Clock proteins. Medical search

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that contain intrinsic HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE activity and play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. Clock proteins combine with Arntl proteins to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation. This transcriptional activation also sets into motion a time-dependent feedback loop which in turn down-regulates the expression of clock proteins.

Biological mechanism that controls CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. Circadian clocks exist in the simplest form in cyanobacteria and as more complex systems in fungi, plants, and animals. In humans the system includes photoresponsive RETINAL GANGLION CELLS and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS that acts as the central oscillator.

A broad category of proteins that regulate the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM of an organism. Included here are proteins that transmit intracellular and intercellular signals in a chronological manner along with proteins that sense light and time-dependent changes in the environment such as the PHOTOPERIOD.

Circadian rhythm signaling proteins that influence circadian clock by interacting with other circadian regulatory proteins and transporting them into the CELL NUCLEUS.

The physiological mechanisms that govern the rhythmic occurrence of certain biochemical, physiological, and behavioral phenomena.

The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain-containing proteins that play important roles in CIRCADIAN RHYTHM regulation. They combine with CLOCK PROTEINS to form heterodimeric transcription factors that are specific for E-BOX ELEMENTS and stimulate the transcription of several E-box genes that are involved in cyclical regulation.

Flavoproteins that function as circadian rhythm signaling proteins in ANIMALS and as blue-light photoreceptors in PLANTS. They are structurally-related to DNA PHOTOLYASES and it is believed that both classes of proteins may have originated from an earlier protein that played a role in protecting primitive organisms from the cyclical exposure to UV LIGHT.

A casein kinase I isoenzyme with specificity for proteins involved the regulation of the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.

An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the OPTIC CHIASM.

DNA locations with the consensus sequence CANNTG. ENHANCER ELEMENTS may contain multiple copies of this element. E-boxes play a regulatory role in the control of transcription. They bind with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) type TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. Binding specificity is determined by the specific bHLH heterodimer or homodimer combination and by the specific nucleotides at the 3rd and 4th position of the E-box sequence.

A phylum of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular bacteria possessing CHLOROPHYLL a and carrying out oxygenic PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both CARBON DIOXIDE (in the presence of light) and NITROGEN. Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as ALGAE.

A casein kinase I isoenzyme that plays a regulatory role in a variety of cellular functions including vesicular transport, CHROMOSOME SEGREGATION; CYTOKINESIS, developmental processes, and the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.

A form-genus of spherical to rod-shaped CYANOBACTERIA in the order Chroococcales. They contain THYLAKOIDS and are found in a wide range of habitats.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, comprising bread molds. They are capable of converting tryptophan to nicotinic acid and are used extensively in genetic and enzyme research. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Specialized cells in the invertebrates that detect and transduce light. They are predominantly rhabdomeric with an array of photosensitive microvilli. Illumination depolarizes invertebrate photoreceptors by stimulating Na+ influx across the plasma membrane.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

A mechanism of communication with a physiological system for homeostasis, adaptation, etc. Physiological feedback is mediated through extensive feedback mechanisms that use physiological cues as feedback loop signals to control other systems.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A species of ascomycetous fungi of the family Sordariaceae, order SORDARIALES, much used in biochemical, genetic, and physiologic studies.

Proteins found in any species of insect.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring.

A DNA-binding orphan nuclear receptor that negatively regulates expression of ARNTL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and plays a role as a regulatory component of the circadian clock system. The Nr1d1 nuclear receptor expression is cyclically-regulated by a feedback loop involving its positive regulation by CLOCK PROTEIN; BMAL1 PROTEIN heterodimers and its negative regulation by CRYPTOCHROME and PERIOD PROTEINS.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The absence of light.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Disruptions of the rhythmic cycle of bodily functions or activities.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription. (1/580)

The Drosophila CLOCK (dCLOCK) and CYCLE (CYC) (also referred to as dBMAL1) proteins are members of the basic helix-loop-helix PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) superfamily of transcription factors and are required for high-level expression of the circadian clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim). Several lines of evidence indicate that PER, TIM, or a PER-TIM heterodimer somehow inhibit the transcriptional activity of a putative dCLOCK-CYC complex, generating a negative-feedback loop that is a core element of the Drosophila circadian oscillator. In this report we show that PER and/or TIM inhibits the binding of a dCLOCK-CYC heterodimer to an E-box-containing DNA fragment that is present in the 5' nontranscribed region of per and acts as a circadian enhancer element. Surprisingly, inhibition of this DNA binding activity by PER, TIM, or both is not accompanied by disruption of the association between dCLOCK and CYC. The results suggest that the interaction of PER, TIM, or both with the dCLOCK-CYC heterodimer induces a conformational change or masks protein regions in the heterodimer, leading to a reduction in DNA binding activity. Together with other findings, our results strongly suggest that daily cycles in the association of PER and TIM with the dCLOCK-CYC complex probably contribute to rhythmic expression of per and tim. (+info)

mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. (2/580)

We determined that two mouse cryptochrome genes, mCry1 and mCry2, act in the negative limb of the clock feedback loop. In cell lines, mPER proteins (alone or in combination) have modest effects on their cellular location and ability to inhibit CLOCK:BMAL1 -mediated transcription. This suggested cryptochrome involvement in the negative limb of the feedback loop. Indeed, mCry1 and mCry2 RNA levels are reduced in the central and peripheral clocks of Clock/Clock mutant mice. mCRY1 and mCRY2 are nuclear proteins that interact with each of the mPER proteins, translocate each mPER protein from cytoplasm to nucleus, and are rhythmically expressed in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Luciferase reporter gene assays show that mCRY1 or mCRY2 alone abrogates CLOCK:BMAL1-E box-mediated transcription. The mPER and mCRY proteins appear to inhibit the transcriptional complex differentially. (+info)

Requirement of circadian genes for cocaine sensitization in Drosophila. (3/580)

The circadian clock consists of a feedback loop in which clock genes are rhythmically expressed, giving rise to cycling levels of RNA and proteins. Four of the five circadian genes identified to date influence responsiveness to freebase cocaine in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Sensitization to repeated cocaine exposures, a phenomenon also seen in humans and animal models and associated with enhanced drug craving, is eliminated in flies mutant for period, clock, cycle, and doubletime, but not in flies lacking the gene timeless. Flies that do not sensitize owing to lack of these genes do not show the induction of tyrosine decarboxylase normally seen after cocaine exposure. These findings indicate unexpected roles for these genes in regulating cocaine sensitization and indicate that they function as regulators of tyrosine decarboxylase. (+info)

Interlocked feedback loops within the Drosophila circadian oscillator. (4/580)

Drosophila Clock (dClk) is rhythmically expressed, with peaks in mRNA and protein (dCLK) abundance early in the morning. dClk mRNA cycling is shown here to be regulated by PERIOD-TIMELESS (PER-TIM)-mediated release of dCLK- and CYCLE (CYC)-dependent repression. Lack of both PER-TIM derepression and dCLK-CYC repression results in high levels of dClk mRNA, which implies that a separate dClk activator is present. These results demonstrate that the Drosophila circadian feedback loop is composed of two interlocked negative feedback loops: a per-tim loop, which is activated by dCLK-CYC and repressed by PER-TIM, and a dClk loop, which is repressed by dCLK-CYC and derepressed by PER-TIM. (+info)

Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock. (5/580)

Cryptochrome (CRY), a photoreceptor for the circadian clock in Drosophila, binds to the clock component TIM in a light-dependent fashion and blocks its function. In mammals, genetic evidence suggests a role for CRYs within the clock, distinct from hypothetical photoreceptor functions. Mammalian CRY1 and CRY2 are here shown to act as light-independent inhibitors of CLOCK-BMAL1, the activator driving Per1 transcription. CRY1 or CRY2 (or both) showed light-independent interactions with CLOCK and BMAL1, as well as with PER1, PER2, and TIM. Thus, mammalian CRYs act as light-independent components of the circadian clock and probably regulate Per1 transcriptional cycling by contacting both the activator and its feedback inhibitors. (+info)

Cycling vrille expression is required for a functional Drosophila clock. (6/580)

We identified a novel regulatory loop within Drosophila's circadian clock. A screen for clock-controlled genes recovered vrille (vri), a transcription factor essential for embryonic development. vri is expressed in circadian pacemaker cells in larval and adult brains. vri RNA levels oscillate with a circadian rhythm. Cycling is directly regulated by the transcription factors dCLOCK and CYCLE, which are also required for oscillations of period and timeless RNA. Eliminating the normal vri cycle suppresses period and timeless expression and causes long-period behavioral rhythms and arrhythmicity, indicating that cycling vri is required for a functional Drosophila clock. We also show that dCLOCK and VRI independently regulate levels of a neuropeptide, pigment dispersing factor, which appears to regulate overt behavior. (+info)

Phosphorylation of the Neurospora clock protein FREQUENCY determines its degradation rate and strongly influences the period length of the circadian clock. (7/580)

Under free running conditions, FREQUENCY (FRQ) protein, a central component of the Neurospora circadian clock, is progressively phosphorylated, becoming highly phosphorylated before its degradation late in the circadian day. To understand the biological function of FRQ phosphorylation, kinase inhibitors were used to block FRQ phosphorylation in vivo and the effects on FRQ and the clock observed. 6-dimethylaminopurine (a general kinase inhibitor) is able to block FRQ phosphorylation in vivo, reducing the rate of phosphorylation and the degradation of FRQ and lengthening the period of the clock in a dose-dependent manner. To confirm the role of FRQ phosphorylation in this clock effect, phosphorylation sites in FRQ were identified by systematic mutagenesis of the FRQ ORF. The mutation of one phosphorylation site at Ser-513 leads to a dramatic reduction of the rate of FRQ degradation and a very long period (>30 hr) of the clock. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that FRQ phosphorylation triggers its degradation, and the degradation rate of FRQ is a major determining factor for the period length of the Neurospora circadian clock. (+info)

dCLOCK is present in limiting amounts and likely mediates daily interactions between the dCLOCK-CYC transcription factor and the PER-TIM complex. (8/580)

In Drosophila melanogaster four circadian clock proteins termed PERIOD (PER), TIMELESS (TIM), dCLOCK (dCLK), and CYCLE (CYC/dBMAL1) function in a transcriptional feedback loop that is a core element of the oscillator mechanism. dCLK and CYC are members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/PAS (PER-ARNT-SIM) superfamily of transcription factors and are required for high-level expression of per and tim and repression of dClk, whereas PER and TIM inhibit dCLK-CYC-mediated transcription and lead to the activation of dClk. To understand further the dynamic regulation within the circadian oscillator mechanism, we biochemically characterized in vivo-produced CYC, determined the interactions of the four clock proteins, and calculated their absolute levels as a function of time. Our results indicate that throughout a daily cycle the majority of the dCLK present in adult heads stably interacts with CYC, indicating that CYC is the primary in vivo partner of dCLK. dCLK-CYC dimers are bound by PER and TIM during the late evening and early morning, suggesting the formation of a tetrameric complex with impaired transcriptional activity. Although dCLK is present in limiting amounts and CYC is by far the most abundant of the four clock proteins that have been examined, PER and TIM appear to interact preferentially with dCLK. Our results suggest that dCLK is the main component regulating the daily abundance of transcriptionally active dCLK-CYC complexes. (+info)

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... this protein has not been functionally characterized.[2] Holin Lysin Transporter Classification Database Reddy, Bhaskara L.; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P68_holin_family

Variations in the C-terminal region of each of their proteins suggest functional divergence between the Kai clock proteins, ... Egli M (August 2014). "Intricate protein-protein interactions in the cyanobacterial circadian clock". The Journal of Biological ... Egli M (August 2014). "Intricate protein-protein interactions in the cyanobacterial circadian clock". The Journal of Biological ... Kai proteins regulate genome-wide gene expression. Protein KaiA enhances the phosphorylation of protein KaiC by binding to the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiC

"Proteins that reprogram cells can turn back mice's aging clock". Retrieved 19 December 2016.. ... Oxidative Protein Damage and Expression of Heat Shock Proteins, Inflammatory Factors, and Mitochondrial Complexes in Arctica ... mTOR, a protein that inhibits autophagy, has been linked to ageing through the insulin signalling pathway. mTOR functions ... For example, a waste product called lipofuscin is formed by a complex reaction in cells that binds fat to proteins. This waste ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aged

