Cloning organism. Medical search

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. The source nuclear material can be embryo-derived, fetus-derived, or taken from an adult somatic cell.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Organisms that live in water.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Organisms whose GENOME has been changed by a GENETIC ENGINEERING technique.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A species of nematode that is widely used in biological, biochemical, and genetic studies.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A genus of gram-negative, mostly facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family MYCOPLASMATACEAE. The cells are bounded by a PLASMA MEMBRANE and lack a true CELL WALL. Its organisms are pathogens found on the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of humans, ANIMALS, and BIRDS.

The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.

Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.

Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and Eukarya), formerly called Archaebacteria under the taxon Bacteria, but now considered separate and distinct. They are characterized by: (1) the presence of characteristic tRNAs and ribosomal RNAs; (2) the absence of peptidoglycan cell walls; (3) the presence of ether-linked lipids built from branched-chain subunits; and (4) their occurrence in unusual habitats. While archaea resemble bacteria in morphology and genomic organization, they resemble eukarya in their method of genomic replication. The domain contains at least four kingdoms: CRENARCHAEOTA; EURYARCHAEOTA; NANOARCHAEOTA; and KORARCHAEOTA.

Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

An exotic species of the family CYPRINIDAE, originally from Asia, that has been introduced in North America. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A genus of motile or nonmotile gram-positive bacteria of the family Clostridiaceae. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. They occur in water, soil, and in the intestinal tract of humans and lower animals.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

Warm-blooded vertebrate animals belonging to the class Mammalia, including all that possess hair and suckle their young.

An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.

Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.

Animals that have no spinal column.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms arrange singly, in pairs, or short chains. This genus is commonly found in the intestinal tract and is an opportunistic pathogen that can give rise to bacteremia, pneumonia, urinary tract and several other types of human infection.

A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. This is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine.

Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.

A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.

Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)

Proteins from the nematode species CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. The proteins from this species are the subject of scientific interest in the area of multicellular organism MORPHOGENESIS.

The developmental entity of a fertilized egg (ZYGOTE) in animal species other than MAMMALS. For chickens, use CHICK EMBRYO.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

A genus of ascomycetous FUNGI, family Pneumocystidaceae, order Pneumocystidales. It includes various host-specific species causing PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in humans and other MAMMALS.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

A genus of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. Most species are free-living in soil and water, but the major habitat for some is the diseased tissue of warm-blooded hosts.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

Cells lacking a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Development of nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic rabbit embryos activated with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. (1/703)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of different activation protocols, enucleation methods, and culture media on the development of parthenogenetic and nuclear transfer (NT) rabbit embryos. Electroporation of 25 mM inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) in calcium- and magnesium-free PBS immediately induced a single intracellular calcium transient in 6 out of 14 metaphase II-stage rabbit oocytes evaluated during a 10-min recording period. The percentage of oocytes treated with IP3 followed by 6-dimethylaminopurine (IP3 + DMAP) that cleaved (83.9%) and reached the blastocyst stage (50%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those activated with multiple pulses (61.6% and 30.1%, respectively) or treated with ionomycin + DMAP (52.9% and 5.7%, respectively). Development of IP3 + DMAP-activated rabbit oocytes and in vivo-fertilized zygotes in different culture media was studied. Development of activated oocytes to the blastocyst stage in Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) supplemented with MEM nonessential amino acids, basal medium Eagle amino acids, 1 mM L-glutamine, 0.4 mM sodium pyruvate, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (EBSS-complete) (40.6%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those that developed in either Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/RPMI + 10% FBS (15.5%) or CR1aa + 10% FBS (4%) medium. In addition, 100% of in vivo-fertilized rabbit zygotes developed to the blastocyst stage in EBSS-complete. A third set of experiments was carried out to study the efficiency of blind versus stained (Hoechst 33342) enucleation of oocytes. Twenty-nine of 48 blind enucleated and IP3 + DMAP-activated oocytes cleaved (60.4%), and 15 (31.2%) subsequently reached the blastocyst stage, whereas 9 of 52 oocytes enucleated using epifluorescence (17.3%) cleaved, and none of these reached the blastocyst stage. When the above parameters that yielded the highest blastocysts were combined in an NT experiment using adult rabbit fibroblast nuclei, 72.2% (39 of 54) of the fused nuclear transplant embryos cleaved and 29.6% (16 of 54) reached the blastocyst stage. (+info)

Production of cloned calves following nuclear transfer with cultured adult mural granulosa cells. (2/703)

Adult somatic cell nuclear transfer was used to determine the totipotent potential of cultured mural granulosa cells, obtained from a Friesian dairy cow of high genetic merit. Nuclei were exposed to oocyte cytoplasm for prolonged periods by electrically fusing quiescent cultured cells to enucleated metaphase II cytoplasts 4-6 h before activation (fusion before activation [FBA] treatment). Additionally, some first-generation morulae were recloned by fusing blastomeres to S-phase cytoplasts. A significantly higher proportion of fused embryos developed in vitro to grade 1-2 blastocysts on Day 7 with FBA (27.5 +/- 2.5%) than with recloning (13.0 +/- 3.6%; p < 0. 05). After the transfer of 100 blastocysts from the FBA treatment, survival rates on Days 60, 100, 180, and term were 45%, 21%, 17%, and 10%, respectively. Ten heifer calves were delivered by elective cesarean section; all have survived. After the transfer of 16 recloned blastocysts, embryo survival on Day 60 was 38%; however, no fetuses survived to Day 100. DNA analyses confirmed that the calves are all genetically identical to the donor cow. It is suggested that the losses throughout gestation may in part be due to placental dysfunction at specific stages. The next advance in this technology will be to introduce specific genetic modifications of biomedical or agricultural interest. (+info)

A mutation in the transmembrane/luminal domain of the ryanodine receptor is associated with abnormal Ca2+ release channel function and severe central core disease. (3/703)

Central core disease is a rare, nonprogressive myopathy that is characterized by hypotonia and proximal muscle weakness. In a large Mexican kindred with an unusually severe and highly penetrant form of the disorder, DNA sequencing identified an I4898T mutation in the C-terminal transmembrane/luminal region of the RyR1 protein that constitutes the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor. All previously reported RYR1 mutations are located either in the cytoplasmic N terminus or in a central cytoplasmic region of the 5,038-aa protein. The I4898T mutation was introduced into a rabbit RYR1 cDNA and expressed in HEK-293 cells. The response of the mutant RyR1 Ca2+ channel to the agonists halothane and caffeine in a Ca2+ photometry assay was completely abolished. Coexpression of normal and mutant RYR1 cDNAs in a 1:1 ratio, however, produced RyR1 channels with normal halothane and caffeine sensitivities, but maximal levels of Ca2+ release were reduced by 67%. [3H]Ryanodine binding indicated that the heterozygous channel is activated by Ca2+ concentrations 4-fold lower than normal. Single-cell analysis of cotransfected cells showed a significantly increased resting cytoplasmic Ca2+ level and a significantly reduced luminal Ca2+ level. These data are indicative of a leaky channel, possibly caused by a reduction in the Ca2+ concentration required for channel activation. Comparison with two other coexpressed mutant/normal channels suggests that the I4898T mutation produces one of the most abnormal RyR1 channels yet investigated, and this level of abnormality is reflected in the severe and penetrant phenotype of affected central core disease individuals. (+info)

How identical would cloned children be? An understanding essential to the ethical debate. (4/703)

The ban on human cloning in many countries worldwide is founded on an assumption that cloned children will be identical to each other and to their nuclear donor. This paper explores the scientific basis for this assumption, considering both the principles and practice of cloning in animals and comparing genetic and epigenetic variation in potential human clones with that in monozygotic twins. (+info)

A spare or an individual? Cloning and the implications of monozygotic twinning. (5/703)

The creation of Dolly, the cloned sheep, raises the scenario of cloning in humans. Neither the case for, nor against, the ethics of cloning in humans is discussed in this paper. Instead, it considers the neglected issue of the likely happiness or otherwise of the resulting children if they are born as monozygotic twins or triplets. The advantages and disadvantages of twinship are discussed in detail, and it is concluded that recognized medical risks, and incompletely understood psychological effects, should be given serious consideration. (+info)

