL RepositoryC3KTD0 | SWISS-MODEL Repository
SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for C3KTD0 (TGT_CLOB6), Queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase. Clostridium botulinum (strain 657 / Type Ba4)
https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/C3KTD0
SWISS-MODEL Repository | C3KX86SWISS-MODEL Repository | C3KX86
SWISS-MODEL Repository entry for C3KX86 (SCPB_CLOB6), Segregation and condensation protein B. Clostridium botulinum (strain 657 / Type Ba4)
https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/C3KX86
A novel strain of Clostridium botulinum that produces type B and type H botulinum toxins. - PubMed - NCBIA novel strain of Clostridium botulinum that produces type B and type H botulinum toxins. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24106296?dopt=Abstract
OPUS Würzburg | SearchOPUS Würzburg | Search
Background: The C3bot1 protein (~23 kDa) from Clostridium botulinum ADP-ribosylates and thereby inactivates Rho. C3bot1 is selectively taken up into the cytosol of monocytes/macrophages but not of other cell types such as epithelial cells or fibroblasts. Most likely, the internalization occurs by a specific endocytotic pathway via acidified endosomes. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we tested whether enzymatic inactive C3bot1E174Q serves as a macrophage-selective transport system for delivery of enzymatic active proteins into the cytosol of such cells. Having confirmed that C3bot1E174Q does not induce macrophage activation, we used the actin ADP-ribosylating C2I (~50 kDa) from Clostridium botulinum as a reporter enzyme for C3bot1E174Q-mediated delivery into macrophages. The recombinant C3bot1E174Q-C2I fusion toxin was cloned and expressed as GST-protein in Escherichia coli. Purified C3bot1E174Q-C2I was recognized by antibodies against C2I and C3bot and showed C2I-specific enzyme activity ...
https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/authorsearch/author/%22Felder%2C+Edward%22/start/0/rows/10/author_facetfq/Barth%2C+Holger
HOGENOM: CLBOT1 1 PE1005HOGENOM: CLBOT1 1 PE1005
ID CLBOT1_1_PE1005 STANDARD; PRT; 297 AA. AC CLBOT1_1_PE1005; A5I0L8; A7G2D2; DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 1, Created) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 2, Last sequence update) DT 00-JAN-0000 (Rel. 3, Last annotation update) DE SubName: Full=LysR-family transcriptional regulator;SubName: DE Full=Transcriptional regulator, LysR family; (CLBOT1_1.PE1005). GN OrderedLocusNames=CBO1026, CLC_1079; OS CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM A STR. ATCC 3502. OC Bacteria; Firmicutes; Clostridia; Clostridiales; Clostridiaceae; OC Clostridium. OX NCBI_TaxID=413999; RN [0] RP -.; RG -.; RL -.; CC -!- SEQ. DATA ORIGIN: Translated from the HOGENOM CDS CLBOT1_1.PE1005. CC Clostridium botulinum A str. ATCC 3502, complete genome. CC sequence. CC -!- ANNOTATIONS ORIGIN:A5I0L8_CLOBH CC -!- SIMILARITY: Contains 1 HTH lysR-type DNA-binding domain. CC -!- GENE_FAMILY: HOG000233521 [ FAMILY / ALN / TREE ] DR UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot; A5I0L8; A7G2D2; -. DR EMBL; CP000727; ABS37623.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR EMBL; AM412317; CAL82579.1; -; Genomic_DNA. DR RefSeq; ...
http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/cgi-bin/acnuc-search-id?query=CLBOT1_1_PE1005&db=HOGENOM&ident=ACNUC7421
Gene Expression Profiling of Clostridium botulinum under Heat Shock StressGene Expression Profiling of Clostridium botulinum under Heat Shock Stress
BioMed Research International is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, and clinical studies covering a wide range of subjects in life sciences and medicine. The journal is divided into 55 subject areas.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/760904/sup/
CEA/DSV/IBeB/SBVMe/LEMIRE - P2CS Database Clostridium botulinum E3 str. Alaska E43CEA/DSV/IBeB/SBVMe/LEMIRE - P2CS Database Clostridium botulinum E3 str. Alaska E43
Signal transduction proteins, Histidine Kinase, Response regulator, Phophotransfer protein, HPT, Phosphorelay, complete metagenomes browser, TCS, Prokaryotic Two-Component Systems database, P2CS, annotation browser, MIST, SENTRA
http://www.p2cs.org/page.php?base=Clob21DB
Gentaur Molecular :Meridian Life Science \ Rabbit A C. botulinum Type A \ B76900RGentaur Molecular :Meridian Life Science \ Rabbit A C. botulinum Type A \ B76900R
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Meridian Life Science \ Rabbit A C. botulinum Type A \ B76900R for more molecular products just contact us
http://www.antibody-antibodies.com/product_det.php?id=328611&supplier=search&name=Rabbit%20A
Botulinum Toxins- Biological WeaponsBotulinum Toxins- Biological Weapons
Botulism is caused by intoxication with the any of the seven distinct neurotoxins produced by the bacillus, |I|Clostridium botulinum.|/I| The toxins are proteins with molecular weights of approximately 150,000, which bind to the presynaptic membrane of neurons at peripheral cholinergic synapses to prevent release of acetylcholine and block neurotransmission.
https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_botulinum.htm
Pre GI: GenePre GI: Gene
General Information: Clostridium botulinum A strain Hall was received at Fort Detrick from Harvard University in 1947. The strain is presumably one from Dr. Ivan Halls collection, but the exact strain number has been lost. This strain produces high amounts of type A toxin. Produces botulinum, one of the most potent toxins known. This genus comprises about 150 metabolically diverse species of anaerobes that are ubiquitous in virtually all anoxic habitats where organic compounds are present, including soils, aquatic sediments and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. This shape is attributed to the presence of endospores that develop under conditions unfavorable for vegetative growth and distend single cells terminally or sub-terminally. Spores germinate under conditions favorable for vegetative growth, such as anaerobiosis and presence of organic substrates. It is believed that present day Mollicutes (Eubacteria) have evolved regressively (i.e., by genome reduction) from gram-positive ...
http://pregi.bi.up.ac.za/pre_gi_gene.php?source_accession=NC_009698&gi_accession=NC_009698:2367171
EPO - T 0432/12 () of 7.10.2015EPO - T 0432/12 () of 7.10.2015
Summary of Facts and Submissions. I. The appellant (opponent) lodged an appeal against the decision to reject the opposition and maintain European patent No. 1 526 091 as granted, and requested that the decision under appeal be set aside and that the patent be revoked.. Opposition had been filed against the patent as a whole, on grounds according to Article 100(a) EPC (novelty and inventive step).. II. The patent proprietor (respondent) requested in its reply to the appeal that the appeal be dismissed and, if the decision was set aside, that the patent be maintained on the basis of one of auxiliary requests 1 to 3 filed with letter of 7 September 2012.. III. The following documents from the opposition proceedings were mentioned in a single sentence in the statement setting out the grounds of appeal:. E1: M.E. Peterson et al., Heat-Pasteurisation Process for Inactivation of Nonproteolytic Types of Clostridium botulinum in Picked Dungeness Crabmeat, Journal of Food Protection, Volume 60, No 8, ...
http://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/t120432eu1.html
mediaTUM - Media and Publication ServermediaTUM - Media and Publication Server
Tumor endothelial marker (TEM) 5 is an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor upregulated in endothelial cells during tumor and physiologic angiogenesis. So far, the mechanisms leading to upregulation of TEM5 and its function during angiogenesis have not been identified. Here, we report that TEM5 expression in endothelial cells is induced during capillary-like network formation on Matrigel, during capillary morphogenesis in a three-dimensional collagen I matrix, and upon confluence on a two-dimensional matrix. TEM5 expression was not induced by a variety of soluble angiogenic factors, including VEGF and bFGF, in subconfluent endothelial cells. TEM5 upregulation was blocked by toxin B from Clostridium difficile, an inhibitor of the small GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42. The Rho inhibitor C3 transferase from Clostridium botulinum did not affect TEM5 expression, whereas the Rac inhibitor NSC23766 suppressed TEM5 upregulation. An excess of the soluble TEM5 extracellular domain or an inhibitory monoclonal ...
http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1072849?result_nav=last&change_language=de&searchmode=extended
Emergencies Biological BotulismEmergencies Biological Botulism
There are three main types of botulism, categorized by the way the disease is acquired. Food-borne botulism is caused by eating food contaminated with botulinum toxin. This typically occurs when a stored food item contains Clostridium botulinum spores which begin to grow and produce the toxin within the food item, if environmental conditions are favorable.. Wound botulism occurs when the Clostridium botulinum bacteria infects a wound and then produces the toxin.. Infant botulism occurs when an infant consumes the spores of the botulinum bacteria which are commonly found in the environment. Once the bacteria enter an infants immature intestines, the spores can grow produce and release the toxins.. Adult intestinal botulism is the rarest form of botulism. Like infant botulism, it is caused when Clostridium botulinum spores are eaten in food. If environmental conditions are favorable in the intestinal tract, the bacteria may grow in that location and produce botulinum toxin, which is then absorbed ...
https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/emergency-preparedness/emergencies-biological-botulism.page
Structural and biochemical characterization of botulinum neurotoxin subtype b2 binding to its receptors<...Structural and biochemical characterization of botulinum neurotoxin subtype b2 binding to its receptors<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Structural and biochemical characterization of botulinum neurotoxin subtype b2 binding to its receptors. AU - Davies, Jonathan R.. AU - Masuyer, Geoffrey. AU - Stenmark, Pål. PY - 2020/9/17. Y1 - 2020/9/17. N2 - Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) can be used therapeutically to treat a wide range of neuromuscular and neurological conditions. A collection of natural BoNT variants exists which can be classified into serologically distinct serotypes (BoNT/B), and further divided into subtypes (BoNT/B1, B2,...). BoNT subtypes share a high degree of sequence identity within the same serotype yet can display large variation in toxicity. One such example is BoNT/B2, which was isolated from Clostridium botulinum strain 111 in a clinical case of botulism, and presents a 10-fold lower toxicity than BoNT/B1. In an effort to understand the molecular mechanisms behind this difference in potency, we here present the crystal structures of BoNT/B2 in complex with the ganglioside receptor GD1a, and ...
https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/structural-and-biochemical-characterization-of-botulinum-neurotox
Project: Immuno-PCR for the detection of Clostridium botulinum toxins in animals, feed and milkProject: Immuno-PCR for the detection of Clostridium botulinum toxins in animals, feed and milk
The objective of the project is the development of in vitro detection methods for the different toxins (A, B, C, D, E and F) of Clostridium botulinum by optimizing both a competitive immuno-PCR test (icqPCR) and a quantitative immuno-PCR (iqPCR) and by comparing one to another with regard to the obtained specificity and sensitivity of detection for each type of botulinum toxin as well as to compare them to the reference method for detection of botulinum toxins being the mice toxicity test ...
https://biblio.ugent.be/project/160V4508
Botulism - Botulism Botulism is a disease caused by the ingestion of a toxin produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium...Botulism - Botulism Botulism is a disease caused by the ingestion of a toxin produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium...
View Notes - Botulism from BIOL 121 at Mary Washington. Botulism Botulism is a disease caused by the ingestion of a toxin produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium. All domestic fowl and most
https://www.coursehero.com/file/73377/Botulism/
Skadi Kull; Melanie Schulz; Jasmin Weisemann née Strotmeier; Sebastian Kirchner; Tanja Schreiber; Alexander Bollenbach; Piotr...Skadi Kull; Melanie Schulz; Jasmin Weisemann née Strotmeier; Sebastian Kirchner; Tanja Schreiber; Alexander Bollenbach; Piotr...
Botulism is a severe neurological disease caused by the complex family of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT). Based on the different serotypes known today, a classification of serotype variants termed subtypes has been proposed according to sequence diversity and immunological properties. However, the relevance of BoNT subtypes is currently not well understood. Here we describe the isolation of a novel Clostridium botulinum strain from a food-borne botulism outbreak near Chemnitz, Germany. Comparison of its botulinum neurotoxin gene sequence with published sequences identified it to be a novel subtype within the BoNT/A serotype designated BoNT/A8. The neurotoxin gene is located within an ha-orfX+ cluster and showed highest homology to BoNT/A1, A2, A5, and A6. Unexpectedly, we found an arginine insertion located in the HC domain of the heavy chain, which is unique compared to all other BoNT/A subtypes known so far. Functional characterization revealed that the binding characteristics to its main ...
http://edoc.rki.de/docviews/abstract.php?lang=ger&id=3786
Infant Botulism - American Family PhysicianInfant Botulism - American Family Physician
Although the worldwide incidence of infant botulism is rare, the majority of cases are diagnosed in the United States. An infant can acquire botulism by ingesting Clostridium botulinum spores, which are found in soil or honey products. The spores germinate into bacteria that colonize the bowel and synthesize toxin. As the toxin is absorbed, it irreversibly binds to acetylcholine receptors on motor nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. The infant with botulism becomes progressively weak, hypotonic and hyporeflexic, showing bulbar and spinal nerve abnormalities. Presenting symptoms include constipation, lethargy, a weak cry, poor feeding and dehydration. A high index of suspicion is important for the diagnosis and prompt treatment of infant botulism, because this disease can quickly progress to respiratory failure. Diagnosis is confirmed by isolating the organism or toxin in the stool and finding a classic electromyogram pattern. Treatment consists of nutritional and respiratory support until new
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/0401/p1388.html
JoVE Author Search: Arnon SSJoVE Author Search: Arnon SS
Clostridium, Clostridium Botulinum, Gene, Gene Cluster, Gene Clusters, Strain, Botulism, Infant, Infant Botulism, Genes, Botulinum Toxin, Infant Formula, Spores, Clostridium Botulinum Type F, Gene Arrangement, Is Element, Time, Chromosome, Identification, Plasmid
http://labindex.jove.com/author/Arnon-SS
Patente US7507419 - Topically applied Clostridium botulinum toxin compositions and treatment methods - Google PatentesPatente US7507419 - Topically applied Clostridium botulinum toxin compositions and treatment methods - Google Patentes
Hyperactive glandular conditions are treated using topically formulated botulinum toxin compositions. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, topical botulinum preparations are applied directly to the skin by a patient as needed to suppress his or her hyperhidrosis, bromhidrosis, chromhidrosis, nevus sudoriferous, acne, seborrhiec dermatitis or other glandular condition. In other embodiments, topical botulinum toxins are applied with the aid of mechanical, electrical, and/or chemical transdermal delivery enhancers.
http://www.google.es/patents/US7507419?hl=es&dq=flatulence
A severe case of infant botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum type A with concomitant intestinal viral infections. - PubMed...A severe case of infant botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum type A with concomitant intestinal viral infections. - PubMed...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15170567?dopt=Abstract
Go to Botulism.Go to Botulism.