Another essential component of this circadian clock mechanism is that the PER protein contains a PAS domain, which has been ... "JRKL - Jerky protein homolog-like - Homo sapiens (Human) - JRKL gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2019-04-11. ... The Jrk mutation deletes much of the gene that encodes for the glutamine (Q)-rich C terminus of the protein. This region is ... "Clk Clock [Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-11. "FlyBase Allele ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jrk

"Protein BLAST: search protein databases using a protein query". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-05. EMBL-EBI. "EBI ... C9orf43 divergence is moderate based on the molecular clock hypothesis. C9orf43 is seen to diverge more quickly than cytochrome ... The protein does not contain signal peptides or mitochondrial targeting signals indicating the protein is not predicted to be ... Isoform X1 protein abundance is predicted to be normal with normal expression. Composition analysis of C9orf43 showed an above ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_9_open_reading_frame_43

Proteins. 65 (3): 549-54. doi:10.1002/prot.21183. PMID 16988956. S2CID 28351121. Gupta G (2020-05-26). "Racing the Clock, COVID ... "Protein-ligand docking: current status and future challenges". Proteins. 65 (1): 15-26. doi:10.1002/prot.21082. PMID 16862531. ... AutoDock consists of two main programs: AutoDock for docking of the ligand to a set of grids describing the target protein; ... Goodsell DS, Sanner MF, Olson AJ, Forli S (August 2020). "The AutoDock suite at 30". Protein Science. 30 (1): 31-43. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoDock

Saey TJ (15 December 2016). "Proteins that reprogram cells can turn back mice's aging clock". Retrieved 19 December 2016. ... oxidative protein damage and expression of heat shock proteins, inflammatory factors, and mitochondrial complexes in Arctica ... as well as increase extracellular proteins such as collagen and fibronectin (important proteins for cell proliferation). ... mTOR, a protein that inhibits autophagy, has been linked to ageing through the insulin signalling pathway. mTOR functions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing

Molecular evolution Molecular clock UPGMA Jukes TH, Cantor CR (1969). Evolution of Protein Molecules. New York: Academic Press ... Hasegawa M, Kishino H, Yano T (1985). "Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA". Journal of ... a codon is three bases and codes for one amino acid in a protein). There are 4 3 = 64 {\displaystyle 4^{3}=64} codons, but the ... amino acids that make up proteins), one would find there are 209 parameters. However, when studying coding regions of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... However, these proteins were retrieved when functionally characterized holins from the T-A Hol family (TC# 1.E.43) were BLASTED ... Most BAH proteins are between 125 and 140 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and exhibit 4 transmembrane segments (TMSs), ... A representative list of proteins belonging to the BAH family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. Holin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_archaeal_holin_family

Holin Lysin Transporter Classification Database Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks ... PH-2 family proteins are of 130 to 210 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and may exhibit 1 or 2 transmembrane segments (TMSs ... A representative list of proteins belonging to the PH-2 family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_holin-2_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... This protein is functionally uncharacterized and does not appear to be homologous to other holins. It does, however, show 31% ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage_Hp1_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhiU53_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... While many of the proteins belonging to this family are annotated in holins, they remain functionally uncharacterized. Holin ... A representative list of the proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hol_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... While annotated as holins, these proteins remain functionally uncharacterized. A representative list of proteins belonging to ... The Putative Listeria Phage Holin (LP-Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.51) consists of several small proteins of 41 amino acyl residues ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... although BP-Hol proteins remain functionally uncharacterized. A representative list of the proteins belonging to the BP-Hol ... These proteins are of 60 to 110 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and exhibit 1 or 2 transmembrane segments (TMSs). Some are ... protein".www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-03-29. Gründling, Angelika; Manson, Michael D.; Young, Ry (2001-07-31). "Holins kill ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... This protein brings up other glycosyltransferases in a NCBI BLAST search. The adjacent gene encodes a small protein of 132 aas ... This protein has the UniProt accession number of S2E3C4. Paralogues are found in this same organism (Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum ... The "toxin" gene encodes a soluble protein of 325 aas stated as belonging to the "Glycosyltransferase GBT-type Superfamily". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... The Putative Treponema 4 TMS Holin (Tre4Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.49) consists of several proteins from Treponema species. They ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treponema_4_TMS_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... The putative holin-like toxin (Hol-Tox) family (TC# 1.E.42) consists of many small proteins, between 34 and 48 amino acyl ... A representative list of proteins belonging to the Hol-Tox family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. ... "Functional characterization of a new holin-like antibacterial protein coding gene tmp1 from goat skin surface metagenome". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hol-Tox_family

PMID 25157079.. Wang, IN; Smith, DL; Young, R (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annu. Rev. ... Phage-like transmembrane protein', 'YeaQ protein', etc. in the NCBI protein database. As of early 2016, they remain ... These proteins are related to the RDD family (TC# 9.B.45) in the conserved domain database. A representative list of proteins ... Homologues include thousands of diverse phage and bacterial proteins between 80 and 140 amino acyl residues (aas) in length ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-A_hol_family

Holin Lysin Transporter Classification Database Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of ... Although annotated as phage proteins or holins, NP-Holin proteins are not yet functionally characterized, thus more research is ... The Neisserial Phage-associated Holin (NP-Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.22) is a family of small proteins, between 47 - 53 amino acyl ... A representative list of proteins belonging to the NP-Holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-holin_family

Wang, Ing-Nang; Smith, David L.; Young, Ry (October 2000). "Holins: The Protein Clocks of Bacteriophage Infections". Annual ... The ArpQ Holin (ArpQ Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.15) consists of a single holin-like protein 58 amino acyl residues (aas) in length ... with 2 transmembrane segments (TMSs). This protein is encoded by the arpQ gene in Enterococcus hirae. While annotated as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArpQ_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... "Phosphate concentration and the putative sensor kinase protein CckA modulate cell lysis and release of the Rhodobacter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_transfer_agent-release_holin_family

Wang I, Smith DL, Young R (2000). "Holins: The Protein Clocks of Bacteriophage Infections". Annual Review of Microbiology. 54 ( ... The T4 Holin Family (TC# 1.E.8) is a group of putative pore-forming proteins that does not belong to one of the seven holin ... The protein is highly hydrophilic with 49 acidic and basic residues distributed along its length and a single putative ... The phage T4 T-holin (lysis protein) is identical to the holin from phage K3 and nearly identical to that from phage ARI. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4_holin

Wang, IN; Smith, DL; Young, R (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54: 799- ... The Mycobacterial Phage PBI1 Gp36 Holin (Gp36 Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.39) consists of a single protein, Gp36 of Mycobacterial ... this protein has not been functionally characterized. Holin Lysin Transporter Classification Database Reddy, BL; Saier, MH ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gp36_hol_family

PMID 25157079.. Wang, IN; Smith, DL; Young, R (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annu. Rev. ... These proteins are short, 55 to 71 amino acyl residues (aas) in length, and exhibit a single transmembrane segment (TMS). A ... representative list of proteins belonging to the T1 Holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. Holin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... and a homologous uncharacterized protein (TC# 1.E.59.1.2; 75 aas and 2 TMSs). These proteins are of particular interest because ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L2_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... this protein does not show appreciable sequence similarity to any other proteins in the NCBI protein database. Holin Lysin ... It is a putative uncharacterized protein from Xanthomonas phage Xp15. This protein corresponds to sequence 68 from patent US ... The Xanthomonas Phage Holin (XanPHol) Family (TC# 1.E.45) consists of a single protein (Putative holin; TC# 1.E.45.1.1) of 64 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XanPHol_family

... protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2016-03-30. Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of ... BhlA proteins are generally about 67 to 80 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and exhibit a single N-terminal transmembrane ... A representative list of proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database. Holin Lysin ... Transporter Classification Database "BPUM_2741 - Uncharacterized protein - Bacillus pumilus (strain SAFR-032) - BPUM_2741 gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BhlA_holin_family

Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of ... As of March 2016, these proteins have not been functionally characterized. A representative list of proteins belonging to the ... The Enterobacterial Holin (EBHol) Family (TC# 1.E.48) consists of many closely related proteins of 100 to 120 amino acyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacterial_holin_family

... the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annu Rev Microbiol. 54: 799-825. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.799. PMID ... Examples include the S protein from lambdoid phage 21 and the Hol3626 protein from Clostridium perfringens bacteriophage Ф3626 ... Shi Y, Yan Y, Ji W, Du B, Meng X, Wang H, Sun J (March 2012). "Characterization and determination of holin protein of ... While canonical holins act by forming large pores, pinholins such as the S protein of lambdoid phage 21 act by forming ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holin

Homeobox protein Hox-D8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXD8 gene.[5][6][7] ... 1989). "Complementary homeo protein gradients in developing limb buds". Genes Dev. 3 (5): 641-50. doi:10.1101/gad.3.5.641. PMID ... HOXD8+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... "The thyroid transcription factor-1 gene is a candidate target for regulation by Hox proteins". EMBO J. 13 (14): 3339-47. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXD8

Rubidium and caesium are often used in atomic clocks.[205] Caesium atomic clocks are extraordinarily accurate; if a clock had ... The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion transporter proteins in the cell membrane.[231] The cell membrane ... One of the best-known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks, of which caesium ... atomic clocks form the basis of the second. A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium-vapour lamp, which ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

The albumin (9) further protects the embryo and serves as a reservoir for water and protein. The allantois (8) is a sac that ... Lee, Michael SY; Cau, Andrea; Darren, Naish; Gareth J., Dyke (2013). "Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid- ... The yolk sac (2) surrounding the yolk (3) contains protein and fat rich nutrients that are absorbed by the embryo via vessels ( ... "Error in Estimation of Rate and Time Inferred from the Early Amniote Fossil Record and Avian Molecular Clocks". Journal of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile

Clock * sw:Clock. Clothing * sw:Clothing. Cloud * sw:Cloud. Coffee * sw:Coffee. Cold War * sw:Cold War. Colonialism * sw: ... Protein * sw:Protein. Protestant Reformation * sw:Protestant Reformation. Protist * sw:Protist. Psychology * sw:Psychology. ...

https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Makala_za_msingi_za_kamusi_elezo/Zote_1000

Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne (august 2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)-Clock ... of Cycas taitungensis and 56 cp Protein-Coding Genes of Gnetum parvifolium: Insights into cpDNA Evolution and Phylogeny of ...

https://bs.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenjače

"The Drosophila Clock Gene double-time Encodes a Protein Closely Related to Human Casein Kinase Iε" (PDF). Cell. 94 (1): 97-107 ... "Regulation of nuclear entry of the Drosophila clock proteins period and timeless" (PDF). Neuron. 17 (5): 808-810. doi:10.1016/ ... "double-time Is a Novel Drosophila Clock Gene that Regulates PERIOD Protein Accumulation" (PDF). Cell. 94 (1): 83-95. doi: ... Young's lab is also attributed with the discovery of the timeless and doubletime genes, which makes proteins that are also ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Young

Hubby, J. L. Protein Differences in Drosophila. I. Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics. 1963, 48 (6): 871-879. PMC 1210521. PMID ... 90-91; Zuckerkandl, "On the Molecular Evolutionary Clock", p. 34 *^ Dietrich, "Paradox and Persuasion", pp. 90-91; Morgan, " ... De novo origination of a new protein-coding gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics. 2008, 179 (1): 487-496. PMC 2390625. ... Knowles DG, McLysaght A. Recent de novo origin of human protein-coding genes. Genome Res. 2009, 19 (10): 1752-1759. PMC 2765279 ...

https://zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/分子演化

Rb · RBL1（英语：Retinoblastoma-like protein 1） · RBL2（英语：Retinoblastoma-like protein 2） ... ATOH1 · AhR · AHRR · ARNT · ASCL1 · BHLHB2 · BMAL（ARNTL、ARNTL2） · CLOCK · EPAS1 · HAND（1、2） · HES（5、6） · HEY（1、2、L） · HES1 · ... protein homodimerization activity. · sequence-specific DNA binding. · metal ion binding. · protein heterodimerization activity ... FOXP2（Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2)）基因，即叉头框P2基因，是一个与言语功能的发育有关的基因。在人

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXP2

ATOH1 • AhR • AHRR • ARNT • ASCL1 • BHLHB2 • BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) • CLOCK • EPAS1 • HAND (1, 2) • HES (5, 6) • HEY (1, 2, L) • ... Bernstein PL, Herrick DJ, Prokipcak RD, Ross J (1992). "Control of c-myc mRNA half-life in vitro by a protein capable of ... Blackwood EM, Eisenman RN (1991). "Max: a helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex ... 1988). "A non-AUG translational initiation in c-myc exon 1 generates an N-terminally distinct protein whose synthesis is ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myc

