Clonal selection antigen mediated. Medical search

The process of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes over time in individual cells and the effect of the changes on CELL PROLIFERATION.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION by a specific ANTIGEN thus triggering clonal expansion of LYMPHOCYTES already capable of mounting an immune response to the antigen.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Removal, via CELL DEATH, of immature lymphocytes that interact with antigens during maturation. For T-lymphocytes this occurs in the thymus and ensures that mature T-lymphocytes are self tolerant. B-lymphocytes may also undergo clonal deletion.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

That region of the immunoglobulin molecule that varies in its amino acid sequence and composition, and comprises the binding site for a specific antigen. It is located at the N-terminus of the Fab fragment of the immunoglobulin. It includes hypervariable regions (COMPLEMENTARITY DETERMINING REGIONS) and framework regions.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

The largest of polypeptide chains comprising immunoglobulins. They contain 450 to 600 amino acid residues per chain, and have molecular weights of 51-72 kDa.

Genes encoding the different subunits of the IMMUNOGLOBULINS, for example the IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAIN GENES and the IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES. The heavy and light immunoglobulin genes are present as gene segments in the germline cells. The completed genes are created when the segments are shuffled and assembled (B-LYMPHOCYTE GENE REARRANGEMENT) during B-LYMPHOCYTE maturation. The gene segments of the human light and heavy chain germline genes are symbolized V (variable), J (joining) and C (constant). The heavy chain germline genes have an additional segment D (diversity).

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Polyomavirus antigens which cause infection and cellular transformation. The large T antigen is necessary for the initiation of viral DNA synthesis, repression of transcription of the early region and is responsible in conjunction with the middle T antigen for the transformation of primary cells. Small T antigen is necessary for the completion of the productive infection cycle.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.

A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the response to colon cancer treatment.

Those proteins recognized by antibodies from serum of animals bearing tumors induced by viruses; these proteins are presumably coded for by the nucleic acids of the same viruses that caused the neoplastic transformation.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

A glycoprotein that is a kallikrein-like serine proteinase and an esterase, produced by epithelial cells of both normal and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, CD15 antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

Sets of cell surface antigens located on BLOOD CELLS. They are usually membrane GLYCOPROTEINS or GLYCOLIPIDS that are antigenically distinguished by their carbohydrate moieties.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

Those hepatitis B antigens found on the surface of the Dane particle and on the 20 nm spherical and tubular particles. Several subspecificities of the surface antigen are known. These were formerly called the Australia antigen.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

Human immune-response or Class II antigens found mainly, but not exclusively, on B-lymphocytes and produced from genes of the HLA-D locus. They are extremely polymorphic families of glycopeptides, each consisting of two chains, alpha and beta. This group of antigens includes the -DR, -DQ and -DP designations, of which HLA-DR is most studied; some of these glycoproteins are associated with certain diseases, possibly of immune etiology.

Molecules on the surface of B- and T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with specific antigens.

The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Antigens of the virion of the HEPATITIS B VIRUS or the Dane particle, its surface (HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS), core (HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIGENS), and other associated antigens, including the HEPATITIS B E ANTIGENS.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Glycoproteins expressed on cortical thymocytes and on some dendritic cells and B-cells. Their structure is similar to that of MHC Class I and their function has been postulated as similar also. CD1 antigens are highly specific markers for human LANGERHANS CELLS.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens encoded by more than 30 detectable alleles on locus B of the HLA complex, the most polymorphic of all the HLA specificities. Several of these antigens (e.g., HLA-B27, -B7, -B8) are strongly associated with predisposition to rheumatoid and other autoimmune disorders. Like other class I HLA determinants, they are involved in the cellular immune reactivity of cytolytic T lymphocytes.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The introduction of error due to systematic differences in the characteristics between those selected and those not selected for a given study. In sampling bias, error is the result of failure to ensure that all members of the reference population have a known chance of selection in the sample.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A melanosome-specific protein that plays a role in the expression, stability, trafficking, and processing of GP100 MELANOMA ANTIGEN, which is critical to the formation of Stage II MELANOSOMES. The protein is used as an antigen marker for MELANOMA cells.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CD28 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD80 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a costimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

A sex-specific cell surface antigen produced by the sex-determining gene of the Y chromosome in mammals. It causes syngeneic grafts from males to females to be rejected and interacts with somatic elements of the embryologic undifferentiated gonad to produce testicular organogenesis.

Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Nuclear antigens encoded by VIRAL GENES found in HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 4. At least six nuclear antigens have been identified.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

Differentiation antigens expressed on B-lymphocytes and B-cell precursors. They are involved in regulation of B-cell proliferation.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.

Antigens stimulating the formation of, or combining with heterophile antibodies. They are cross-reacting antigens found in phylogenetically unrelated species.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

The hepatitis B antigen within the core of the Dane particle, the infectious hepatitis virion.

A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily with specificity for CD40 LIGAND. It is found on mature B-LYMPHOCYTES and some EPITHELIAL CELLS, lymphoid DENDRITIC CELLS. Evidence suggests that CD40-dependent activation of B-cells is important for generation of memory B-cells within the germinal centers. Mutations of the gene for CD40 antigen result in HYPER-IGM IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME, TYPE 3. Signaling of the receptor occurs through its association with TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

A group of differentiation surface antigens, among the first to be discovered on thymocytes and T-lymphocytes. Originally identified in the mouse, they are also found in other species including humans, and are expressed on brain neurons and other cells.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

A glycolipid, cross-species antigen that induces production of antisheep hemolysin. It is present on the tissue cells of many species but absent in humans. It is found in many infectious agents.

A group of the D-related HLA antigens found to differ from the DR antigens in genetic locus and therefore inheritance. These antigens are polymorphic glycoproteins comprising alpha and beta chains and are found on lymphoid and other cells, often associated with certain diseases.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

A costimulatory ligand expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS that binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Serologic tests based on inactivation of complement by the antigen-antibody complex (stage 1). Binding of free complement can be visualized by addition of a second antigen-antibody system such as red cells and appropriate red cell antibody (hemolysin) requiring complement for its completion (stage 2). Failure of the red cells to lyse indicates that a specific antigen-antibody reaction has taken place in stage 1. If red cells lyse, free complement is present indicating no antigen-antibody reaction occurred in stage 1.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera.

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A component of the B-cell antigen receptor that is involved in B-cell antigen receptor heavy chain transport to the PLASMA MEMBRANE. It is expressed almost exclusively in B-LYMPHOCYTES and serves as a useful marker for B-cell NEOPLASMS.

Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent cell.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.

A melanosome-associated protein that plays a role in the maturation of the MELANOSOME.

Sialylated Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigen found in many adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, especially pancreatic tumors.

The selection or choice of sexual partner in animals. Often this reproductive preference is based on traits in the potential mate, such as coloration, size, or behavioral boldness. If the chosen ones are genetically different from the rejected ones, then NATURAL SELECTION is occurring.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.

A group of dominantly and independently inherited antigens associated with the ABO blood factors. They are glycolipids present in plasma and secretions that may adhere to the erythrocytes. The phenotype Le(b) is the result of the interaction of the Le gene Le(a) with the genes for the ABO blood groups.

A CELL CYCLE and tumor growth marker which can be readily detected using IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY methods. Ki-67 is a nuclear antigen present only in the nuclei of cycling cells.

Antigens which may directly stimulate B lymphocytes without the cooperation of T lymphocytes.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Costimulatory T-LYMPHOCYTE receptors that have specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN. Activation of this receptor results in increased T-cell proliferation, cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Glycoproteins expressed on all mature T-cells, thymocytes, and a subset of mature B-cells. Antibodies specific for CD5 can enhance T-cell receptor-mediated T-cell activation. The B-cell-specific molecule CD72 is a natural ligand for CD5. (From Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2d ed, p156)

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A closely related group of antigens found in the plasma only during the infective phase of hepatitis B or in virulent chronic hepatitis B, probably indicating active virus replication; there are three subtypes which may exist in a complex with immunoglobulins G.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Class I human histocompatibility (HLA) antigens encoded by a small cluster of structural genes at the C locus on chromosome 6. They have significantly lower immunogenicity than the HLA-A and -B determinants and are therefore of minor importance in donor/recipient crossmatching. Their primary role is their high-risk association with certain disease manifestations (e.g., spondylarthritis, psoriasis, multiple myeloma).

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The fluctuation of the ALLELE FREQUENCY from one generation to the next.

Glycoproteins found on immature hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. They are the only molecules to date whose expression within the blood system is restricted to a small number of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.

An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.

Carbohydrate antigen most commonly seen in tumors of the ovary and occasionally seen in breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract tumors and normal tissue. CA 125 is clearly tumor-associated but not tumor-specific.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.