Two other forms of botulism also have occurred. Adult intestinal botulism is very rare and occurs among adults by the same route as infant botulism. Iatrogenic botulism is also very rare and can occur as a complication from injecting botulism toxin for cosmetic or medical purposes.. Who gets botulism?. Anyone can get botulism with about 200 cases reported in the United States each year. Most cases involve infant botulism which occurs in babies younger than 12 months old. Infant botulism has been associated with honey, a natural product that can contain botulism spores. Foodborne botulism can occur after eating home-canned, preserved or fermented foods that are contaminated with toxin. Foods with low acid content (e.g., asparagus, green beans, beets, corn, and potatoes) are the most common sources of home-canning related botulism. Wound botulism can occur more often in people who inject drugs or who have open wounds that are exposed to soil or gravel. Iatrogenic botulism is rare but can occur ...
http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/botulism/
Clostridium botulinum 50S ribosomal protein L35 (rpmI) GENTAUR-58b8248c608e4 | GentaursearchClostridium botulinum 50S ribosomal protein L35 (rpmI) GENTAUR-58b8248c608e4 | Gentaursearch
Clostridium botulinum 50S ribosomal protein L35 (rpmI) datasheet and description hight quality product and Backed by our Guarantee
https://gentaursearch.com/product/human/724171/clostridium-botulinum-50s-ribosomal-protein-l35-rpmi.html
Clostridium novyi - WikipediaClostridium novyi - Wikipedia
Clostridium novyi (oedematiens) a Gram-positive, endospore- forming, obligate anaerobic bacteria of the class clostridia. It is ubiquitous, being found in the soil and faeces. It is pathogenic, causing a wide variety of diseases in man and animals. It comes in three types, labelled A, B, and a non-pathogenic type C distinguished by the range of toxins they produce. Some authors include Clostridium haemolyticum as Clostridium novyi type D. C novyi is closely related to Clostridium botulinum types C and D as Yoshimasa Sasaki et al. have demonstrated by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Growth in culture proceeds through 3 stages: Initial growth wherein no toxin is produced; vigorous growth wherein toxin is produced; and spore formation wherein endospores are formed and toxin production decreases. It is suggested that type C may be type B that forms spores more readily so does not go through the toxin-production stage. Isolating and identifying C novyi is difficult due to its extreme anaerobic nature. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_novyi
Waterbird mortality from botulism type E in Lake Michigan (USA, Canada): an updateWaterbird mortality from botulism type E in Lake Michigan (USA, Canada): an update
Three outbreaks of botulism type E occurring in waterbirds on Lake Michigan since autumn 1976 are discussed. Natural ingestion of food containing type E toxin by Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) and the presence of type E toxin in the blood from moribund gulls were demonstrated. Concurrent presence of type C and type E botulinal toxins was found in a die-off of Common Loons (Gavia immer). In combination with previous reported outbreaks, these incidents suggest that this disease is geographically widespread in Lake Michigan, and that environmental conditions conducive to type E botulinal toxin production and consumption occur in both summer and autumn....
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/1003836
Oalib searchOalib search
Abstract: The paper presents the more important data on the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, the appearance of botulism, hazard analysis and the possibilities for preventing botulism. Proteolytic strains of C.botulinum Group I, whose spores are resistant to heat, create toxins predominantly in cans containing slightly sour food items, in the event that the spores are not inactivated in the course of sterilization. Non-proteolytic strains of Group II are more sensitive to high temperatures, but they have the ability to grow and create toxins at low temperatures. Type E most often creates a toxin in vacuum-packed smoked fish, and the non-proteolytic strain type B in dried hams and certain pasteurized meat products. The following plays an important role in the prevention of botulism: reducing to a minimum meat contamination with spores of clostridia, implementing good hygiene measures and production practice during the slaughter of animals, the inactivation of spores of C. botulinum during ...
http://www.oalib.com/search?kw=Victor%20M.%20Vasilev&searchField=authors
Injection Drug Use and Wound Botulism | Botulism | CDCInjection Drug Use and Wound Botulism | Botulism | CDC
human botulism, Clostridium botulinum, C botulinum, CB toxin, botulinum toxin, neuroparalysis, neurotoxin, food-borne botulism, FBB, wound botulism, WB
https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/wound-botulism.html
Welcome to the Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention ProgramWelcome to the Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program
For clinical consultation for a patient with suspected infant botulism, the patients physician should contact the Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program (IBTPP) on-call physician at (510) 231-7600 (24/7/365). To obtain BabyBIG® for a patient with suspect infant botulism, the physician must contact the IBTPP on-call physicians ...
http://infantbotulism.org/physician/obtain.php
Botulism in Canada Linked to Fermented Fish | Food Safety NewsBotulism in Canada Linked to Fermented Fish | Food Safety News
In a news release, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) said three people are ill after eating fesikh from Lotus Catering and Fine Food in Toronto. The CFIA said the fish has been recalled because it may be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum, the bacterium that produces toxins which can cause botulism.. Fesikh is a traditional Egyptian fish dish made from mullet, which is dried in the sun until it putrefies and then salted and left to pickle for at least 40 days. Despite annual warnings by health officials against the dangers of fesikh, most Egyptians eat it during the Sham al-Nessim spring celebration.. Cases of food poisoning from incorrectly prepared fesikh are reported each year.. Food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum toxin may not look or smell spoiled. Consumption of food contaminated with the toxin may cause nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, headache, double vision, dry throat, respiratory failure and paralysis. In severe cases of illness, people may die.. For more ...
http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/04/botulism-cases-in-canada-linked-to-fermented-fish/
Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990-2000 - Volume 10, Number 9-September 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal ...Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990-2000 - Volume 10, Number 9-September 2004 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal ...
In previous eras, conditions conducive to the survival of C. botulinum spores and their subsequent germination in food were much more common. Nevertheless, enduring methods of preparing certain homemade foods, new ways of packaging commercial foods, new food preferences, or new techniques for preparing familiar foods that support the growth of C. botulinum render it likely that foodborne botulism will afflict humans for the foreseeable future.. From 1990 to 2000, home-canned foods remained a leading cause of foodborne botulism in the United States. New interventions should be explored to ensure that methods of home canning vegetables incorporate adequate barriers to prevent C. botulinum germination. Possible areas of research may include development of practical dye indicators for pH and temperatures above those of refrigeration. Botulism associated with Alaska Native foods is likely an age-old problem, compounded in recent decades by altering traditional practices in an unsafe manner, in ...
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/9/03-0745_article
Clostridium Botulinum B Toxoid Antibody (KBB18) [Alexa Fluor® 647] (NB100-73117AF647): Novus BiologicalsClostridium Botulinum B Toxoid Antibody (KBB18) [Alexa Fluor® 647] (NB100-73117AF647): Novus Biologicals
Mouse Monoclonal Anti-Clostridium Botulinum B Toxoid Antibody (KBB18) [Alexa Fluor® 647]. Validated: ELISA. Tested Reactivity: Bacteria. 100% Guaranteed.
https://www.novusbio.com/products/clostridium-botulinum-b-toxoid-antibody-kbb18_nb100-73117af647
Journal: Applied and environmental microbiology / Source: 2009 v.75 no.9 / Subject: bacteria - PubAg Search ResultsJournal: Applied and environmental microbiology / Source: 2009 v.75 no.9 / Subject: bacteria - PubAg Search Results
In this study, we determined the effects of incubation temperature and prior heat treatment on the lag-phase kinetics of individual spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Eklund 17B. The times to germination (tgerm), one mature cell (tC₁), and two mature cells (tC₂) were measured for individual unheated spores incubated at 8, 10, 15, or 22°C and used to calculate the tgerm, the outgrowth t ...
https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/?f%5Bjournal_name%5D%5B%5D=Applied+and+environmental+microbiology&f%5Bsource%5D%5B%5D=2009+v.75+no.9&f%5Bsubject_term%5D%5B%5D=bacteria&per_page=20
Clostridium Botulinum (Botulism) - Videos LivClostridium Botulinum (Botulism) - Videos Liv
You said high pressure cooking can destroy the toxin? Does it destroy the toxin? Or just the bacteria? And if it destroys the toxin, can I just cook my bulgey can of food before I eat it?. Reply ...
https://videosliv.com/clostridium-botulinum-botulism/
Food Safety AlertFood Safety Alert
D & M Smoked Fish, Inc. located in Queens, New York, is recalling Haifa brand vacuum packaged Schmaltz Herring with the lot number 168, because the product was found to be uneviscerated.. The lot being recalled is a product of Norway, individually vacuum-packed in clear plastic pouches with lot # 168 & Sell by date of 7/20/10 indicated on the label and distributed through food retailers in the NY area.. The Schmaltz Herring was sampled by a New York State Agriculture and Markets Food Inspector during a routine inspection. Analysis of the product by New York State Food Laboratory personnel confirmed that Schmaltz Herring was improperly eviscerated prior to processing.. The sale of uneviscerated fish is prohibited under New York State Agriculture and Markets regulations because of Clostridium Botulinum spores are more likely to be concentrated in the viscera than any other portion of the fish. Uneviscerated fish has been linked to outbreaks of botulism poisoning.. Botulism is a serious and ...
https://www.agriculture.ny.gov/AD/alert.asp?ReleaseID=913
KEGG PATHWAY: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) - Clostridium botulinum A ATCC 3502KEGG PATHWAY: Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) - Clostridium botulinum A ATCC 3502
The citrate cycle (TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) is an important aerobic pathway for the final steps of the oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids. The cycle starts with acetyl-CoA, the activated form of acetate, derived from glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation for carbohydrates and from beta oxidation of fatty acids. The two-carbon acetyl group in acetyl-CoA is transferred to the four-carbon compound of oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon compound of citrate. In a series of reactions two carbons in citrate are oxidized to CO2 and the reaction pathway supplies NADH for use in the oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic processes. The pathway also supplies important precursor metabolites including 2-oxoglutarate. At the end of the cycle the remaining four-carbon part is transformed back to oxaloacetate. According to the genome sequence data, many organisms seem to lack genes for the full cycle [MD:M00009], but contain genes for specific segments [MD:M00010 M00011 ...
http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?cbo00020
Clostridium botulinum - Substance Information - ECHAClostridium botulinum - Substance Information - ECHA
This list contains a non-exhaustive inventory of substances that fall within the scope of the European Unions definition of hazardous chemical and biological substances, as provided on: (1) Table 3 of Annex VI to the CLP Regulation 1272/2008/EC; and (2) Annex III of Directive 2000/54/EC (Biological Agents). The EUs Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Framework Directive 89/391/EEC applies to risks arising from chemical, physical and biological agents at the workplace.. ...
https://chesar.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.297.431
KEGG PATHWAY: Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - Clostridium botulinum F LangelandKEGG PATHWAY: Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - Clostridium botulinum F Langeland
Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a large class of natural products consisting of isoprene (C5) units. There are two biosynthetic pathways, the mevalonate pathway [MD:M00095] and the non-mevalonate pathway or the MEP/DOXP pathway [MD:M00096], for the terpenoid building blocks: isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). The action of prenyltransferases then generates higher-order building blocks: geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farsenyl diphosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which are the precursors of monoterpenoids (C10), sesquiterpenoids (C15), and diterpenoids (C20), respectively. Condensation of these building blocks gives rise to the precursors of sterols (C30) and carotenoids (C40). The MEP/DOXP pathway is absent in higher animals and fungi, but in green plants the MEP/DOXP and mevalonate pathways co-exist in separate cellular compartments. The MEP/DOXP pathway, operating in the plastids, is responsible for the formation of essential oil ...
http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?cbf00900
MEA2100-Systems | www.multichannelsystems.comMEA2100-Systems | www.multichannelsystems.com
Becker S, Vinberg F (2020) Rod phototransduction and light signal transmission during type 2 diabetes. bioRxiv:2020.2001.2014.905265.. Cai H, Li B, Bai A, Huang J, Zhan Y, Sun N, Liang Q, Xu C (2020) Establishing a new human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-specific model using human embryonic stem cells. Exp Cell Res 387:111736.. Kamar S, Howlett MHC, Klooster J, Graaff W, Csikos T, Rabelink M, Hoeben RC, Kamermans M (2020) Degenerated Cones in Cultured Human Retinas Can Successfully Be Optogenetically Reactivated. Int J Mol Sci 21.. Satir TM, Nazir FH, Vizlin-Hodzic D, Hardselius E, Blennow K, Wray S, Zetterberg H, Agholme L, Bergstrom P (2020) Accelerated neuronal and synaptic maturation by BrainPhys medium increases Abeta secretion and alters Abeta peptide ratios from iPSC-derived cortical neurons. Sci Rep 10:601.. Soscia DA, Lam D, Tooker AC, Enright HA, Triplett M, Karande P, Peters SKG, Sales AP, Wheeler EK, Fischer NO (2020) A flexible 3-dimensional microelectrode array for in vitro brain ...
https://www.multichannelsystems.com/products/mea2100-systems?maxWidth=80%25&maxHeight=80%25&inline=true&title=256MEA100/30iR-ITO
Infant BotulismInfant Botulism
Infant botulism can occur when a newborn ingests bacteria that produce toxins inside the body. Its very rare and most babies who do get botulism recover fully.
http://kidshealth.org/LAWW/en/parents/botulism.html
Infant BotulismInfant Botulism
Infant botulism can occur when a newborn ingests bacteria that produce toxins inside the body. Its very rare and most babies who do get botulism recover fully.
https://www.brennerchildrens.org/KidsHealth/Parents/Infections/Bacterial-and-Viral-Infections/Infant-Botulism.htm?__t=610
Fish dish recalled due to botulinum toxin concerns | Burnley ExpressFish dish recalled due to botulinum toxin concerns | Burnley Express
Manufacturing controls to prevent the growth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum - which can lead to the potentially fatal food poisoning botulism - could not be demonstrated by the maker of the product, hence the recall. ...