They serve as protein and starch storage units serving as a nutrient source for newly developed plants. ... Of considerable interest is how this process appears to reset the aging clock.[16] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_

R. L. Wysong (1976). "5: Origin of Proteins". The Creation-evolution Controversy (implications, Methodology and Survey of ... "molecular clock", which enabled the neutral theory of molecular evolution.[365] ... for their studies of the structures of hemoglobin and globular proteins.[269] ... awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discoveries of protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_atheists_

This method is not very accurate since the composition of proteins varies greatly and proteins with none of these amino acids ... Deep Space Atomic Clock. *Inertial Stellar Compass. *Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter ... The concentration of a protein can be estimated by measuring the OD at 280 nm due to the presence of tryptophan, tyrosine and ... Spectrophotometry is an important technique used in many biochemical experiments that involve DNA, RNA, and protein isolation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry

Savini I, Rossi A, Pierro C, Avigliano L, Catani MV (April 2008). "SVCT1 and SVCT2: key proteins for vitamin C uptake". Amino ... According to molecular clock dating, these two suborder primate branches parted ways about 63 to 60 million years ago.[143] ... The HIFalpha prolyl hydroxylases, termed PHDs/EGLNs (prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins/EGL nine homologues), bind to a ... which lose SVCT proteins during maturation.[105] In both vitamin C synthesizers (example: rat) and non-synthesizers (example: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-ascorbic_acid

These "molecular clocks", however, are fallible, and provide only a very approximate timing: for example, they are not ... by comparing sequences of DNA or proteins. The result of a successful analysis is a hierarchy of clades - groups that share a ... "molecular clock".[12] Techniques developed in engineering have been used to analyse how ancient organisms might have worked, ... Although this early study compared proteins from apes and humans, most molecular phylogenetics research is now based on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology

"Protein Spotlight (29). Retrieved 14 September 2006.. *^ Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) Evolution of platypus venom revealed. ... Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest platypuses split from echidnas around 19-48 million years ago.[71] ... composed largely of defensin-like proteins (DLPs), three of which are unique to the platypus.[30] The DLPs are produced by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck-billed_Platypus

Many flowering plants (angiosperms) use a photoreceptor protein, such as phytochrome or cryptochrome,[1] to sense seasonal ... Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain the circadian clock to light.[6] It has been found that both ... with the rhythms of the circadian clock that allows plants to measure the length of the night. Other than flowering, ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiod

The ACTH receptor is a seven-membrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptor.[7] Upon ligand binding, the receptor undergoes ... organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks". Annual Review of Physiology. 72: 517-49. doi:10.1146/annurev- ... and their associated electron transfer proteins.[8] This effect is observed over several hours.[8] ... and subsequent activation of protein kinase A. ... Protein pages needing a picture. *All articles with unsourced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone

Some migratory birds have adapted to use protein from many parts of their bodies, including protein from the intestines, as ... Birds that use the sun compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day by the use of an internal clock.[62] ... Domesticated birds raised for meat and eggs, called poultry, are the largest source of animal protein eaten by humans; in 2003 ... Lee, Michael SY; Cau, Andrea; Darren, Naish; Gareth J., Dyke (May 2014). "Morphological Clocks in Paleontology, and a Mid- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird

It is likely that they simply did not exist, and that the molecular clock runs fast during major evolutionary radiations.[101] ... "Assessing the Cretaceous superordinal divergence times within birds and placental mammals by using whole mitochondrial protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals

Carnivorous and vampire bats consume large amounts of protein and can output concentrated urine; their kidneys have a thin ... Jones, K. E.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Gittleman, J. L. (2005). "Bats, clocks, and rocks: diversification patterns in ... is due to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat

These deletions and mutations lead to the production of an abnormal or nonfunctional version of the RAI1 protein. RAI1 is a ... such as CLOCK.[8] The groups led by James Lupski (Baylor College of Medicine) and Sarah Elsea (Virginia Commonwealth University ... "Smith-Magenis syndrome results in disruption of CLOCK gene transcription and reveals an integral role for RAI1 in the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith–Magenis_syndrome

Many feeds designed for pregnant and lactating mares provide the careful balance required of increased protein, increased ... are still to this day bred to have a combination of explosive speed that exceeds the Thoroughbred on short distances clocked as ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_breeding

This venom is derived from b-defensins, proteins that are present in mammals that create holes in viral and bacterial pathogens ... Molecular clock and fossil dating give a wide range of dates for the split between echidnas and platypuses, with one survey ... Monotreme milk contains a highly expressed antibacterial protein not found in other mammals, perhaps to compensate for the more ... a protein necessary for egg shell formation) is shared with birds; the presence of this symplesiomorphy suggests that the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotremes

This suggests that animals have a biological clock that can serve as a CS. This method has also been used to study timing ... Presynaptic activation of protein kinase A and postsynaptic activation of NMDA receptors and its signal transduction pathway ... An example of conditioned hunger is the "appetizer effect." Any signal that consistently precedes a meal, such as a clock ... CREB is also necessary for conditioning related plasticity, and it may induce downstream synthesis of proteins necessary for ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_conditioning

In order to replicate, poxviruses produce a variety of specialized proteins not produced by other DNA viruses, the most ... The wide range of dates is due to the different records used to calibrate the molecular clock. One clade was the variola major ... protein and electrolytes beyond the capacity of the body to replace or acquire, and fulminating sepsis.[59] ... The mutation rate of this virus is well modeled by a molecular clock. Diversification of strains only occurred in the 18th and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3-gamma (HNF-3G), also known as forkhead box protein A3 (FOXA3) or transcription factor 3G (TCF-3G) ... protein domain specific binding. • RNA polymerase II transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding. ... HNF-3G is a member of the forkheadclass of DNA-binding proteins. These hepatocyte nuclear factors are transcriptional ... Dintilhac A, Bernués J (2002). "HMGB1 interacts with many apparently unrelated proteins by recognizing short amino acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXA3

Macdougall, Doug (2008). Nature's Clocks: How Scientists Measure the Age of Almost Everything. Berkeley, California: University ... Unburnt bone can be tested; it is usual to date it using collagen, the protein fraction that remains after washing away the ... an organic protein found in shell, but it constitutes only 1-2% of shell material.[55] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating

10] Some proteins can become infectious agents. This is the name of those misfolded proteins that are responsible for mad cow ... Match length is determined by either a game clock or the number of questions in a packet.[2][16] In most formats, a game ends ... 10] Name this class of molecules that make up proteins, examples of which include tryptophan, alanine, and lysine.. ANSWER: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_bowl

... which is regulated by the transformer protein in many different insects.[68] Mdmd causes male development by negatively ... "Time flies, a new molecular time-scale for brachyceran fly evolution without a clock". Systematic Biology. 52 (6): 745-56. doi ... and possibly other proteins and polysaccharides of medical value.[41] ... "Sustainable production of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae as a protein-rich feed ingredient by utilizing cattle manure" ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housefly

Working on protein sequences, they eventually (1971) determined that apes were closer to humans than some paleontologists ... Among these researchers, Allan C. Wilson and Vincent Sarich were pioneers in the development of the molecular clock for humans ... because studies have found evidence for a slowing of the molecular clock as apes evolved from a common monkey-like ancestor ... "Variation in the molecular clock of primates". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (38): 10607-10612. doi ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee–human_last_common_ancestor

As the molecular clock may regulate many aspects of our immune system, an understanding of how the clock proteins and immune ... Circadian clock cryptochrome proteins regulate autoimmunity. Qi Cao, Xuan Zhao, Jingwen Bai, Sigal Gery, Haibo Sun, De-Chen Lin ... 2012) Circadian clock protein cryptochrome regulates the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: ... A heterodimeric protein complex of "circadian locomotor output cycles kaput" (CLOCK) and "brain and muscle ARNT-like 1" (BMAL1 ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/114/47/12548.long

... with implications for cancer biology and the workings of the clock itself. ... A protein associated with many kinds of cancer cells was found to suppress the circadian clock, ... Partchs team found that PASD1 is structurally similar to the CLOCK protein and interferes with the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex. ... The proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 initially combine to turn on the Period and Cryptochrome genes. The Period and Cryptochrome ...

https://www.genengnews.com/topics/translational-medicine/cancer-protein-halts-ticking-of-biological-clock/

They applied their new method to identify other clock partners that target a multipurpose cell nucleus receptor for disposal. ... Researchers have a new genome screen that has identified partner molecules of cell-waste disposal proteins. ... To validate the screen, the team tagged several of their favorite clock proteins with a short protein tag thats easily ... Cells waste disposal system regulates body clock proteins New way to identify interacting proteins could identify potential ...

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-10/uops-cwd100615.php

PRR proteins of the circadian clock call time on shade avoidance. View ORCID ProfileKeara A. Franklin ... Central clock components modulate plant shade avoidance by directly repressing transcriptional activation activity of PIF ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/117/10/5095.short?rss=1

... revealing an essential clock role for each residue separately and for KaiC phosphorylation in general. Mass spectrometry ... a central clock protein in cyanobacteria, undergoes circadian oscillations between hypophosphorylated and hyperphosphorylated ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007509

Protein Coding), Clock Circadian Regulator, including: function, proteins, disorders, pathways, orthologs, and expression. ... GeneCards Summary for CLOCK Gene CLOCK (Clock Circadian Regulator) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CLOCK ... View all R&D Systems CLOCK (CLOCK) Products. *View all R&D Systems CLOCK (CLOCK) Primary Antibodies*Human CLOCK Antibody ( ... Protein details for CLOCK Gene (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot). Protein Symbol:. O15516-CLOCK_HUMAN. Recommended name:. Circadian ...

https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CLOCK

... increasing glucagon and IGF-1 levels by feeding a protein-only diet entrains the liver circadian clock, and that cysteine, an ... production regulates resetting of the liver circadian clock in response to a protein or amino-acid only diet when insulin ... and peripheral clocks in peripheral organs. The circadian clock synchronizes to the external 24-hour environment by the SCN ... However, the liver clock of type-1 diabetes model mice was observed to be entrained by scheduled feeding, suggesting that ...

https://www.waseda.jp/top/en-news/57425

... with implications for cancer biology and the workings of the clock itself A new study led by UC Santa... ... A protein associated with many kinds of cancer cells was found to suppress the circadian clock, ... Clock genes. A series of experiments in Partchs lab revealed how the protein interacts with the molecular machinery of the ... A protein associated with many kinds of cancer cells was found to suppress the circadian clock, with implications for cancer ...

https://www.fiercebiotech.com/research/scientists-discover-a-protein-silences-biological-clock

Component of the KaiABC clock protein complex, which constitutes the main circadian regulator in cyanobacteria. The KaiABC ... IPR011648, Circadian_clock_KaiA. IPR020844, Circadian_clock_KaiA_N. IPR020856, Circadian_clock_protein_KaiA_C. IPR017944, ... IPR011648, Circadian_clock_KaiA. IPR020844, Circadian_clock_KaiA_N. IPR020856, Circadian_clock_protein_KaiA_C. IPR017944, ... Protein-protein interaction databases. Protein interaction database and analysis system. More...IntActi. Q6L8K1, 1 interactor ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6L8K1

... the cyanobacterial clock proteins are the main circadian regulator in cyanobacteria. The cyanobacterial clock proteins comprise ... "Structure and function from the circadian clock protein KaiA of Synechococcus elongatus: a potential clock input mechanism". ... 1) Garces RG, Wu N, Gillon W, Pai EF (April 2004). "Anabaena circadian clock proteins KaiA and KaiB reveal a potential common ... Hitomi K, Oyama T, Han S, Arvai AS, Getzoff E (2005). "Tetrameric architecture of the circadian clock protein KaiB. A novel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacterial_clock_proteins

When one of the two cryptochrome clock proteins is deleted, the cycles of the 24-hour body clock lengthen, but when the other ... The plant photolyase structure provides a much better model to use to study how the cryptochrome proteins in the human clock ... "The plant photolyase structure provides a much better model to use to study how the cryptochrome proteins in the human clock ... Humans and mammals, on the other hand, possess a homologous protein known as cryptochrome that modulates the circadian clock. ...

http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20090420/clock.html

A new twist on clock protein phosphorylation: a conformational change leads to protein degradation.. Menet JS1, Rosbash M. ... Progressive phosphorylation of circadian clock proteins is a hallmark of time-keeping. In this issue of Molecular Cell, ... Circadian conformational change of the Neurospora clock protein FREQUENCY triggered by clustered hyperphosphorylation of a ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21884970

The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex ... Component of the circadian clock oscillator which includes the CRY proteins, CLOCK or NPAS2, ARNTL/BMAL1 or ARNTL2/BMAL2, ... Transcription and translation of core clock components (CLOCK, NPAS2, ARNTL/BMAL1, ARNTL2/BMAL2, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1 and ... The central clock entrains the peripheral clocks through neuronal and hormonal signals, body temperature and feeding-related ...