Cloning, killing, and identity. (6/703)

One potentially valuable use of cloning is to provide a source of tissues or organs for transplantation. The most important objection to this use of cloning is that a human clone would be the sort of entity that it would be seriously wrong to kill. I argue that entities of the sort that you and I essentially are do not begin to exist until around the seventh month of fetal gestation. Therefore to kill a clone prior to that would not be to kill someone like you or me but would be only to prevent one of us from existing. And even after one of us begins to exist, the objections to killing it remain comparatively weak until its psychological capacities reach a certain level of maturation. These claims support the permissibility of killing a clone during the early stages of its development in order to use its organs for transplantation. (+info)

Should we clone human beings? Cloning as a source of tissue for transplantation. (7/703)

The most publicly justifiable application of human cloning, if there is one at all, is to provide self-compatible cells or tissues for medical use, especially transplantation. Some have argued that this raises no new ethical issues above those raised by any form of embryo experimentation. I argue that this research is less morally problematic than other embryo research. Indeed, it is not merely morally permissible but morally required that we employ cloning to produce embryos or fetuses for the sake of providing cells, tissues or even organs for therapy, followed by abortion of the embryo or fetus. (+info)

Persons and their copies. (8/703)

Is cloning human beings morally wrong? The basis for the one serious objection to cloning is that, because of what a clone is, clones would have much worse lives than non-clones. I sketch a fragment of moral theory to make sense of the objection. I then outline several ways in which it might be claimed that, because of what a clone is, clones would have much worse lives than non-clones. In particular, I look at various ideas connected with autonomy. I conclude that there is no basis to the claim that, because of what a clone is, clones would have much worse lives than non-clones. I therefore reject the claim that cloning human beings is morally wrong. (+info)

Asexual reproduction in organisms. Sexual reproduction and organs in male and female. The menstrual cycle, fertilisation, ... Research in human reproduction and cloning. Pollination, flowers and dispersal of fruits. The development of fruit and seeds. ... Harms and uses of different plants and animals, overall knowledge of role each organism plays in an ecosystem. Human growth ... Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Adaptation of life to the environment. The evolutionary theory. Scientific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penilaian_Menengah_Rendah

That DNA created is then in contact with a host organism. Cloning is also an example of genetic engineering. Since the ... They also play a major role in decay and decomposition with dead organisms. Methanogens are anaerobic organisms, which are ... Any living organism can contract a virus by giving parasites the opportunity to grow. Parasites feed on the nutrients of ... It is used as a model organism because it is easy to grow and has a haploid life cycle that makes genetic analysis simple since ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_genetics

The cloning of an organism is a form of asexual reproduction. By asexual reproduction, an organism creates a genetically ... This produces offspring organisms whose genetic characteristics are derived from those of the two parental organisms. Asexual ... The two-fold cost of sexual reproduction is that only 50% of organisms reproduce and organisms only pass on 50% of their genes ... Each of two parent organisms contributes half of the offspring's genetic makeup by creating haploid gametes. Most organisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction

Alemany A, Florescu M, Baron CS, Peterson-Maduro J, van Oudenaarden A (April 2018). "Whole-organism clone tracing using single- ... August 2017). "Comprehensive single-cell transcriptional profiling of a multicellular organism". Science. 357 (6352): 661-667. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single_cell_omics_methods

Thus, JM109 is useful for cloning and expression systems. E. coli is frequently used as a model organism in microbiology ... Facultative anaerobes are organisms that can grow in either the presence or absence of oxygen.) As long as these bacteria do ... Cui Y, Zhou P, Peng J, Peng M, Zhou Y, Lin Y, Liu L (May 2008). "Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of cDNA coding for ... E. coli was one of the first organisms to have its genome sequenced; the complete genome of E. coli K12 was published by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli

Vectors incorporate suicide genes for an organism (such as E. coli). The cloning project focuses on replacing the suicide gene ... Suicide genes are often utilized in biotechnology to assist in molecular cloning. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_gene

He planted 300 cloned redwoods on the U.C. Irvine campus but by 2012 most were dead and the remainder were in poor condition. ... Impacts of Applied Genetics: Micro-organisms, Plants, and Animals. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1981. p. ... Wilson, Janet (10 December 2012). "UCI's cloned redwoods rooted in research". UCI News, University of California, Irvine. (CS1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Aubrey_Ball

While Pando is the largest known aspen clone and its age has received considerable attention, other large and old clones exist ... Mihai, Andrei (February 9, 2015). "The Heaviest Living Organism in the World". ZME Science. Retrieved 2015-02-12. Mock, K. E.; ... Due to the progressive replacement of stems and roots, the overall age of an aspen clone cannot be determined from tree rings. ... Michael Grant, Jeffrey Mitton, and Yan Linhart of the University of Colorado at Boulder re-examined the clone in 1992, naming ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pando_(tree)

Traditionally DNA was isolated from the cells of organisms. Later, genes came to be cloned from a DNA segment after the ... By crossing an organism containing the recombinase sites flanking the gene of interest with an organism that expresses the SSR ... The organism then transcribes this DNA into RNA and combines this RNA with Cas9 proteins to make double-stranded breaks in the ... The first step is to identify the target gene or genes to insert into the host organism. This is driven by the goal for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques

Cloning - Dolly the sheep was the first mammal ever cloned from adult animal cells. The cloned sheep was, of course, ... study of chemical processes in living organisms, including living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living ... This clone was created by taking cells from the udder of a six-year-old ewe and growing them in the lab. Gene therapy - a ... Genetic engineering - taking a gene from one organism and placing it into another. Biochemists inserted the gene for human ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_biochemistry

1995 - Publication of the first complete genome of a free-living organism. 1996 - Dolly the sheep was first clone of an adult ... The Principle of Segregation states that each organism has two genes per trait, which segregate when the organism makes eggs or ... 1958 - John Gurdon used nuclear transplantation to clone an African Clawed Frog; first cloning of a vertebrate using a nucleus ... The Cell Theory states that all organisms are composed of cells (Schleiden and Schwann), and cells can only come from other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry

This driving force has been widely studied in organisms like E. coli. Bacteria reproduces asexually, where daughter cells are ... clones of the parent. This clonal nature leads to random mutations that occur during DNA replication that potentially helps ... Bacterial recombination is a type of genetic recombination in bacteria characterized by DNA transfer from one organism called ... donor to another organism as recipient. This process occurs in three main ways: Transformation, the uptake of exogenous DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_recombination

... is one method used to map the interactome of living organisms. Golemis, Erica (2002). Protein-protein ... interactions: a molecular cloning manual. Plainview, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ISBN 0-87969-628-1. Schon, Eric ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copurification

These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human ... Karl Drlica (2004). Understanding DNA and Gene Cloning: A Guide for the Curious (4th ed.). ISBN 978-0-471-43416-0. (Articles ... Genes and other genetic information from a wide range of organisms can be added to a plasmid and inserted into bacteria for ... Malyshev DA, Dhami K, Lavergne T, Chen T, Dai N, Foster JM, Corrêa IR, Romesberg FE (May 2014). "A semi-synthetic organism with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacteria

... organisms or be modular organisms. Unitary organisms have determinate development (set life stages) from zygote to adult form ... For instance, the bacterial colony is a cluster of identical cells (clones). These colonies often form and grow on the surface ... Obtaining such genetically identical organisms (or pure strains) can be useful; this is done by spreading organisms on a ... Modular organisms save energy by using asexual reproduction during their life. Energy reserved in this way allows them to put ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_(biology)

A single flagella is present on the organism, emerging from one polar end of the cell. The Thermoplasma volcanium isolates have ... Kocabiyik S; Ozdemir I; Zwickl P; Ozdoğan S (October 2010). "Molecular cloning and co-expression of Thermoplasma volcanium ... sequenced the total genome of Thermoplasma volcanium via fragment cloning. Thermoplasma volcanium possesses a circular genome ... No previous phylogenetic classifications have been made for this organism. Thermoplasma volcanium reproduces asexually via ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplasma_volcanium