https://www.burnleyexpress.net/news/fish-dish-recalled-due-botulinum-toxin-concerns-657570
BOTULISM - Butanoblog Nervous System Diseases | BOTULISMBOTULISM - Butanoblog Nervous System Diseases | BOTULISM
BOTULISM is occurs after ingestion of food contaminated with clostridium Botulinum. Home canned vegetables, smoked meat or vacuum packed fish
https://butanoblog.com/botulism/
botulism | pathology | Britannica.combotulism | pathology | Britannica.com
botulism: Poisoning by a toxin, called botulinum toxin, produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. This poisoning results most frequently from the eating of improperly sterilized home-...
https://www.britannica.com/science/botulism
Pre GI: BLASTP HitsPre GI: BLASTP Hits
General Information: Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B is a nonproteolytic botulism neurotoxin B strain. This strain was isolated from marine sediments taken off the coast of Washington, USA and was not associated with botulism. This genus comprises about 150 metabolically diverse species of anaerobes that are ubiquitous in virtually all anoxic habitats where organic compounds are present, including soils, aquatic sediments and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. This shape is attributed to the presence of endospores that develop under conditions unfavorable for vegetative growth and distend single cells terminally or sub-terminally. Spores germinate under conditions favorable for vegetative growth, such as anaerobiosis and presence of organic substrates. It is believed that present day Mollicutes (Eubacteria) have evolved regressively (i.e., by genome reduction) from gram-positive clostridia-like ancestors with a low GC content in DNA. This organism produces one of the most ...
http://pregi.bi.up.ac.za/pre_gi_blast.php?blast_source_accession=NC_010674&blast_cds_query=NC_010674:828191:830247&sort=source
China Orders Abbott Formula Recall Over Botulism Risk | InvestorPlaceInvestorPlaceChina Orders Abbott Formula Recall Over Botulism Risk | InvestorPlaceInvestorPlace
1]Chinese regulators have asked an American firm to pull two products from the market[2].. On Tuesday, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine requested that Abbott Laboratories (ABT[3]) recall two batches infant formula after New Zealands embassy warned that some of the formula could contain a harmful bacteria, the Wall Street Journal notes.. The regulator said that formula, which use ingredients from New Zealands Fonterra Co-Operative Group, a diary farm, may have been contaminated by Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism, a potentially debilitating and fatal disease.. Chinese regulators are also recalling a number of other food and beverage products containing potentially contaminated Fonterra ingredients across China.. Last month, Chinese authorities arrested a number of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK[4]) employs for allegedly paying illicit incentives to physicians to prescribe the companys drugs[5].. Shares of Abbott Laboratories fell modestly in ...
https://investorplace.com/2013/08/china-orders-abbott-formula-recall-over-botulism-risk/print
Know About Botox | Health BlogKnow About Botox | Health Blog
Botox (brand name) is botulinum toxin A (protein in nature), which is made from bacteria (clostridium botulinum and clostridia) responsible for botulism.
http://healthyone.org/know-about-botox/
share via emailshare via email
Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic spore-forming bacillus. Physicians in Norway are required to notify the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) of cases of botulism immediately
http://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/esm.04.01.00044-en
Lockys English Playground: 19-Aug-2013Lockys English Playground: 19-Aug-2013
Clostridium botulinum -- (n)[S] a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produces several toxins. The best known are its neurotoxins, subdivided in types A-G, that cause the flaccid muscular paralysis seen in botulism. They are also the main paralytic agent in botox. C. botulinum is an anaerobic spore-former, which produces oval, subterminal endospores and is commonly found in soil ...
http://lockyep.blogspot.com/2013_08_19_archive.html
WAC 246-215-03535: Specialized processing methods-Variance requirement (2009 FDA Food Code 3-502.11).WAC 246-215-03535: Specialized processing methods-Variance requirement (2009 FDA Food Code 3-502.11).
4) Packaging FOOD using a REDUCED OXYGEN PACKAGING method except where the growth of and toxin formation by Clostridium botulinum and the growth of Listeria monocytogenes are controlled as specified under WAC 246-215-03540 ...
http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=246-215-03535
NewYork-Presbyterian Queens - Food PoisoningNewYork-Presbyterian Queens - Food Poisoning
Hepatitis A and other viral diseases may be passed through the hands of infected people onto the hands of food handlers or into sewage. Shellfish and other foods which may have been exposed to sewage-contaminated water can transmit these viral diseases.. Botulism is a rare but deadly form of food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum, which is found almost everywhere, including in soil and water. Low acid foods, such as meat, fish, poultry, or vegetables, that are improperly canned or improperly preserved may be breeding grounds for this bacteria. Raw honey and corn syrup can also cause botulism in infants. Babies under the age of 1 year old should never be given honey or corn syrup for this reason.. ...
http://www.nyhq.org/diw/Content.asp?PageID=DIW000839&More=DIW
Excessive Sweating (Hyperhidrosis) | Nexus ClinicExcessive Sweating (Hyperhidrosis) | Nexus Clinic
Botulinum toxin is a protein derived from a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum, having undergone a proven safe and highly effective purification process. It is therefore organic and completely safe. Since the early 1970s it has been used in treating conditions in many fields of medicine including neurology and ophthalmology and it has been used in aesthetic medicine for over 20 years.. In over 30 years of use in medicine, there have never been any reported serious allergic reactions and with such longevity we can say with certainty that there are no long term side effects. The most important thing to remember is that this treatment is non-permanent and very safe. The is metabolised at the injection site and it does not spread to any other parts of the body.. ...
https://nexus-clinic.com/excessive-sweating-hyperhidrosis/
Botulism sera : usage, side effects, expert advice and botulism sera based medicines | 1mgBotulism sera : usage, side effects, expert advice and botulism sera based medicines | 1mg
Botulism sera is used in the treatment of botulism.get complete information about botulism sera including usage, side effects, drug interaction, expert advice along with medicines associated with botulism sera at 1mg.com
https://www.1mg.com/generics/botulism-sera-212883
Odkrili najmočnejši strup, DNK tajen do priprave protistrupa @ Slo-TechOdkrili najmočnejši strup, DNK tajen do priprave protistrupa @ Slo-Tech
Ena izmed ljudem najnevarnejših spojin na svetu so živčni strupi bakterij Clostridium botulinum (in sorodnic C. butyricum, C. baratii, C. argentinense), ki imajo LD50 (odmerek, pri katerem umre polovica izpostavljenih osebkov) okrog 1-2 ng/kg za intravenozni vnos in približno desetkrat več ob vdihavanju. Znanstveniki so odkrili novo vrsto tega strupa, ki je najbolj nevarna izmed vseh znanih, sedanji protistrupi pa so neučinkoviti. Zaradi tega...
https://slo-tech.com/novice/t584751
FOOD POISONING | Health The GreatFOOD POISONING | Health The Great
This is the dangerous type of food poisoning caused by clostridium botulinum. The spores of these organisms are seen in the soil and enters the human body through pickles and canned fish ect.Compared to other food poisonings here vomiting and diarrhoea are rare Mainly the nervous system is affected.The symptoms starts with double vision,numbness with weakness.Later there will be paralysis with cardiac and respiratory failure ending in death ...
http://shirleythegreat.blogspot.com/2008/03/food-poisoning.html
ViolationsViolations
I was always skeptical when it came to sushi because of hands constantly touching the rice, fish, and other ingredients that go in the roll. Rice is notorious for harbouring bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, a nasty little germ that is capable of forming a spore and can cause one to seriously embark on a journey of barfing. One of the critical control points in controlling the growth of this bacterium is to acidify the rice, that is, attain a pH of ,4.6. Synder1 reports that a pH of less than 4.6 will retard the growth of this bacterium and others such as Clostridium botulinum. I remember when I attempted to make sushi at home, I added enough vinegar to the rice that one bite would have given you an instant gastric ulcer, so I stopped. But are food operators testing their product to ensure the rice is at a pH of ,4.6?. The Arizona Daily Star reports that Sushi Ten was reported in having 11 critical health violations.. Sushi Ten, a midtown eatery specializing in raw seafood, failed its first ...
http://www.barfblog.com/tags/violations/
Botchalism | Article about Botchalism by The Free DictionaryBotchalism | Article about Botchalism by The Free Dictionary
Looking for Botchalism? Find out information about Botchalism. acute poisoning resulting from ingestion of food containing toxins produced by the bacillus Clostridium botulinum. The bacterium can grow only in an... Explanation of Botchalism
https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Botchalism
Phil-am Smoked Mackerel Fish Recall [US]Phil-am Smoked Mackerel Fish Recall [US]
US/Silver Spring: Phil-Am Trading, Inc. recalls certain batch/lots of Phil-Am Smoked Mackerel (Hasa-Hasa) due to suspected Clostridium botulinum contamination, a serious health hazard. FDA: http://ht.ly/tXrs306PZ3n Direct link: http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm531746.htm Additional information: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reports the following Smoked Fish are subject to this recall: Phil-Am Smoked Mackerel (Hasa-Hasa) sold in 200 gram (7.05…
https://livingsafelyrecalls.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/phil-am-smoked-mackerel-fish-recall-us/
AWERS recalls Grained Salmon CaviarAWERS recalls Grained Salmon Caviar
AWERS, Inc. is recalling Grained Salmon Caviar 95g that may be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum. No illnesses have been reported to date.
https://www.consumeraffairs.com/recalls/awers-recalls-grained-salmon-caviar-081919.html
Recent Articles | Identity And Cell & Molecular Biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 8Recent Articles | Identity And Cell & Molecular Biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 8
Clostridium botulinum produces a transcription factor that can aggregate and self-propagate a prion-like form, leading to genome-wide changes in gene expression in E. coli, according to a study.. 1 Comment. ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.list/tagNo/3362,4/tags/Identity,cell--amp--molecular-biology/pageNo/8/
Recent Articles | Chromosomes And Cell & Molecular Biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 8Recent Articles | Chromosomes And Cell & Molecular Biology | The Scientist Magazine®| Page 8
Clostridium botulinum produces a transcription factor that can aggregate and self-propagate a prion-like form, leading to genome-wide changes in gene expression in E. coli, according to a study.. 1 Comment. ...