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/protein/O14516

The central clock entrains the peripheral clocks through neuronal and hormonal signals, body temperature and feeding-related ... Transcription and translation of core clock components (CLOCK, NPAS2, ARNTL/BMAL1, ARNTL2/BMAL2, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1 and ... and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can ... CLOCK specifically binds to the half-site 5-CAC-3, while ARNTL binds to the half-site 5-GTGA-3 (PubMed:23229515). The CLOCK ...

https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O15516

Computer model showing the structure of the circadian clock protein KaiC from Synechococcus elongatus. - Stock Image C035/5644 ... Caption: Circadian clock protein KaiC. Computer model showing the structure of the circadian clock protein KaiC from ... Keywords: art, artwork, biochemical, biochemistry, biological, biology, circadian, clock, compound, cut out, cut outs, cut-out ...

http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/847042/view

The circadian clock protein Period 1 regulates expression of the renal epithelial sodium channel in mice.. Gumz ML1, Stow LR, ... The circadian clock protein Period 1 regulates expression of the renal epithelial sodium channel in mice ... The circadian clock protein Period 1 regulates expression of the renal epithelial sodium channel in mice ... The circadian clock protein Period 1 regulates expression of the renal epithelial sodium channel in mice ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587447?dopt=Abstract

The circadian or inner clock coordinates the sleep-wake rhythm and many other body processes that regulate, ... ... Structural biologists have made important progress towards better understanding the functioning of the circadian clock. ... At the heart of the circadian clock More information: I. Schmalen et al., Interaction of Circadian Clock Proteins CRY1 and PER2 ... Together with another clock protein called period they form a complex, the structure of which has just been determined by ...

https://phys.org/news/2014-05-atomic-essential-circadian-clock-protein.html

The clock of cyanobacteria is driven by a three-protein oscillator composed of KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which together generate a ... Chang et al. found that another clock component, KaiB, also has slow changes in its protein conformation that help to set the ... The circadian clock in cyanobacteria has the necessary 24-hour period despite its three component proteins having biochemical ... A protein fold switch joins the circadian oscillator to clock output in cyanobacteria ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/349/6245/324

Circadian clock dysfunction is a common symptom of aging and neurodegenerative diseases, though its impact on brain health is ... We report that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrogliosis in a synergistic manner via a cell-autonomous mechanism, and ... Our results demonstrate that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrocyte activation and function in vivo, elucidating a ... Cell-Autonomous Regulation of Astrocyte Activation by the Circadian Clock Protein BMAL1. Cell Reports ...

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3212831

... the cerebellum shows oscillations in gene and protein expression. The variety of local circuit rhythms that the cerebellar ... the cerebellum shows oscillations in gene and protein expression. The variety of local circuit rhythms that the cerebellar ... Oscillations of brain proteins in circadian rhythms are important for determining several cellular and physiological processes ... Oscillations of brain proteins in circadian rhythms are important for determining several cellular and physiological processes ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00005/full

Expression of CLOCK (bHLHe8, KAT13D, KIAA0334) in gallbladder tissue. Antibody staining with HPA001867 and HPA027565 in ... Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014). Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014). RAS pathway related proteins. Ribosomal proteins. ... Plasma proteins. Potential drug targets. Predicted intracellular proteins. Predicted membrane proteins. Predicted secreted ... Protein expressioni. The protein expression bar, with the units not detected (n), low (l), medium (m) and high (h), is based on ...

http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000134852-CLOCK/tissue/gallbladder

Protein Links Gut Microbes, Biological Clocks, and Weight Gain. Caption: Lipids (red) inside mouse intestinal cells with and ... Their studies suggest that what gut microbes "say" influences the activity of a key clock-driven protein called NFIL3, which ... The most obvious reason is the odd hours throw a persons 24-hour biological clock-and metabolism-out of sync. But an NIH- ... NFIL3 is a transcription factor, a protein that switches certain genes on and off. Earlier studies had focused on its role in ...

https://bioethics.georgetown.edu/2017/09/protein-links-gut-microbes-biological-clocks-and-weight-gain/

The Circadian Clock als praktischer eBook Download. Jetzt eBook sicher herunterladen und bequem mit dem eBook Reader lesen. ... Protein Reviews: The Circadian Clock (eBook / PDF). Keine Kommentare vorhanden. Jetzt ersten Kommentar schreiben!. Bewerten Sie ... Kommentare zu "Protein Reviews: The Circadian Clock". Keine Kommentare vorhanden. Jetzt ersten Kommentar schreiben!. Bewerten ... Produktinformationen zu „Protein Reviews: The Circadian Clock (eBook / PDF)". With the invitation to edit this volume, I wanted ...

https://www.weltbild.ch/artikel/ebook/protein-reviews-the-circadian-clock_17527140-1

Short-lived Her proteins drive robust synchronized oscillations in the zebrafish segmentation clock ... Short-lived Her proteins drive robust synchronized oscillations in the zebrafish segmentation clock ... Short-lived Her proteins drive robust synchronized oscillations in the zebrafish segmentation clock ... Short-lived Her proteins drive robust synchronized oscillations in the zebrafish segmentation clock ...

http://dev.biologists.org/content/140/15/3244.short

RNA-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and shows a circadian variation in steady-state abundance. Constitutive ... The Atgrp7 transcript encodes a clock-regulated, glycine-rich, ... Circadian clock-regulated expression of an RNA-binding protein ... The Atgrp7 transcript encodes a clock-regulated, glycine-rich, RNA-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and shows a ... indicating that both the transcript and the protein are part of a clock-regulated negative feedback circuit. Here we ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10394919/?dopt=Abstract

2002Structure and function from the circadian clock protein KaiA of Synechococcus elongatus: a potential clock input mechanism ... Mori, T., Saveliev, S.V., Xu, Y., Stafford, W.F., Cox, M.M., Inman, R.B., Johnson, C.H. 2002Circadian clock protein KaiC forms ... Vakonakis, I., LiWang, A.C. 2004Structure of the C-terminal domain of the clock protein KaiA in complex with a KaiC-derived ... Nishiwaki, T., Iwasaki, H., Ishiura, M., Kondo, T. 2000Nucleotide binding and autophosphorylation of the clock protein KaiC as ...

https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10709-005-3146-0

Home » CUL1 regulates TOC1 protein stability in the Arabidopsis circadian clock. CUL1 regulates TOC1 protein stability in the ... Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism/*physiology, Arabidopsis/enzymology/*physiology, Circadian Rhythm/*physiology, Cullin Proteins ... ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is the F-box protein that associates with the SCF (Skp/Cullin/F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase that is responsible for ... These results demonstrate that CUL1 is required for TOC1 degradation and further suggest that this protein is the functional ...

http://www.biology.washington.edu/pubs/cul1-regulates-toc1-protein-stability-arabidopsis-circadian-clock

Immunohistochemical analyses were made for clock and clock-related proteins. In addition, the gene-expression levels of 22 ... Expression of circadian clock genes and proteins in urothelial cancer is related to cancer-associated genes. Litlekalsøy, ... or down-regulation and altered cellular distribution of different clock proteins, a reduction of casein kinase1A1 (CSNK1A1) and ... Conclusions The close correlation between altered expression of various clock genes and common tumour markers in urothelial ...

https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/handle/11250/2481745

... a key subset of clock neurons. The transgenic Gene-Switch system was employed to drive conditional neuronal dFMRP expression in ... a key subset of clock neurons. The transgenic Gene-Switch system was employed to drive conditional neuronal dFMRP expression in ... loss of the highly conserved dFMRP causes circadian arrhythmicity and conspicuous abnormalities in the circadian clock ... role in sculpting synaptic architecture in these neurons that cannot be compensated for by later reintroduction of the protein ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/neuro.04.008.2009/full

We identified another CRYs-interacting protein, TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), an RNA-binding protein. TDP-43 stabilized ... An F-box protein, FBXL3, promotes ubiquitination and degradation of CRYs, while FBXL21, the closest paralog of FBXL3, ... Here, we employed a proteomics strategy to explore regulators for the protein stability of CRYs. We found that ubiquitin- ... underscoring the significance of the stability control process of CRY proteins for period determination in the mammalian ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0154263

In this study, Hitomi set about producing proteins from the Arabidopsis thaliana genes that produce two related photolyase enzymes. (scripps.edu)
The Atgrp7 transcript encodes a clock-regulated, glycine-rich, RNA-binding protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and shows a circadian variation in steady-state abundance. (nih.gov)
Constitutive overexpression of its product, AtGRP7, in transgenic Arabidopsis plants depresses the oscillations of the endogenous Atgrp7 transcript, indicating that both the transcript and the protein are part of a clock-regulated negative feedback circuit. (nih.gov)
Fusion of a 1.5-kb promoter fragment to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene leads to circadian oscillations in the level of the gus transcript in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, with highest levels in the evening, indicating that transcription of the Atgrp7 gene is rhythmically activated by the endogenous circadian clock. (nih.gov)
Regulation of protein turnover mediated by ZEITLUPE (ZTL) constitutes an important mechanism of the circadian clock in Arabidopsis thaliana . (plantcell.org)
Natural selection of variants within the Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock can be attributed to adaptation to varying environments. (elifesciences.org)
Circadian clocks and adaptation in Arabidopsis. (semanticscholar.org)
Light-regulated translation mediates gated induction of the Arabidopsis clock protein LHY. (semanticscholar.org)
Cloning of the Arabidopsis clock gene TOC1, an autoregulatory response regulator homolog. (semanticscholar.org)
TCP transcription factors link the regulation of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins with the circadian clock in Arabidopsis thaliana. (semanticscholar.org)
PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATORS, PRR9, PRR7 and PRR5, together play essential roles close to the circadian clock of Arabidopsis thaliana. (semanticscholar.org)
Here, we adapt individual nucleotide resolution crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) genome-wide to determine the binding repertoire of the circadian clock-regulated Arabidopsis thaliana glycine-rich RNA-binding protein At GRP7. (biomedcentral.com)
Arabidopsis thaliana harbors 197 proteins with an RNA recognition motif (RRM), the most frequent type of RNA-binding domain [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In a first RIP-seq analysis in Arabidopsis , more than 4000 targets of the serine/arginine rich (SR)-like protein SR45 were identified by RNA immunoprecipitation, followed by high-throughput sequencing [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Arabidopsis circadian clock protein, TOC1, is a DNA-binding transcription factor. (ucsd.edu)
The first described feedback loop of the Arabidopsis circadian clock is based on reciprocal regulation between Timing of CAB Expression 1 (TOC1) and Circadian Clock-associated 1 (CCA1)/late elongated hypocotyl (LHY). (ucsd.edu)
Furthermore, we use the Gal4/UAS system in Arabidopsis to show that TOC1 acts as a general transcriptional repressor, and that repression activity is in the pseudoreceiver domain of the protein. (ucsd.edu)
Comparative proteomic analysis showed that the Arabidopsis RACK1C protein might play roles in regulating plant resistance to salt stress (Shi et al. (springeropen.com)

The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. (genecards.org)
A research team led by Shigenobu Shibata , professor of neurochemistry at Waseda University, discovered that glucagon, a peptide hormone, and/or insulin-like grown factors (IGF-1) production regulates resetting of the liver circadian clock in response to a protein or amino-acid only diet when insulin signaling is disrupted for reasons such as diabetes. (waseda.jp)
The circadian clock protein Period 1 regulates expression of the renal epithelial sodium channel in mice. (nih.gov)
We report that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrogliosis in a synergistic manner via a cell-autonomous mechanism, and via a lesser non-cell-autonomous signal from neurons. (ssrn.com)
Our results demonstrate that the core clock protein BMAL1 regulates astrocyte activation and function in vivo, elucidating a novel mechanism by which the circadian clock could influence many aspects of brain function and neurologic disease. (ssrn.com)
To determine how dephosphorylation regulates rhythmic transcription within the Drosophila clock, we used RNAi knockdown to screen all annotated protein phosphatases in Drosophila for defects in locomotor activity rhythms. (g3journal.org)
Together, the study identifies a new mechanistic link between the circadian clock and melanin synthesis in the skin where the core clock protein BMAL1 transcriptionally regulates MITF expression based on circadian rhythms. (lifelinecelltech.com)
The polarity protein Par-3, a functional component of this complex, directly binds to the PDZ domain-containing protein Par-6 that, in turn, regulates the activity of associated aPKC by engaging the small GTPase Cdc42 (4, 5). (onetownmanyvoices.com)
UPF1 regulates the circadian clock by modulating the splicing of the core clock gene frequency ( frq ) through spliceosome and spliceosome-related arginine/serine-rich splicing factors, which partly account for the short periods in the upf1 knockout strain. (genetics.org)
A study recently revealed that seizures in epileptic patients correlate with the lack of the "CLOCK" gene, which typically regulates circadian rhythm. (browndailyherald.com)

