Clinical Enzyme Tests
Micrococcaceae
Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
Encyclopedias as Topic
Immunoassay
Acecainide
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Amphetamine
Various forms of chemically induced liver injury and their detection by diagnostic procedures. (1/534)
A large number of chemical agents, administered for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, can produce various types of hepatic injury by several mechanisms. Some agents are intrinsically hepatotoxic, and others produce hepatic injury only in the rare, uniquely susceptible individual. Idiosyncrasy of the host is the mechanism for most types of drug-induced hepatic injury. It may reflect allergy to the drug or a metabolic aberation of the host permitting the accumulation of hepatotoxic metabolites. The syndromes of hepatic disease produced by drugs have been classified hepatocellular, hepatocanalicular, mixed and canalicular. Measurement of serum enzyme activities has provided a powerful tool for studies of hepatotoxicity. Their measurement requires awareness of relative specificity, knowledge of the mechanisms involved, and knowledge of the relationship between known hepatotoxic states and elevated enzyme activities. (+info)Comparison of a parasite lactate dehydrogenase-based immunochromatographic antigen detection assay (OptiMAL) with microscopy for the detection of malaria parasites in human blood samples. (2/534)
Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, but is labor-intensive and requires skilled operators. Rapid dipstick technology provides a potential alternative. A study was conducted in The Gambia to compare the performance of OptiMAL, an immunochromatographic antigen detection assay for the diagnosis of malaria using parasite lactate dehydrogenase, against standard microscopy in patients with suspected malaria. For initial diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum, irrespective of stage, this assay had a sensitivity of 91.3%, a specificity of 92%, a positive predictive value of 87.2%, and a negative predictive value of 94.7%. The sensitivity of the test decreased markedly at parasitemias < 0.01%. This assay can be used for the diagnosis of malaria in areas where microscopy is not available and for urgent malaria diagnosis at night and at weekends, when routine laboratories are closed and when relatively inexperienced microscopists may be on duty. (+info)Underestimation of acute pancreatitis: patients with only a small increase in amylase/lipase levels can also have or develop severe acute pancreatitis. (3/534)
BACKGROUND: In most treatment studies on acute pancreatitis, pancreatologists base their diagnosis on amylase/lipase levels more than three times above the upper limit of normal (>3n) and thus exclude patients with smaller enzyme level increases. The recommendations derived from the results of treatment studies do not take into account such patients. Non-pancreatologists frequently believe that only patients with high enzyme levels have a serious prognosis. AIMS: To question the assumption that high enzyme levels indicate severe, and conversely low enzyme levels indicate mild, acute pancreatitis. PATIENTS/METHODS: This retrospective study includes 284 consecutive patients with a first attack of acute pancreatitis. The cause was biliary in 114 (40%) patients, alcoholism in 83 (29%), other in 21 (7%), and unknown in 66 (23%). Patients were divided into two groups according to their serum enzyme levels (amylase: 3n, n = 196; lipase: 3n, n = 233). Renal impairment, indication for dialysis and artificial ventilation, development of pseudocysts, necessity for surgery, and mortality were taken as parameters of severity. RESULTS: The incidence of severity was the same for both the 3n groups. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of acute pancreatitis is independent of the elevation in serum amylase/lipase level (3n) on admission. Patients with only a slight increase can also have or develop severe acute pancreatitis. Patients with +info)Myocardial infarction in a pre-menopausal woman with angiographically normal coronary arteries. (4/534)
A young pre-menopausal non-drug-addict woman without risk factors for coronary artery disease suffered from a non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. She presented with epigastric pain and vomiting. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction was not suspected at first because of her young age and lack of risk factors. She was treated for gastritis but worsening of epigastric pain and its radiation to chest warranted the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, which was confirmed by serial serum cardiac enzymes. Subsequent coronary angiogram revealed normal coronary arteries. (+info)In situ zymographic localisation of type II collagen degrading activity in osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. (5/534)
OBJECTIVES: Chondrocytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are believed to be important in osteoarthritic cartilage degradation. The cartilage lesion of osteoarthritis (OA) is focal and often progressive. During its development chondrocytes differentially up and down regulate production of mRNA for individual MMPs. This observation has potential implications for understanding the disease processes that lead to progressive cartilage loss in OA and designing appropriate targeted treatment. The complex regulation of MMP mediated effects means there is a pressing need to establish whether visualisation of MMP mRNA or protein equates to enzyme activity. The technique of in situ zymography (ISZ) offers a way of examining diseased human tissue for in vivo production of an excess of degrading enzyme over inhibitor. The primary objective of this study was to assess, and if positive follow, collagen II degrading activity in cartilage during development of the OA lesion. A secondary objective was to assess whether there was any correlation between sites of collagen II degrading activity and expression of the collagenase (MMP-13), recently implicated in type II collagen degredation in this lesion. METHODS: Biopsied human normal and osteoarthritic cartilage, showing various degrees of damage, was examined by in situ zymography, with and without enzyme inhibitors, to establish sites of type II collagenase activity. Paired samples were probed for MMP-13 mRNA using 35S-labelled oligonucleotide probes. Comparative analyses were performed. RESULTS: In situ zymography showed collagen II degrading activity over chondrocytes only in osteoarthritic cartilage. Distribution and amount varied with the extent of cartilage damage and position of chondrocytes, being greatest in deep cartilage and in cartilage lesions where fissuring was occurring. The enzyme causing the degradation behaved as a matrix metalloproteinase. MMP-13 mRNA expression codistributed with the type II collagenase activity. CONCLUSION: In OA, chondrocytes can degrade type II collagen. The type II collagen degrading activity varies in site and amount as the cartilage lesion progresses and throughout codistributes with MMP-13 mRNA expression. (+info)Ruling out acute myocardial infarction early with two serial creatine kinase-MBmass determinations. (6/534)