In living organisms, they are essential machinery for many aspects of DNA repair. Defects in certain nucleases can cause ... Nucleases are also extensively used in molecular cloning. There are two primary classifications based on the locus of activity ... DNA mismatch repair in any given organism is effected by a suite of mismatch-specific endonucleases. In prokaryotes, this role ... Both modes play important roles in living organisms, especially in DNA repair. Nonspecific endonucleases involved in DNA repair ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclease

... to isolate clones of bacteria cells). "Cloning" can also refer to the various means of creating cloned ("clonal") organisms.[ ... Diploid organisms with two copies of the same allele of a given gene are called homozygous at that gene locus, while organisms ... Offspring that are genetically identical to their parents are called clones.[citation needed] Eukaryotic organisms often use ... The set of alleles for a given organism is called its genotype, while the observable traits of the organism are called its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics

The number of clones to get a sampling of all the genes is determined by the size of the organism's genome as well as the ... the genome of an organism can be sequenced to elucidate how genes affect an organism or to compare similar organisms at the ... Genome size varies among different organisms and the cloning vector must be selected accordingly. For a large genome, a vector ... Once a clone from a genomic library is sequenced, the sequence can be used to screen the library for other clones containing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic_library

... has been shown to be a single clone connected by the root system. It is sometimes considered the world's largest organism by ... King Clone Tumour heterogeneity "Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original ... Another possible candidate for oldest organism on earth is an underwater meadow of the marine plant Posidonia oceanica in the ... but underground they remain interconnected and are all clones of the same plant. However, it is not always easy to recognize a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_colony

Cloning is necessary for the assay because it ensures that the promoter is the only factor affecting expression. This step ... often involves extraction of the DNA from the organism it resides in and PCR amplification. Sequence the region. DNA Sequencing ... This is an example procedure for a promoter bashing assay, adapted from Boulin et al.: Clone the region of DNA thought to act ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_bashing

The Zebrafish Database Project B. Thisse and C. Thisse (2004). "Fast release clones: a high throughput expression analysis". ... 2008). The Zebrafish Information Network: the zebrafish model organism database provides expanded support for genotypes and ... and clones Gene expression Antibodies Sequence alignments (BLAST) Mutants and transgenic lines Anatomy Genetic maps ZFIN also ... The zebrafish is a widely used model organism for genetic, genomic, and developmental studies, and ZFIN provides an integrated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish_Information_Network

... cloning of organisms, gene therapy, and patenting; for promoting global health research, especially on malaria; and for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus

One such experiment was the cloning of recombinant DNAs derived from highly pathogenic organisms. In addition, neither the ... However, unless the organism made a dangerous product, recombinant DNAs from cold-blooded vertebrates and all other lower ... For these reasons, the other investigators feared that the final step would create cloned SV40 DNA that might escape into the ... Additionally, purified DNA from any source that performed known functions and was judged to be non-toxic could be cloned with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asilomar_Conference_on_Recombinant_DNA

The "King Clone" creosote ring is one of the oldest living organisms on Earth. It has been alive an estimated 11,700 years, in ... "King Clone, The World's Oldest Living Thing". Botanical Record-Breakers. Waynesworld. photo links "Creosote bush in desert ... Vasek, F. C. (February 1980). "Creosote Bush: Long-Lived Clones in the Mojave Desert". American Journal of Botany. 67 (2): 246- ... King Clone was identified and its age estimated by Frank Vasek, a professor at the University of California, Riverside. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larrea_tridentata

... is the creation of new life by other than the natural means available to an organism. Examples include ... artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, cloning and embryonic splitting, or cleavage. Cutting plants' stems and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reproduction

Streisinger's zebrafish clones were among the earliest successful vertebrate clones created. Its importance has been ... They can be cultured ex-vivo (kept alive outside of the organism) in a multi-well plate, which allows manipulation with drugs ... The researchers cloned oestrogen-sensitive genes and injected them into the fertile eggs of zebrafish. The modified fish turned ... D. rerio is a common and useful scientific model organism for studies of vertebrate development and gene function. Its use as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrafish

The genomic DNA for ERCC1 was the first human DNA repair gene to be isolated by molecular cloning. The original method was by ... Similar genes with similar functions are found in all eukaryotic organisms. ... Sep 1984). "Molecular cloning of a human DNA repair gene". Nature. 310 (5976): 425-9. Bibcode:1984Natur.310..425W. doi:10.1038/ ... 1984). "Molecular cloning of a human DNA repair gene". Nature. 310 (5976): 425-9. Bibcode:1984Natur.310..425W. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERCC1

Model organisms have been used in the study of MYD88 function. The gene was originally discovered and cloned by Dan Liebermann ... Bonnert TP, Garka KE, Parnet P, Sonoda G, Testa JR, Sims JE (January 1997). "The cloning and characterization of human MyD88: a ... "The cloning and characterization of human MyD88: a member of an IL-1 receptor related family". FEBS Letters. 402 (1): 81-4. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYD88

... faster than baseline organisms, by developing multiple flagella, whereas the baseline organism has a single flagellum. This ... While P. aeruginosa is generally thought of as an opportunistic pathogen, several widespread clones appear to have become more ... This organism can achieve anaerobic growth with nitrate or nitrite as a terminal electron acceptor. When oxygen, nitrate, and ... The organism is also associated with the skin lesion ecthyma gangrenosum. P. aeruginosa is frequently associated with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa

Therapeutic cloning. *Embryology. *Environmental biotechnology. *Genetic engineering *Genetically modified organism. *Molecular ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

... and its derivatives have many functions in humans and in other organisms. The most notable function is that choline ... "cDNA cloning of phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase from spinach by complementation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline

Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a ... In: Golemis, E. (ed.) Protein-Protein Interactions - A Molecular Cloning Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. ... These physiological interactions make up the so-called interactomics of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of ... Intragenic complementation has been demonstrated in many different genes in a variety of organisms including the fungi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually, the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is ... When organisms reproduce asexually, as in single-celled organisms such as bacteria and other prokaryotes,[72] and ... defined as a set of organisms with a similar phenotype to each other, but a different phenotype from other sets of organisms.[ ... All species definitions assume that an organism acquires its genes from one or two parents very like the "daughter" organism, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species

All the BCR of any one clone of B cells recognizes and binds to only one particular antigen. A critical difference between B ... The phrase was used almost exclusively by Good and his students and a few other immunologists working with marginal organisms ... In adaptive immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are "acquired" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate ... The principle behind immunization is to introduce an antigen, derived from a disease-causing organism, that stimulates the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

Mori, H.; Takeda-Yoshikawa, Y.; Hara-Nishimura, I.; Nishimura, M. (1991). "Pumpkin malate synthase Cloning and sequencing of ... of the genes in an organism may have their expression monitored. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_blot

These polyps reproduce asexually by budding, but remain attached to each other, forming a multi-polyp colony of clones with a ... Many shallow-water corals contain symbiont unicellular organisms known as zooxanthellae within their tissues. These give their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_coral

Kusumi, Kenro (1997). Positional cloning and characterization of the mouse pudgy locus. mit.edu (PhD thesis). MIT. hdl:1721.1/ ... which are often used as model organisms in studies of everything from human diseases to embryonic development. The WICGR has ... Segre, Julia (1996). Positional cloning of nude, a fork head transcription factor : genetic, physical and transcriptional maps ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Lander

Colonies of clones in some species; some solitary species. Colonies of clones ... Molecular phylogeny, which attempts to work out the evolutionary family tree of organisms by comparing their biochemistry and ... Colonies of clones in most; one solitary genus. Sessile species often form clumps, but with no active co-operation. ... Bryozoans form colonies consisting of clones called zooids that are typically about 0.5 mm (1⁄64 in) long.[14] Phoronids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryozoa

Barley seeds are found to produce clone 10 in Ignatius et al 1994(a). They find clone 10, a Class I chitinase, in the seed ... Chitinivorous organisms include many bacteria[3] (Aeromonads, Bacillus, Vibrio,[4] among others), which may be pathogenic or ... They attack living arthropods, zooplankton or fungi or they may degrade the remains of these organisms. ... Regulation varies from species to species, and within an organism, chitinases with different physiological functions would be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinase

In the sea, plants-and some animals-can simply scatter out genetic clones of themselves to float away and grow elsewhere. This ... Many flowers have close relationships with one or a few specific pollinating organisms. Many flowers, for example, attract only ... While many such symbiotic relationships remain too fragile to survive competition with mainland organisms, flowers proved to be ... leading to the creation of a genetic clone through asexual reproduction. This increases the reliability of producing seeds, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower

Other organisms, such as the lichen Trapelia involuta or microorganisms such as the bacterium Citrobacter, can absorb ... "Cloning and Overexpression of Alkaline Phosphatase PhoK from Sphingomonas sp. Strain BSAR-1 for Bioprecipitation of Uranium ... this creates the possibility that these organisms could be used in bioremediation to decontaminate uranium-polluted water.[27][ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium

As venomous organisms often use their neurotoxins to subdue a predator or prey very rapidly, toxins have evolved to become ... Carmichael WW, Gorham PR (1978). "Anatoxins from clones of Anabaena flos-aquae isolated from lakes of western Canada". Mitt. ... Neurotoxins can be found in a number of organisms, including some strains of cyanobacteria,[1] that can be found in algal ... As the nervous system in most organisms is both highly complex and necessary for survival, it has naturally become a target for ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotoxin

By contrast, organisms such as Pseudomonas, although possessing endotoxin, cause plasma ferritin levels to drop significantly ... De Zoysa M, Lee J (September 2007). "Two ferritin subunits from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus): cloning, ... Because iron is an important mineral in mineralization, ferritin is employed in the shells of organisms such as molluscs to ... The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including archaea, bacteria, algae, higher plants, and animals. It is ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin

An organism's phenotype results from two basic factors: the expression of an organism's genetic code, or its genotype, and the ... Once they have been mapped out, cloned, and identified, it can be determined whether a mutation represents a new gene or not. ... An organism's genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics - ... is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.[1][2] The term covers the organism's morphology or physical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype

The BAC clones that contain chromosome aberrations have end sequences that do not map to a similar region of the reference ... The genomics era began in the 1990s, with the generation of DNA sequences of many organisms. In the 21st century, the ... These tags are then linked to into ditags, concatenated, cloned, sequenced and mapped back to the reference genome to evaluate ... This research involves studying cancer genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes in model organisms such as mice, identifying ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

Since 1998, it has been possible to clone mice from cells derived from adult animals. ... who was influential in promoting the mouse as a laboratory organism.[10] In 2011, an estimated 83% of laboratory rodents ... The mouse has since been used extensively as a model organism and is associated with many important biological discoveries of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mouse

Individual organisms, including humans, are part of a species by virtue of their relations with other members of the same ... "Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations". American ... is going to be due to both heritable features of the organism as well as the particular environmental features the organism ... might be characterized by one or more characters which are both universally distributed among and limited to the organisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nature

... organisms with enhanced DNA repair systems, such as Deinococcus radiodurans, the most radiation-resistant known organism, ... When clones of these cells were maintained for three years, the new methylation patterns were maintained over that time period. ... The DNA repair ability of a cell is vital to the integrity of its genome and thus to the normal functionality of that organism ... Unregulated cell division can lead to the formation of a tumor (see cancer), which is potentially lethal to an organism. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

... organisms with multiple plastids show an 80-fold increase in plastid-to-nucleus gene transfer compared with organisms with ... Molecular cloning and functional characterization of two new members of the porin family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry ... Some organisms can take opportunistic advantage of a similar process, where they engulf an alga and use the products of its ... a New Study of the Origins of Organisms.[4][5][6] Mereschkowski knew of the work of botanist Andreas Schimper, who had observed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiogenesis

The effect of formation of the isthmus on the marine biota of the area was the inverse of its effect on terrestrial organisms, ... Clones, and Biomes. University of Chicago Press. pp. 123-142. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226649214.003.0007. ISBN 978-0-226-64919- ... Lessios, H.A. (December 2008). "The Great American Schism: Divergence of Marine Organisms After the Rise of the Central ... "The Great American Schism: Divergence of Marine Organisms after the Rise of the Central American Isthmus". Annual Review of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Interchange

C-phycocyanin has a single absorption peak at ~621 nm,[8][9] varying slightly depending on the organism and conditions such as ... Liu J, Zhang X, Sui Z, Zhang X, Mao Y (March 2005). "Cloning and characterization of c-phycocyanin operon from the ... Some filamentous organisms in the Baltic Sea include Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon flosaquae. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycocyanin

List of organisms named after the Star Wars series. *Robot Chicken: Star Wars ... Attack of the Clones. *Revenge of the Sith. *The Clone Wars. *The Force Awakens ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Black_Series

Houdebine, Louis-Marie; Fan, Jianglin (1 June 2009). Rabbit Biotechnology: Rabbit Genomics, Transgenesis, Cloning and Models. ... Therefore, longer ears are meant to aid the organism in detecting predators sooner rather than later in warmer temperatures.[19 ... Thermoregulation is the process that an organism utilizes to maintain an optimal body temperature independent of external ... They are made up of micro-organisms and undigested plant cell walls.[citation needed] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit

Genetically modified organisms in agriculture. Hidden categories: *Webarchive template wayback links. *All articles with dead ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusztai_affair

Deletions are representative of eukaryotic organisms, including humans and not in prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria. ... In particular, microarray-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) based on the use of BAC clones promises a sensitive strategy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_deletion

Suchi M, Mizuno H, Kawai Y, Tsuboi T, Sumi S, Okajima K, Hodgson ME, Ogawa H, Wada Y (Mar 1997). "Molecular cloning of the ... Deficiency of the enzyme can be studied in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. The rad-6 strain has a premature stop ... Suchi M, Harada N, Tsuboi T, Asai K, Okajima K, Wada Y, Takagi Y (1990). "Molecular cloning of human UMP synthase". Purine and ... Merging both the fusion order and evolutionary origin, organisms end up having fused UMPS where one of its catalytic domains ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine_monophosphate_synthase

Multiple cloning sites are sometimes used to ensure that the fragments are inserted in all three possible reading frames so ... tissue or organism) so that the function or the mechanism of the function of that protein may be determined. Phage display is ... This displayed the different peptides on the outer surfaces of the collection of viral clones, where the screening step of the ... Danner S, Belasco JG (November 2001). "T7 phage display: a novel genetic selection system for cloning RNA-binding proteins from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

The cloning and sequencing of the Norwalk virus genome showed that these viruses have a genomic organization consistent with ... Anonymous (1 May 2010). "Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Public Health ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norovirus

When the two planets periodically approach each other in orbit every few hundred years, the organisms form into long strings of ... and mentioning DragonStrike as a superior clone. Addams 1984, p. 100. Hunter, William. "Epyx - The Dot Eaters". Retrieved 14 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonriders_of_Pern_(video_game)

Ethical, scientific and social implications of cloning in human health Executive Board, 101 (‎World Health Organization, 1998 ... Implementation of resolutions and decisions: ethical, scientific and social implications of cloning in human health ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/78088/browse?locale-attribute=en&type=mesh&authority=Cloning,+Organism

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/78093/browse?authority=Cloning%2C+Organism&type=mesh

Human cloning / edited by James M. Humber, and Robert F. Almeder. by Humber, James M , Almeder, Robert F. ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BCloning%2C%20Organism%7D

Restriction digests of the clone give the following sizes (kb): EcoRI--4.4; HindIII--4.4; EcoRI/HindIII--3.0, 1.45; BglI--4.4; ... Organism. Homo sapiens, human. Clone type. Clone Applications. Molecular biology. Product format. Freeze-dried Shipping ... Restriction digests of the clone give the following sizes (kb): EcoRI--4.4; HindIII--4.4; EcoRI/HindIII--3.0, 1.45; BglI--4.4; ...