The proteins CLOCK and BMAL1 initially combine to turn on the Period and Cryptochrome genes. (genengnews.com)
Dr. Partch's team found that PASD1 is structurally similar to the CLOCK protein and interferes with the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex. (genengnews.com)
The encoded protein forms a heterodimer with ARNTL (BMAL1) that binds E-box enhancer elements upstream of Period (PER1, PER2, PER3) and Cr. (genecards.org)
Two proteins, CLOCK and BMAL1, form a complex that turns on the Period and Cryptochrome genes. (fiercebiotech.com)
Partch and her colleagues found that PASD1 is structurally related to CLOCK and interferes with the function of the CLOCK-BMAL1 complex. (fiercebiotech.com)
They found that Cryptochrome interacts with a particular section of BMAL1, and that mutations causing structural changes in that section can alter the timing of the clock, resulting in cycles as short as 19 hours or as long as 26 hours. (fiercebiotech.com)
Transcription factors, CLOCK or NPAS2 and ARNTL /BMAL1 or ARNTL 2/BMAL2, form the positive limb of the feedback loop, act in the form of a heterodimer and activate the transcription of core clock genes and clock-controlled genes (involved in key metabolic processes), harboring E-box elements (5'-CACGTG-3') within their promoters. (rcsb.org)
The preferred binding motif for the CLOCK - ARNTL /BMAL1 heterodimer is 5'-CACGTGA-3', which contains a flanking Ala residue in addition to the canonical 6-nucleotide E-box sequence (PubMed:23229515). (rcsb.org)
The CLOCK - ARNTL /BMAL1 heterodimer also recognizes the non-canonical E-box motifs 5'-AACGTGA-3' and 5'-CATGTGA-3' (PubMed:23229515). (rcsb.org)
Molecular circadian regulation engages a transcription-translation feedback loop comprising the activating proteins CLOCK and BMAL1, which induce expression of the negative feedback elements Per and Cry ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
BMAL1 (also known as MOP3) was originally characterized by its high expression in brain and muscle ( 2 , 3 ) and was identified as a heterodimeric binding partner of CLOCK ( 4 , 5 ). (sciencemag.org)
Addgene: Dual modes of CLOCK:BMAL1 inhibition mediated by Cryptochrome and Period proteins in the mammalian circadian clock. (addgene.org)
In the mammalian circadian clockwork, CLOCK and BMAL1 bind to DNA and play an important role in the transcriptional feedback loops. (nii.ac.jp)
Furthermore, we identified JNK as novel protein kinase for phosphorylation of CLOCK-BMAL1 complex, and behavioral analysis of JNK3-KO mice showed that JNK is a key player in the photic regulation of circadian clockwork. (nii.ac.jp)
Researchers showed that the clock transcription factors, BMAL1 and CLOCK, were guided by epigenetic mechanisms to bind to specific regions of the GSC genome. (baycitycapital.com)
When BMAL1 and CLOCK activity was inhibited through a number of different methods, including the use of a small molecule cryptochrome stabilizer provided by Synchronicity, GSC proliferation was reduced in vitro and survival was improved in xenograft models. (baycitycapital.com)
CRY1 and CRY2 bind the unphosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK (ARNTL:CLOCK) heterodimer (and by homology the BMAL1:NPAS2 (ARNTL:NPAS2) heterodimer) and prolong its half-life. (reactome.org)
The unphosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer only weakly activates transcription and is therefore believed to competitively reduce transcription by phosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer. (reactome.org)
The complex of unphosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK with CRY may contain additional components and may traffic into the nucleus. (reactome.org)
The mammalian circadian clock is controlled by a transcription-translation feedback loop consisting of transcriptional activators CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput) and BMAL1 (brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1), and repressors CRY1/CRY2 and PER1/PER2. (lifelinecelltech.com)
Previous research indicated that circadian clock genes BMAL1 and PER1 influenced melanogenesis by exerting effects on microphthalmia-associated transcription factor ( MITF ), a rate-limiting protein in melanin synthesis, but the mechanistic link has yet to be established. (lifelinecelltech.com)
Initial experiments to determine which clock genes were linked to melanogenesis showed that melanin levels in the absence of PER2 (PER2 KO), a negative regulator of BMAL1 , were elevated compared with wild-type cells leading the authors to postulate that BMAL1 is responsible for increased MITF levels. (lifelinecelltech.com)
This was confirmed when BMAL1 overexpression in human melanoma cells led to increased mRNA and protein levels of MITF. (lifelinecelltech.com)
CLOCK/BMAL1-driven transcriptional negative feedback loops were impaired in the microglia from 2-month-old APP-KI mice. (biomedcentral.com)
In the post-mortem brain tissue of AD patients, altered synchronization in the rhythms of clock gene expression, including period 1 ( PER1 ), period 2 ( PER2 ), and brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 ( BMAL1 ), was noted in different regions of AD patients compared with control subjects [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

To date, it has been impossible to capture a crystal structure of the cryptochrome proteins that control the mammalian circadian clock because they aren't in a sufficiently stable state, Hitomi says. (scripps.edu)
Although most c- tributions in this volume focus on mammalian circadian clocks, the historical int- duction and comparative clocks section illustrate the importance of various other organisms in deciphering the mechanisms and principles of circadian biology. (weltbild.ch)
To investigate the localization and circadian rhythmic pattern in the mammalian retina, we examined the protein expression of two representative clock genes, per2 and clock in the mouse retina. (arvojournals.org)
The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) contain the mammalian circadian clock whose rhythm of firing rate can be recorded in vitro for several days. (elsevier.com)
These results suggest that during approximately 1 h in the late subjective day the presence and activity of PKA plays a role in setting the phase of the mammalian circadian clock. (elsevier.com)
embryo, and of polarity defects in and mammalian epithelia and neuroblasts, have revealed that cell polarization relies on the concerted activities of asymmetrically localized protein assemblies (1C3), one of which is the evolutionary conserved Par/atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) complex. (onetownmanyvoices.com)

The circadian rhythm is regulated through a feedback loop controlled by the interaction of four main genes and the proteins they encode. (genengnews.com)
There are four main clock genes, and the interactions of these genes and the proteins they encode create a feedback loop that drives molecular oscillations on a 24-hour cycle. (fiercebiotech.com)
The circadian rhythms in all of the knockout strains of upf1-3 genes, which encode the Up-frameshift proteins, were aberrant. (genetics.org)
A mechanism through which circadian clocks in neurons encode external daily rhythms of excitability has been identified. (medindia.net)
To encode their designs of short proteins in this project, the researchers used what is called DNA oligo library synthesis technology. (genengnews.com)
Seventeen of those genes were already known to encode proteins involved in the uptake of lipids or other aspects of metabolism. (nih.gov)

The protein encoded by this gene plays a central role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. (genecards.org)
These results suggest a role for Period 1 in the regulation of the renal epithelial sodium channel and more broadly implicate the circadian clock in control of sodium balance. (nih.gov)
Results Considerable up- or down-regulation and altered cellular distribution of different clock proteins, a reduction of casein kinase1A1 (CSNK1A1) and increase of casein kinase alpha 1 E (CSNK1E) were found. (bibsys.no)
Overexpression of the LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL gene, which has been proposed to function as a clock component, did not abolish circadian regulation of ELF3 transcription, providing further evidence that ELF3 is a circadian clock input pathway component. (plantcell.org)
FT appears to function partially downstream of CO . Although the identification of genes that control flowering has begun to reveal a great deal about the regulation of cell fate during plant development, these genes have not revealed how circadian clock function influences the vegetative-to-floral transition. (plantcell.org)
Although a molecular feedback loop required for circadian regulation in Neurospora and animals has been described in detail, the molecular mechanisms of plant circadian clocks remain largely unknown. (plantcell.org)
Mutations in the EARLY FLOWERING3 ( ELF3 ) locus also result in the loss of both photoperiod sensitivity and circadian regulation, making ELF3 a candidate for linking circadian clock function with the photoperiodic induction of flowering. (plantcell.org)
The generation of self-sustaining oscillations depends on posttranslational regulation of clock proteins, which modulates their stability, activity, and/or subcellular localization during the daily cycle. (g3journal.org)
The initial characterization of ZTL suggested a function limited largely to the regulation of the circadian clock. (semanticscholar.org)
Diurnal regulation of transcripts encoding proteins located in mitochondria, plastids, and peroxisomes is important for adaptation of organelle biogenesis and metabolism to meet cellular requirements. (semanticscholar.org)
We show this regulation is related to diurnal changes in promoter activities and the presence of specific cis-acting regulatory elements in the proximal promoter region [TGGGC(C/T)], previously defined as site II elements, and leads to diurnal changes in organelle protein abundances. (semanticscholar.org)
A role for thyroid hormones in the regulation of the rhythmic expression of circadian clock genes is suggested by the finding that surgical removal of the thyroid gland alters circadian behavioral and endocrine rhythms in rodents. (concordia.ca)
Virtually nothing is known about the role of thyroid hormones in the regulation of clock genes responsible for the generation of circadian rhythmicity. (concordia.ca)
One of the most compelling features of per and tim regulation is that the mRNAs cycle with a peak a few hours in advance of the rhythm in their protein products in the fly's head ( H all 2003 ). (genetics.org)
Macrophages don't need to waste time and energy producing more or less GIV protein, they can rapidly dial their response up or down simply by moving it around, and it appears that such regulation happens at the level of gene transcription. (innovations-report.com)
CLOCK is a key player in the regulation of our circadian rhythms. (medicalnewstoday.com)

The protein encodes a transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family and contains DNA binding histone acetyltransferase activity. (genecards.org)
Katayama, M., Kondo, T., Xiong, J., Golden, S.S. 2003 ldpA encodes an iron-sulfur protein involved in light-dependent modulation of the circadian period in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 J. Bacteriol. (springer.com)
We have cloned ELF3 by positional methods and found that it encodes a novel 695-amino acid protein that may function as a transcriptional regulator. (plantcell.org)
ZTL encodes a novel F-box-containing protein that may be involved in light-dependent proteolysis. (plantcell.org)

A new twist on clock protein phosphorylation: a conformational change leads to protein degradation. (nih.gov)
Progressive phosphorylation of circadian clock proteins is a hallmark of time-keeping. (nih.gov)
The best characterized posttranslational modification of clock proteins is phosphorylation. (g3journal.org)
The phosphorylation state of a protein is controlled dynamically by protein kinases and phosphatases. (g3journal.org)
Protein phosphorylation has a central role in this feedback loop, by controlling Per stability in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments as well as Per/Tim nuclear transfer. (harvard.edu)
Conversely, phosphorylation of Par-3 by Par-1 creates binding sites for 14-3-3 protein that, subsequently, antagonize the association of Par-3 with aPKC. (onetownmanyvoices.com)
In searching for regulators that may counterbalance these phosphorylation Sitagliptin phosphate kinase inhibitor occasions, we discovered the serine/threonine proteins phosphatase 1 (PP1) as an operating element of the Par-3 scaffold. (onetownmanyvoices.com)