Allelic alloantigens often responsible for weak graft rejection in cases when (major) histocompatibility has been established by standard tests. In the mouse they are coded by more than 500 genes at up to 30 minor histocompatibility loci. The most well-known minor histocompatibility antigen in mammals is the H-Y antigen.

Changes in biological features that help an organism cope with its ENVIRONMENT. These changes include physiological (ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL), phenotypic and genetic changes.

The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION.

Immunologically detectable substances found in the CELL NUCLEUS.

A specific HLA-B surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-B*27 allele family.

Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A major histocompatibily complex class I-like protein that plays a unique role in the presentation of lipid ANTIGENS to NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Antigens produced by various strains of HEPATITIS D VIRUS.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Deliberate breeding of two different individuals that results in offspring that carry part of the genetic material of each parent. The parent organisms must be genetically compatible and may be from different varieties or closely related species.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

The mating of plants or non-human animals which are closely related genetically.

Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*01 allele family.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.

An HLA-DR antigen which is associated with HLA-DRB1 CHAINS encoded by DRB1*04 alleles.

Glycoproteins with a wide distribution on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and strongly expressed on macrophages. CD58 mediates cell adhesion by binding to CD2; (ANTIGENS, CD2); and this enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.

The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

BAFF and selection of autoreactive B cells. (1/35)

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Unifying concepts of MHC-dependent natural killer cell education. (2/35)

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Regulated release of nitric oxide by nonhematopoietic stroma controls expansion of the activated T cell pool in lymph nodes. (3/35)

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The carboxypeptidase ACE shapes the MHC class I peptide repertoire. (4/35)

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Mucosal memory CD8(+) T cells are selected in the periphery by an MHC class I molecule. (5/35)

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Coreceptor gene imprinting governs thymocyte lineage fate. (6/35)

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Elongation factor-2, a Th1 stimulatory protein of Leishmania donovani, generates strong IFN-gamma and IL-12 response in cured Leishmania-infected patients/hamsters and protects hamsters against Leishmania challenge. (7/35)

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HLA B*5701-positive long-term nonprogressors/elite controllers are not distinguished from progressors by the clonal composition of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. (8/35)

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... which also rise extrathymically and transfer peripheral antigens from the periphery to the thymus to mediate selection ... They were also shown to be more efficient in T regulatory cells selection than clonal deletion. The last abundant subset of ... acquisition via trogocytosis, how antigen transfer can be mediated. There is also an evidence, that antigen transfer and ... Gallegos AM, Bevan MJ (October 2004). "Central tolerance to tissue-specific antigens mediated by direct and indirect antigen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen_transfer_in_the_thymus

... in support of Burnet's clonal selection theory. In 1968 Ada was appointed head of the Microbiology Department at the John ... From 1962 he focused on immune reactions, demonstrating that antigens are not present in antibody-producing cells, ... during his period of leadership the school became an international centre for the analysis of T cell-mediated immunity. He was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Ada

Mimotope Tumor antigen Antigen-antibody interaction Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V ... Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Foreign Pernicious anemia Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune ... Tolerance Central tolerance Peripheral tolerance Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Antigen ... T cells Antigen receptor - T cell receptor (TCR) Subunits - [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected] Co-receptors CD8 (CD8α / CD8β) CD4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_immunology

This high mutation rate makes them prone to the selection of B-cells lacking the CD20 antigen following treatment with CD20- ... A study of DLBCL cell lines indicated that 14-3-3ζ proteins may play a role in mediating resistance of DLBCL cells to CHOP. 14- ... Clonal B-cells spontaneously mutate the idiotypic region of their immunoglobulin. ... B-cells that have not encountered an antigen are called naive B cells. When naïve B-cells encounter an antigen, one of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_center_B-cell_like_diffuse_large_B-cell_lymphoma

Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Clonal selection Clone (cell biology) CMKLR1 Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor Colony- ... opsonization Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity Antibody-dependent enhancement Antigen Antigen presentation Antigen ... antitumor immunity CD74 CD94/NKG2 Cell-mediated immunity CELSR1 Central tolerance Chemokine Chemokine receptor Chimeric antigen ... Fc receptor Fc receptor-like molecule FcεRI Fibroblast-like synoviocyte FITkit FluoroSpot Forssman antigen Fragment antigen- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_immunology_articles

Hence veto activity is selective but is not T-cell receptor mediated. Both clonal anergy and clonal deletion have been shown to ... This means that T-cells with a T-cell receptor specific to antigens presented on the veto cell, bind to the veto cell, and are ... in the thymus and suppressive cells that eliminate or induce tolerance on autoreactive lymphocytes that escaped selection. Veto ... These are the same T-cells that mediate graft rejection. This means that the addition of donor-veto cells to the donor graft ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_cells

Myriad receptors are produced through a process known as clonal selection. According to the clonal selection theory, at birth, ... "antigen-specific immunity mediated by somatic gene rearrangements that create clone-defining antigen receptors". In the last ... Once activated, the CTL undergoes a process called clonal selection, in which it gains functions and divides rapidly to produce ... Exogenous antigens are usually displayed on MHC class II molecules, which activate CD4+T helper cells. Endogenous antigens are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system

... of the cells are produced that target the same antigen. This is called clonal selection. Both B cells and T cells carry ... These reactions are mediated by T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune ... antigen without any need for antigen processing. Such antigens may be large molecules found on the surfaces of pathogens, but ... antigens during a process called antigen presentation. Antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

This idea is known as clonal selection theory. At the time, many leading scientists including Linus Pauling and James Watson ... Compatibility genes were essential in immune system mediated viral clearing. The pair coined the term "MHC Restriction" to ... The Hu-1 antigens were renamed the Human-lymphoid (HL) allo-antigens (HL-As). Allo-antigen comes from the observation that a ... Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) began as a list of antigens identified as a result of transplant rejection. The antigens were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_naming_of_human_leukocyte_antigens

It was published that mTECs mediate clonal deletion (recessive tolerance), via presentation of TRAs, which leads to the ... "Selection of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells specific for self antigen expressed and presented by Aire+ medullary thymic epithelial ... namely clonal deletion or T regulatory cells selection, respectively. N.B.: All the below cited references utilized mouse as a ... mediated selection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (20): 7847-52. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary_thymic_epithelial_cells

CTLA-4 is a surface molecule present on Tregs which can prevent CD28 mediated costimulation of T cells after TCR antigen ... Dendritic cells (DCs) participate in the negative selection of autoreactive T cells in the thymus, but they also mediate ... ignorance of antigen and direct inactivation of effector T cells by either clonal deletion, conversion to regulatory T cells ( ... Antigen-loaded iDCs migrate to the lymph nodes, secrete IL-10, TGF-β and present antigen to the naive T cells without ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_tolerance

This is achieved by clonal selection of a single B cell clone: B cells are recruited to the site of infection by sensing ... Plasma cells then secrete the antigen-specific antibody in large quantities. After a first encounter of the antigen by ... For example, neutralizing antibodies can prevent conformational changes of viral proteins that mediate the membrane fusion ... Polyclonal antibodies are obtained from human donors or animals that have been exposed to the antigen. The antigen injected ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralizing_antibody

Coutinho A, Forni L, Holmberg D, Ivars F, Vaz N (1984). "From an antigen-centered, clonal perspective of immune responses to an ... In the mid-1950s, Macfarlane Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST ... Symbiont-mediated defenses are also heritable across host generations, despite a non-genetic direct basis for the transmission ... An antigen is a substance that ignites the immune response. The cells involved in recognizing the antigen are Lymphocytes. Once ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology

... allowing for more clonal selection of the immunodominant T cells over the subdominant T cells. Immunodominant T cells also ... Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, can have up to six different types of MHC molecules for antigen presentation ... Immunodominance is evident for both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. Epitopes that are not targeted or ... Antigens from a particular pathogen can be of variable immunogenicity, with the antigen that stimulates the strongest response ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodominance

... a process known as clonal selection. In most cases, an antibody can only react to and bind one specific antigen; in some ... An immunogen is an antigen substance (or adduct) that is able to trigger a humoral (innate) or cell-mediated immune response. ... T-independent antigen - Antigens that stimulate B cells directly. Immunodominant antigens - Antigens that dominate (over all ... A native antigen is an antigen that is not yet processed by an APC to smaller parts. T cells cannot bind native antigens, but ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

negative selection, in which those double-positive T cells that bind too strongly to MHC-presented self antigens undergo ... March 2020). "CXCL13-mediated recruitment of intrahepatic CXCR5+CD8+ T cells favors viral control in chronic HBV infection". ... Once activated, the TC cell undergoes clonal expansion with the help of the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL-2), which is a growth ... If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of the class I MHC molecule and the antigen, and the T cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic_T_cell