https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.list/tagNo/1422,4/tags/chromosomes,cell--amp--molecular-biology/pageNo/8/
Paenibacillus vortexPaenibacillus vortex
against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813. von der Weid I, Alviano DS, Santos AL, Soares RM, Alviano CS, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus_vortex
Paenibacillus dendritiformisPaenibacillus dendritiformis
against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813. von der Weid I, Alviano DS, Santos AL, Soares RM, Alviano CS, ... plant pathogenic bacteria and even important anaerobic pathogens as Clostridium botulinium. P. dendritiformis is a social ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus_dendritiformis
PaenibacillusPaenibacillus
against Clostridium botulinum. J Food Prot 2002, 65:806-813. Piuri M, Sanchez-Rivas C, Ruzal SM: A novel antimicrobial activity ... and even important anaerobic pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum. More specifically, several Paenibacillus species serve as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus
Corned beefCorned beef
"Clostridium botulinum" (PDF). Retrieved December 13, 2016. "Ingested Nitrates and Nitrites, and Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins ... Nitrates and nitrites reduce the risk of dangerous botulism during curing by inhibiting the growth of Clostridium botulinum ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corned_beef
Listeria monocytogenesListeria monocytogenes
and Clostridium botulinum. In the European Union, listeriosis follows an upward trend that began in 2008, causing 2,161 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes
Émile van ErmengemÉmile van Ermengem
Novak, John S., Peck, Micheal W.; Juneja, Vijay K.; Johnson, Eric A. (2005). "Chapter 19: Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium ... Émile Pierre-Marie van Ermengem (1851-1932) was a Belgian bacteriologist who, in 1895, isolated Clostridium botulinum, the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_van_Ermengem
List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United StatesList of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States
Botulism (Type A Clostridium botulinum) in Peoria, Illinois. 28 persons were hospitalized, and 20 patients were treated with an ... Out of 324 soup cans, five of them were found to be contaminated with botulinum toxin, all in the initial batch of vichyssoise ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States
BotulismBotulism
... by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium botulinum is a large anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus that forms ... Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, Gram positive, spore-forming rod. Botulinum toxin is one of the most powerful known ... Clostridium botulinum type C toxin has been incriminated as the cause of grass sickness, a condition in horses which occurs in ... Clostridium botulinum is a ubiquitous soil-dwelling bacterium. Many infant botulism patients have been demonstrated to live ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism
List of infectious diseasesList of infectious diseases
Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infectious_diseases
Flaccid paralysisFlaccid paralysis
The Clostridium botulinum bacteria are the cause of botulism. Vegetative cells of C. botulinum may be ingested. Introduction of ... This happens because C. botulinum produces a toxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine. Botulism toxin blocks the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaccid_paralysis
Myron W. WentzMyron W. Wentz
"Clostridium botulinum type F: Seasonal inhibition by Bacillus lichenoformis". Science 1967;155(758): 89-90. "Myron Wentz ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_W._Wentz
Castleberrys Food CompanyCastleberry's Food Company
CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Clostridium Botulinum Outbreak FAQs". CDC.gov. July 26, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2009. ... While regular cooking will destroy botulinum toxin, the botulinum spores can only be killed by cooking at 121 °C for 3 minutes ... resulting in the production of botulinum toxin within the cans. At that time, the Castleberry's plant was owned and operated by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleberry's_Food_Company
SynaptobrevinSynaptobrevin
A related bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, produces the botulinum toxin. Various botulinum toxin serotypes exist that each ... Synaptobrevin is degraded by tetanospasmin, a protein derived from the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptobrevin
Palatal myoclonusPalatal myoclonus
1993). "The use of clostridium botulinum toxin in palatal myclonus. A preliminary report". Journal of Laryngology & Otology. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_myoclonus
2013 Fonterra recall2013 Fonterra recall
Botulism is a rare disease caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. A small number of the bacteria can cause severe poisoning ... On 31 July 2013, tests revealed signs of Clostridium botulinum, leading to the recall. The contamination was blamed on ... A problem was first noticed by Fonterra in March 2013 when testing suggested the possible presence of Clostridium, a sometimes- ... Further testing showed that the bacteria found were Clostridium sporogenes, which do not produce botulism toxins. There was no ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Fonterra_recall
ExotoxinExotoxin
Well-known exotoxins include: botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum; Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin, produced ... The CDCs Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumolysin, Clostridium perfringens perfringolysin O, and Listeria monocytogenes ... Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae respectively. Vaccination with the toxoids generates antibodies against the ... during life-threatening symptoms of diphtheria; tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. The toxic properties of most ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxin
Exogenous bacteriaExogenous bacteria
Botulism is a rare disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This microbe is primarily found in the soil or ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenous_bacteria
WrinkleWrinkle
Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Botox is a specific form of botulinum ... Botulinum toxin treats wrinkles by immobilizing the muscles which cause wrinkles. It is not appropriate for the treatment of ... Botulinum toxin Injectable filler Danby, FW (Jul-Aug 2010). "Nutrition and aging skin: sugar and glycation". Clin Dermatol. 4. ... In 2010, another form of botulinum toxin, one free of complexing proteins, became available to Americans. Xeomin received FDA ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkle
Alexander KeynanAlexander Keynan
His thesis was on the biological and biochemical studies of Clostridium botulinum. He served in the science department of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Keynan
Janus-faced moleculeJanus-faced molecule
Botulinum neurotoxins also portray these dichotomous roles. This specific molecule is formed by Clostridium Botulinum, a spore ... May 2018). "A lipid-binding loop of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes B, DC and G is an essential feature to confer their ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus-faced_molecule
HoneyHoney
Infants can develop botulism after consuming honey contaminated with Clostridium botulinum endospores. Infantile botulism shows ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey
Natural productNatural product
Botulinum toxin (from Clostridium botulinum) and bleomycin (from Streptomyces verticillus) are two examples. Botulinum, the ... "Evidence-based review and assessment of botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of movement disorders". Toxicon. 67 (June): 94- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_product
Avian botulismAvian botulism
This is a paralytic disease brought on by the Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNt) of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum ... Yule, Adam; Ian K. Barker; John W. Austin; Richard D. Moccia (2006). "Toxicity of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin to ... Franciosa, G; L. Fenicia; C. Caldiani; P. Aureli (1996). "PCR for detection of Clostridium botulinum type C in avian and ... The botulinum neurotoxin is lethal because it causes paralysis. Field identification involves locating birds showing flaccidity ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_botulism
Abe AnellisAbe Anellis
"Sporulation of Clostridium botulinum Types A, B and E, Clostridium Perfringens, and putrefactive Anaerobe 3679 in dialysis sacs ... "Concentrated Culture of Clostridium botulinum Spores in Dialysis Sacks", Q[uarter]M[aster] Corps Project No. 7-84-01-002 ... "Resistance of Clostridium botulinum Spores to Ionizing Radiation as Related to Radappertization of Foods", in Mendel Herzberg ( ... "Survival of Clostridium botulinum Spores", Applied Microbiology 13, 397-401. Nicholas Grecz, Otto Peter Snyder, A. A. Walker ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Anellis
Anton SkulbergAnton Skulberg
He took his doctorate (dr.med.vet.) in 1965, on the topic Studies on the formation of toxin by Clostridium botulinum. He was ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Skulberg
End-plate potentialEnd-plate potential
Botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum is the most powerful toxic protein. It prevents release of ... Acetylcholine Action potential Alpha-latrotoxin Alzheimer's disease Botulinum toxin Motor neuron Muscarinic receptors ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-plate_potential
Tomato soupTomato soup
The main concern when canning is anaerobic microorganisms that produce toxins like Clostridium botulinum. Even though the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_soup
Cell - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaCell - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
use anaerobic respiration (e.g. Clostridium botulinum). Multicellular[change , change source]. Multicellular organisms are made ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell
Retort pouchRetort pouch
This process reliably kills all commonly occurring microorganisms (particularly Clostridium botulinum), preventing it from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retort_pouch
Cranberry juiceCranberry juice
Often, the bacterium Clostridium botulinum is given special attention during thermal processing techniques of food. However, C ... botulinum does not grow and produce toxins below a pH of 4.6 and cranberry juice is classified as a high-acid food with a pH of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_juice
Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae
Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._pneumoniae
கிலோஸ்டிரிடியம் பொட்டிலினம் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியாகிலோஸ்டிரிடியம் பொட்டிலினம் - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
கிலோஸ்டிரிடியம் பொட்டிலினம் (Clostridium botulinum) என்பது ஒரு இனக்கீற்று ஏற்கும் ஒரு வகை பாக்டீரியா ஆகும். ... Pathema-Clostridium Resource. *Jeremy Sobel (2005). "Botulism". Clinical Infectious Diseases 41 (8): 1167-1173. doi:10.1086/ ...
https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/கிலோஸ்டிரிடியம்_பொட்டிலினம்
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndromeStaphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritter's_disease
Urinary tract infectionUrinary tract infection
Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_Tract_Infections
Fermentation in food processingFermentation in food processing
... as the Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in the anaerobic conditions created by the air-tight enclosure in plastic.[15] ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_
Kategori:Rintisan bertopik bakteri bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasKategori:Rintisan bertopik bakteri bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Clostridium acetobutylicum. *Clostridium botulinum. *Clostridium difficile. *Clostridium perfringens. *Corynebacterium ...
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Rintisan_bertopik_bakteri
Sudden infant death syndrome - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSudden infant death syndrome - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Effects of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism). *Toxic gases. *Vaccinations do not increase the risk of ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome
PreservativePreservative
... that prevented Clostridium botulinum growth.[15][18] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservatives
Toxin tiếng ViệtToxin tiếng Việt
Clostridium: tetani (Tetanospasmin) · perfringens (Alpha toxin, Enterotoxin) · difficile (A, B) · botulinum (Botox). khác: ...
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin
Botulism - WicipediaBotulism - Wicipedia
Mae Botwliaeth in salwch prin a allai fod yn angheuol a achosir gan docsin a gynhyrchir gan y bacteriwm Clostridium botulinum. ... Truong, Daniel; Dressler, Dirk; Hallett, Mark; Zachary, Christopher (2014). Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy (yn Saesneg) (arg ...
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism
Biological weapon - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaBiological weapon - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Botulinum. Clostridium botulinum. Botulism. One of the deadliest toxins known to exist;. Weaponized by U.S. between 1942-1969[6 ...
https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_weapon
PreservativePreservative
... that prevented Clostridium botulinum growth.[13][16] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preservative
Bacterial phylaBacterial phyla
... includes the genus Clostridium (e.g. the pathogens C. dificile, C. tetani, C. botulinum and the biotech C. acetobutylicum) ... Low-G+C species (later renamed Firmicutes[19]) (Clostridium, Peptococcus, Bacillus, Mycoplasma) ... the class Clostridia of mostly anaerobic sulphite-reducing saprophytic species, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_phyla
Bakteri bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasBakteri bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
High-Pressure-Mediated Survival of Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Endospores at High Temperature. Appl ... Clostridium botulinum merupakan salah satu contoh bakteri penghasil endospora yang sangat tahan suhu dan tekanan tinggi, dimana ... Clostridium botulinum, menghasilkan racun botulinin, seringkali terdapat pada makanan kalengan dan kini senyawa tersebut ... Clostridium Botulinum (Botulism). http://www.foodborneillness.com/botulism_food_poisoning/. Diakses pada 24 Juni 2011. ...
https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria
Botulismo, entziklopedia askea.Botulismo, entziklopedia askea.
Clostridium botulinum. botulinum toxin group (en) Sintoma(k). blurred vision (en) , mydriasis (en) , ptosis (en) , idorreria, ... Botulismoa Clostridium botulinum bakterioak eragindako patologia larria da, janari-intoxikaziotzat jotzen dena. Gaitzaren ... Janari bat kutsatzen duenean Clostridium botulinum-ek bere toxina hilgarria ekoizten du. Toxina hori neurotoxina da, ... Botulismoaren kasu gehienak janari intoxikazioak dira, Clostridium botulinum bakterioaz kutsatutako janariak kontsumitzarakoan ...
https://eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulismo
TetanusTetanus
Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ... Tetanus is caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium tetani.[1] Tetanus is an international health problem, as C. tetani ... Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacterium Clostridium tetani,[1] which is commonly found in soil, saliva, dust, and ... Clostridium tetani is strongly durable due to its endospores. Pictured is the bacterium alone, with a spore being produced, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus
Neurotoksin Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebasNeurotoksin Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
Clostridium: tetani (Tetanospasmin) · perfringens (Toksin alpha, Enterotoxin) · difficile (A, B) · botulinum (Botox). lain: ... Simpson, L. L. (1986) "Molecular Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin and Tetanus Toxin." Annual Review of Pharmacology and ... "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon." The Journal of the Americal Medical Association, 285 ... "Extrafusal and Intrafusal Muscle Effects in Experimental Botulinum Toxin-A Injection." Muscle & Nerve, 19 (4): 488-96. ...
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoksin
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
Botulism toxins are produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, namely Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, C. baratii and C ... Botulinum toxin (Botox) is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.[1] It ... Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism.[17] Humans most commonly ingest the toxin from ... Hill KK, Smith TJ (2013). Rummel A, Binz T (eds.). "Genetic Diversity Within Clostridium botulinum Serotypes, Botulinum ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulinum
Cardiotoxin IIICardiotoxin III
Clostridium:. *tetani *Tetanospasmin. *Tetanolysin. *perfringens *Alpha toxin. *Enterotoxin. *difficile *A. *B. *botulinum * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III
HistrionicotoxinsHistrionicotoxins
Clostridium:. *tetani *Tetanospasmin. *Tetanolysin. *perfringens *Alpha toxin. *Enterotoxin. *difficile *A. *B. *botulinum * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrionicotoxin
SauerkrautSauerkraut
Properly cured sauerkraut is sufficiently acidic to prevent a favorable environment for the growth of Clostridium botulinum, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerkraut
Bakterya, ang malayang ensiklopedyaBakterya, ang malayang ensiklopedya
Makikita rin ang mga Clostridium sa mga gulay tulad mais at mani. Kung ang Clostridium botulinum ay hindi napapatay sa proseso ... Bacillus, Clostridium o Enterobacteriaceae Ang mga Photoautotrophs ay pangkat ng mga bakterya na gumagamit ng sinag ng araw ... Kung ang lupa ay naglalaman ng Clostridium na kung saan ay pumapasok sa mga sugat ng tao, maaari itong magsanhi ng tetanus o ... Isang halimbawa ng Bilugang Positibong Bakterya na Tagabuo ng mga Endospore ang Clostridium. ...
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya
VinegarVinegar
Clostridium botulinum (which can survive anaerobic conditions and high temperatures and is thus not always affected by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar
BacillusBacillus
Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_fragilis
Anaerobic organismAnaerobic organism
Two examples of obligate anaerobes are Clostridium botulinum and the bacteria which live near hydrothermal vents on the deep- ... In 1913 Martinus Beijerinck repeated Van Leeuwenhoek's experiment and identified Clostridium butyricum as a prominent anaerobic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organism
CanningCanning
For example, the spores of the microorganism Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism) can be eliminated only at ... C. botulinum prefers low oxygen environments and is a poor competitor to other bacteria, but its spores are resistant to ... Foodborne botulism results from contaminated foodstuffs in which C. botulinum spores have been allowed to germinate and produce ... When a canned food is sterilized insufficiently, most other bacteria besides the C. botulinum spores are killed, and the spores ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canning
Polyneuropathy in dogs and catsPolyneuropathy in dogs and cats
"Natural Clostridium botulinum Type C Toxicosis in a Group of Cats". J Clin Microbiol. 42 (11): 5406-8. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.11. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyneuropathy_in_dogs_and_cats
Clostridioides difficile infectionClostridioides difficile infection
Clostridia. Clostridium (spore-forming). motile:. *Clostridium difficile *Pseudomembranous colitis. *Clostridium botulinum * ... Regarding the pronunciation of the current and former genus assignments, Clostridioides is /klɒˌstrɪdiˈɔɪdis/ and Clostridium ... André Romain Prévot subsequently transferred it to the genus Clostridium, which made its binomen Clostridium difficile.[95][96] ... "Rapid detection of Clostridium difficile toxins and laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections". Infection. 45 (3 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_colitis
Sorbic acidSorbic acid
Beginning in the 1980s, sorbic acid and its salts were used as inhibitors of Clostridium botulinum in meat products to replace ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbic_acid
Clostridium botulinum - WikipediaClostridium botulinum - Wikipedia
"Rejection of Clostridium putrificum and conservation of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium sporogenes-Opinion 69. Judicial ... 26: 1-8. Erbguth FJ (March 2004). "Historical notes on botulism, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum toxin, and the idea of the ... of Clostridium botulinum type G and some nontoxigenic strains previously identified as Clostridium subterminale or Clostridium ... botulinum groups I-IV, as well as some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, are the bacteria responsible ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum
Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum
CCUG 15942 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›CDC KA 38. ›CIP 104310. ›CIP 60.54 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›Clostridium botulinum ( ... JCM 1410 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›NCIMB 10677 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›NCTC 13037 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. ›Pacinia ... Clostridia. › Clostridiales. › Clostridiaceae. › Clostridium. Strains i. › 62A / Type A ,62A, Type A / 62A. › NCTC 2916 / Type ... Clostridium putrificum (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922 (Approved Lists 1980). ›DSM 1734 [[Clostridium putrificum]]. › ...
https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/1491
Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin - WikipediaClostridium botulinum C3 toxin - Wikipedia
Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme is a toxin that causes the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to Rho-like proteins ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum_C3_toxin
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM (PIM 858)CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM (PIM 858)
... all organisms capable of producing botulinum neurotoxin become classified as Clostridium botulinum (Prevot, 1953). ... It occurs as a result of intestinal colonization with Clostridium botulinum and in vivo toxin production in a manner similar to ... Human botulism is primarily caused by Clostridium botulinum that produce toxin type A, B and E. Type F toxin produced by ... C. botulinum spores produced by all strains are highly heat resistant. Toxins produced by some C. botulinum bacteria are non- ...
http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/bacteria/pim858.htm
Clostridium botulinum | Food Safety NewsClostridium botulinum | Food Safety News
Sardines recalled due to botulinum toxin risk. By News Desk on January 31, 2019. ... A compound that strongly inhibits botulinum neurotoxin has been identified by researchers. ... has recalled a batch of canned sardines in olive oil in Spain and Portugal because of botulinum toxin. ... Clostridium botulinum. Subscribe to Clostridium botulinum. Officials report 21 global food safety investigations in first ...