Here, a novel Sholl Analysis was used to quantify over-elaborated synaptic architecture in dfmr1 -null small ventrolateral neurons (sLN v s), a key subset of clock neurons. (frontiersin.org)
We conclude that dFMRP plays a developmentally restricted role in sculpting synaptic architecture in these neurons that cannot be compensated for by later reintroduction of the protein at maturity. (frontiersin.org)
These critical clock neurons express the neuropeptide pigment dispersing factor (PDF) ( Helfrich-Forster, 1995 , 2005 ), which has long been proposed to serve as the clock output mediating coordination of downstream neurons. (frontiersin.org)
We show that the increased β-cleavage of endogenous APPL by the β-secretase (dBACE) severely disrupts circadian behavior and leads to reduced expression of clock protein PER in central clock neurons of aging flies. (oregonstate.edu)
Application of a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor onto the SCN at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 10 on the first day in vitro phase delayed the rhythm of firing rate expressed by SCN neurons on the subsequent day in vitro. (elsevier.com)
slmb mutants are behaviourally arrhythmic, and can be rescued by targeted expression of Slmb in the clock neurons. (harvard.edu)
The protein cycles have been visualized in a small subset of neurons within the CNS, termed the lateral and the dorsal neurons. (genetics.org)
in the central brain, a very small number of neurons co-express cycling PER and TIM, yet the two proteins remain stubbornly cytoplasmic ( S auman and R eppert 1996 ). (genetics.org)
Studying the brains of mice, the team found that these sleep index proteins are mainly found in the brain's synapses, the gaps between neurons through which messages are passed. (newscientist.com)

He notes that 30 percent of the proteins encoded by a genome and 50 percent of pharmaceutically important receptors are membrane-embedded proteins "that are not so easily studied by the two main structural techniques, X-ray crystallography and NMR. (innovations-report.com)

Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. (genecards.org)
We previously used microarray technology to identify the immediate transcriptional targets of aldosterone in a mouse inner medullary collecting duct cell line and found that the transcript induced to the greatest extent was the circadian clock gene Period 1. (nih.gov)
Circadian clocks in eukaryotes keep time via cell-autonomous transcriptional feedback loops. (g3journal.org)
A well-characterized example of such a transcriptional feedback loop is in Drosophila , where CLOCK-CYCLE (CLK-CYC) complexes activate transcription of period ( per ) and timeless ( tim ) genes, rising levels of PER-TIM complexes feed-back to repress CLK-CYC activity, and degradation of PER and TIM permits the next cycle of CLK-CYC transcription. (g3journal.org)
These clocks keep time via self-sustained transcriptional feedback loops that are synchronized to daily environmental cycles and drive daily rhythms in gene expression. (g3journal.org)
Importantly, differentiation is partially contingent upon downregulation of the Hippo pathway transcriptional effector Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. (nih.gov)
An opportunity to link the ultradian ENOX oscillation to downstream activation of clock genes may be provided by responses of transcriptional factors to levels of NADH and especially to NAD + generated by ENOX oscillations. (springer.com)

The clock is not always disrupted in cancer cells, but studies have shown that disrupting circadian rhythms in mice causes tumors to grow faster, and one of the things the clock does is set restrictions on when cells can divide," explained Carrie Partch, Ph.D., professor of chemistry and biochemistry at UC Santa Cruz and senior author on the current study. (genengnews.com)
Circadian rhythms allow an organism to achieve temporal homeostasis with its environment at the molecular level by regulating gene expression to create a peak of protein expression once every 24 hours to control when a particular physiological process is most active with respect to the solar day. (genecards.org)
A new study led by UC Santa Cruz researchers has found that a protein associated with cancer cells is a powerful suppressor of the biological clock that drives the daily ('circadian') rhythms of cells throughout the body. (fiercebiotech.com)
The discovery, published in the June 4 issue of Molecular Cell (and online now), adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting a link between cancer and disruption of circadian rhythms, while offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the biological clock. (fiercebiotech.com)
The clock is not always disrupted in cancer cells, but studies have shown that disrupting circadian rhythms in mice causes tumors to grow faster, and one of the things the clock does is set restrictions on when cells can divide,' she said. (fiercebiotech.com)
Oscillations of brain proteins in circadian rhythms are important for determining several cellular and physiological processes in anticipation of daily and seasonal environmental rhythms. (frontiersin.org)
With the invitation to edit this volume, I wanted to take the opportunity to assemble reviews on different aspects of circadian clocks and rhythms. (weltbild.ch)
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate invasive and metastatic potential of urothelial cancer by investigating differential expression of various clock genes/proteins participating in the 24 h circadian rhythms and to compare these gene expressions with transcription of other cancer-associated genes. (bibsys.no)
The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) act as pacemakers required for the generation of circadian behavioral rhythms as well as synchronizers of autonomous peripheral tissue clocks ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
Sleep-activity cycles, as well as physiological and cellular rhythms, which may be important for neuronal homeostasis, are generated by a molecular system known as the circadian clock. (oregonstate.edu)
Here we examined whether genetic manipulations of APP-like (APPL) protein cleavage in Drosophila melanogaster affect rest-activity rhythms and core circadian clock function in this model organism. (oregonstate.edu)
To identify phosphatases that play a role in the clock, we screened clock cell-specific RNA interference (RNAi) knockdowns of all annotated protein phosphatases and protein phosphatase regulators in Drosophila for altered activity rhythms. (g3journal.org)
A diverse array of organisms use circadian (∼24 hr) clocks to regulate daily rhythms in physiology, metabolism, and behavior. (g3journal.org)
Here, we screened for mutants that show abnormal ROC15 diurnal rhythms, including the light-induced protein degradation at dawn, using a luciferase fusion reporter. (nii.ac.jp)
This review explores the circadian clock and breast cancer, and the growing role of epigenetics in breast cancer development and circadian rhythms. (greenmedinfo.com)
Additionally, the body's circadian clock, responsible for maintaining physiological and behavioral rhythms, plays a role in skin cell homeostasis and initiating mechanisms to protect from environmental stressors, including UVR. (lifelinecelltech.com)
We also demonstrated that the clock genes including White Collar (WC)-1, WC-2, and FRQ are involved in controlling the diurnal growth rhythm, and UPF1 may affect the growth rhythms by mediating the FRQ protein levels in the daytime. (genetics.org)
These findings suggest that the NMD factors play important roles in regulating the circadian clock and diurnal growth rhythms in Neurospora . (genetics.org)
Researchers probing the brain tissue of people with severe forms of epilepsy make a surprising breakthrough: a protein involved in circadian rhythms, called CLOCK, may play a role. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Cancer researchers have been interested in these proteins as markers for cancer and as potential targets for therapeutic cancer vaccines. (fiercebiotech.com)
The researchers also studied cancer cell lines that express PASD1 and showed that blocking the protein (using RNA interference techniques) turned the clock cycle back on in those cells. (fiercebiotech.com)
In another recent paper from Partch's lab, published May 11 in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, researchers at UC Santa Cruz and the University of Memphis worked out important details of the interactions between two of the main clock proteins. (fiercebiotech.com)
Researchers at The Scripps Research Institute say they have taken a leap forward in their quest to understand the proteins that control the human circadian clock - the 24-hour wake-sleep cycle that, when interrupted, can lead to jet lag and other sleep disturbances. (scripps.edu)
In an Early Edition issue of The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) on April 9, 2009, the researchers report that they have been able to determine the molecular structure of a plant photolyase protein that is surprisingly similar to two cryptochrome proteins that control the 'master clock' in humans and other mammals. (scripps.edu)
The researchers then produced a variety of mutant proteins in order to test the functional structure of the enzymes. (scripps.edu)
Not only do the findings have the potential to form the basis of drugs that can ease jet lag and regulate drug metabolism, they may also go some way to explain some fascinating circadian clock disorders that have been found in mice and man, the researchers say. (scripps.edu)
By x-ray analysis of the cryptochrome-period complex structure, the researchers were able to observe atomic details of the interaction between the cryptochrome and period proteins and also discovered that the zinc ion mediates this interaction. (phys.org)
Researchers have discovered a chemical clock in the brain that builds up the desire to sleep . (newscientist.com)
For decades, researchers have studied protein folding by examining the structures of naturally occurring proteins. (genengnews.com)
The new technology reported in the JACS paper, which needs only very small amounts of protein, gives researchers a comprehensive view of a the molecule, "like being able to see the topology of the entire forest," says Mchaourab. (innovations-report.com)
But based on their work, the researchers say NFIL3 seems to be "an essential molecular link" among the circadian clock, microbes, and metabolism. (nih.gov)

Ten µm cryosections were examined by immunohistochemical procedure for per2 and clock proteins. (arvojournals.org)
Per2 and clock proteins existed in entire neurosensory retina. (arvojournals.org)
Two representative clock genes, per2 and clock proteins existed in the mouse retina and have a circadian rhythmic expression. (arvojournals.org)
To study this issue, we assessed in rats the effect of thyroidectomy/parathyrodectomy (TPX) on the expression of the clock protein, PER2, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian clock, and in a number of key limbic forebrain structures, the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTov), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the dentate gyrus (DG). (concordia.ca)

The RadA/Sms family are probable ATP-dependent proteases involved in both DNA repair and degradation of proteins, peptides, glycopeptides. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, rhythmic degradation of clockwork proteins is also crucial. (eurekalert.org)
These results demonstrate that CUL1 is required for TOC1 degradation and further suggest that this protein is the functional cullin for the SCF(ZTL) complex. (washington.edu)
In a previous report, we suggested that a light-induced degradation of the clock protein ROC15 is a trigger to reset the circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. (nii.ac.jp)
In one mutant, ROC15 degradation and phase resetting of the circadian clock by light were impaired. (nii.ac.jp)
As an F-box protein, ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is involved in targeting one or more substrates for ubiquitination and degradation via the proteasome. (semanticscholar.org)
Circadian phase-specific degradation of the F-box protein ZTL is mediated by the proteasome. (semanticscholar.org)
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate RNA processing steps from synthesis to decay, including pre-mRNA splicing, transport, 3′ end formation, translation, and degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
However, mutational analyses reveal that the helicase function of FRH is not essential for the clock, and a region of FRH distinct from the helicase region is essential for stabilizing FRQ against rapid degradation via a pathway distinct from its typical ubiquitin-mediated turnover. (altmetric.com)
Here we show that the product of the slimb (slmb) gene-a member of the F-box/WD40 protein family of the ubiquitin ligase SCF complex that targets phosphorylated proteins for degradation-is an essential component of the Drosophila circadian clock. (harvard.edu)
In constant darkness, highly phosphorylated forms of the Per and Tim proteins are constitutively present in the mutants, indicating that the control of their cyclic degradation is impaired. (harvard.edu)
Because levels of Per and Tim oscillate in slmb mutants maintained in light:dark conditions, light- and clock-controlled degradation of Per and Tim do not rely on the same mechanisms. (harvard.edu)

This is the cell compartment that breaks up used proteins into its basic amino acids. (eurekalert.org)
In this study, the team analyzed whether feeding mice a protein-only diet or amino-acids that do not cause insulin secretion cold cause entrainment of the liver clock to identify possible additional factors. (waseda.jp)
Their findings demonstrated that in place of insulin, increasing glucagon and IGF-1 levels by feeding a protein-only diet entrains the liver circadian clock, and that cysteine, an inexpensive amino acid, has the strongest phase advance via increases in IGF-1 in the liver. (waseda.jp)
Nobody has clearly understood what the structural or functional differences are between these two proteins, but we found a single amino acid difference that alters the protein's structure near its active site,' Getzoff says. (scripps.edu)
The postulation that amino acid substitutions occur at a constant rate for a given family of proteins (e.g., cytochromes, hemoglobins) and hence that the degree of divergence between two species in the amino acid sequences of the protein in question can be used to estimate the length of time that has elapsed since their divergence from a common ancestor. (oup.com)
The nature of the protein molecular clock, the protein-specific rate of amino acid substitutions, is among the central questions of molecular evolution. (columbia.edu)
Native proteins have evolved for function, not stability, so "natural" protein space may give a limited view of the connections between amino acid sequences and folded, three-dimensional protein structures. (genengnews.com)
The genetic code (nucleotide sequence of a gene) translates into a polypeptide (amino-acid sequence of a protein) in a 3-to-1 fashion. (scienceblogs.com)
There are a total of 20 amino-acids used to build all proteins in our bodies. (scienceblogs.com)
Translation of the DNA/RNA code into a sequence of amino-acids is just the beginning of the process of protein synthesis. (scienceblogs.com)
The exact sequence of amino-acids in a polypeptide chain is the primary structure of the protein. (scienceblogs.com)

This is an amazing, and very puzzling, family of proteins, because they do one thing in plants and quite a different thing in mammals, yet these cousins all have the same structure and need the same cofactor, or chemical compound, to become activated,' Getzoff says. (scripps.edu)