Burnet FM (1959). The clonal selection theory of acquired immunity. Nashville, Temessee: Vanderbilt University Press. doi: ... The variable domain of the B-cell antigen receptor is encoded by the V, (D), and J gene segments, the recombination of which ... the Igκ locus is generally inactivated by RAG-mediated deletion of the exon Cκ. The V(D)J recombination step is a random and ... This subsequently results in each B lymphocyte being able to recognize only one antigen. This is significant as the co- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelic_exclusion

... in the theory of clonal selection which holds that a B cell has on its surface immunoglobulin receptors whose antigen-binding ... Shamovsky I, Ivannikov M, Kandel ES, Gershon D, Nudler E (March 2006). "RNA-mediated response to heat shock in mammalian cells ... A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection. CA: A Cancer Journal for ... an indicator of antigen-induced signal transduction in antigen-binding cells". Journal of Immunology. 122 (4): 1278-84. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

Negative selection occurs through the binding of self-antigen with the BCR; If the BCR can bind strongly to self-antigen, then ... Upon antigen binding, the memory B cell takes up the antigen through receptor-mediated endocytosis, degrades it, and presents ... the B cell undergoes one of four fates: clonal deletion, receptor editing, anergy, or ignorance (B cell ignores signal and ... Once a BCR binds a TD antigen, the antigen is taken up into the B cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis, degraded, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell

The thymus and the bone marrow constitute the primary lymphoid organs involved in the production and early clonal selection of ... For example, the follicles expand significantly when encountering a foreign antigen. The selection of B cells, or B lymphocytes ... The reason that these patients tend to live longer is thought to be the immune response against the tumor, which is mediated by ... The secondary lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens. Activation leads to clonal expansion and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_system

... is known as clonal anergy. The mechanism of clonal anergy is important to maintain tolerance to many autologous antigens. ... This negative selection is known as clonal deletion, one of the mechanisms for B cell tolerance. Approximately 99 percent of ... Autoreactive T cells are activated de novo by self epitopes released secondary to pathogen-specific T cell-mediated bystander ... Cells that survive positive selection, but bind strongly to self-antigens are negatively selected also by active induction of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_mimicry

Nature 338, 591 (1989). Essential role of T cell receptor-mediated positive selection in T cell survival and lineage fate (CD4/ ... Teho H. S., Kisielow, P., Scott, 8., Kishi, H., Uematsu, Y., Blüthmann, H. and von Boehmer, H.: Thymic MHC antigens and the ... Nature 333, 742-746 (1988); Swat, W., Ignatowicz, L., von Boehmer, H. and Kisielow, P.: Clonal deletion of immature CD4+8+ ... Questions concerned with the role of positive and negative selection of developing T cells by peptide-MHC complexes in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_von_Boehmer

Negative selection in the medulla then eliminates thymocytes that bind too strongly to self-antigens expressed on MHC molecules ... "Disappearance of T Cell-Mediated Rejection Despite Continued Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Late Kidney Transplant Recipients ... Virtual memory T cells (TVM) differ from the other memory subsets in that they do not originate following a strong clonal ... The thymocyte must also ensure that it does not react adversely to "self" antigens, called negative selection. If both positive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell

The genes used in such vaccines are usually antigen coding surface proteins from the pathogenic organism. They are then ... October 2003). "LMO2-associated clonal T cell proliferation in two patients after gene therapy for SCID-X1". Science. 302 (5644 ... December 2018). "Multiple Integrated Non-clinical Studies Predict the Safety of Lentivirus-Mediated Gene Therapy for β- ... May 2015). "Nuclear architecture dictates HIV-1 integration site selection" (PDF). Nature. 521 (7551): 227-31. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector

MAIT cells can be activated in ways that involve, and do not involve, MR1-mediated antigen presentation. However, MR1- ... they may also undergo clonal expansion in the periphery and establish antigen memory. In this way, MAIT cells display both ... T cells rearrange their TCRs and are subjected to TCR affinity tests as a part of positive selection and negative selection. ... A chemically stable antigen that is functionally similar to 5-OP-RU has also been created. A 2017 study also found that some ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_associated_invariant_T_cell

At the same time it has to ignore any self-antigen and tolerate harmless antigens such as food antigens. The signal ... Each T cell expresses clonal TCRs which recognize a specific peptide loaded on a MHC molecule (pMHC), either on MHC class II on ... However, it is not able to mediate signal transduction itself due to its short cytoplasmic tail, so TCR still requires CD3 and ... Because T cells undergo positive selection in the thymus, there is a non-negligible affinity between self-pMHC and the TCR. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell_receptor

In some cases of sweeping selection (very strong selection for a trait), an individual (or a limited number of individuals) ... multiple synthetic peptide antigens > single peptide antigen. The scarcity of effective synthetic vaccines for RNA viral ... in connection with the issue of clonal versus non-clonal nature of virus evolution (microbial evolution in general). Only a ... For this virus fusion is mediated by two proteins termed H and F. A truncated H was deficient in cell fusion but the activity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_quasispecies

... which expand in response to specific antigen (process called "clonal selection"). This specific clonal army then combats the ... De Flora, S.; Grassi, C.; Carati, L. (1997). "Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated ... Thus when an antigen is properly presented to the T lymphocytes by an antigen presenting cell (APC), which displays the antigen ... However, when T cells interacts with an antigen not presented by the APCs, that is very probably not the antigen that an immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_anergy

Antigen presentation occurs, in which T cell receptors attach to the antigen-MHC complexes, initiating clonal expansion and ... These studies reported humoral and cell-mediated immunity rate ranged between 65.4 and 96.2% and 50.0%-93.0% while efficacy in ... Lindskog M, Rockberg J, Uhlén M, Sterky F (May 2005). "Selection of protein epitopes for antibody production". BioTechniques. ... Following antigen processes by APCs, antigens will bind to either MHC class I receptors or MHC class II receptors on the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_subunit_vaccine

Within germinal centers, TFH cells play a critical role in mediating the selection and survival of B cells that go on to ... In germinal centers, antigen-experienced TFH cells rapidly upregulate the expression of CD40L, which binds and stimulates the B ... causes B cell antibodies to class switch from IgM/IgD to other antibody isotypes and drives somatic hypermutation during clonal ... Therefore, in the absence of TFH cells, similar to B cell activation by T-cell independent antigens, a quick burst of low ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_B_helper_T_cells

... whereas antigen-activated B cells are intercepted and undergo clonal expansion within the FDC networks, generating germinal ... Adhesion between FDCs and B cells is mediated by ICAM-1 (CD54)-LFA-1 (CD11a) and VCAM-VLA-4 molecules. Activated B-cells with ... positive and negative selection, isotype switching, and differentiation into high-affinity plasma cells and memory B cells. ... Noncognate (not antigen specific) B cells play a significant role in the transport of antigens to FDCs. They capture immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicular_dendritic_cells

Antigens,+CD34 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Mouse CD Antigen Chart Human CD Antigen ... It may also mediate the attachment of hematopoietic stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells ... Clinically, it is associated with the selection and enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells for bone marrow transplants. Due to ... November 2002). "Reconstitution of human haematopoiesis in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice by clonal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34

December 2003). "An immunologically privileged retinal antigen elicits tolerance: major role for central selection mechanisms ... Tissue destruction is mediated by non-specific macrophage activation and the resulting cytokine cascades. Serum TNF-α is ... and cellular stress is normally suppressed by myeloid suppression while inducible Treg cells prevent activation and clonal ... The most common antigens include HLA-B27, HLA-A29 (in birdshot chorioretinopathy) and HLA-B51 (in Behçet disease).[citation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitis

... and therefore are able to transplant the organ without immediate rejection by removal of the antigen. However, the antigen ... Cre has proven to be a key element in a process known as recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). While it has shown to ... They were persistent over a 6-year study period, without herbicide selection pressure and despite hybridization with the wild ... 17 October 2003). "LMO2-Associated Clonal T Cell Proliferation in Two Patients after Gene Therapy for SCID-X1". Science. 302 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgene

Origins and Mechanisms of Specificity in Clonal Selection (In: Cellular Selection and Regulation in the Immune Response). ... foreign antigens are differentially amplified by clonal multiplication of the selected preexisting variants following antigen ... The theory should account for how higher brain systems mediate experience and action. The theory should account for the ... If clonal selection was the way the immune system worked, perhaps it was ancestral and more general - and, operating in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_Darwinism

On the other hand, T-cell independent activation of B cells is due to non-protein antigens. This can lead to production of IgM ... T-cells can then recognize this presentation and bind to the B cell, resulting in clonal proliferation. This also helps IgM and ... Are effective at evoking both strong antibody and cell-mediated immune reactions. Can elicit long-lasting or life-long immunity ... due to lack of selection pressure. This process is known as "passage" in which the virus becomes so well adapted to the foreign ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine

Circulating antibodies are produced by clonal B cells that specifically respond to only one antigen (an example is a virus ... Antibodies directed against red blood cell surface antigens in immune mediated hemolytic anemia are detected with the Coombs ... Honjo T, Habu S (1985). "Origin of immune diversity: genetic variation and selection". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 54 (1): ... Rh factor, also known as Rh D antigen, is an antigen found on red blood cells; individuals that are Rh-positive (Rh+) have this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

"Antigen presentation in the thymus for positive selection and central tolerance induction". Nature Reviews Immunology. 9 (12): ... Rossi, Simona W.; Jenkinson, William E.; Anderson, Graham; Jenkinson, Eric J. (June 2006). "Clonal analysis reveals a common ... Essential part of T cell development forms process called VDJ recombination, mediated by RAG recombinases, that stochastically ... Cathepsin S which is produced by most of the antigen- presenting cells along with mTECs is absent in cTECs. Cathepsin L not ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortical_thymic_epithelial_cells

Nobel Prize in 1960 for predicting acquired immune tolerance and for developing the theory of clonal selection. Carolyn Burns ( ... Discovered prostate-specific antigen (PSA) which led to the development of the PSA test Erik Acharius (1757-1819), Swedish ... American biochemist known for CRISPR-mediated genome editing; Nobel Prize 2020 David Douglas (1799-1834), Scottish botanist who ... Scottish zoologist known for advocacy of group selection, the theory that natural selection acts on groups John Xantus de Vesey ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biologists

DC-like antigen-presenting cells obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells can serve as a source for vaccination ... May 2012). "MicroRNA-mediated in vitro and in vivo direct reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes". Circulation ... However, they can be used for a variety of other purposes, including the modeling of disease, screening (selective selection) ... Martin GR, Evans MJ (April 1975). "Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_stem_cells

The injection of Treg cells specific for a tumor antigen also can reverse experimentally-mediated tumor rejection based on that ... same antigen. The prior existence of immune tolerance mechanisms due to selection for its fitness benefits facilitates its ... now termed clonal deletion. Burnet and Medawar were ultimately credited for "the discovery of acquired immune tolerance" and ... tumor antigens, alloantigens, and self-antigens in inflamed tissue. Immune recognition of non-self-antigens typically ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_tolerance

Lichen planus (LP) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune chronic disease of unknown etiology. Females have a three times higher ... Even though the fetus is exposed to noninherited maternal antigens (NIMAs), fetal CD4+ T cells are capable of alloantigen- ... Autoimmune diseases, Reproduction, Mating, Evolutionary biology, Sexual selection, Chimerism). ... most mother's fetal-specific CD8+ T cells undergo clonal deletion and express low levels of chemokine receptors and ligands - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchimerism

The clonal selection theory was proved correct when Sir Gustav Nossal showed that each B cell always produces only one antibody ... Antigen processing. Antigen presentation. Activation of the T helper cells by antigen-presenting cells. Co-stimulation of the B ... The role of lymphocytes in mediating both cell-mediated and humoral responses was demonstrated by James Gowans in 1959. In ... Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyclonal_B_cell_response

The most common dyes act by binding to antigens presented on cells. Common antigens targeted are clusters of differentiation ( ... Diagram A shows fluorescence-activated cell sorting of negative cell selection (undesired group) and diagram B shows FACS of ... These included antibody- and complement-mediated cell separation, polystyrene immunoaffinity devices, and the CellPro CEPRATE® ... and generating clonal populations with the unique ability to monitor all intra- and extracellular properties. This system is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sorting

"Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated" by people in this website by year, and whether "Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated" was a ... Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated*Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated. *Clonal Selection, Antigen Mediated ... "Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated" by people in Profiles. ...

https://profiles.ucdenver.edu/display/21257173

Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated. *Molecular Medicine. *Biological Variation, Individual. *Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ...

https://medicine.yale.edu/dfri/research-profiles/?orgId=116262&meshId=26440

... antigen-driven clonal selection, and humoral immunity. B-cell receptor signaling activates PI3K-mediated activation of the ... Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy utilizes each patients own T cells, extracted by leukapheresis. The T cells are ... Dal Porto JM, Gauld SB, Merrell KT, Mills D, Pugh-Bernard AE, Cambier J. B cell antigen receptor signaling 101. Mol Immunol. ... Reth M. Antigen receptor tail clue. Nature. 1989 Mar 30. 338(6214):383-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202969-treatment

Antigen Mediated Clonal Selection Antigen-Mediated Clonal Selection Clonal Selection, Antigen Mediated Selection, Antigen- ... Antigen Mediated Clonal Selection. Antigen-Mediated Clonal Selection. Clonal Selection Theory. Clonal Selection, Antigen ... Selection Theory, Clonal. Selection, Antigen-Mediated Clonal. Theory, Clonal Selection. Tree number(s):. G12.261. G12.450. ... Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated - Preferred Concept UI. M0555980. Scope note. LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION by a specific ANTIGEN ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=54817

Bacterial antigens, primarily of Gram-negative origin, may trigger innate immunity and induce T-cell proliferation with ... mediated, antigen-specific response capable of immunological memory [26,27].. While the role of innate immunity in the ... this is unlikely because ILCs are unable to undergo clonal selection [30]. ... which are primarily involved in cell-mediated antigen responses, T helper 2 (Th2) CD4+ cells, involved in B-cell responses to ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/12/12/3861/htm

Natural IgM Abs and complement were required and sufficient to mediate capture and transport of VLPs by noncognate B cells. In ... is essential for B cell activation and clonal selection within germinal centers. Protein Ag is deposited on FDCs after ... Ag retention on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) is essential for B cell activation and clonal selection within germinal ... Innate immunity mediates follicular transport of particulate but not soluble protein antigen. ...

https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/422287

Clonal selection of B cells. When B cells bind to their particular antigen, they replicate and make cloned memory cells and ... T Cells and the Cell-Mediated Immune Response The other type of adaptive immune system in vertebrates is the cell-mediated ... including the antigen) to the cell surface. When they express the antigen fragment and MHC, these cells are called antigen ... Antigens are moving around through the lymph, and when a B cell finds its matching foreign antigen, it does two things: makes ...

https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/biology/animal-systems/immune-system

Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated. *Complement Activation. *Cytotoxicity, Immunologic. *Dose-Response Relationship, ... Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity. Cell. 2021 03 04; 184(5 ...

https://profiles.umassmed.edu/display/122079

... this is called antigen presentation and is essential for activation and clonal selection of the T cells. ... Option C: T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Cytotoxic T cells produce the effects of cell-mediated immunity. ... Clonal selection. An immunocompetent but as yet immature B lymphocyte is stimulated to complete its development (into a fully ... Antigens. An antigen (Ag) is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. ...

https://nurseslabs.com/lymphatic-system-anatomy-physiology/

... we observed no significant relationships between statistics of B-cell clonal expansion and clinical variables such as viral ... While we found significantly greater clonal structure in HIV-infected patients versus healthy controls, within HIV patients, ... Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated, Genetic Variation, HIV Antibodies, HIV Infections, HIV-1, Humans, Receptors, Antigen, B- ... While we found significantly greater clonal structure in HIV-infected patients versus healthy controls, within HIV patients, we ...

https://www.medawar.ox.ac.uk/publications/545889?9873a210-7811-11ed-9972-0a3af28e70c2

Thus, critical events in thymic lympho-stromal cross-talk and T cell selection are indispensably choreographed by Foxn1. ... Foxn1 regulates the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and thymocyte selection. ... Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated, Epithelial Cells, Forkhead Transcription Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Genome, Mice ... Foxn1 regulates the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and thymocyte selection. Thus, critical events in thymic ...

https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/publications/640494

Clonal Evolution G4.299.350 G4.375 G5.355.123 G5.158 Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated G12.425.199 G12.261 Clonazepam D3.438. ... Antigens, CD53 D12.776.543.982.153 D12.776.543.900.153 Antigens, CD63 D12.776.543.982.163 D12.776.543.900.163 Antigens, CD81 ... Antigens, CD9 D12.776.543.982.109 D12.776.543.900.109 Antigens, CD95 D12.776.543.750.73.500 D12.776.543.750.690.500 Antigens, ... Antigens, CD11b D12.776.543.750.705.833.62 Antigens, CD151 D12.776.543.982.251 D12.776.543.900.251 Antigens, CD19 D23.50. ...

https://decs.bvs.br/E/mnchg2017.txt

... with characteristics suggestive of antigen-mediated selection and specificity. The HDI-stimulated gamma/delta T cells were ... DNA sequence analysis of T-cell receptors was used to further define clonal populations of HDI-responsive T cells. HDI antigen ... including the cell types involved and the form of the chemical that acts as an antigen. The purpose of this investigation was ... using two different HDI antigens, HDI-conjugated albumin and HDI-exposed human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292). Flow ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=asthma+OR+%27allerg%2A%27+OR+%27immune%2A%27&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=263&RecNo=2621&View=f&

Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated [G12.261] * Complement Activation [G12.274] * Cytotoxicity, Immunologic [G12.287] * Dose- ...

https://meshb-prev.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020556

The process by which an antigen activates a single type of B cells is known as the "clonal selection". That is, when the Ag is ... This ability is mediated by defence mechanisms, essentially a set of cells and secreted factors that work in a complex and ... In general terms the immune system is the response of the hosts to an antigen (Ag), which conversely, to be considered such, it ... In this sense, one of the immune system main properties is to distinguish "self" from "no self or foreign" (antigen), and to ...

http://www.necropsymanual.net/en/teleosts-anatomy/immune-system/

Clonal Selection, Antigen Mediated [G12.261] Clonal Selection, Antigen Mediated * Complement Activation [G12.274] + ... This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or ... This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=6795

The process of eliminating potentially self-reactive T cells in the thymus is called clonal selection. False ... Agglutination of the antigens, complement activation, neutralization of the antigen and opsonization of the antigen. ... Cell-mediated immunity in part protects against ________.. intracellular bacteria and viruses cell types is involved in cell- ... T cells react to antigens on the surface of APCs only when those antigens are associated with proteins of the major ...

https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-485339

... a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators and is suspected to play a role in lymphocyte clonal selection ... Antigen Distribution. PD-1 is expressed on a subset of CD4-CD8- thymocytes, and on activated T and B cells. ... between PD-1 and PD-L1 can serve as an immune checkpoint blockade by improving T-cell responses In vitro and mediating ...

https://www.leinco.com/p/anti-mouse-pd-1-bx027-rmp1-30-alexafluor-647-rx027/

RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Ku70 and Ku80 resulted in a marked decrease in the invasive capacity of Mia PaCa-2 clone ... A clonal population of the Mia PaCa-2, a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell line, which displays a highly invasive ... CONCLUSIONS: The area under the curve value for Fibrinogen compared favourably with cancer antigen 15-3, an established breast ... BACKGROUND: We analyzed differences in patient selection and perioperative outcomes between robotic-fellowship trained and non- ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/?lang=pt&q=au:Moriarty,+Michael

... in which T-cell fate depends on spMHC-TCR-interaction-triggered stimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Based ... in which T-cell fate depends on spMHC-TCR-interaction-triggered stimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Based ... outgrowth of preleukemic cells and subsequent conversion to overt malignancy is suppressed through regulation of clonal ... outgrowth of preleukemic cells and subsequent conversion to overt malignancy is suppressed through regulation of clonal ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00380/full

Clonal selection in the human Vδ1 T cell repertoire indicates γδ TCR-dependent adaptive immune surveillance. Nature ... CD3ζ-based chimeric antigen receptors mediate T cell activation viacis- andtrans-signalling mechanisms: implications for ... Clonal selection in the human Vδ1 T cell repertoire indicates γδ TCR-dependent adaptive immune surveillance. Nature ... Naive CD8+ T-cell precursors display structured TCR repertoires and composite antigen-driven selection dynamics. Immunology and ...

https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/cy/people/view/126484-ladell-kristin

However, loss of heterozygosity at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus and loss of chromosome 8p to a single haploid copy ... Chromosomal instability may enable the continuous selection of SCNAs, which are established as ordered events that often occur ... were frequently subclonal yet appeared to be clonal within single samples. Analysis of an independent series of 1,024 ... Chromosomal instability enables the continuous selection of somatic copy number alterations, which are established as ordered ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2698-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a80de6ae-c7c2-4350-9b76-663d34adf89d

... the transfused blood induces clonal selection. It produces IgG against various blood-group membrane antigens, resulting in ... Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI): T Cell Types and Functions. Cell-mediated immunity is one of two arms of adaptive immunity, the ... It is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies against antigens on cells or extracellular space. ... ADCC (Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity). If antigen-antibody complexes are too large to be phagocytosis, these are ...

https://microbeonline.com/hypersensitivity-type-ii/

... and mutations limiting tumor-cell antigen presentation, could cause acquired resistance. These findings have significant ... Clonal selection of occult tumor cells harboring T-cell resistance genes. a Tumor at baseline. Circles represent tumor cells ... This mutation was shown to prevent the recognition of tumor antigen by antigen-specific T cells. ... immunotherapies can select for tumor cells resistant to pathways normally vulnerable to T-cell-mediated assault in humans. This ...

https://genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13073-016-0365-1

Double-transgenic mice show negative selection of thymocytes at the CD4+8+TCRlo to CD4+8+TCRhi transition stage. A few CD8+ T ... cells, however, escape clonal deletion, and in the peripheral lymphoid organs of these mice, they exhibit low levels of the ... Such cells do not proliferate upon exposure to antigen stimulation in vivo or ex vivo, however, they can develop low but ... detectable levels of antigen-specific cytotoxic function after stimulation in vitro in the presence of IL-2. ...

https://www.rdm.ox.ac.uk/publications/72154

Variation in O-antigens, niche-specific selection and bacterial populations. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992;79:509-16. DOIPubMed ... Immune selection imposed by the host may also play a role in defining the clonal complexes that are uniform in their ... including the autoimmune-mediated demyelinating neuropathies Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes (5). The intestines of ... The clonal complexes were named after the ST of the central genotype, e.g., ST-21 complex (13). Assignment of STs, clonal ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/8/9/02-0122_article

The public health laboratory may determine the O antigen or send the isolate to CDC for O antigen and H antigen determination. ... The report also includes detailed procedures for specimen selection, handling, and transport; a review of culture and ... A new clonal group of E. coli associated with persistent diarrhoea in Danish travellers. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37:288--94. ... Shiga toxin-mediated hemolytic uremic syndrome: time to change the diagnostic paradigm? PLoS ONE. 2007;2:e1024. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5812a1.htm

B and T cells after stimulation, begin to clone itself called clonal selection. T-helper cells produce lymphokines that bring ... Antigens-antigens are pathogens or their parts, or foreign agents having different antigenic determination sites or epitopes. ... T cells help in cell-mediated immune response or cellular immunity. There are four types of T-cells i.e. helper T-cells, killer ... In this case, there is no role of antigen, no antibody is produced by the body and the body is unable to fight future infection ...

https://syskool.com/immune-system-antibodies-and-vaccines/

DNA sequence analysis of T-cell receptors was used to further define clonal populations of HDI-responsive T cells. (cdc.gov)
These HDI-responsive T cells expressed unique oligoclonal gamma/delta rather than alpha/beta T-cell receptors, with characteristics suggestive of antigen-mediated selection and specificity. (cdc.gov)
The innate response relies on the recognition of constitutional products of the organisms that have been preserved over the course of evolution, mediated by receptor proteins called PRRs (" pathogen or pattern recognition receptors"), which distinguish infectious no self, from non- infectious self. (necropsymanual.net)
This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. (bvsalud.org)
And we remember that these receptors actually find antigens, so pieces of these criminals that are presented to them by antigen presenting cells and we'll revisit that in a second. (khanacademy.org)
By the interaction between antigens on HBV envelope and the receptors of the hepatocytes, HBV virion is endocytosized and encapsulated as an endosomal vesicle in hepatocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
In the recognition phase of humoral immunity, the membrane-bound immunoglobulins serve as receptors which, upon binding of a specific antigen, trigger the clonal expansion and differentiation of B lymphocytes into immunoglobulins-secreting plasma cells. (nih.gov)

There are four types of T-cells i.e. helper T-cells, killer T-cells, suppressor T-cells, and memory T-cells.B-cells plays role in antibody-mediated immunity or humoral immunity. (syskool.com)
Moreover, the HBV antigen is presented to T cells by MHC I (MHC II) on the membrane of presenting cell, and development of cell-mediated and humoral immunity against HBV (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Secreted immunoglobulins mediate the effector phase of humoral immunity, which results in the elimination of bound antigens (PubMed:22158414, PubMed:20176268). (nih.gov)
Cyclosporine is a cyclic polypeptide that suppresses some humoral immunity and, to a greater extent, cell-mediated immune reactions such as delayed hypersensitivity, allograft rejection, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, and graft versus host disease for various organs. (medscape.com)