https://www.foodsafetynews.com/tag/clostridium-botulinum/
Clostridium botulinum - Science-Based MedicineClostridium botulinum - Science-Based Medicine
Tag: Clostridium botulinum. Science and Medicine. CDC Warns Against Honey Pacifier Use After 4 Texas Infants Develop Botulism. ...
https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/tag/clostridium-botulinum/
Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome - Nucleotide - NCBIClostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome - Nucleotide - NCBI
Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome. gi,187932320 ... Clostridium botulinum B str. Eklund 17B, complete genome. NCBI Reference Sequence: NC_010674.1 ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_010674
On the discovery of Clostridium botulinumOn the discovery of Clostridium botulinum
A thorough investigation by E. van Ermengem led to the discovery of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin. About 75 years ... A thorough investigation by E. van Ermengem led to the discovery of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin. About 75 years ... On the discovery of Clostridium botulinum J Hist Neurosci. 1999 Apr;8(1):43-50. doi: 10.1076/jhin.8.1.43.1774. ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624135/?dopt=Abstract
Clostridium botulinumClostridium botulinum
These bacteria form part of the Clostridium genus which includes clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. ... Clostridium botulinum This is the medical name for botulism: a rare but serious form of food poisoning which is caused by a ... Clostridium botulinum bacteria This bacterium is part of a group of rod shaped organisms which are usually found in soils, the ... Foods which contain the clostridium botulinum bacteria These include canned foods which have not been properly preserved, ...
http://www.medic8.com/healthguide/food-poisoning/clostridium-botulinum.html
Clostridium botulinum - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasClostridium botulinum - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Clostridium botulinum adalah bakteri yang memproduksi racun botulin, penyebab terjadinya botulisme.[1] Bakteri ini masuk ... Pathema-Clostridium Resource. Artikel bertopik bakteri ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan ... C. botulinum termasuk bakteri gram positif, anaerob obligat (tidak bisa hidup bila terdapat oksigen), motil (dapat bergerak), ... Diperoleh dari "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clostridium_botulinum&oldid=11424825" ...
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum
Gene Expression Profiling of Clostridium botulinum under Heat Shock StressGene Expression Profiling of Clostridium botulinum under Heat Shock Stress
... Wan-dong Liang,1 Yun-tian Bi,2 Hao-yan Wang,3 Sheng ... Genes induced two folds or more different in response to heat shock stress in Clostridium botulinum ATCC 3502 ...
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/760904/sup/
Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxins - microbewikiClostridium botulinum Neurotoxins - microbewiki
Two-component systems are involved in the regulation of botulinum neurotoxin synthesis in Clostridium botulinum type A strain ... "botulinum cook." Spore germination in proteolytic Clostridium botulinum is initiated by the presence of the amino acid L- ... Clostridium botulinum is most commonly found as an inactive spore in the shape of an oval. The spores generate a tough outer ... The Clostridium botulinum in Group I produce the toxin types A, B, and F. They are proteolytic and have an optimal growth ...
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium_botulinum_Neurotoxins
Clostridium botulinum and sudden infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study. - PubMed - NCBIClostridium botulinum and sudden infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study. - PubMed - NCBI
Clostridium botulinum and sudden infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study.. Byard RW1, Moore L, Bourne AJ, Lawrence ... It has been proposed that sudden and unexpected death in infants due to intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum may ... The results of this study suggest that routine post-mortem culture of faeces for C. botulinum has been of limited use within ... Faecal samples were obtained from both small and large intestines and cultured specifically for C. botulinum. No samples were ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1562366?dopt=Abstract
foodsafety.asn.au » Clostridium botulinumfoodsafety.asn.au » Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum. Clostridium botulinum is one of the better-known food poisoning bacteria due to the severe nature of the ... When spores of Clostridium botulinum in dust or soil are mixed with moist and nutritious food they can produce cells that ... Different types of Clostridium botulinum produce several types of toxin, and we hear of some types that cause outbreaks in ... Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming bacterium and is widespread in environments such as sediments, soil and dust, and dead ...
http://foodsafety.asn.au/clostridium-botulinum/
F - Botulinum neurotoxin type F - Clostridium botulinum - F gene & proteinF - Botulinum neurotoxin type F - Clostridium botulinum - F gene & protein
tr,Q57236,Q57236_CLOBO Botulinum neurotoxin type F OS=Clostridium botulinum OX=1491 GN=F PE=1 SV=1 ... IPR036248 Clostridium_toxin_transloc. IPR013320 ConA-like_dom_sf. IPR011065 Kunitz_inhibitor_STI-like_sf. IPR013104 Toxin_rcpt- ... IPR036248 Clostridium_toxin_transloc. IPR013320 ConA-like_dom_sf. IPR011065 Kunitz_inhibitor_STI-like_sf. IPR013104 Toxin_rcpt- ... Botulinum neurotoxin type FImported. Automatic assertion inferred from database entriesi ...
https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q57236
KEGG PATHWAY: Pentose phosphate pathway - Clostridium botulinum A2KEGG PATHWAY: Pentose phosphate pathway - Clostridium botulinum A2
Pentose phosphate pathway - Clostridium botulinum A2 [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download KGML , Show ...
http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?cby00030
Patente US7507419 - Topically applied Clostridium botulinum toxin compositions and treatment methods - Google PatentesPatente US7507419 - Topically applied Clostridium botulinum toxin compositions and treatment methods - Google Patentes
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, topical botulinum preparations are applied directly to the skin by a patient as ... In other embodiments, topical botulinum toxins are applied with the aid of mechanical, electrical, and/or chemical transdermal ... Hyperactive glandular conditions are treated using topically formulated botulinum toxin compositions. ... wherein the botulinum toxin is selected from the group consisting of botulinum toxin types A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and mixtures ...
http://www.google.es/patents/US7507419?hl=es&dq=flatulence
Genome of Clostridium botulinum reveals the background to worlds deadliest toxinGenome of Clostridium botulinum reveals the background to world's deadliest toxin
... botulinum genome are absent from the other five sequenced clostridia, and only 16 per cent of the C. botulinum genes are common ... This toxin is the one real weapon in the genome of Clostridium botulinum and less than 2 kg - the weight of two bags of sugar ... "Even after decades of research, only a handful of mutants had been made in clostridia, and none in C. botulinum," Professor ... Our findings emphasise just how different clostridia are from each other." C. botulinum toxin stops nerves from working - the ...
https://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/report-84933.html
Genomics of Clostridium Botulinum and Clostridium Perfringens | J. Craig Venter InstituteGenomics of Clostridium Botulinum and Clostridium Perfringens | J. Craig Venter Institute
Genomics of Clostridium Botulinum and Clostridium Perfringens. This organism produces one of the most potent and deadly ... Botulinum toxin, and C. botulinum cells, has been found in a wide variety of foods, including canned ones. Almost any food that ... Unlike most other clostridia, C. perfringens is non-motile. It is also oxygen tolerant which makes it an easy object to work ... Clostridium perfringens This organism is a causative agent of a wide spectrum of necrotic enterotoxicoses. In humans it is ...
https://www.jcvi.org/research/genomics-clostridium-botulinum-and-clostridium-perfringens
KEGG PATHWAY: Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - Clostridium botulinum F LangelandKEGG PATHWAY: Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - Clostridium botulinum F Langeland
Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - Clostridium botulinum F Langeland [ Pathway menu , Organism menu , Pathway entry , Download ...
http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?cbf00900
Clostridium Botulinum - Stock Image C017/0932 - Science Photo LibraryClostridium Botulinum - Stock Image C017/0932 - Science Photo Library
Clostridium botulinum bacteria (botulism bacillus). This bacterium secretes a powerful toxin which blocks the motor neurons ... Caption: Clostridium botulinum bacteria (botulism bacillus). This bacterium secretes a powerful toxin which blocks the motor ... clostridium botulinum, firmicutes, foodborne illness, gram-positive, medicine, microbiology, microorganism, microscope, ... Keywords: bacillus, bacteriology, bacterium, botox, botulinal toxin, botulism, clostridiaceae, clostridiales, clostridium, ...
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/546586/view/clostridium-botulinum
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin - Stock Image - C035/8693 - Science Photo LibraryClostridium botulinum neurotoxin - Stock Image - C035/8693 - Science Photo Library
This is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), one the toxins that causes the deadly paralytic illness botulism. ... Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, molecular model showing secondary structure. ... Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, molecular model showing secondary structure. This is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), ... It is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and is usually ingested in the form of contaminated food. Type A is used ...
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/851041/view
Fact sheet on Clostridium botulinumFact sheet on Clostridium botulinum
... botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins (in particular neurotoxins), which cause the ... Fact sheet on Clostridium botulinum. By Naomi Osborne 10.10.2013 Chemical structure of a botulinum toxin molecule ... Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins (in particular neurotoxins), ... C. botulinum bacteria can lead to botulism in four different forms:. *Foodborne: develops when foods are consumed which are ...
https://www.thermofisher.com/blog/food/fact-sheet-on-clostridium-botulinum/
clostridium botulinum meaning in English - EnglishLearnerclostridium botulinum meaning in English - EnglishLearner
... derived terms and more about the word clostridium botulinum. ... Meaning of Clostridium botulinum in English. Table of contents ... Definition of clostridium botulinum, with etymology, pronunciation (phonetic and audio), synonyms, antonyms, ... How to pronounce clostridium botulinum in British English, in context ▾. Use the controls below to browse different examples of ... How to pronounce clostridium botulinum in American English, in context ▾. Use the controls below to browse different examples ...
https://www.englishlearner.com/dictionary/clostridium_botulinum
Sequence Similarity - 4HEV: Clostridium Botulinum Serotype A Light Chain Inhibited By Adamantane Hydroxamate Sequence...Sequence Similarity - 4HEV: Clostridium Botulinum Serotype A Light Chain Inhibited By Adamantane Hydroxamate Sequence...
Evaluation of adamantane hydroxamates as botulinum neurotoxin inhibitors: synthesis, crystallography, modeling, kinetic and ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain protein, length: 441 (BLAST) Sequence Similarity Cutoff. Rank. Chains in Cluster. ...
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/sequenceCluster.do?structureId=4HEV
Sequence Similarity - 4HEV: Clostridium Botulinum Serotype A Light Chain Inhibited By Adamantane Hydroxamate Sequence...Sequence Similarity - 4HEV: Clostridium Botulinum Serotype A Light Chain Inhibited By Adamantane Hydroxamate Sequence...
Evaluation of adamantane hydroxamates as botulinum neurotoxin inhibitors: synthesis, crystallography, modeling, kinetic and ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details 24 2IMA 1 A, B Botulinum neurotoxin A light-chain 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details 20 2ILP 1 A, B Botulinum neurotoxin A light-chain 1491 3.4. ... Botulinum neurotoxin type A residues 1-424 1491 3.4.24.69 , Details 22 3DSE 1 A Botulinum neurotoxin type A light chain 1491 ...
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/sequenceCluster.do?structureId=4HEV&entity=1&seqid=90
Clostridium Botulinum - Nursing CribClostridium Botulinum - Nursing Crib
Daisy Jane Antipuesto RN MN. Currently a Nursing Local Board Examination Reviewer. Subjects handled are Pediatric, Obstetric and Psychiatric Nursing. Previous work experiences include: Clinical instructor/lecturer, clinical coordinator (Level II), caregiver instructor/lecturer, NC2 examination reviewer and staff/clinic nurse. Areas of specialization: Emergency room, Orthopedic Ward and Delivery Room. Also an IELTS passer.. ...
https://nursingcrib.com/microbiology/clostridium-botulinum/
Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 350) (ABIN4263832)Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 350) (ABIN4263832)
anti-Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 350) Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Antikörper (DyLight 350). Details ... C. botulinum A toxoid. There is no cross-reactivity with B and E toxoids in sandwich ELISA. ... Clostridium Botulinum A Toxoid Reaktivität Bakterien. Alternativen 38 Bakterien. 14 Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum). ...
http://www.antikoerper-online.de/antibody/4263832/anti-Clostridium+Botulinum+A+Toxoid+antibody+DyLight+350/
Difference between revisions of Clostridium botulinum, associated neurotoxins, and botulism - microbewikiDifference between revisions of "Clostridium botulinum, associated neurotoxins, and botulism" - microbewiki
1 Clostridium botulinum, Neurotoxins, and Botulism *1.1 Introduction to Clostridium botulinum. *1.2 Neurotoxin Production and ... Introduction to Clostridium botulinum. Figure 1: Sketch of a standard light microscopy field of view of Clostridium botulinum. ... Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive staining, anaerobic bacterium. Clostridium botulinum is also rod-shaped, endospore- ... Clostridium botulinum (Caya et al. 2004). Clostridium botulinum can be isolated in pure culture on TSC (tryptose sulfite ...