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2022 clone.nl site by joep-i.nl. subscribe to our newsletter. Terms and Conditions ...

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Clone name: cLER-1-D11. Order Clone. Library Name: cLER. Organism: Solanum lycopersicum (formerly Lycopersicon esculentum). ... Clone: SGN-C178479 [TUS-29-E5]. Trace: SGN-T183765. EST: SGN-E370424. Direction: 3. Facility: INRA. ... Clone: SGN-C178479 [TUS-29-E5]. Trace: SGN-T183766. EST: SGN-E370425. Direction: 5. Facility: INRA. ... Microarray: Alias clone SGN-C178479 is on microarray TOM1: SGN-S1-1-4.1.4.14 There is no map position defined on SGN for this ...

https://www.sgn.cornell.edu/search/est.pl?request_type=8&request_id=72110&request_from=1

Next-day shipping cDNA ORF clones derived from Jph4 junctophilin 4 available at GenScript, starting from $99.00. ... Organism. Mus musculus(house mouse). Product. junctophilin-4. Comment. Comment: VALIDATED REFSEQ: This record has undergone ... DYK or the vector of your choice as an expression/transfection-ready ORF clone. Not the clone you want? Click here to find your ... Clone ID Related Accession (Same CDS sequence). NM_177049.5 Accession Version. NM_177049.5 Latest version!. Documents for ORF ...

https://www.genscript.com/gene/mus-musculus/319984/jph4.html

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a community organism. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;21:1308-12. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... 1 clone (2 clones in CC1 and CC45, 3 clones in CC8 and CC59, and 5 clones in CC5). ... Twenty-nine clones were identified, including 7 (22.5%) EMRSA clones and 22 (77.5%) CA-MRSA clones. ... EMRSA Clones. Table 1 shows the 7 EMRSA clones identified: ST22-MRSA-IV (EMRSA-15), ST239-MRSA-III (Aus-2 and Aus-3 EMRSA), ST8 ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/2/05-0454

Somatic cell nuclear transfer was successfully used for production of viable cloned puppies despite limited understanding of in ... article is to review dog cloning research and to suggest its applications based on a discussion about the normality of cloned ... Cloning, Organism / adverse effects * Cloning, Organism / veterinary* * Conservation of Natural Resources * Dogs / genetics* ... Lessons learned from cloning dogs Reprod Domest Anim. 2012 Aug;47 Suppl 4:115-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02064.x. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22827359/?dopt=Abstract

Organism. Homo sapiens Lineage. Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; ... GenScript latest version of gene cDNA ORF Clone. * GenScript latest version of gene cDNA ORF Clone ... Orthologs from Annotation Pipeline: 173 organisms have orthologs with human gene TEX49 ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/255411

Cloning, Organism [‎5]‎. Commerce [‎6]‎. Delivery of Health Care [‎48]‎. Delivery of Health Care, Integrated [‎18]‎. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/78092/browse?rpp=20&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=E&starts_with=B&order=ASC

Cloning, Organism [‎24]‎. Commerce [‎38]‎. Communicable Disease Control [‎12]‎. Communicable Diseases [‎6]‎. ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/164606/browse?rpp=20&etal=-1&sort_by=-1&type=mesh&starts_with_previous=X&starts_with=B&order=ASC

Recombinant Arachis hypogaea Allergen Ara h 1, clone P17 , CSB-YP331779ANE(A4) , CusabioAlternative Name(s): Allergen Ara h I ... Organism Recombinants * All Organism Recombinants * Acinetobacter baumannii Recombinant * Arabidopsis thaliana Recombinant * ... Recombinant Arachis hypogaea Allergen Ara h 1, clone P17 , CSB-YP331779ANE(A4) Cusabio Arachis hypogaea Recombinants ... Recombinant Arachis hypogaea Allergen Ara h 1, clone P17 , CSB-EP331779ANE(A4) Cusabio Arachis hypogaea Recombinants ...

https://joplink.net/organism-recombinants/arachis-hypogaea-recombinant/

... tissue or organism. Learn about the types and uses in medicine. ... Cloning is the process of creating an exact genetic replica of ... Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. The copied ... Statement on Human Cloning (American Association for the Advancement of Science) * What is Cloning? (Genetic Science Learning ... Reproductive cloning, which creates copies of whole animals. *Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/cloning.html

Organism. Homo sapiens Lineage. Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; ... GenScript latest version of gene cDNA ORF Clone. * GenScript latest version of gene cDNA ORF Clone ... Orthologs from Annotation Pipeline: 316 organisms have orthologs with human gene SPRN ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/503542

Cloning host E. coli Organism Solanum lycopersicum (formerly Lycopersicon esculentum) Cloning vector pBeloBAC11 ... BAC Clones BAC clones can be ordered from the clone ordering page at TFGD ... Show Only Clones With Known contamination. End sequence(s). Overgo probe matches to markers. Computational matches to markers. ... This clone is being sequenced by the Chromosome 2 Sequencing Project. (View projects). Log in as a curator or sequencer to edit ...

https://www.sgn.cornell.edu/maps/physical/clone_info.pl?id=111598

How can genetically identical organisms be cloned? This course will offer an integrative study of the development of animals, ... Why are identical twins not perfect "clones" of each other? Why are even cloned animals not perfect "clones"? Why does a ... 181 Adaptation and the Organism. An introduction to the evolution, ecology, and behavior of organisms and how these relate to ... The majority of organisms on earth cause disease or are parasitic, and it could be said that a thorough understanding of ...

https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/biology/courses/1415F?display=curriculum

Test organisms (species):. Daphnia magna. Details on test organisms:. TEST ORGANISM. - Common name: water flee. - Strain/clone ... of organisms per vessel: 1. - No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10. - No. of vessels per control (replicates): 10 ...

https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/18354/6/2/5

Next-day shipping cDNA ORF clones derived from col-84 COLlagen available at GenScript, starting from $99.00. ... Organism Caenorhabditis elegans. Definition Caenorhabditis elegans COLlagen (col-84), partial mRNA.. Target ORF information:. ... DYK or the vector of your choice as an expression/transfection-ready ORF clone. Not the clone you want? Click here to find your ... Clone ID Related Accession (Same CDS sequence). NM_064134.5 , NM_064134.6 Accession Version. NM_064134.6 Latest version!. ...

https://www.genscript.com/gene/caenorhabditis-elegans/174824/col-84.html

Cloned(Commentary). Cloned (Comment). Organism. the gene is encoded by Ag+ resistance plasmid pMG101, the plasmid is ... Organism. Comment (Nat. Sub.). Natural Products. Comment (Nat. Pro.). Rev.. Reac.. ATP + H2O + Ag+/in. Salmonella sp.. required ... Organism. More. enzyme of the heavy-metal resistance efflux P-type ATPase family. The enzyme has a conserved aspartyl residues ... transferred by conjugation to Escherichia coli, from which it is cloned. Salmonella sp.. ...

https://brenda-enzymes.org/literature.php?e=7.2.2.15&r=210453

SummaryOrganisms in targets/structuresOrganism pipelineStructure statisticsLigands - statisticsLigands - full listInfectious ... Clone Suffix. Experiment Date Start. Experiment Date End. Staff. Lab. Protocol. Status. Vector. ...

https://csgid.org/protein_clones/index/page:5/sort:experiment_date_start/direction:asc

Test organisms (species):. Daphnia magna. Details on test organisms:. TEST ORGANISM. - Common name: Waterflea. - Strain/clone: ... Test organisms (species):. other aquatic mollusc: Crassostrea virginica. Details on test organisms:. TEST ORGANISM. - Common ... of organisms per vessel: 20. - Loading of organisms: 25 Daphnia/L. - No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4. - No. of ... of organisms per vessel: 20 (40 per treatment level and the controls). - No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2. - No ...

https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/21001/6/2/4

Organism Cloning 17% * Genes 15% * Polymerase Chain Reaction 11% * Proteins 7% Chemical Compounds. * Fermentation 54% ...

https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/projects/evaluation-of-consolidated-bioprocessing-as-a-strategy-for-produc/fingerprints/

The Seventh-Day Adventist General Conference statement regarding the ethical considerations regarding human cloning. ... Each gene of an organism can exist in slightly different forms. Those small differences are responsible for some of the ... Clones. Two or more individuals with identical genetic material. Human clones occur naturally in the form of "identical twins ... An additional major risk is that cloning could lead to expedient uses of those who are cloned, with their value assigned ...

https://www.adventist.org/official-statements/ethical-considerations-regarding-human-cloning/

Organism. Homo sapiens, human. Clone type. Clone Applications. Molecular biology. Product format. Test tube Shipping ...