Type II hypersensitivity reaction is also known as antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity since it destroys cells with the involvement of antibodies. (microbeonline.com)
A hypersensitivity reaction type II requires a target cell with bound antigen and antibody, which activates mechanisms to damage the target cell. (microbeonline.com)
A target cell is restricted either by antibody and complement-mediated lysis or by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or dysfunction of the target cell. (microbeonline.com)
The antibody attaches to the antigen on the surface of cells and activates the complement system via the classical pathway. (microbeonline.com)
If antigen-antibody complexes are too large to be phagocytosis, these are recognized by different immune/cytotoxic cells, like macrophages, NK cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils. (microbeonline.com)
An individual acquiring one allelic form of a blood group antigen can recognize other allelic forms on transfused blood as foreign, stimulating an antibody response. (microbeonline.com)
In this case, there is no role of antigen, no antibody is produced by the body and the body is unable to fight future infection by the same pathogen. (syskool.com)
The strength of binding (affinity constant) between a receptor (e.g., one antigen-binding site on an antibody) and a ligand (e.g., epitope on an antigen). (roitt.com)
The use of immobilized antibody (or antigen) to select specific antigen (or antibody) from a mixture. (roitt.com)
The purified ligand is then released by disrupting the antibody-antigen interaction, for example by changing the pH. (roitt.com)
The binding strength between two molecules (e.g., antibody and antigen) taking into account the valency of the interaction. (roitt.com)
An artificially produced hybrid antibody in which each of the two antigen-binding arms is specific for a different antigenic epitope. (roitt.com)
they are self-renewing, and frequently secrete high levels of antibody, which binds to a range of antigens ("polyspecificity") with a relatively low affinity. (roitt.com)
In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds an extracellular loop of human CXCR3. (justia.com)
In another embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof inhibits the binding of a ligand (e.g. (justia.com)
In other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits binding of at least 3 ligands, such as IP-10, MIG and I-TAC, to human CXCR3. (justia.com)
In other embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits ligand-induced activity of CXCR3. (justia.com)
For example, an antibody of the invention can inhibit CXCR3-mediated signal transduction, intracellular calcium (Ca++) release, more specifically the induction of a rapid and transient increase in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium [Ca 2+ ], (calcium flux), chemotaxis, cell differentiation or cell proliferation that is induced upon ligand binding. (justia.com)
In particular embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment competitively inhibits binding of human mAb 5H7 or human mAb 7H5 to CXCR3, or has the epitopic specificity of human mAb 5H7 or human mAb 7H5. (justia.com)
In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises one, two or three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2 and/or HCDR3) having the amino acid sequences of heavy chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of human mAb 5H7. (justia.com)
The antibody or antigen-binding fragment can further comprise one, two or three light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2 and/or LCDR3) having the amino acid sequences of light chain CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 of human mAb 5H7. (justia.com)
Targeting CD73 results in favorable antitumor effects in preclinical studies and combination of CD73 blockade with other immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 antibody or anti-programmed cell death protein (PD)-1/PD-1 ligand (PDL1) antibody, is particularly promising [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ADCC (Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) or CDC (Complement dependent cytotoxicity) as their primary mechanism of action. (nibsc.org)
The antibody repertoire is believed to provide a selective pressure driving the clonal expansion of parasites expressing unrecognized PfEMP1 variants, however, due to the lack of experimental in vivo models there is only limited experimental evidence in support of this concept. (nih.gov)
In contrast, individuals with intermediate antibody levels developed asymptomatic infections and the ex vivo parasite populations expressed only few var gene variants, indicative of clonal selection. (nih.gov)
To compare the T-cell receptor β-chain variable region (TcRBV) complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) in subjects with or without hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) convert to hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb), the TcRBV was determined using high throughput sequencing (HTS). (biomedcentral.com)

Ag retention on follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) is essential for B cell activation and clonal selection within germinal centers. (ox.ac.uk)
Natural IgM Abs and complement were required and sufficient to mediate capture and transport of VLPs by noncognate B cells. (ox.ac.uk)
We determined the function of Foxn1 in these cells and found that, in addition to the transcriptional control of genes involved in the attraction and lineage commitment of T cell precursors, Foxn1 regulates the expression of genes involved in antigen processing and thymocyte selection. (ox.ac.uk)
Human T-cell lines were generated and characterized from peripheral blood of HDI-exposed and HDI-unexposed subjects, using two different HDI antigens, HDI-conjugated albumin and HDI-exposed human airway epithelial cells (NCI-H292). (cdc.gov)
HDI antigen preparations but not "mock exposed" control antigens lead to increased proliferation of specific cell types, CD3+CD4-CD8(dim) and/or CD3+CD4-CD8- cells, from HDI-exposed but not from HDI-unexposed subjects. (cdc.gov)
This ability is mediated by defence mechanisms, essentially a set of cells and secreted factors that work in a complex and sophisticated manner: the immune system. (necropsymanual.net)
While the initial recognition of a specific Ag is mainly done by cells belonging to the lymphocytes lineage, additional accessory cells are needed for Antigen A substance that when introduced into the body (non-self antigens as chemicals, toxins, bacteria, or viruses), stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies." class="glossaryLink ">antigen processing and presentation, as well as secreted mediators, or cytokines, required for the proliferation, interaction and regulation of immune cells. (necropsymanual.net)
It has been hypothesized that in the TCR polyclonal situation, outgrowth of preleukemic cells and subsequent conversion to overt malignancy is suppressed through regulation of clonal abundances on a per-clone basis due to interactions between TCRs and self-peptide-MHC-complexes (spMHCs), while these mechanisms fail in the quasi-monoclonal situation. (frontiersin.org)
In particular, we developed a novel ordinary differential equation model of T-cell homeostasis, in which T-cell fate depends on spMHC-TCR-interaction-triggered stimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (frontiersin.org)
This receptor enables them to recognize peptides that are presented to them via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (frontiersin.org)
A series of selection processes ensures that mature T cells can bind with low to moderate affinity to self-peptide-MHC complexes (spMHCs) on APCs ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
2020. Slow progressors to type 1 diabetes lose islet autoantibodies over time, have few islet antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and exhibit a distinct CD95hi B cell phenotype . (cardiff.ac.uk)
2020. Human CLEC9A antibodies deliver Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) antigen to CD141+ dendritic cells to activate naïve and memory WT1‐specific CD8+ T cells . (cardiff.ac.uk)
2019. Primary EBV infection induces an acute wave of activated antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells . (cardiff.ac.uk)
It is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies against antigens on cells or extracellular space. (microbeonline.com)
Hypersensitivity type II reactions affect the cells where the target antigens are present. (microbeonline.com)
But sometimes, target antigens may be present on the surface of mobile cells like erythrocytes and leukocytes, affecting the whole body. (microbeonline.com)
Results from this study demonstrated that mutations which affected the sensitivity of tumor cells to T-cell-derived interferons, and mutations limiting tumor-cell antigen presentation, could cause acquired resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
A few CD8+ T cells, however, escape clonal deletion, and in the peripheral lymphoid organs of these mice, they exhibit low levels of the transgenic receptor and upregulated levels of the CD44 memory marker. (ox.ac.uk)
Such cells do not proliferate upon exposure to antigen stimulation in vivo or ex vivo, however, they can develop low but detectable levels of antigen-specific cytotoxic function after stimulation in vitro in the presence of IL-2. (ox.ac.uk)
Secondary Lymphoid Organ - They are the site for the interaction of lymphocytes with an antigen which then proliferates to become effecter cells. (syskool.com)
T cells help in cell-mediated immune response or cellular immunity. (syskool.com)
Such antibodies, which can be produced either by chemical cross-linkage or by recombinant DNA techniques, can be used to link together two different antigens or cells (e.g., a cytotoxic T-cell and a tumor cell). (roitt.com)
Self-antigens are molecules present in our own cells - the interactions of antibodies with self-antigens is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases, as for example lupus erythematosus (in which antibodies are directed against DNA), rheumatic fever (in which antibodies are directed against the heart), and Guillain-Barré syndrome (in which antibodies are directed against peripheral nerves). (immunitytales.com)
Unfortunately, during this process, some B cells produce antibodies that bind self-antigens and, therefore, may cause autoimmune diseases. (immunitytales.com)
In its mutated form, FAS becomes inactivated, and the renegade cells generate disproportionately large number of plasma cells producing damaging antibodies, especially auto-antibodies (antibodies that bind self-antigens), and antibodies of the IgE type. (immunitytales.com)
Nucleic acids and vectors encoding the antibodies or portions thereof, recombinant cells that contain the nucleic acids, and compositions comprising the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments are also disclosed. (justia.com)
Clonal selection is a process by which the body produces B and T cells to respond to infections. (khanacademy.org)
CD73-derived adenosine mainly mediates immunosuppression via activation of A2A receptor on immune cells, especially natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Traditional methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies rely on the immunization of laboratory animals and the selection of immortalized clonal hybridoma cells. (nibsc.org)
These innate cells then interact with cells of adaptive immunity and present microbial antigens to the adaptive cells while providing additional signals that give some context regarding the type of microbial infection (i.e. bacterial, viral, fungal, etc). (pathwaymedicine.org)
When a antigen-specific protein is found that specifically binds to microbial antigens presented by innate immune cells, that antigen-specific protein is highly proliferated and modified to effectively engage microbes. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Recent insights into the interaction between professional antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and malaria parasites is discussed in detail. (jpgmonline.com)
The clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus NP118809 (central tolerance) (9, 10) as well as the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery (peripheral tolerance) (11C15) are both essential in immune system tolerance. (baxkyardgardener.com)
Individual UCB T cells uncovered higher percentage of nonfunctional TCRmRNAs also, likely because of suppressed nonsense-mediated decay system (26). (baxkyardgardener.com)
NexImmune's precision technology and unique scientific approach offer promise in restoring hope for patients suffering from cancer and immune-mediated diseases by directing specific immune responses to target and attack those cells causing disease. (neximmune.com)
The AIM technology enables us to construct "synthetic dendritic cells," in the form of AIM nanoparticles, which are capable of directing a specific T cell-mediated immune response. (neximmune.com)
Addressing Impaired Dendritic Cell Function: natural antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, play a critical role in the body's immune system as they prime, activate and direct other immune system cells, including T cells, in orchestrated attacks against specifically targeted antigens and cells. (neximmune.com)
AIM-expanded T cells attack multiple disease-relevant antigen targets through naturally occurring identification, engagement and killing, and feedback mechanisms, which limits the potential for undesired on-target / off-tissue toxicities. (neximmune.com)
These AIM nanoparticles are designed to mimic the immune functions of natural antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, by delivering two key immune-directing T cell signals: (i) an antigen-specific recognition signal delivered by a major histocompatibility complex (HLA) molecule loaded with an antigenic peptide (Signal 1), and (ii) a co-stimulatory signal to direct T cell function (Signal 2). (neximmune.com)
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA)-4 (CD152), for example, which is essential for the in vivo suppressive activity of CD4 + CD25 + T cells, was constitutively expressed, and remained strongly upregulated after stimulation. (rupress.org)
The cells were nonproliferative to stimulation via their T cell receptor for antigen, but the anergic state was partially reversed by interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15. (rupress.org)

LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION by a specific ANTIGEN thus triggering clonal expansion of LYMPHOCYTES already capable of mounting an immune response to the antigen. (ucdenver.edu)
Here immature lymphocytes are made antigen sensitive. (syskool.com)
Immunity mediated by lymphocytes and characterized by antigen specificity and memory. (roitt.com)

One of the key aspects of adaptive immunity is its capacity to "remember" which antigen-specific proteins were previously used to effectively combat infection. (pathwaymedicine.org)

Innate immunity mediates follicular transport of particulate but not soluble protein antigen. (ox.ac.uk)
A total of 814 isolates of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and analysis of the variation of two cell-surface components: the heat-stable (HS) serotyping antigen and the flagella protein FlaA short variable region (SVR). (cdc.gov)
Antigen-specific proteins are generated through nearly random mutation of particular structural pockets within these protein known as their antigen-binding pockets. (pathwaymedicine.org)
This library is so large that inevitably several antigen-specific proteins will be able to bind virtually any microbial protein. (pathwaymedicine.org)
The particular damage clean-up processes to be investigated in this project include the nonsense mediated decay, non-stop decay, no-go decay and unfolded protein response pathways. (ukri.org)
The first three objectives are specifically focused on the most promising damage clean-up pathway, which is called nonsense mediated decay, so the fourth objective is to then broaden the work to the other damage clean-up pathways (non-stop decay, no-go decay and unfolded protein response). (ukri.org)

The pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria is linked to the variant surface antigen PfEMP1, which mediates tethering of infected erythrocytes to the host endothelium and is encoded by approximately 60 var genes per parasite genome. (nih.gov)

Tolerance in TCR/cognate antigen double-transgenic mice mediated by incomplete thymic deletion and peripheral receptor downregulation. (ox.ac.uk)
These outcomes claim that T cell fitness instead of T cell clonal deletion or anergy is in charge of having less Fc-specific nTreg in KD individuals who develop CAA. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)

Importantly, antigen-specific proteins can be maintained in the body for years and thus can immediately recognize and destroy invading microbes before a serious infection can develop. (pathwaymedicine.org)
One of the major mysteries of immunology for over a century has been the mechanism by which antigen-specific proteins are generated. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Through this process, enormously diverse "libraries" of antigen-specific proteins are generated without any purposeful bias. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Consequently, antigen-specific proteins are generated which might bind self-proteins as well as microbial structures. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Once the diverse "library" of antigen-specific proteins is generated it undergoes extremely rigorous selection based on several criteria. (pathwaymedicine.org)
However, the major criteria on which antigen-specific proteins are selected is by their inability to bind self-proteins. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Therefore, the "library" is selected in such a way that no antigen-specific proteins survive selection which could potentially bind proteins generated by the host itself. (pathwaymedicine.org)
This approach has several advantages: 1) When an infection does occur the immune system does not need to take the time to actually develop antigen-specific proteins since they are pre-made, 2) Destruction of self-binding proteins avoids the possibility that the destructive actions of the immune system will be directed against host tissues. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Once an infection does occur, the major challenge of the immune system is to induce proliferation of those antigen-specific proteins which actually do bind to the invading microbe. (pathwaymedicine.org)
These previously-utilized antigen-specific proteins are maintained at high circulating levels in the body or in such a way that re-infection allows their much more rapid and robust re-proliferation if the microbe is encountered a second time. (pathwaymedicine.org)
Furthermore, we discovered that children and adults who got KD during years as a child without developing CAA didn't react to the Fc proteins antigens and play a central part in keeping immunological tolerance [1,2]. (forgetmenotinitiative.org)

Antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of antibodies that bind human CXCR3 are disclosed. (justia.com)

2020. Stochastic expansions maintain the clonal stability of CD8+ T cell populations undergoing memory inflation driven by murine cytomegalovirus . (cardiff.ac.uk)
MLST is especially suitable for the investigation of diverse bacterial populations that have weakly clonal population structures ( 13 , 16 , 17 ). (cdc.gov)
The ability to expand T cell populations that recognize and attack multiple antigen-specific targets on each tumor cell reduces the potential for 'tumor escape' due to immune pressure on a single antigen target. (neximmune.com)

2021. Monoclonal antibodies targeting nonstructural viral antigens can activate ADCC against human cytomegalovirus . (cardiff.ac.uk)

When pathogens (or antigen) enter our body either deliberately by vaccination or through infection we produce antibodies against it to fight and a memory of the pathogen is developed for future encounters with them. (syskool.com)
Antigens-antigens are pathogens or their parts, or foreign agents having different antigenic determination sites or epitopes.antigens are multivalent. (syskool.com)
Sometimes we develop antibodies that do not bind infectious pathogens - instead, they bind self-antigens. (immunitytales.com)

Antigens involved in type II hypersensitivity reactions are intrinsic and exogenous antigens . (microbeonline.com)

[7] There is evidence of the suppression and evasion of parasite-specific responses during acute malaria: mechanisms which include clonal antigenic variation and altered peptide ligand (APL) antagonism. (jpgmonline.com)

This hypothesis is supported by my published postdoctoral work, where I demonstrated that mutated mRNAs escaping from nonsense mediated decay (NMD) are strongly associated with improved patient response to immunotherapy. (ukri.org)

PD-1 is also a member of the extended CD28/CTLA-4 family of T cell regulators and is suspected to play a role in lymphocyte clonal selection and peripheral tolerance. (leinco.com)
The peripheral T-cell pool is remarkably stable in terms of cell numbers and clonal diversity throughout the lifetime of mice and humans. (frontiersin.org)

Despite this diversity, 748 (92%) of the isolates belonged to one of 17 clonal complexes, 6 of which contained many (318, 63%) of the human disease isolates. (cdc.gov)

In this sense, one of the immune system main properties is to distinguish "self" from "no self or foreign" ( Antigen A substance that when introduced into the body (non-self antigens as chemicals, toxins, bacteria, or viruses), stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies." class="glossaryLink ">antigen ), and to eliminate the later through the induction of a variety of mechanisms. (necropsymanual.net)
In general terms the immune system is the response of the hosts to an Antigen A substance that when introduced into the body (non-self antigens as chemicals, toxins, bacteria, or viruses), stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies." class="glossaryLink ">antigen (Ag), which conversely, to be considered such, it must be capable of stimulating an immunological response. (necropsymanual.net)

Inhibition of the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1 can serve as an immune checkpoint blockade by improving T-cell responses In vitro and mediating preclinical antitumor activity. (leinco.com)
Different spMHCs may vary substantially in their suitability to mediate a stimulatory interaction for particular T-cell clones. (frontiersin.org)

T cell receptor (TcR) is a receptor molecule on the T-cell membrane that recognizes the antigen. (biomedcentral.com)

STEC serotypes are named according to their somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens. (cdc.gov)
Highly cancer-specific antigens derived from somatic mutations, the so-called neoantigens, occurring in individual cancers have been in focus recently. (cancerbiomed.org)