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Clostridium_botulinum,_associated_neurotoxins,_and_botulism&diff=prev&oldid=103330
Genetic Variation In Clostridium Botulinum, Types Of Botulism In France | 15109Genetic Variation In Clostridium Botulinum, Types Of Botulism In France | 15109
Clostridium botuinum is a spore-forming bacterium, which produces potent neurotoxins (BoNT) and which is responsible for a ... Genetic variation in Clostridium botulinum, types of botulism in France. International Congress on Bacteriology & Infectious ... Clostridium botuinum is a spore-forming bacterium, which produces potent neurotoxins (BoNT) and which is responsible for a ... C. botulinum strains are genetically and physiologically heterogeneous and are classified into 4 groups. In addition, some ...
https://www.omicsonline.org/proceedings/genetic-variation-in-clostridium-botulinum-types-of-botulism-in-france-15109.html
BacteriaToxinsSporesCauses botulismBoNTBacterium Clostridium botulinumSpeciesOrganismPerfringensReleased by the clostridium botulinum bacteriumGenesStrainToxoidButyricumMonoclonal antibodyProteolytic ClostridiumInfantBacterialGeneObligateDetection of Clostridium botulinumRecombinantTypeBoNTsGenomeColonizationPlasmidGenusIntestinalDifficileProduces a toxinTypes of botulinum toxinIngestionErmengemCharacterizationSerotypesFoodsAnaerobic bacteriumWoundMolecularBacillusSpore-forming bProduce the neurotoxinInhibitionAssociated with food-borne botulismEndosporeIsolation and identification
Bacteria27
  • C. botulinum is a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria initially grouped together by their ability to produce botulinum toxin and now known as four distinct groups, C. botulinum groups I-IV, as well as some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, are the bacteria responsible for producing botulinum toxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • These bacteria form part of the Clostridium genus which includes clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile. (medic8.com)
  • That should destroy any botulinum bacteria harbouring within the food. (medic8.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is one of the better-known food poisoning bacteria due to the severe nature of the illness it causes including death, if not treated. (foodsafety.asn.au)
  • Unlike Cdiff, in which more than 10 per cent of genes have been acquired from other bacteria, there is almost no footprint of these in C. botulinum. (innovations-report.com)
  • C. botulinum shows us one extreme of the ways that bacteria can make the most of animal hosts," explained Dr Julian Parkhill of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. (innovations-report.com)
  • To see off the competition, C. botulinum comes with its own 'antibiotic' - a chemical called boticin that kills competing bacteria. (innovations-report.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum bacteria (botulism bacillus). (sciencephoto.com)
  • C. botulinum bacteria are found in a variety of home/commercial tinned foods which have been inadequately processed, thereby allowing the bacteria to grow and produce neurotoxin. (thermofisher.com)
  • The production of "pearly layer" around the colonies of the different types of C. botulinum on egg yolk enriched media has been used as an aid in differentiation and isolation of this group of bacteria. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a diverse species that comprises four distinct groups of bacteria, all of which form botulinum neurotoxin. (asm.org)
  • Whey protein, an ingredient found in the affected products, provided by Fonterra from New Zealand may have been contaminated with Clostridium botulinum bacteria. (gov.hk)
  • However, for the proteolytic type A, a second increase could be seen in late stationary phase in contrast to type E. The same behaviour has earlier been observed for proteolytic C. botulinum type B with a second increase in cntB mRNA when the bacteria reached the death phase. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which contains around 100 species including common free-living bacteria, as well as important pathogens. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for at least four diverse groups of Gram positive spore-forming anaerobic bacteria that produce the most potent naturally occurring toxin known, botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As the time since death increased, the bacteria present were more likely to be those that can function without oxygen, such as Clostridium strains. (newscientist.com)
  • Each type of bacteria has a different incubation period and duration, and all except the botulinum toxin cause inflammation of the intestines and diarrhea. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is bacteria which is present in untreated water, soil and dust all over the world and can also be found on a number of food items, for example, anything which has been grown in soil may have had contact with the bacteria. (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
  • At this age, their bodies have not yet developed to deal with botulinum in bacteria form, as adults' immune systems have. (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
  • The botulinum bacteria is the main ingredient used in botox, where the skin is effectively 'paralysed' to reduce the appearance of wrinkles so, for those who seek the elixir of youth, the botulinum bacteria is one of the finds of the modern age! (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
  • It is caused by a bacteria (clostridium botulinum) that is found all over, even in soil and water. (rochester.edu)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming, strictly anaerobic that means they live and grow in low oxygen environments, and gram-positive bacteria. (renewmyhealth.org)
  • The Clostridium botulinum bacteria remain dormant in the form of spores when conditions for survival are poor. (renewmyhealth.org)
  • Compiled By: Julie A. Albrecht, Ph.D., Associate Professor The Organism: Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, sporeforming bacteria that produces a neurotoxin. (greggdev.com)
  • Description Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins (in particular neurotoxins), which cause the serious disease bacteria are found in a variety of environmental sources such as soil, coastal waters and lakes, inside the gills of shellfish and within the intestinal tracts of mammals and : Naomi Osborne. (greggdev.com)
  • Genetic diversity within the botulinum neurotoxin-producing bacteria and their neurotoxins. (cdc.gov)
  • Clostridium botulinum bacteria occurs quite frequently in water birds and fish . (listverse.com)
Toxins27
  • C. botulinum elaborates eight antigenically distinguishable exotoxins (A, B, C1, C2, D, E, F and G).[citation needed] Most strains produce one type of neurotoxin, but strains producing multiple toxins have been described. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the incubation period is much longer (4 to 14 days), as time is required for the incubation of spores, growth of Clostridium, and release of toxins. (inchem.org)
  • Clostridium botulinum can produce up to seven different types of toxins named with the letters A-G. The neurotoxins most usually infect individuals by contaminating canned or unrefrigerated food, infecting a wound, or entering a key water source. (kenyon.edu)
  • Group II consists of Clostridium botulinum that produces type B, E, and F toxins and is also mostly found in contaminated food products. (kenyon.edu)
  • In other embodiments, topical botulinum toxins are applied with the aid of mechanical, electrical, and/or chemical transdermal delivery enhancers. (google.es)
  • Traditionally, bacterial toxins, such as those produced by the genus Clostridia, were best known for their wide-ranging pathogenic effects, including food poisoning, tetanus, and botulism. (google.es)
  • Virulent botulinum strains are divided into seven groups, with each group producing an antigenically distinct toxin (the so-called types A-G toxins). (google.es)
  • Remarkably, the toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum are one of the few large molecules that are absorbed intact from the gastrointestinal tract, where they enter the bloodstream and prevent the contraction of skeletal muscles primarily by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine from nerve cells. (google.es)
  • This is botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A), one the toxins that causes the deadly paralytic illness botulism. (sciencephoto.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive , anaerobic , rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins (in particular neurotoxins), which cause the serious disease botulism . (thermofisher.com)
  • Most C. botulinum strains produce a single toxin but there have been reports of strains which have the capability to produce two or more toxins. (thermofisher.com)
  • No cross-reaction with Clostridium botulinum A and B toxins. (abnova.com)
  • Specificity: This antibody recognizes C. botulinum Toxin B. It does not cross-react with toxins A, C, E, or F. (qedbio.com)
  • Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by some of the most potent toxins known, the botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The toxins are proteins mainly produced by the species Clostridium botulinum but some Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii strains are also capable of producing BoNTs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Physiological group I (proteolytic) includes C. botulinum strains producing toxins of serotype A, B or F and is mainly associated with human cases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The illness results when C. botulinum by itself or with other microorganisms infects a wound and produces toxins which reach other parts of the body via the blood stream. (ciriscience.org)
  • C. botulinum produces seven serotypes of BoNTs (A, B, C1, D, E, F, and G), which are distinguished by neutralization of toxicity in mice using homologous antisera prepared against the purified toxins. (asmscience.org)
  • This species is defined by the production of one of the botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which are the most potent toxins known. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Because of their potency, these toxins have the potential to be used as biological weapons, and therefore C. botulinum has been classified as a category A select agent. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Infant botulism is the most frequent form of the illness and occurs mostly in babies under the age of 6 months, although it tends to occur through botulinum spores releasing the toxins once ingested, rather than pre-developed toxins in foods. (catersafeconsultants.co.uk)
  • This was because sausages provided the perfect environment for C. botulinum to grow and produce toxins at the time. (mechpath.com)
  • Also the medium would not be acidic enough to destroy the C. botulinum and if they had not been heat treated to the correct temperature/time then this would be an ideal environment for the toxins to grow and flourish. (befoodsafe.org.uk)
  • Botulinum toxins are considered as the most potent substances naturally occurred in the environment. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)
  • Grenda T., Kukier E., Kwiatek K.: Methods and difficulties in detection of Clostridium botulinum and its toxins. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)
  • Botulinum neurotoxins are the most potent toxins known to mankind. (alphayou.com)
  • For nearly one hundred years, researchers have attempted to categorize botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia and the toxins that they produce according to biochemical characterizations, serological comparisons, and genetic analyses. (cdc.gov)
Spores25
  • Most Clostridium botulinum spores reside on the surfaces of fruits, dairy products, vegetables, seafood, and various canned foods. (kenyon.edu)
  • When spores of Clostridium botulinum in dust or soil are mixed with moist and nutritious food they can produce cells that produce the neurotoxin as they grow. (foodsafety.asn.au)
  • an uncategorised form of botulism in adults which occurs when C. botulinum spores invade the intestinal tract, releasing toxin in vivo . (thermofisher.com)
  • Whereas most endospore-forming microbes form spores to preserve cells during long periods of unfavorable environments, Clostridium botulinum is only capable of forming spores in anaerobic environments in which it thrives. (kenyon.edu)
  • We have produced data and developed analysis to build representations for the concentration of spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum in materials that are used during the manufacture of minimally processed chilled foods in the United Kingdom. (asm.org)
  • A crucial piece of information in quantifying the risk from nonproteolytic C. botulinum concerns the initial spore loads in food materials, but detection of these spores is particularly challenging. (asm.org)
  • 13 ) is considered a very sensitive enumeration method for spores of nonproteolytic C. botulinum in food materials. (asm.org)
  • It was rapidly adopted as the thermal processing surrogate for proteolytic Clostridium botulinum ( 5 , 8 ) because of morphological similarity and nontoxigenicity and because the heat resistance of its spores exceeded that of C. botulinum spores ( 6 , 7 ). (asm.org)
  • A bacteriocin-like substance, active against strains of Clostridium botulinum type E, is produced by certain nontoxic organisms whose biochemical properties and morphological characteristics are similar to type E. The substance, for which the name "boticin E" is proposed, is bacteriolytic for vegetative cells and bacteriostatic for spores of type E. Its spectrum of activity is somewhat strain-specific. (asm.org)
  • On the other hand, infant botulism is caused by the ingestion of the C. botulinum spores that germinate and grow in the intestine of infants and release toxin. (gov.hk)
  • This type of botulism is caused by the ingestion of C. botulinum spores which colonize and produce toxin in the intestinal tract of infants (intestinal toxemia botulism). (ciriscience.org)
  • Of the various potential environmental sources such as soil, cistern water, dust and foods, honey is the one dietary reservoir of C. botulinum spores thus far definitively linked to infant botulism by both laboratory and epidemiologic studies. (ciriscience.org)
  • The level of contamination of honey with Clostridium botulinum spores is considered as an indicator of the adequacy of hygienic practices during collection, extraction, and subsequent processing. (agriculturejournals.cz)
  • A total of 39 honey samples purchased directly from beekeepers at outdoor markets and from small amateur apiaries in Silesia were analysed for Clostridium botulinum spores. (agriculturejournals.cz)
  • The analysis showed six (15.4%) samples to be contaminated with C. botulinum spores. (agriculturejournals.cz)
  • Bianco M.I., Luquez C., de Jong L.I.T., Fernanadez R.A. (2009): Linden flower (Tilia spp) as potential vehicle of Clostridium botulinum spores in the transmission of infant botulism. (agriculturejournals.cz)
  • Küplülü Özlem, Göncüoğlu Muammer, Özdemir Haydar, Koluman Ahmet (2006): Incidence of Clostridium botulinum spores in honey in Turkey. (agriculturejournals.cz)
  • Spores of Clostridium botulinum are found in soil and water around the world. (efoodalert.com)
  • Approximately 20% of infant botulism cases are traced back to honey that contains Clostridium botulinum spores. (efoodalert.com)
  • Under stressful conditions, C. botulinum form resistant spores that can even withstand most standard cooking. (mechpath.com)
  • In most preservatives and food processing nowadays, acidity and high salt concentrations prevent C. botulinum spores from germinating so that they do not cause damage if ingested. (mechpath.com)
  • Figure 1: Microscopic view of gentian violet-stained Clostridium botulinum and their spores. (mechpath.com)
  • Most cases of infant botulism are due to the consumption of honey contaminated with C. botulinum spores before the age of 1. (mechpath.com)
  • Then, when environmental conditions improve, the spores are able to sprout into fully fledged Clostridia. (videosliv.com)
  • Honey had been implicated as a potential vector for transmitting Clostridium botulinum spores, and should be avoided in children under 12 months. (videosliv.com)
Causes botulism5
  • Clostridium botulinum is also rod-shaped, endospore-forming, and responsible for producing the neurotoxin that causes botulism. (kenyon.edu)
  • Under permissive conditions, C . botulinum can grow and form BoNT, which on consumption causes botulism. (asmscience.org)
  • Clostridium botulinum strains are prevalent in the environment and produce a potent neurotoxin that causes botulism, a rare but serious paralytic disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Clostridium botulinum is notorious for producing a toxin, called botulinum toxin, which causes botulism. (videosliv.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is the bacterium that causes botulism food poisoning. (aces.edu)
BoNT15
  • Clostridium botuinum is a spore-forming bacterium, which produces potent neurotoxins (BoNT) and which is responsible for a severe flaccid paralysis (botulism) in man and animals. (omicsonline.org)
  • The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that EGS results from toxicoinfection with C. botulinum type C: growth of the bacterium in the GI tract with production of toxin (BoNT/C). (vetcontact.com)
  • Ileum contents and faeces from horses with EGS were investigated for BoNT/C, and indirectly for the presence of C. botulinum type C, and compared with control samples from horses without EGS. (vetcontact.com)
  • The tests were performed with a large variety of bacterial strains, including C. botulinum types C (n = 12), C-D (n = 29), D (n = 5), and D-C (n = 10), other botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing Clostridium strains (n = 20), non-BoNT-producing clostridia (n = 20), and other bacterial species (n = 23), and showed a high specificity. (biomedsearch.com)