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Unicellular organisms are primed to replicate (clone) themselves by nature. Multi-cellular organisms and higher species ... are opposed to reproductive cloning, but support therapeutic cloning. The international debate to ban all types of cloning, not ... Reproductive cloning versus therapeutic cloning: the global debate. At this time there is a global consensus across all ... Islamic perspectives on cloning. The issue of cloning within the Eastern Mediterranean Region is strongly linked to religious ...

http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-12-2006/volume-12-supplement-2/human-cloning-eastern-mediterranean-region-perspective.html

clone. genetically identical copy of a single gene or entire organism. genetic engineering. process of changing an organisms ... organism whose genome has been altered to contain one or more genes from another organism or species. ... genetically engineered DNA that contains genes from more than one organism or species. ... agent that can induce or increase the frequency of mutations in organisms. ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-1188903

https://www.xenbase.org/entry/geneExpression/attribution.do?objId=4125768&objName=FEATURE&objNameSrt=FEAT&attPage=PAPER&action=VIEW&litOnly=0&pageType=CLONE&tabId=2&att=ephb4-HAR184&tabId=2

The emergence of multidrug-resistant CA-MRSA clones and the detection of PVL toxin genes in clones previously reported as PVL negative is a major public health concern. (cdc.gov)
GGTase I peptide sequences were obtained from the purified protein and used to clone the genes encoding both subunits. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Genetics is an academic discipline that studies the genes and heredity in living organisms. (grademiners.com)
When, as a result of sexual reproduction, organisms shuffle their genes, harmful mutations can be brought together in the same genome, making them more susceptible to the cleansing action of natural selection. (uh.edu)
By 1988, Dr. Chalfie was interested in cloning genes and he wanted to know where genes were being expressed in the C. elegans. (lww.com)
In this case, sexual reproduction allows an organism to mix and match its genes with another, facilitating the evolution of defenses against invaders. (livescience.com)
Genetics is the study of genes , heredity , and the variation of organisms , as well as the medical practice of diagnosing, treating, and counseling patients with genetic disorders . (wikipedia.org)
Researchers surveyed 501 randomly selected adults, testing their knowledge of G.M.O.s with a series of true/false questions - for example, the cloning of living things produces genetically identical copies (true), or it is not possible to transfer animal genes into plants (false). (newsbynature.com)
The observed distribution of resistance plasmids and β-lactamase genes in several clones indicates a high degree of horizontal transfer. (cdc.gov)
To examine the activities of the conserved core PKS genes from dermatophytes, we cloned the clusters using yeast recombination 12 followed by expression in Aspergillus nidulans ( Figure S1, Supplementary Information ). (cdc.gov)

Therefore, cloning in domestic dogs can be applied as an assisted reproductive technique to conserve endangered species, to treat sterile canids or aged dogs, to improve reproductive performance of valuable individuals and to generate disease model animals. (nih.gov)
Multi-cellular organisms and higher species replicate naturally through a reproduction mechanism involving male and female germ cells. (who.int)
Cloning in higher species involves somatic cell nuclear transfer, a process in which the nucleus of a somatic (non-germ) cell is taken out and inserted into an enucleated fertilized female germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
This is reproductive cloning, and can in theory be applied to any species of mammals, including humans. (who.int)
Church proposed to use DNA from extinct species to clone and breed new organisms from those species. (asu.edu)
Estimates indicate that there may be up to 2 billion living species of organisms, each with conserved and unique biological mechanisms that are vital for survival. (bitesizebio.com)
it generates hundreds of thousands of reads per run, which is crucial because the majority of the DNA recovered from fossils is generally not derived from the fossil species, but rather from organisms that have colonized the organism after its death. (wjst.de)

These earlier "classic" MRSA strains were genetically similar to each other and may have evolved from a single clone ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Clones are organisms that are genetically identical to each other. (parliament.uk)
Are Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) safe? (coursera.org)
The relapse phenomenon occurs because of genetically programmed shifting of outer surface proteins of the Borrelia that allows a new clone to avoid destruction by antibodies directed against the majority of the original infecting organisms. (medscape.com)
The formation of one or more genetically identical organisms derived by vegetative reproduction from a single cell. (bvsalud.org)
Instead of producing a new plant through fertilisation of a pollen grain and ovule, some plants can reproduce simply by growing more cells by mitosis to create genetically identical offspring or clones . (reimaginingeducation.org)
The FDA, in accordance with the wishes of the large pharmaceutical companies who supply the feedstocks for 90% of all dietary supplements, allows vitamin companies to label their products as "natural," "food-based," or even "organic," even if these supplements are composed of 90% synthetic ingredients, including genetically modified organisms. (onthewilderside.com)
The researchers recently revived a frozen population of E. coli and compared the fitness and ultimate fates of four clones representing two genetically distinct lineages. (medindia.net)
Most scientists agree that genetically modified organisms, or G.M.O.s, are safe to eat. (newsbynature.com)

Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells . (medlineplus.gov)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
For example, microorganisms, like common yeast, reproduce by splitting into two daughter cells that are clones of the parent cell and each other. (adventist.org)
In its simplest form, cloning is defined as the exact replication of cells. (who.int)
The cytopathic effects of Mahoney infection were comparable in the cell clones and in HEp-2c cells. (pasteur.fr)
The S. pombe cells harboring pPDI10 showed increased PDI activity and accelerated growth, suggesting that the cloned PDI gene is functioning and involved in the yeast growth. (umn.edu)
The first successful cloning of a gaur in 2000 by Advanced Cell Technology involved the cells of two animals: an egg cell from a domestic cow and a skin cell from a gaur. (asu.edu)
Sometimes called "the father of cloning", German scientist Hans Spemann conducted primitive cloning experiments and studied how embryo cells develop. (nndb.com)
Scientists could clone individual cells or portions of DNA, but they will need a lot more than mummified blood cells. (apologeticspress.org)
He is one of three scientists to win the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work in developing green fluorescent protein (GFP) to track changes in cells or organisms. (lww.com)
Animal cloning from freeze-dried cells? (moviesonline.ca)
Sayaka Wakayama of Yamanashi University in Ionian explains that freeze-dried somatic cells can produce healthy and fertile clones. (moviesonline.ca)
Although cloning is not easy, it allows you to get all of the animal's genetic material, not just half, that is contained in the reproductive cells. (moviesonline.ca)
The main difference between fission and fragmentation is that in fission, a parent cell splits into daughter cells, whereas, in fragmentation, a parent organism breaks into fragments, developing a new organism . (reimaginingeducation.org)
that type of Asexual mode of reproduction in which one parental body of organism divides into two or more daughter cells is known as fission. (biologysir.com)
In binary fission the karyokinesis that is division of nucleus is followed by cytokinesis that is division of cytoplasm so nothing is left with the parents ,daughter cells feed grow and repeat the process that's why organism which are undergoing binary fission are also known as immortal. (biologysir.com)
Ca 2+ is a universal intracellular signalling molecule found in all organisms from prokaryotes to highly specialized animal cells. (biomedcentral.com)
to harvesting and cloning fetal cells, saying NO! (thewhiterose.uk)
3) I AM OPPOSED to any laboratory use of aborted fetal cells, clones thereof, fetal cell cultures and fetal cell-lines, whether this use be in the course of research, experiment, development, production or testing. (thewhiterose.uk)