An often fatal hypersensitivity reaction, triggered by IgE or anaphylatoxin-mediated mast cell degranulation, leading to anaphylactic shock due to vasodilatation and smooth muscle contraction. (roitt.com)

Here, the destruction is mediated either by a complement system or antibodies via opsonization. (microbeonline.com)
Immediately ABO blood-group incompatibilities are seen, which lead to complement-mediated lysis triggered by IgM isohemagglutinins. (microbeonline.com)

In certain embodiments, the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments can also bind ligand-binding variants of human CXCR3 and/or fragments of human CXCR3. (justia.com)

Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)

While we found significantly greater clonal structure in HIV-infected patients versus healthy controls, within HIV patients, we observed no significant relationships between statistics of B-cell clonal expansion and clinical variables such as viral load and CD4(+) count. (ox.ac.uk)

Practice: Why are cytokines important signals for cell-mediated immunity? (clutchprep.com)

This process is laborious, requires use of animals and success is dependent on the ability of the immune system to mount an effective immune response to the chosen antigen.The advent of molecular biology and phage display technology has allowed new approaches to re-capitulate the in vitro immune response, reducing and even eliminating the need for animal immunisation. (nibsc.org)
Selection of test plants for routine diagnostic use is dependent upon the type of plants tested. (cgiar.org)

Thus, critical events in thymic lympho-stromal cross-talk and T cell selection are indispensably choreographed by Foxn1. (ox.ac.uk)
T Cell Repertoire Before Thymic Selection in Early Lifestyle NP118809 The stepwise T cell advancement, selection, as well as the era of an operating T cell repertoire take place in the thymus (16). (baxkyardgardener.com)

Extrinsic cell death pathway plasticity: a driver of clonal evolution in cancer? (nature.com)

Chromosomal instability may enable the continuous selection of SCNAs, which are established as ordered events that often occur in parallel, throughout tumour evolution. (nature.com)
This limited efficacy is associated with poor immunogenicity, and novel strategies to enhance tumour antigen load are urgently required. (ukri.org)

An allelic variant of an antigen that, because it is not present in all individuals, may be immunogenic in members of the same species that have a different version of the allele. (roitt.com)

In Canada, carbapenemase-harboring isolates are rare, reported only for a small outbreak of clonal Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates harboring IMP-7, P. aeruginosa isolates harboring VIM-2, a Serratia marcescens isolate harboring a SME-2 class A β-lactamase, and 3 isolates of K. pneumoniae harboring KPC-3 ( 7 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)

It is now clear that the basic architecture of this mechanism occurs in several steps: Random Generation, Selection, Proliferation, and Memory. (pathwaymedicine.org)

We aimed to determine whether a novel BF-mediated strategy, that was designed to deliver AP-PFH/PLGA NPs (aptamers CCFM641-5-functionalized Perfluorohexane (PFH) loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles) by aptamer-directed approach into solid tumor based on the tumor-targeting ability of BF, could improve efficiency of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment of breast cancer. (dovepress.com)
Finally, we studied the efficacy of HIFU ablation based on BF plus AP-PFH/PLGA NPs (BF-mediated HIFU ablation) in tumor. (dovepress.com)
We successfully established a novel therapy method, BF-mediated HIFU ablation, which provides an excellent platform for highly efficient and non-invasive therapy of tumor. (dovepress.com)

The phenomenon whereby, following successful rearrangement of one allele of an antigen receptor gene, rearrangement of the other parental allele is suppressed. (roitt.com)
These data provide evidence that not only must multiple rearrangements occur, but that TCR alpha gene rearrangement continues even after surface expression of a TCR alpha/beta heterodimer, apparently until the recombination process is halted by positive selection, or the cell dies. (edu.au)

CD41 antigen acts as a receptor for fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor (vWf), fibrinectin and vitronectin and mediates platelet adhesion and aggregation. (baxkyardgardener.com)

Unlike Type I hypersensitivity, Type II hypersensitivity reaction is an immediate reaction, showing a "hyper" or exaggerated response to harmless antigens within 24 hours. (microbeonline.com)

The invention relates to antibodies and antigen-binding fragments of antibodies, such as human monoclonal antibodies, which bind human CXCR3. (justia.com)

Germplasm of clonal crops is typically exchanged through the transfer of in vitro material. (cgiar.org)

The invention also provides therapeutic and diagnostic methods which employ the antibodies and antigen-binding fragments. (justia.com)

Our proprietary nanotechnology platform, Artificial Immune Modulation (AIM™), employs natural biology to direct specific T cell-mediated immune responses capable of treating a variety of diseases. (neximmune.com)

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Management of Early-Stage DLBCL,... (emedicine.medscape.com)

Cancers | Free Full-Text | Etiology of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL): Current Directions... (mdpi.com)

Immune Modulation by Volatile Anesthetics | Anesthesiology | American Society of Anesthesiologists (pubs.asahq.org)

Lymphatic System Anatomy and Physiology - Nurseslabs (nurseslabs.com)

HSV Recombinant Vectors for Gene Therapy (openvirologyjournal.com)

Hypersensitivity Type II: Mechanism and Clinical Manifestation - Microbe Online (microbeonline.com)

Frontiers | Single-Cell Approach to Influenza-Specific CD8+ T Cell Receptor Repertoires Across Different Age Groups, Tissues,... (frontiersin.org)

Acquired resistance to anti-PD1 therapy: checkmate to checkpoint blockade? | Genome Medicine | Full Text (genomemedicine.biomedcentral.com)

Molecular Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Clones: A Basis for Epidemiologic Investigation - Volume 8, Number 9... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)

Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from... : European Journal of Anaesthesiology | EJA (journals.lww.com)

Targeted PI3K/AKT-hyperactivation induces cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia | Nature Communications (nature.com)

Immune System, antibodies and vaccines - Syskool (syskool.com)

Rogue B Cells: Newly Discovered Triggers of Autoimmune Diseases (immunitytales.com)

Delves: Roitt's Essential Immunology (roitt.com)

Jorg Goronzy's Profile | Stanford Profiles (profiles.stanford.edu)

Anatomy19

Organisms10

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs127

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Psychiatry and Psychology2

Phenomena and Processes58

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science6

Health Care7

BAFF and selection of autoreactive B cells. (1/35)

Unifying concepts of MHC-dependent natural killer cell education. (2/35)

Regulated release of nitric oxide by nonhematopoietic stroma controls expansion of the activated T cell pool in lymph nodes. (3/35)

The carboxypeptidase ACE shapes the MHC class I peptide repertoire. (4/35)

Mucosal memory CD8(+) T cells are selected in the periphery by an MHC class I molecule. (5/35)

Coreceptor gene imprinting governs thymocyte lineage fate. (6/35)

Elongation factor-2, a Th1 stimulatory protein of Leishmania donovani, generates strong IFN-gamma and IL-12 response in cured Leishmania-infected patients/hamsters and protects hamsters against Leishmania challenge. (7/35)

HLA B*5701-positive long-term nonprogressors/elite controllers are not distinguished from progressors by the clonal composition of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. (8/35)

Clonal Evolution

Clone Cells

Selection, Genetic

Antigens

Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated

Antigens, Bacterial

Clonal Deletion

Antigens, Neoplasm

Antigens, Surface

Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell

Immunoglobulin Variable Region

B-Lymphocytes

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Antigens, Viral

Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains

Genes, Immunoglobulin

Mutation

Molecular Sequence Data

T-Lymphocytes

Base Sequence

Cell Transformation, Neoplastic

Karyotyping

Phenotype

Antigens, Protozoan

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Cell Line

Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming

Cells, Cultured

HLA Antigens

Cell Differentiation

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Antigens, Fungal

Antigens, CD

H-2 Antigens

Antigens, Helminth

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Antigens, Viral, Tumor

Antibodies, Monoclonal

HLA-DR Antigens

Histocompatibility Antigens

Histocompatibility Antigens Class II

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

Epitopes

Prostate-Specific Antigen

Antigens, CD8

O Antigens

Antigens, CD15

Amino Acid Sequence

Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate

HLA-A2 Antigen

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Antigens, CD3

Models, Genetic

Immunoglobulin G

Cross Reactions

Blood Group Antigens

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Evolution, Molecular

Hepatitis B Surface Antigens

HLA-A Antigens

Histocompatibility Antigens Class I

Lymphocyte Activation

Genetic Variation

Antigens, CD4

Antibody Specificity

HLA-D Antigens

Receptors, Antigen

Biological Evolution

Antigens, CD45

Hepatitis B Antigens

Antigen-Antibody Reactions

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Antigens, CD1

HLA-B Antigens

Antibody Formation

Immune Sera

Antibodies, Bacterial

Selection Bias

Immunization

Antigens, Differentiation