  • 85% match to type A1 botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT)-producing proteolytic C. botulinum strains. (asm.org)
  • Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BONT/A) is an extremely potent toxin, which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. (semanticscholar.org)
  • Rapid and specific detection of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) producing Clostridia is a priority for public health authorities, in case of both natural and intentional botulism outbreaks. (dtu.dk)
  • An "evaluation trial" of the GeneDisc array performed blind in four European laboratories with 77 BoNT-producing Clostridia as well as 10 food and clinical samples showed that the developed macro-array is specific and reliable for identifying BoNT/A-, BoNT/B-, BoNT/E- and BoNT/F-producing clostridial strains and for screening naturally contaminated food and fecal samples. (dtu.dk)
  • The test is robust, has a low detection limit (c.a. 5 to 50 genome copies in the PCR reaction microwell) and is promising for monitoring BoNT-producing Clostridia in different kinds of samples including food and clinical samples. (dtu.dk)
  • In C. botulinum type E and C. butyricum type E strains the location of the bont/e gene cluster appears to be the result of insertion events that split a rarA , recombination-associated gene, independently at the same location in both species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Production of BoNT has been the single criterion for inclusion within the C. botulinum species and was adopted in order to prevent scientific and medical confusion regarding the intoxication known as botulism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1998) used a Clostridium/E. coli shuttle plasmid to make two recombinant constructs involving the BoNT gene cluster. (studentreader.com)
  • Both of these recombinant plasmids were transformed into wild type C. botulinum and a mutant of C. botulinum whose BoNT gene cluster was knocked out by Tn mutagenesis. (studentreader.com)
  • Bradshaw cloned only the 5" coding region of the BoNT gene on each of the plasmid constructs so that in a wild type C. botulinum background, expression of plasmid encoded toxin could be differentiated from expression of full length toxin expressed from the chromosomal gene. (studentreader.com)
  • However, if they do develop, growing C. botulinum produces botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT), which are the most toxic substances known to man. (mechpath.com)
Bacterium Clostridium botulinum6
  • Botulinum toxin, one of the most poisonous biological substances known, is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • It occurs when neuromuscular transmission is interrupted by a protein neurotoxin produced by the spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum . (inchem.org)
  • It is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and is usually ingested in the form of contaminated food. (sciencephoto.com)
  • The pathogenesis still remains unclear, but there seems be a toxicoinfection with the neurotoxin-producing bacterium clostridium botulinum and the disease. (vetcontact.com)
  • Like Dysort® and Botox®, Xeomin® is made from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. (nvpsaz.com)
  • Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum). (greggdev.com)
Species15
  • Physiological differences and genome sequencing at 16S rRNA level support the subdivision of the C. botulinum species into groups I-IV. (wikipedia.org)
  • A few strains from organisms genetically identified as other Clostridium species have caused human botulism: C. butyricum has produced type E toxin and C. baratii had produced type F toxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability of C. botulinum to naturally transfer neurotoxin genes to other clostridia is concerning, especially in the food industry, where preservation systems are designed to destroy or inhibit only C. botulinum but not other Clostridium species. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are several types of C. botulinum: although described as variants of a single species, they are really very different organisms linked simply because they have the deadly toxin. (innovations-report.com)
  • We have developed a highly efficient system, the ClosTron, with which we have, in a few months, knocked out over 30 genes in four different clostridial species, including eight in C. botulinum. (innovations-report.com)
  • In addition, some atypical strains belong to two other Clostridium species (C. baratii and C. butyricum). (omicsonline.org)
  • Of the clostridial species tested, only C. botulinum type E and, to a lesser extent, C. perfringens and C. acetobutylicum , but not C. botulinum types A, B, or F, are sensitive. (asm.org)
  • As demonstrated by the scattered phyletic distribution of neurotoxin-producing clostridia [ 10 ] and the patterns of sequence similarity between different neurotoxin gene clusters [ 11 ], CNT genes appear to have undergone significant lateral transfer between different species of Clostridium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • While CNTs have undergone frequent lateral transfer between species of Clostridium , no CNT homologues have been identified outside of the Clostridium genus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum strains can be divided into four physiological groups that are sufficiently diverged to be considered as separate species. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It belongs to the pathogenic species C. botulinum , but as a genotypic species it should also include C. novyi and C. haemolyticum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clostridium species inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for at least four diverse species that are defined by the expression of one (monovalent) or two (bivalent) of seven different C. botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs, A-G). The four species have been classified as C. botulinum Groups I-IV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A total of 79 C. botulinum isolates with varying toxin types was evaluated in this study, as well as numerous near-neighbours and other bacterial species. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The aim of this study was characterization of anaerobic spore-forming bacilli from C. botulinum species. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)
Organism7
  • Isolation of C. botulinum organism devoid of toxin from the suspected food has little significance. (inchem.org)
  • Genome sequences can tell us a lot about the biology of the organism, but research into clostridia has been hampered by the lack of a good genetic system. (innovations-report.com)
  • This organism produces one of the most potent and deadly neurotoxins known, a botulinum toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, thereby inhibiting muscle contraction and causing paralysis. (jcvi.org)
  • As an endospore-forming organism, Clostridium botulinum is somewhat unique. (kenyon.edu)
  • The purpose of this study was to compare and test the efficiency of the leading kinds of media being used for the isolation and identification of Clostridium botulinum type E strains, and to develop a more reliable method and media for the differentiation of this organism based on the "pearly layer" characteristic. (oregonstate.edu)
  • After all, C. botulinum is a nasty organism that is responsible for a life-threatening disease called botulism. (medicinalgenomics.com)
  • Our qPCR assay detects the four toxin genes in C. botulinum , but it has sat on the shelf because we can't get access to the organism to calibrate the CFU/g to Cq correlations. (medicinalgenomics.com)
Perfringens2
  • Unlike most other clostridia, C. perfringens is non-motile. (jcvi.org)
  • Often associated with cafeterias and buffets, Clostridium perfringens is commonly found in foods that are prepared in large quantities and kept warm for long period of time: raw meat and poultry, stews, casseroles, and gravies to name a few. (foodinsight.org)
Released by the clostridium botulinum bacterium1
  • This is the medical name for botulism: a rare but serious form of food poisoning which is caused by a toxin released by the clostridium botulinum bacterium. (medic8.com)
Genes11
  • However, these integrations sites are degraded (except for the C and D types), indicating that the C. botulinum acquired the toxin genes quite far in the evolutionary past. (wikipedia.org)
  • Professor Mike Peck, from the Institute of Food Research, commented that "It is astonishing that 43 per cent of the predicted genes in the C. botulinum genome are absent from the other five sequenced clostridia, and only 16 per cent of the C. botulinum genes are common to all five. (innovations-report.com)
  • Professor Nigel Minton, Professor of Applied Molecular Microbiology at The University of Nottingham, has developed new methods to knock out genes in clostridia. (innovations-report.com)
  • Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using seven proteolytic C. botulinum housekeeping genes ( http://pubmlst.org/cbotulinum ) revealed that PA 3679 resides in the same clade as the outlier A1 toxin-producing C. botulinum strain A207 ( 3 ). (asm.org)
  • This work provides new insights into the evolution of C. botulinum neurotoxins and the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the origins of virulent genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The occurrence of lateral transfer is also supported by the discovery of plasmid-encoded neurotoxin genes in numerous C. botulinum strains [ 12 ], as well as the existence of putative insertion sequences flanking the neurotoxin gene cluster [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neurotoxin genes of C. botulinum type C and D are carried by bacteriophages, which express unstable lysogeny and are frequently lost during cultivation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chromosome and plasmid sequences of several C. botulinum strains representing A, B, E and F serotypes and a C. butyricum type E strain were compared to examine their genomic organization, or synteny, and the location of the botulinum toxin complex genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • these events, in addition to recombination among the toxin complex genes, have led to the lineages observed today within the neurotoxin-producing clostridia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rrn genes of C. botulinum strains clearly separates them into four Groups (I-IV) and supports this historical classification scheme based upon biochemical and biophysical parameters [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Development and application of real-time PCR assays to detect fragments of the Clostridium botulinum types A, B, and E neurotoxin genes for investigation of human foodborne and infant botulism. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Strain9
  • The strain of Clostridium sporogenes designated Putrefactive Anaerobe (PA) 3679 (ATCC 7955, NCTC 8594) was originally isolated from spoiled canned corn in 1927 (work of E. J. Cameron, as cited in reference 8 ). (asm.org)
  • Of 38 other strains of proteolytic C. botulinum also possessing the ha + form of the neurotoxin gene cluster ( 8 ), selected as representing a wide range of diseases caused, geographical distribution and type of neurotoxin(s) formed ( 3 ), only the type B toxin-forming strain 2345 shared the same deletion, implying that this modification is quite rare. (asm.org)
  • Since microarray analysis showed that strain 2345 clustered with Clostridium sporogenes ( 3 ), it is tempting to postulate that a strain of C. sporogenes acquired a type B neurotoxin cluster by horizontal transfer to give a strain similar to strain 2345, which, following a further round of recombination at this locus, gave rise to the type A5 neurotoxin cluster now described. (asm.org)
  • The C. botulinum strain A genome was examined for potential homologues of CNTs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This flagellin sequence displayed the strongest sequence similarity to the neurotoxin and NTNH homologue out of all proteins encoded within C. botulinum strain A. The CBO0798 gene contains a unique hypervariable region, which in closely related flagellins encodes a collagenase-like domain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we present the first complete genome of a C. botulinum strain from physiological group III, causing animal botulism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dual toxin-producing strain of Clostridium botulinum type BF isolated from a California patient with infant botulism. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Clostridium Botulinum (strain 657 / Type Ba4) Chromosomal replication initiator protein DnaA, recombinant protein. (gentaur.pl)
  • Below is a description of both historic and current Clostridium botulinum strain and neurotoxin information that illustrates how each new finding has significantly added to the knowledge of the botulinum neurotoxin-containing clostridia and their diversity. (cdc.gov)
Toxoid7
  • C. botulinum A toxoid. (antikoerper-online.de)
  • There are currently no images for Clostridium Botulinum E Toxoid Antibody (NBP1-05057B). (novusbio.com)
  • Specific for botulinum toxoid. (novusbio.com)
  • There are currently no images for Clostridium Botulinum B Toxoid Antibody (NB100-73118V). (novusbio.com)
  • Be the first to review our Clostridium Botulinum B Toxoid Antibody (KBB36) [DyLight 405] and receive a gift card or discount. (novusbio.com)
  • Mouse monoclonal antibody raised against Clostridium botulinum D Toxoid. (abnova.com)
  • This antibody is specific to Clostridium botulinum D toxoid. (abnova.com)
Butyricum3
  • CNTs are produced by four phylogenetically distinct groups (I-IV) of C. botulinum , and also by strains of C. tetani , C. baratii , and C. butyricum [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Group II is a subset of a more diverse clade that includes other saccharolytic clostridia, such as C. acetobutylicum , C. beijerinckii , and toxic and nontoxic Group V C. baratii and Group VI C. butyricum . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Caused by Clostridium botulinum, C. butyricum, or C. barati, the infectious agent for botulism is a large gram-positive obligate aerobe motile bacillus 3-8 micrometers long. (studentreader.com)
Monoclonal antibody1
  • Monoclonal Antibody to Clostridium botulinum Type A Neurotoxin Heavy Chain (amino acids 1177-1195). (abgent.com)
Proteolytic Clostridium4
  • Although widely recognized as forming a deadly food-borne intoxicant, proteolytic Clostridium botulinum also infects humans, causing infant botulism after growth and neurotoxin formation in the gut ( 1 ) and wound botulism after contamination of a wound, often following injected drug abuse ( 8 ). (asm.org)
  • Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Neurotoxin Gene Expression in Non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type E. (lu.se)
  • In the present study, the effects of carbon dioxide on growth of, and neurotoxin production by, non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type E were studied during the growth cycle. (lu.se)
  • UK food industry and UK and Australian research organisations have produced this guidance , which is designed to ensure that sufficient information is provided by FBOs and laboratories to arrive at valid decisions regarding the shelf life of chilled foods in relation to non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum . (chilledfood.org)
Infant7
  • C. botulinum is responsible for foodborne botulism (ingestion of preformed toxin), infant botulism (intestinal infection with toxin-forming C. botulinum), and wound botulism (infection of a wound with C. botulinum). (wikipedia.org)
  • It occurs as a result of intestinal colonization with Clostridium botulinum and in vivo toxin production in a manner similar to that of infant botulism. (inchem.org)
  • Clostridium botulinum and sudden infant death syndrome: a 10 year prospective study. (nih.gov)
  • It has been proposed that sudden and unexpected death in infants due to intestinal infection with Clostridium botulinum may mimic the clinicopathological features of sudden infant death syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • The results of this study suggest that routine post-mortem culture of faeces for C. botulinum has been of limited use within the South Australian infant population over the last decade, and that occult botulism has not been a significant factor in the causation of sudden death. (nih.gov)
  • Finally, infant botulism occurs in children less than 1 years old and results from the production of BoNTs by established C. botulinum in immature intestines. (mechpath.com)
  • Botulism is a rare disease with 4 naturally occurring syndromes: foodborne botulism is caused by ingestion of foods contaminated with botulinum toxin, wound botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum colonization of a wound and in situ toxin production, infant botulism is caused by intestinal colonization and toxin production, and adult intestinal toxemia botulism is an even rarer. (greggdev.com)
Bacterial4
  • Clostridium endospores have a distinct bowling pin or bottle shape, distinguishing them from other bacterial endospores, which are usually ovoid in shape. (creative-biolabs.com)
  • Raphael B.H., Andreadis J.D.: Real-time PCR detection of the nontoxic non-hemagglutinin gene as a rapid screening method for bacterial isolates harboring the botulinum neurotoxin (A-G) gene complex. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)
  • Botulinum neurotoxins are produced by host bacterial cells in the form of single polypeptide chains, which are about 1500 amino acid residues in length (Mr~150 kDa). (alphayou.com)