Without the presence of pathogens, the host organism sticks with the tried-and-true method of asexual breeding. (livescience.com)
When threatened by a continually evolving pathogen that gets better and better at killing its host, however, the host organism starts seeking out sex partners . (livescience.com)

Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. (medlineplus.gov)
The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. (medlineplus.gov)
A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
Recent advances in genetic and reproductive biology, however, indicate that techniques for cloning humans may soon be developed. (adventist.org)
In a single stand, each tree is a genetic replicate of the other, hence the name a "clone" of aspens used to describe a stand. (nationalforests.org)
Genetic abnormalities resulting from DNA damage were also observed in some individuals, so it was difficult to call them a true clone. (moviesonline.ca)
Within organisms , genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes , where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules . (wikipedia.org)
Understanding the amount of genetic variation and the relatedness of strains helps us appreciate the way the organism is changing and interpret our laboratory findings to track and control the spread of infections. (cdc.gov)
According to modern science mainstream view, organisms develop from genetic inheritance, the genotype, and some plasticity is admitted to the traits which compose an organism's phenotype, which depends on environmental interaction. (bvsalud.org)
The term 'map' refers equally to land masses, countries, societies and the genetic make-ups of organisms and thus indicates some sort of scaled fractal relationship between the particular and the universal. (vector-bsfa.com)

In 2009, a predominant clone of Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotype 002 with hyper-sporulation was identified in Hong Kong (China). (who.int)

Using multilocus sequence/staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec typing, 22 CA-MRSA clones were characterized. (cdc.gov)
using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) combined with staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCC mec ) typing, established that relatively few major EMRSA clones existed ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
This clone is being sequenced by the Chromosome 2 Sequencing Project. (cornell.edu)

One clone ID might be correlated to multiple accession numbers, which share the same CDS sequence. (genscript.com)

2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
When cloning animals, you need a non-reproductive cell (called a somatic cell) that contains all of the individual's DNA. (moviesonline.ca)
Development of different organisms from non -sexual reproductive units like fragments, buds, gemmules and spore is known as blastogenesis and asexual reproductive body is known as blastos. (biologysir.com)

Bacteria " - a living organism that is usually a single cell. (microbiomeprescription.com)
Microbiome " or " Microbiota "- is the civilization of bacteria and other organism that lives somewhere. (microbiomeprescription.com)
Genome editing technologies enable scientists to make changes to the DNA of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, and animals. (3dforscience.com)
These bacteria were members of the Los Angeles Clone (LAC) strain of MRSA. (cdc.gov)

1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
The concept of human cloning has long been in the imagination of many scientists, scholars and fiction writers [1]. (who.int)
Scientists have long wondered why organisms bother with sexual reproduction. (uh.edu)
How do scientists clone DNA? (coursera.org)
The fantasy behind the story is that scientists can clone dinosaurs. (apologeticspress.org)
For example, can scientists clone dinosaurs? (apologeticspress.org)
By comparing structures from different organisms, the scientists in the Chapman lab realized that there was a continuum of structures rather than a single nucleotide-bound form. (ohsu.edu)

Somatic cell nuclear transfer was successfully used for production of viable cloned puppies despite limited understanding of in vitro dog embryo production. (nih.gov)
There are other methods of cloning, for example, embryo splitting, which may occur naturally or be encouraged. (parliament.uk)

Carbon sequestration is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon is absorbed by living organisms, including trees, soil micro-organisms, and crops, and involving the storage of carbon in soils, with the potential to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. (coastalwiki.org)
and can engineer micro-organisms to clean-up our environment. (edge.org)
Currently, progress is focused on small things, like individual gene networks or micro-organisms. (edge.org)

We can uncover the genome sequence, complete with epigenetic programming instructions, for practically any extant organism within a few weeks. (edge.org)
The woolly mammoth genome was sequenced in 2008, and Japanese researchers are reputedly cloning it now, using extant elephant relatives as surrogate mothers. (edge.org)
Contains a variety of protocols for genome manipulation with Cas9, including genome editing, troubleshooting in specific organisms, how to detect editing, guide RNA library construction, and CRISPR inhibition or activation screening. (innovativegenomics.org)

Q Protein is obtained by combining 5 highly antigenic fragments, fused and cloned into E. coli, from 4 Leishmania infantum proteins. (3dforscience.com)
The fragments were cloned and some clones were size-selectd and sequenced. (bvsalud.org)

Although a statewide policy of screening all hospital patients and staff who have lived outside the state for MRSA has prevented the establishment of multidrug-resistant epidemic MRSA, the policy has not prevented SCC mec type IV and type V MRSA clones from becoming established. (cdc.gov)
Isolation precautions should also be implemented when a multidrug-resistant organism is isolated. (medscape.com)

Cloning includes all those processes by which living plants or animals are replicated by asexual means-methods that do not involve the fusion of egg and sperm. (adventist.org)
budding, in biology, a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from some generative anatomical point of the parent organism . (reimaginingeducation.org)
Budding refers to a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site, while fragmentation refers to a type of asexual reproduction in which the body of the parent organism breaks off into pieces that subsequently regenerate. (reimaginingeducation.org)
The small animal which cannot mate with male organism have a benefit to reproduce by Asexual mode of reproduction and producing number of young ones without any cost and time expanding this is major advantage of Asexual mode of reproduction. (biologysir.com)
Morphological and genetical similar individuals which are produced by Asexual mode of reproduction is known as clone. (biologysir.com)

Design gRNAs and accompanying primers for gRNA cloning, expression, and validating genomic edits. (innovativegenomics.org)

Creation of transgenic organisms. (grademiners.com)

Viable microorganisms are metabolically active (living) organisms with the potential to reproduce. (cdc.gov)
Culturable organisms reproduce under controlled conditions. (cdc.gov)
Why should organisms devote so much of their time and energy to attracting mates, when they can reproduce much more efficiently by cloning themselves? (amherst.edu)
A new study finds that in organisms that can reproduce alone or with a partner, sexual reproduction is the result of a deadly arms race between host and pathogen. (livescience.com)
When threatened by pathogens, then, organisms should be driven to reproduce sexually just to stay ahead. (livescience.com)
The organism can reproduce in the absence of a mate in which, in this case, produces offspring which is usually a clone of the parent. (reimaginingeducation.org)

Husain, M , Martin, SAM & Wang, T 2014, ' Identification and characterisation of the IL-27 p28 subunits in fish: Cloning and comparative expression analysis of two p28 paralogues in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar ', Fish & Shellfish Immunology , vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 102-112. (elsevier.com)

The plasmid pSP65 which has cloned the complete HBV sequence, was amplified by transformation of coli (DH5). (bvsalud.org)

In this study, a gene ( Spbtry1 ) encoding a soybean pod borer serine protease was cloned from the organism's midgut. (bioone.org)

In the genomic region encoding the capsid proteins, determinants involved in the resistance of the cell clones to the Mahoney mutants were localized in the amino-terminal part of VP1 (amino acids 22 and 43), the B-C loop of VP1 (amino acids 94-102), and the loop of VP3 connecting its amino-terminal to beta strand B (amino acid 60). (pasteur.fr)

Human cloning / edited by James M. Humber, and Robert F. Almeder. (who.int)
WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
WHA50.37, which states "the use of cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
For a number of decades, the prospect that new members of the human family might be produced by cloning was considered farfetched. (adventist.org)
With this prospect comes the Christian responsibility to address profound ethical issues associated with human cloning. (adventist.org)
Concern also exists that human cloning might undermine family relationships. (adventist.org)
So long as this form of cloning (non-human) suits human needs, does not cause harm and does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has been considered acceptable. (who.int)
Reflecting their nature as clones tainted with human DNA, the Aliens were redesigned as more biological than biomechanical, with sharpened and elongated features that appeared more sinister and allowed for underwater movement. (halloweencostumes.com)
As one facet of this search, we must learn to reconcile the two most fundamental approaches to modeling human cognition, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectionism connectionism] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind computationalism]. (evodevouniverse.com)
When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding. (medscape.com)
In its purest form, the term 'biotechnology' refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. (locatemediator.com)