The molecular basis of the cerebellar oscillator has been demonstrated by "clock gene" expression within cells of the cerebellar layers. (frontiersin.org)
A gene expression oscillator, called the segmentation clock, controls segmentation of precursors of the vertebral column. (biologists.org)
In addition, the gene-expression levels of 22 genes (clock genes, casein kinases, oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and cytokeratins) were analysed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). (bibsys.no)
These results reveal the tissue-specific nature of gene expression responses to chronic alcohol exposure and the ClockΔ19 mutation. (greenmedinfo.com)
In this study, the expression of clock genes and inflammatory-related genes was examined in MACS microglia isolated from 2-month-old amyloid precursor protein knock-in (APP-KI) and wild-type (WT) mice using cap analysis gene expression (CAGE) deep sequencing and RT-PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
The up-and-down daily cycles of a long-studied clock protein called Rev-erb coordinates the ebb and flow of gene expression by tightening and loosening loops in chromosomes, according to new research from the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. (healthmedicinet.com)
Human physiology works on a 24-hour cycle of gene expression (when the chromosome coding region is translated by RNA and then transcribed to make protein) and is controlled by the body's molecular clock. (healthmedicinet.com)
however, how repressor proteins such as Rev-erb regulate their part in turning off gene expression has remained unanswered, until now. (healthmedicinet.com)
At night (left), when Rev-erb concentration decreases, gene expression is turned on by protein complexes that loop the chromosome bringing together distant regions (blue and pink). (eurekalert.org)
During the day (right), when Rev-erb levels rise, the protein complexes are kicked out, causing the loop to loosen and turn off gene expression. (eurekalert.org)

The cyanobacterial clock proteins comprise three proteins: KaiA, KaiB and KaiC. (wikipedia.org)
The homologs of two circadian proteins, KaiB and KaiC, form four major subfamilies (K1-K4) and also occur in some other prokaryotes. (springer.com)

Small molecules against the ligase, then, could indirectly regulate the amount and therefore activity of the 'undruggable' protein. (eurekalert.org)
The circadian or inner clock coordinates the sleep-wake rhythm and many other body processes that regulate, for example, metabolism, blood pressure, and the immune system. (phys.org)
The Drosophila circadian clock is driven by daily fluctuations of the proteins Period and Timeless, which associate in a complex and negatively regulate the transcription of their own genes. (harvard.edu)

Dr. Partch's lab is continuing to investigate the biochemical mechanisms involved in the protein's interactions with the molecular clock, with the hope that an even stronger link with the initiation and progression of cancerous phenotypes can be uncovered and exploited therapeutically. (genengnews.com)
Partch's lab is continuing to investigate the biochemical mechanisms involved in the protein's interactions with the molecular clock. (fiercebiotech.com)
Next, we are now looking at the interactions of the cryptochromes with their protein partners. (scripps.edu)
To date, global mapping of in vivo RNA-protein interactions is performed by immunopurification of RNA-binding proteins using antibodies against the native protein or an epitope, and cataloguing the associated RNAs by RNA-seq. (biomedcentral.com)
To preserve the physiological RNA-protein interactions, RNA and bound proteins are often crosslinked in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
There is a need for a method of fluorescence that enables the study of the interactions of proteins throughout their lifetimes. (smith.edu)
However, natural protein structures are typically large and complex, with thousands of interactions that collectively hold the protein in its folded shape. (genengnews.com)
These simpler proteins made it easier to analyze the different types of interactions that hold all proteins in their folded structures. (genengnews.com)

In the well-characterized Drosophila disease model, loss of the highly conserved dFMRP causes circadian arrhythmicity and conspicuous abnormalities in the circadian clock circuitry. (frontiersin.org)
As in other animals, the Drosophila core timekeeping loop is activated by two bHLH‐PAS transcription factors, CLOCK and CYCLE (CLK-CYC), and repressed by PERIOD-TIMELESS (PER-TIM) complexes. (g3journal.org)
The circadian mechanism appears remarkably conserved between Drosophila and mammals, with basic underlying negative and positive feedback loops, cycling gene products, and temporally regulated nuclear transport involving a few key proteins. (genetics.org)

In addition to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the primary central oscillator, the cerebellum shows oscillations in gene and protein expression. (frontiersin.org)
Thus, to ensure fitness in response to such regular environmental oscillations, many organisms have evolved an internal timing mechanism to predict these cyclic environmental cues, and this is termed the circadian clock. (elifesciences.org)
The homodimeric, growth-related and time-keeping constitutive hydroquinone oxidase ENOX1 of the eukaryotic cell surface capable of oxidizing extracellular NAD(P)H and intracellular hydroquinones exhibits properties of the ultradian driver of the biological 24-h circadian clock by exhibiting a complex 2 + 3 set of oscillations with a period length of 24 min (repeats 60 times over 24 h). (springer.com)
The oscillations require bound copper, are recapitulated by aqueous solutions of copper salts and appear to derive from 30 to 40 s periodic variations in the ratios of ortho and para nuclear spins of the paired hydrogen atoms of the elongated octahedral structure of the ENOX1 protein-bound copper II hexahydrates. (springer.com)
That the oscillations result from physical rather than chemical events accounts for the temperature independence of the period length of clock-related phenomena. (springer.com)

However, the liver clock of type-1 diabetes model mice was observed to be entrained by scheduled feeding, suggesting that insulin is not necessary for entrainment in the liver clock by feeding. (waseda.jp)
Chronic jet lag is sufficient to disrupt the endogenous adipose clock and also induce central Leptin resistance in wild-type mice. (greenmedinfo.com)
The brain's ability to make new neural connections can be restored in mice by blocking a protein that normally acts as a natural brake on neuroplasticity. (the-scientist.com)
The effects of clock gene disturbance on neuroinflammation and relevant memory changes were examined in 2-month-old APP-KI and WT mice after injection with SR9009 (a synthetic agonist for REV-ERB). (biomedcentral.com)
Comparing these to normal mice, they identified a set of proteins involved in tracking how long an animal has been awake. (newscientist.com)
In healthy mice, these proteins gradually accumulate chemical tags - called phosphate groups - during waking hours. (newscientist.com)
The more phosphate groups these proteins carried, the deeper and longer mice slept when they drifted off. (newscientist.com)
Scientists have now investigated exactly how the mitochondrial network interacts with our internal biological clock by using a combination of in vitro models and clock-deficient mice or mice with impaired mitochondrial fission. (medindia.net)

The plant photolyase structure provides a much better model to use to study how the cryptochrome proteins in the human clock function than we have ever had before,' says the study's lead investigator, Kenichi Hitomi, a postdoctoral research fellow at Scripps Research. (scripps.edu)

SUMMARY: The circadian clock is the endogenous timer that coordinates physiological processes with daily and seasonal environmental changes. (washington.edu)
ab65033 detects endogenous levels of total KAT13D / CLOCK protein. (abcam.com)
Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young are, between them, responsible for working out how the endogenous clocks of fruit flies-and, by extension, of other organisms-run what is known as the circadian rhythm. (brianponcelet.com)

Also in the KaiC family is RadA/Sms, a highly conserved eubacterial protein that shares sequence similarity with both RecA strand transferase and lon protease. (wikipedia.org)
They also tested incubating mutant KaiC protein with KaiA, KaiB, and ATP. (wikipedia.org)
Computer model showing the structure of the circadian clock protein KaiC from Synechococcus elongatus. (sciencephoto.com)
focused on the cyanobacterial clock component KaiC, an adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) that can autophosphorylate and autodephosphorylate. (sciencemag.org)
Kageyama, H., Kondo Iwasaki, T. H. 2003 Circadian formation of clock protein complexes by KaiA, KaiB, KaiC, and SasA in cyanobacteria J. Biol. (springer.com)
NMR structure of the KaiC-interacting C-terminal domain of KaiA, a circadian clock protein: implications for KaiA-KaiC interaction. (expasy.org)

These recognize specific proteins and direct the addition of a molecule onto waste proteins to dispatch the protein to be recycled to the proteosome. (eurekalert.org)
The company's most advanced molecule, SHP-1705, is a cryptochrome stabilizer, which has been shown to be well tolerated and demonstrated active core clock control in clinical testing. (baycitycapital.com)
Synchronicity's SHP-1705 represents the first ever clinical-stage molecule capable of modulating the circadian core clock in a targeted manner. (baycitycapital.com)
The technique, which determines the structure of a protein by measuring the distances between atoms in the molecule at greater separations than previously possible, is an important development, says Jack Freed, professor of chemistry and chemical biology at Cornell, who is director of the National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology (ACERT), established at Cornell last year by the National Institutes of Health. (innovations-report.com)
Digging deeper into the mechanism at play, Ghosh and team discovered that the GIV protein normally cozies up to a molecule called Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). (innovations-report.com)
A gene is a small portion of the genome - a sequence of nucleotides that is expressed together and codes for a single protein (polypeptide) molecule. (scienceblogs.com)
They had no specific target molecule in mind, but one clear winner emerged: there was a decrease in the expression of mRNA coding for a protein called circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK). (medicalnewstoday.com)

PHILADELPHIA - Rhythmic expression of key genes is essential for maintaining proper timekeeping of the body's clock. (eurekalert.org)
Most importantly, keep in mind that, no matter your goal, protein powders are meant to be supplementary and not your body's primary source of protein. (popsci.com)
Setting back the methylation clock means thwarting the body's efforts to rescue itself. (scienceblog.com)
Over the last 15-plus years, a team led by the new study's senior author Mitchell A. Lazar, MD, PhD, director of Penn's Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, has been teasing out the versatile role of Rev-erb in maintaining daily cycles of the body's molecular clock, metabolism, and even brain health. (healthmedicinet.com)

The results demonstrate that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) have a specific dependence on core clock proteins for their growth and survival. (baycitycapital.com)
A similar reliance on these core clock proteins was not seen in non-malignant cells nor mature glioblastoma cells. (baycitycapital.com)
Core clock proteins activate or repress protein complexes that physically loop one part of a chromosome to become adjacent to a distant part of the same chromosome. (healthmedicinet.com)

Specifically, the UC Santa Cruz team was able to uncover how PASD1 was able to interact with the molecular mechanisms inherent to the biological clock. (genengnews.com)
The ticking of the biological clock drives fluctuations in gene activity and protein levels that give rise to daily cycles in virtually every aspect of physiology in humans and other animals. (fiercebiotech.com)
A series of experiments in Partch's lab revealed how the protein interacts with the molecular machinery of the biological clock. (fiercebiotech.com)
p>This section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. (uniprot.org)
Our results provide a detailed, comparative framework for biological investigations of both of these proteins and their functions. (scripps.edu)
The most obvious reason is the odd hours throw a person's 24-hour biological clock-and metabolism-out of sync. (georgetown.edu)
Their studies suggest that what gut microbes "say" influences the activity of a key clock-driven protein called NFIL3, which can set intestinal cells up to absorb and store more fat from the diet while operating at hours that might run counter to our fixed biological clocks. (georgetown.edu)
It is gratifying that our circadian clock research has led to potentially useful insights into the vulnerabilities of glioblastoma stem cells given their apparent central role in making the disease so resistant to achieving a durable remission," said Dr. Kay, provost professor of neurology, biomedical engineering and biological sciences at the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California. (baycitycapital.com)
Protein Drp1, synchronized by an internal biological clock determines the energy needed to be supplied. (medindia.net)
Their results show that the mitochondrial fission-fusion cycle is controlled by the fission protein Drp1, which is in turn synchronized by an internal biological clock. (medindia.net)
Controlling of the circadian rhythm or biological clock may help reduce the severity of inflammatory diseases - peritoneal inflammation and fulminant hepatitis. (medindia.net)
The new method for seeing the structure of the protein uses ESR (electron spin resonance), a technology for studying the bonds, structures, and molecular mechanisms of chemical and biological materials, such as membranes and proteins. (innovations-report.com)
These cycles affect biological activities in a variety of living organisms which are attuned to the circadian clock. (news-medical.net)
Fresh insight into how biological clocks adjust to having less sunlight in the winter could help us better understand the impact of jet lag and shift work. (phys.org)

Humans and mammals, on the other hand, possess a homologous protein known as cryptochrome that modulates the circadian clock. (scripps.edu)
Heterodimerization of MaTCP proteins modulates the transcription of MaXTH10/11 genes during banana fruit ripening. (semanticscholar.org)

Today, we continue with the cell - the basic processes of DNA transcription, RNA translation, and protein synthesis. (coturnix.org)
We show that the cost of toxic protein misfolding is small compared to other costs associated with protein synthesis. (columbia.edu)
We find that in this bacterium other costs associated with protein synthesis are likely to play an important role. (columbia.edu)
The circadian clock and melanin synthesis each play a vital role in protection against solar UVB-induced DNA damage. (lifelinecelltech.com)
Details of this work appeared July 14 in the journal Science , in an article entitled "Global Analysis of Protein Folding Using Massively Parallel Design, Synthesis, and Testing. (genengnews.com)
We combined computational protein design, next-generation gene synthesis, and a high-throughput protease susceptibility assay to measure folding and stability for more than 15,000 de novo designed miniproteins, 1000 natural proteins, 10,000 point mutants, and 30,000 negative control sequences," wrote the article's authors. (genengnews.com)