  • Botulism, which is caused by a Clostridium botulinum ( C. botulinum ) bacterial infection causes a rare, yet serious, illness. (foodinsight.org)
Gene7
  • Neurotoxin gene profiling of clostridium botulinum types C and D native to different countries within Europe. (biomedsearch.com)
  • BLAST ( 1 ) results of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated 99 to 100% nucleotide similarity between PA 3679 and a number of proteolytic C. botulinum strains, as well as other C. sporogenes strains. (asm.org)
  • Comparative genomics of proteolytic C. botulinum recently identified four wound botulism strains as being closely related, each carrying identical copies of a new subtype (A5) of the A neurotoxin gene ( 3 ). (asm.org)
  • Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to quantify expression of the type E botulinum neurotoxin gene (cntE) and formation of type E neurotoxin. (lu.se)
  • The objectives of the work presented in this thesis have been to develop molecular methods for (i) detection of Clostridium botulinum in food and clinical samples, and (ii) monitoring the expression of the neurotoxin gene, cnt, during different growth phases and under different growth conditions. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Differences between the type B neurotoxin gene sequence of Clostridium botulinum type A(B) and Cl. (ovid.com)
  • botulinum type B, including a six nucleotide deletion, were recently proposed as a cause of the lack of expression of this gene in the type A toxigenic strains. (ovid.com)
Obligate3
  • As obligate anaerobes, Clostridium botulinum must live in low oxygen habitats, as higher concentrations are toxic to the cells. (kenyon.edu)
  • As an obligate anaerobe, Clostridium botulinum can actually survive small amounts of oxygen because it is equipped with an antioxidant defense enzyme, superoxide dismutase, which essentially protects the cells from damage due to oxygen exposure. (kenyon.edu)
  • Clostridia, as a family, are obligate anaerobes, meaning that oxygen is toxic to them. (videosliv.com)
Detection of Clostridium botulinum2
Recombinant1
  • 2009. The recombinant Hc subunit of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A is an effective botulism vaccine candidate. (kenyon.edu)
Type18
  • 3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the botulinum toxin is type A. (google.es)
  • Food poisoning through C. botulinum is the most frequent type of infection caused by this bacterium. (jcvi.org)
  • There are several types of botulinum toxin known (type A through type F), all of them being neurotoxic polypeptides. (jcvi.org)
  • The most common and widely distributed are strains and serovars of C. botulinum that produce type A toxin. (jcvi.org)
  • Liver veal agar egg yolk media was not entirely satisfactory in that strains of C. botulinum type E and most non-toxic "type E-like" clostridia did not always give a typical reaction. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Types A and B and most non-toxic "type-E-like" clostridia do not produce starch-like granules even on a utilizable sugar such as glucose. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Trypticase base, therefore, is much more reliable than liver veal base, not only "pearly layer" formation but also in differentiation of C. botulinum type E's from other types by sucrose fermentation and starch reaction. (oregonstate.edu)
  • C. botulinum type C was shown to be present in 48% (14/29) of ileum samples and 44% (20/45) of faecal samples from horses with EGS, compared with 7% (2/27) of ileum samples and 8% (6/72) of faecal samples from controls. (vetcontact.com)
  • These results support the hypothesis that EGS results from a C. botulinum type C toxicoinfection. (vetcontact.com)
  • The association of Clostridium botulinum type C with equine grass sickness: a toxicoinfection? (vetcontact.com)
  • Native purified Clostridium botulinum Type B Neurotoxin emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. (abnova.com)
  • Therapeutic options such as botulinum toxin type A are an important part of the multidisciplinary approach for treating spasticity," said Alison Smith, Consultant Paediatric Neuro-physiotherapist, NPP Neuro Group, UK. (ipsen.com)
  • The method was used to diagnose the first case of wound botulism in an injecting drug user in Sweden, which was also the first case of wound botulism reported to be caused by C. botulinum type E. It was previously assumed that only proteolytic C. botulinum could cause infectious botulism. (avhandlingar.se)
  • For the nonproteolytic C. botulinum type E the cntE expression declined rapidly after the peak in the transition between exponential and stationary phase. (avhandlingar.se)
  • Identification of protein receptor for clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin in rat brain synaptosomes. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The high-affinity binding of clostridium botulinum type B neurotoxin to synaptotagmin II associated with gangliosides GTlb/GDla. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Screening for Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and E in cooked chilled foods containing vegetables and raw material using polymerase chain reaction and molecular probes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • C. botulinum types B, C and D are associated with disease in animals but the type prevalence varies geographically. (thefreedictionary.com)
BoNTs2
  • Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by spore-forming anaerobic Clostridium botulinum, are the most toxic substances known. (eurekaselect.com)
  • C. botulinum produce neurotoxins (BoNTs) which form a large complex with other proteins such as hemagglutinin and other non-toxic neurotoxin associated proteins (NAPs). (mechpath.com)
Genome7
  • Circular representation of Clostridium botulinum genome. (kenyon.edu)
  • This toxin is the one real weapon in the genome of Clostridium botulinum and less than 2 kg - the weight of two bags of sugar - is enough to kill every person on the planet. (innovations-report.com)
  • The genome sequence shows that C. botulinum doesn't have subtle tools to evade our human defences or tricky methods of acquiring resistance to antibiotics. (innovations-report.com)
  • Although in the same group as Clostridium difficile - the Cdiff superbug - C. botulinum has a genome that is remarkable because it is so stable," commented Dr Mohammed Sebaihia, lead author on the paper from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. (innovations-report.com)
  • This study reports on the development of low-density macroarrays based on the GeneDisc cycler platform (Pall-GeneDisc Technologies) applied to the simultaneous detection of the C. botulinum subtypes C, C-D, D, and D-C. The limit of detection of the PCR assays was 38 fg of total DNA, corresponding to 15 genome copies. (biomedsearch.com)
  • To generate knowledge in this regard and provide a basis for exploring the relationships that exist between PA 3679 and proteolytic strains of C. botulinum , here we present a draft assembly of the genome of PA 3679. (asm.org)
  • The completion of the genome of C. botulinum group III has revealed it to be a genome with dual identity. (biomedcentral.com)
Colonization1
  • Newborns and infants still have poorly developed gut flora, and their gut is vulnerable to colonization by Clostridium botulinum. (videosliv.com)
Plasmid2
  • The largest plasmid, the botulinum-neurotoxin carrying prophage, was conserved at a level similar to that of the chromosome while the medium-sized plasmids seemed to be undergoing faster genetic drift. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This actin-like ParM is encoded on the large pCBH Clostridium botulinum plasmid. (elsevier.com)
Genus1
  • [1] Bakteri ini masuk kedalam genus Clostridium . (wikipedia.org)
Intestinal2
  • This is caused by the absorption of toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that colonize the intestinal tracts of infants under one year of age. (inchem.org)
  • It is proposed that these procedures may have altered the normal gut flora and allowed C. botulinum to colonize the intestinal tract. (ciriscience.org)
Difficile1
  • For example, some of the cadavers harboured C. botulinum , which can cause botulism, and C. difficile , one of the main culprits in hospital infections. (newscientist.com)
Produces a toxin2
  • Clostridium botulinum produces a toxin so deadly that it could be used as a biological weapon. (efoodalert.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum produces a toxin which causes the severe, often fatal illness, botulism. (greggdev.com)
Types of botulinum toxin2
  • However, all types of botulinum toxin are rapidly destroyed by heating to 100 °C for 15 minutes (900 seconds). (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, two types of Botulinum toxin - A and B - are less toxic, and can reliably induce long lasting neuromuscular junction block, so they are sometimes diluted and injected into a rigid muscle to relax it. (videosliv.com)
Ingestion2
  • One of the more gruesome conditions caused by the ingestion of C. botulinum toxin, botulism is a rare but often fatal disease. (google.es)
  • Ingestion of botulinum toxin results in an illness of variable severity. (cdc.gov)
Ermengem2
  • Clostridium botulinum (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. (uniprot.org)
  • A thorough investigation by E. van Ermengem led to the discovery of Clostridium botulinum and botulinum toxin. (nih.gov)
Characterization1
  • Application of high-density DNA resequencing microarray for detection and characterization of botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia. (cdc.gov)
Serotypes1
  • C. botulinum is divided into four distinct phenotypic groups (I-IV) and is also classified into seven serotypes (A-G) based on the antigenicity of the botulinum toxin produced. (wikipedia.org)
Foods10
  • Botulinum toxin, and C. botulinum cells, has been found in a wide variety of foods, including canned ones. (jcvi.org)
  • Nonproteolytic C. botulinum has been identified as a hazard in minimally processed chilled foods. (asm.org)
  • Foodborne botulism is the name of the disease (actually a foodborne intoxication) caused by the consumption of foods containing the neurotoxin produced by C. botulinum. (ciriscience.org)
  • C . botulinum produces endospores that are resistant to many food processing conditions and to antimicrobials in foods. (asmscience.org)
  • What foods carry Clostridium botulinum and its toxin? (efoodalert.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is associated with foods where molecular oxygen is absent - typically, processed low-acid canned foods. (efoodalert.com)
  • Controlling Clostridium botulinum - Using challenge testing to create safe chilled foods. (greggdev.com)
  • An in-depth resource addressing the ecology of Clostridium botulinum which affects the degree of food contamination, and its control in various foods. (greggdev.com)
  • It is a potential hazard associated with a wide range of both ambient stable and chilled by: Clostridium Botulinum: Ecology and Control in Foods (Food Science and Technology) 1st Edition by Hauschild (Author) ISBN ISBN X. (greggdev.com)
  • Risks of psychrotrophic Clostridium botulinum in MAP and vacuum packed chilled foods. (centerforproducesafety.org)
Anaerobic bacterium1
  • Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive staining, anaerobic bacterium. (kenyon.edu)
Wound3
  • The wound botulism that occurs when C. botulinum infects an individual via an open wound is much rarer and is very similar to tetanus disease. (jcvi.org)
  • However, this case revealed that wound botulism can be caused by nonproteolytic C. botulinum. (avhandlingar.se)
  • An illness resulting from toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that has infected a wound. (cdc.gov)
Molecular3
  • Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, molecular model showing secondary structure. (sciencephoto.com)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming bacterium that is only able to grow in the complete absence of molecular oxygen (anaerobic conditions), such as conditions found inside a hermetically sealed, processed can or jar of food. (efoodalert.com)
  • Grenda T., Kukier E., Sieradzki Z., Goldsztejn M., Kwiatek K.: Molecular diversity of Clostridium botulinum and phenotypically similar strains. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)
Bacillus2
  • Kędzia B., Kędzia A., Hołderna-Kędzia E. (1996): Badania nad występowaniem w miodzie przetrwalników laseczek Bacillus i Clostridium. (agriculturejournals.cz)
  • When doing a Gram stain, Clostridium botulinum stains purple, or Gram positive, and it's a bacillus, meaning that it looks like a big cylinder or rod under the microscope. (videosliv.com)
Spore-forming b2
  • C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Clostridium botulinum is a spore-forming bacterium and is widespread in environments such as sediments, soil and dust, and dead animal carcasses, worldwide. (foodsafety.asn.au)
Produce the neurotoxin3
  • Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming, motile bacterium with the ability to produce the neurotoxin botulinum. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. botulinum is able to produce the neurotoxin only during sporulation, which can happen only in an anaerobic environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • More interestingly, Clostridium botulinum can only produce the neurotoxin responsible for causing botulism during sporulation, which can only occur in favorable environments. (kenyon.edu)
Inhibition3
  • Nitrite Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum: Electron Spin Resonance " by D. Reddy, J. R. Lancaster, Jr. et al. (usu.edu)
  • This study evaluated the effect of temperature, product composition, and cultured celery juice powder (CCJP) as a source of nitrite on the inhibition of botulinum toxin formation in two experimental (meat- and vegetable-based) prepared meals. (allenpress.com)
  • Finally, this study confirms that product composition, the addition of nitrite via CCJP, storage time, and temperature play important roles in the inhibition of toxin formation by proteolytic C. botulinum . (allenpress.com)
Associated with food-borne botulism1
  • Proteolytic C. botulinum (group I) and nonproteolytic C. botulinum (group II) are associated with food-borne botulism. (asm.org)
Endospore1
  • Characteristic morphology of C. botulinum with an endospore. (asmscience.org)
Isolation and identification1
  • Saeed E. M. A.: Studies on isolation and identification of Clostridium botulinum investigating field samples specially from equine grass sickness cases. (xn--paszeprzemysowe-btc.pl)
Your death microbiome could catch your killer | New Scientist
Your death microbiome could catch your killer | New Scientist (newscientist.com)
Botulism | Summary | NNDSS
Botulism | Summary | NNDSS (wwwn.cdc.gov)
Bacteria Associated with Foodborne Diseases - IFT.org
Bacteria Associated with Foodborne Diseases - IFT.org (ift.org)
5 Common Foodborne Illnesses That You've Never Heard Of - Food Insight
5 Common Foodborne Illnesses That You've Never Heard Of - Food Insight (foodinsight.org)
Wise Methods of Canning Vegetables - Alabama Cooperative Extension System
Wise Methods of Canning Vegetables - Alabama Cooperative Extension System (aces.edu)
Top 10 Microscopic Monsters Lurking In Lakes - Listverse
Top 10 Microscopic Monsters Lurking In Lakes - Listverse (listverse.com)
Clostridium botulinum - Science-Based Medicine
Clostridium botulinum - Science-Based Medicine (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
Clostridium Botulinum - Stock Image C017/0932 - Science Photo Library
Clostridium Botulinum - Stock Image C017/0932 - Science Photo Library (sciencephoto.com)
Sick Day
Sick Day (giantmicrobes.com)
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin - Stock Image - C035/8693 - Science Photo Library
Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin - Stock Image - C035/8693 - Science Photo Library (sciencephoto.com)
Recalls for September 2014
Recalls for September 2014 (consumeraffairs.com)
Recalls for May 2017
Recalls for May 2017 (consumeraffairs.com)
AWERS recalls Grained Salmon Caviar
AWERS recalls Grained Salmon Caviar (consumeraffairs.com)
Recalls for December 2015
Recalls for December 2015 (consumeraffairs.com)
Food Safety & Quality
Food Safety & Quality (foodnavigator.com)
Meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis)
Meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis) (giantmicrobes.com)
Newsroom - California Restaurant Association
Newsroom - California Restaurant Association (calrest.org)
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 2007
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 2007 (cdc.gov)
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 2008
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 2008 (cdc.gov)
Burden of Foodborne Illness: Methods and Data Sources | Estimates of Foodborne Illness | CDC
Burden of Foodborne Illness: Methods and Data Sources | Estimates of Foodborne Illness | CDC (cdc.gov)
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 2009-2010
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 2009-2010 (cdc.gov)
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008 (cdc.gov)
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 2009-2015 | MMWR
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 2009-2015 | MMWR (cdc.gov)
LIFE - Google Ksi ki
LIFE - Google Ksi ki (books.google.com)
False-colour TEM of Clostridium botulinum - Stock Image B220/0573 - Science Photo Library
False-colour TEM of Clostridium botulinum - Stock Image B220/0573 - Science Photo Library (sciencephoto.com)
Infant Botulism --- New York City, 2001--2002
Infant Botulism --- New York City, 2001--2002 (cdc.gov)
Food Poisoning Symptoms | CDC
Food Poisoning Symptoms | CDC (cdc.gov)
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 2006
Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks --- United States, 2006 (cdc.gov)
Foodborne Pathogens
Foodborne Pathogens (fightbac.org)
Food Poisoning BActeria
Food Poisoning BActeria (spark.adobe.com)