Thirty years later, this light-converting molecule was cloned by Douglas C. Prasher, PhD, a scientist at Woods Hole. (lww.com)

Let's look at this from the molecular level, which arguably we have more control over than the organism or ecosystem level. (edge.org)
Organización molecular del complejo II y su rol en la anaerobiosis. (bvsalud.org)

The most famous clone was a Scottish sheep named Dolly. (medlineplus.gov)
That is how the first cloned sheep, named "Dolly", was created [3]. (who.int)

We initiated the cloning strategy by creating an E. coli -yeast- Aspergillus shuttle vector, pYH-wA-pyrG, which consists of a ColE1 origin of replication from SuperCos1, a yeast centromere sequence (CEN) and an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) 13 , 14 ( Table S1, Materials and Methods ). (cdc.gov)

And like a regular organism, the virtual ones developed a natural buffer to resist change by mutations. (uh.edu)
But the researchers found that the protection only works when the digital organisms were facing a few mutations at a time. (uh.edu)

Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and therapeutic techniques. (who.int)
This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)

Mus musculus paired box gene 9, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:11500 IMAGE:3707718), complete cds. (ucsc.edu)

The following Jph4 gene cDNA ORF clone sequences were retrieved from the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq). (genscript.com)

The answer right now is "No." The reason is that dinosaurs, like humans, are very complicated organisms. (apologeticspress.org)
Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the gut of the louse. (medscape.com)

The Woods Hole scientist published the details of his cloned gene in 1992 in the journal Gene . (lww.com)

We are a stone's throw away from re-creating extinct organisms. (edge.org)

6) Clone and express degrading proteins for protein purification. (cdc.gov)

One major concern for organic consumers is the fact that it's impossible to determine via laboratory testing whether a particular meat or animal byproduct came from a cloned animal or its offspring. (onthewilderside.com)

The offspring of cloned dogs also have similar growth performance and health to those of naturally bred puppies. (nih.gov)

Ratio of uptake clearance to the rate at which an organism encounters a given contaminant in an environmental medium (e.g., soil, sediment, water, food) being processed by the organism. (coastalwiki.org)
Each branch with a cryptic name represents one sediment organism whose nitrite reductase gene I cloned and sequenced. (everydaymicrobe.com)

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium sequence type 796 - rapid international dissemination of a new epidemic clone. (cdc.gov)

Using a recombination-based cloning strategy in yeast, we constructed fungal heterologous expression vectors that encode the cryptic clusters. (cdc.gov)

The researchers created digital organisms that reproduced through sex in the same manner as real organisms. (uh.edu)
According to an emergent group of researchers, systemic, relational and evolutionary thought is needed to understand the development of organisms' characteristics and competences. (bvsalud.org)
The discovery that the less-fit organisms out-survived their in-shape counterparts surprised the researchers at first. (medindia.net)
By replaying evolution over and over with the clones, the researchers showed that the eventual winners likely prevailed because they had greater potential for further adaptation. (medindia.net)

20 kb) plasmids containing cloned gene clusters. (cdc.gov)

Clonal cluster groups of S. aureus isolates were obtained by BURP analysis and compared to international important clones. (sun.ac.za)
Lastly, repeat isolates of patients were collected to analyse any possible organism-related factors associated with persistent and recurrent bacteraemia. (sun.ac.za)

Cloned dogs have similar growth characteristics to those born from natural fertilization, with no evidence of serious adverse effects. (nih.gov)

What if a bioluminescent protein could cast its light in an organism that was already transparent? (lww.com)
He searched an online database and was shocked to find a new paper in the journal Gene on the cloning of the protein - by Dr. Prasher. (lww.com)

STs, serotypes and PorA VR types as found in Hajj-related N. characterization of invasive isolated in Brazil from 1990 approaches meningitidis serogroup W135 clone. (who.int)

Wisconsin microbiome study, a cross-sectional investigation of dietary fibre, microbiome composition and antibiotic-resistant organisms: rationale and methods. (cdc.gov)

We report the isolation and characterization of HEp-2c cell clones obtained after two successive persistent poliovirus (PV) infections. (pasteur.fr)
Once cured, some of the cell clones displayed selective permissivity toward the wild-type Mahoney strain and partial resistance to particular mutants of this strain, including the Sabin 1 strain. (pasteur.fr)
Two cell clones, CI 4 and CI 10, were studied in greater detail. (pasteur.fr)
This capsule encases the entire cell surface, accounts for the large appearance of the organism on gram stain, and provides resistance against many host defense mechanisms. (medscape.com)
As the authors of new research on this issue demonstrate, in the long run, even many years of cell storage and cloning can play a role. (moviesonline.ca)
Having placed it in an egg cell and using appropriate methods, you can even lead to the development of a new organism. (moviesonline.ca)
These became the early embryonic cell lines that were used to bring cloned mice into the world. (moviesonline.ca)
We can make a new whole organism from a single stem cell (e.g. (edge.org)

Amastigotes were obtained from the high- and low-virulent clones of the Talahuen strain and fron the G-1 strain. (bvsalud.org)

it circumvents bacterial cloning, in which the vast majority of initial template molecules are lost during transformation and establishment of clones. (wjst.de)

Complex II (Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is an importnat enzyme complex for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the aerobic respiratory chain of motochondria and procaryotic organisms (12, 24). (bvsalud.org)

The recombinant aequorin gene from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria responsible for the expression of the Ca 2+ -sensitive aequorin photoprotein has been cloned in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus awamori . (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms62

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs50

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes91

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science6

Health Care9

Development of nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic rabbit embryos activated with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. (1/703)

Production of cloned calves following nuclear transfer with cultured adult mural granulosa cells. (2/703)

A mutation in the transmembrane/luminal domain of the ryanodine receptor is associated with abnormal Ca2+ release channel function and severe central core disease. (3/703)

How identical would cloned children be? An understanding essential to the ethical debate. (4/703)

A spare or an individual? Cloning and the implications of monozygotic twinning. (5/703)

Cloning, killing, and identity. (6/703)

Should we clone human beings? Cloning as a source of tissue for transplantation. (7/703)

Persons and their copies. (8/703)

Cloning, Molecular

Molecular Sequence Data

Amino Acid Sequence

Base Sequence

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

DNA, Complementary

Escherichia coli

Cloning, Organism

Sequence Alignment

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Genes, Bacterial

Phylogeny

DNA, Bacterial

Restriction Mapping

Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

Gene Library

Plasmids

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Bacterial Proteins

Bacteria

RNA, Messenger

DNA

Recombinant Proteins

Chromosome Mapping

Species Specificity

Gene Expression

Blotting, Northern

Blotting, Southern

DNA Primers

Mutation

Open Reading Frames

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Genes

Aquatic Organisms

Multigene Family

Culture Media

Organisms, Genetically Modified

Genetic Complementation Test

RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Transcription, Genetic

DNA Restriction Enzymes

Evolution, Molecular

Phenotype

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Substrate Specificity

Molecular Weight

Biological Evolution

DNA, Ribosomal

Conserved Sequence

Genomic Library

Tissue Distribution

Genetic Vectors

Cell Line

Bacteriological Techniques

DNA, Recombinant

Carrier Proteins

Sequence Analysis

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Caenorhabditis elegans

Organ Specificity

Models, Biological

Genes, Fungal

Streptomyces

Pseudomonas

Kinetics

Temperature

RNA, Bacterial

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Gene Expression Regulation

Mycoplasma

Sequence Homology

Cosmids

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Genome

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Eukaryota

Water Microbiology

Fungi

Plants