It has been well established for decades that a master clock within the brain, tuned to the daily phases of light and dark, drives fluctuations in gene activity and protein levels that give rise to daily cycles in virtually every aspect of human physiology. (genengnews.com)
When one of the two cryptochrome clock proteins is deleted, the cycles of the 24-hour body clock lengthen, but when the other is deleted, the clock cycle shortens. (scripps.edu)
Circadian clocks keep organisms in synch with such daily cycles as illumination, activity, and food availability. (sciencemag.org)
For many living things, these cycles of activity are driven by an internal body clock that helps the organism to adapt to the daily cycle of light and dark-and similar internal clocks also exist in plants. (elifesciences.org)
These internal clocks define daily-or circadian-cycles whereby multiple genes are switched 'on' or 'off' at different time points in every 24-hr period. (elifesciences.org)
One such photoresponse is the circadian clock, which can be reset by external light signals to entrain its oscillation to daily environmental cycles. (nii.ac.jp)
Source: University of Pennsylvania Summary: According to new research, the up-and-down daily cycles of a long-studied clock protein called Rev-erb coordinates the ebb and flow of. (healthinformative.com)

2017. Adaptation of iCLIP to plants determines the binding landscape of the clock-regulated RNA-binding protein AtGRP7. (uni-bielefeld.de)
Adaptation of iCLIP to plants determines the binding landscape of the clock-regulated RNA-binding protein AtGRP7", Genome Biology , vol. 18, 2017, : 204. (uni-bielefeld.de)

The KaiA protein from Anabaena sp. (wikipedia.org)

Understanding how PASD1 is regulating the circadian clock could open the door to developing new therapies. (genengnews.com)

To realize the entire potential of targeted proteins kinase inhibitors for the treating cancer, it's important to handle the introduction of drug level of resistance in treated sufferers. (onetownmanyvoices.com)

In molecular biology, the cyanobacterial clock proteins are the main circadian regulator in cyanobacteria. (wikipedia.org)
They found that the ligase Fbxl3 was a regulator of Cry proteins, critical components of the core clock. (eurekalert.org)
They also found that a protein called Seven in absentia 2 (Siah2) is a key regulator of the turnover of a well-studied, clock nuclear protein called RevErbα on a 24-hour cycle. (eurekalert.org)
CLOCK (Clock Circadian Regulator) is a Protein Coding gene. (genecards.org)
Component of the KaiABC clock protein complex, which constitutes the main circadian regulator in cyanobacteria. (uniprot.org)

We assume that the formation of this cryptochrome-period protein complex provides a mechanism by which the circadian clock interacts with the metabolism, while the zinc ion and the disulfide bond play an important role in regulating the stability of the complex," summarized Wolf. (phys.org)
2013 ). As a scaffolding protein, RACK1 protein interacts with many proteins and is involved in multiple signaling pathways (McCahill et al. (springeropen.com)

The circadian clock synchronizes to the external 24-hour environment by the SCN receiving information on the light-dark cycle and by the peripheral clocks, including the liver clock, receiving information from the SCN through multiple pathways such as food intake, which induces strong entrainment due to insulin secretion and intracellular signaling. (waseda.jp)
Here, we show that laser irradiation can direct the osteogenesis and adipogenesis of mouse MSCs by altering the intracellular localization of the circadian rhythm protein Cryptochrome 1 (mCRY1). (medsci.org)

ZEITLUPE (ZTL) is the F-box protein that associates with the SCF (Skp/Cullin/F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase that is responsible for marking TOC1 for turnover. (washington.edu)
In addition, FKF1 and LKP2 also interacted with TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 (TOC1) and PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR5 (PRR5), and both proteins were further stabilized in ztl fkf1 and ztl fkf1 lkp2 compared with in ztl . (plantcell.org)
Taken together, these results define a biochemical action for the core clock protein TOC1 and refine our perspective on how plant clocks function. (ucsd.edu)

Within this region, a 56-bp clock-responsive element that confers a low-amplitude circadian oscillation (approximately threefold) with peak abundance in the early evening maps between positions -112 and -57. (nih.gov)

And, because light and ambient temperatures also vary with time of the day, many organisms use these external signals as cues to reset their own internal clocks. (elifesciences.org)
Protein expression level is the dominant determinant of the clock rate in a number of organisms. (columbia.edu)
Although we cannot rule out the possibility that selection against misfolding toxicity significantly affects the protein clock in species other than E. coli, our results suggest that it is unlikely to be the dominant and universal factor determining the clock rate in all organisms. (columbia.edu)

Additionally, using RNA interference techniques the investigators were able to block PASD1 expression in cancer cells and observe that the clock cycle was turned back on within those cells. (genengnews.com)
Despite this importance, data about clock gene and protein expression in the cerebellum of diurnal (day-active) species, specifically primates, is currently poorly explored, mainly in regard to cellular identity, as well as the relationship with other molecules also involved in cerebellar functions. (frontiersin.org)
At the molecular level, this ability of the SCN consists of a self-sustained autoregulatory feedback mechanism reflected by the rhythmic expression of clock genes, i.e. (frontiersin.org)
The transgenic Gene-Switch system was employed to drive conditional neuronal dFMRP expression in the dfmr1 -null mutant background in order to dissect temporal requirements within the clock circuit. (frontiersin.org)
Conclusions The close correlation between altered expression of various clock genes and common tumour markers in urothelial cancer indicates that disturbed function in the cellular clock work may be an important additional mechanism contributing to cancer progression and malignant behaviour. (bibsys.no)
The high expression peak of both proteins appeared at 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after light exposure under LD 12:12 and at 2 hours of subjective day under DD. (arvojournals.org)
Although LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL ( LHY ) and CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 ( CCA1 ) expression levels are lower in ztl than in the wild type, introducing both fkf1 and lkp2 mutations into the ztl mutant dramatically diminished LHY expression without further affecting CCA1 expression. (plantcell.org)
In skeletal muscle-derived UPS, we observed that YAP1 suppresses PERK and ATF6-mediated UPR target expression as well as clock genes. (nih.gov)
EGCG may ameliorate diet-induced metabolic misalignment by regulating the rhythmic expression of the circadian clock genes in the liver and fat. (greenmedinfo.com)
Thus, even in closely related Diptera, there is considerable evolutionary flexibility in the number and spatial organization of clock cells and, indeed, in the expression patterns of clock products in these cells, although the underlying framework is similar. (genetics.org)
This project aims to construct a system in S. cerevisiae for the expression of multifluorescent protein tags that vary in fluorescence color over time, enabling the differentiation of proteins expressed at different times. (smith.edu)
Orchestrating this 24-hour cycle is a core network of transcription factors called "the circadian clock" that modulate the expression of numerous genes, including Nfil3 , over the course of the day [2]. (nih.gov)

Each monomer is composed of three functional domains: the N-terminal amplitude-amplifier domain, the central period-adjuster domain and the C-terminal clock-oscillator domain. (wikipedia.org)
Using the likelihood-ratio tests, we studied a rate shift at the functional divergence of the proteins from the different subfamilies. (springer.com)
Collectively, we showed that ELF3 protein plays a vital role in defining its light-repressor action in the circadian clock and that its functional abilities are largely dependent on its cellular localization. (elifesciences.org)

This whey protein powder from Optimum Nutrition is made from a combination of whey isolates, concentrates, and peptides to deliver the best of the best when it comes to building lean muscles. (popsci.com)
Subsequently, 32P-tagged Par-3 was dephosphorylated when treated with purified PP1 particularly, however, not PP2A2 (Fig. 3and Fig. S5) and S824 (Fig. 4and Tag2-phosphorylated GST-fusion proteins spanning residues 688C973 of Par-3 by MRM and LC-MS/MS. We attained strong MRM signals and confirmatory MS/MS spectra for the phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated S885 peptides. (onetownmanyvoices.com)
Ghosh's GIV-mimicking peptides can take the place of the protein when it's missing, keeping the feet apart and calming macrophages down. (innovations-report.com)

Consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. (genecards.org)
The circadian clock consists of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, which acts as the master pacemaker, and peripheral clocks in peripheral organs. (waseda.jp)

The ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer showed strong positive immnostaining of clock. (arvojournals.org)
Since the timing of nuclear accumulation of clock proteins constitutes an important step in the transcription-translation feedback loop driving the circadian core oscillator, laser irradiation could provide a simple and effective technology for clock protein localization and turnover. (medsci.org)
Until now, protein structure has been determined primarily by two widely used methods: X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. (innovations-report.com)

This technique is potentially very powerful for the investigation of larger protein assemblies and membrane proteins," says Yeon-Kyun Shin, associate professor of biophysics at Iowa State University and a major user of the ACERT facility. (innovations-report.com)

PER and CRY proteins heterodimerize and repress their own transcription by interacting in a feedback loop with CLOCK/ARNTL complexes. (genecards.org)

A transcription/translation feedback loop (TTFL) forms the core of the molecular circadian clock mechanism. (rcsb.org)
At the core of the circadian transcription/translation feedback loop in Neurospora crassa is the protein FREQUENCY (FRQ), shown here shown to share many characteristics of IDPs. (altmetric.com)

However, the lack of a genome-wide view of their in vivo binding targets and binding landscapes represents a gap in understanding the mode of action of plant RNA-binding proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Also, new neuropeptidergic clock homologs have been identified in nematodes, supporting the idea of a broad range of clock-regulated targets. (uantwerpen.be)

Anatomy6

Organisms10

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription. (1/580)

mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. (2/580)

Requirement of circadian genes for cocaine sensitization in Drosophila. (3/580)

Interlocked feedback loops within the Drosophila circadian oscillator. (4/580)

Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock. (5/580)

Cycling vrille expression is required for a functional Drosophila clock. (6/580)

Phosphorylation of the Neurospora clock protein FREQUENCY determines its degradation rate and strongly influences the period length of the circadian clock. (7/580)

dCLOCK is present in limiting amounts and likely mediates daily interactions between the dCLOCK-CYC transcription factor and the PER-TIM complex. (8/580)

CLOCK Proteins

Circadian Clocks

Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Period Circadian Proteins

Biological Clocks

Circadian Rhythm

ARNTL Transcription Factors

Cryptochromes

Casein Kinase Iepsilon

Flavoproteins

Photoperiod

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

E-Box Elements

Cyanobacteria

Casein Kinase Idelta

Synechococcus

Drosophila Proteins

Light

Neurospora

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors

Nuclear Proteins

Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate

Transcription Factors

Feedback, Physiological

Drosophila

Trans-Activators

Cell Cycle Proteins

Gene Expression Regulation

Neurospora crassa

Insect Proteins

Mutation

Phosphorylation

Models, Biological

Bacterial Proteins

Motor Activity

Molecular Sequence Data

Drosophila melanogaster

Animals, Genetically Modified

Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group D, Member 1

Arabidopsis Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

Arabidopsis

Transcription, Genetic

Fungal Proteins

RNA, Messenger

Protein Binding

Active Transport, Cell Nucleus

Dimerization

Mice, Knockout

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Darkness

Mutagenesis

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Mice, Inbred C57BL

RNA Interference

Cell Nucleus

Time Factors

Neurons

Chronobiology Disorders

Gene Expression

Brain

Cell Line

Immunohistochemistry

Base Sequence

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

PER and TIM inhibit the DNA binding activity of a Drosophila CLOCK-CYC/dBMAL1 heterodimer without disrupting formation of the heterodimer: a basis for circadian transcription. (1/580)

mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop. (2/580)

Requirement of circadian genes for cocaine sensitization in Drosophila. (3/580)

Interlocked feedback loops within the Drosophila circadian oscillator. (4/580)

Light-independent role of CRY1 and CRY2 in the mammalian circadian clock. (5/580)

Cycling vrille expression is required for a functional Drosophila clock. (6/580)

Phosphorylation of the Neurospora clock protein FREQUENCY determines its degradation rate and strongly influences the period length of the circadian clock. (7/580)

dCLOCK is present in limiting amounts and likely mediates daily interactions between the dCLOCK-CYC transcription factor and the PER-TIM complex. (8/580)

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