AIMS: We studied the diagnostic value for acute myocardial infarction of serial creatine kinase-MBmass measurements on admission and at 7 h after the onset of symptoms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients presenting to our chest pain unit with symptoms of <5-h duration were eligible. Patients were kept under observation at least until 12 h after onset of symptoms. Blood samples were drawn on admission and 7 and 10 h after onset of symptoms. Creatine kinase-MBmass>7.0 microg x 1(-1) (upper reference limit for acute myocardial infarction), or an increase >2.0 microg x 1(-1) (reference change value) between admission and at 7 h was considered abnormal. Of a total of 470 patients, 248 patients had acute myocardial infarction: 100 out of the 248 patients had a single creatine kinase-MBmass>7.0 microg x 1(-1) on admission (sensitivity 40%, 95% CI:34-46%), 234/248 patients at 7 h (sensitivity 94%, 95% CI:91-97%), and 240/248 at 10 h (sensitivity 97%, 95% CI:94-99%). At 7 h, 246/248 patients had either a single creatine kinase-MB >7.0 microg x 1(-1) or a significant increase between admission and 7 h (sensitivity 99%, 95% CI:98-100%). Of 222 patients without acute myocardial infarction, 214 had a normal serial creatine kinase-MBmass (specificity 96%, 95% CI:93-98%). CONCLUSION: In patients with symptoms of <5-h duration, acute myocardial infarction can be ruled out using serial creatine kinase-MBmass taken on admission and at 7 h. (+info)Examination of synovial fluid and serum hyaluronidase activity as a joint marker in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients (by zymography). (7/534)
OBJECTIVE: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an important joint marker and the substrate for hyaluronidase (HAase). Synovial fluid (SF) and serum HAase were measured to investigate the potential use of HAase as a joint marker in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. METHODS: The subjects were 39 patients with RA and 42 patients with OA. HAase activity was measured by zymography and its relation with various parameters examined statistically. RESULTS: In RA SF a positive correlation (r = 0.458, p = 0.0186) was found between SF HAase activity and the concentration of serum C reactive protein. A positive correlation (r = 0.45, p = 0.024) was also found between SF HAase activity and platelet count in the RA group. Serum HAase activity in the RA group was significantly higher than in the OA group (p < 0.0001) and normal controls (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that SF HAase activity could be used as a marker of synovial inflammation. (+info)Biochemical evidence of thiamin deficiency in young Ghanian children. (8/534)
Detailed biochemical studies for nutritional status were carried out on 146 Ghanaian children ages 6 months to 6 years over a 2-year period. Study children comprised three main groups: severe protein-calorie malnutrition; mild to moderate protein-calorie malnutrition and apparently healthy children. Erythrocyte transketolase activity and the percentage of erythrocyte transketolase pyrophosphate effect were also determined. In the first year of the study elevated percentage of transketolase pyrophosphate effect indicative of thiamin deficiency was found in all three of the above-mentioned groups, with the most widespread deficiency in the normal groups. In year 2, repeat studies of the severely malnourished group after 2 weeks of nutritional therapy with the administration of vitamin capsules, which included thiamin, resulted in the normalization of transketolase pyrophosphate effect. Apoenzyme activity was comparable in all groups studied. There were no obvious clinical signs of thiamin deficiency, although sensory testing was not performed. A relatively large number of children with high percentage of transketolase pyrosphosphate effect also had serum folic acid deficiency. This evidence of widespread biochemical thiamin deficiency is indicative of an at-risk population among young children for clinical thiamin deficiency. Further studies are needed to identify whether the problem is inadequate thiamin intake, destruction of thiamin by thiaminases or food preparation methods, or malabsorption of thiamin. (+info)Clinical enzyme tests are laboratory tests that measure the amount or activity of certain enzymes in biological samples, such as blood or bodily fluids. These tests are used to help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, including organ damage, infection, inflammation, and genetic disorders.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Some enzymes are found primarily within specific organs or tissues, so elevated levels of these enzymes in the blood can indicate damage to those organs or tissues. For example, high levels of creatine kinase (CK) may suggest muscle damage, while increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can indicate liver damage.
There are several types of clinical enzyme tests, including:
1. Serum enzyme tests: These measure the level of enzymes in the blood serum, which is the liquid portion of the blood after clotting. Examples include CK, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
2. Urine enzyme tests: These measure the level of enzymes in the urine. An example is N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), which can indicate kidney damage.
3. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs): These use antibodies to detect and quantify specific enzymes or proteins in a sample. They are often used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, such as HIV or hepatitis.
4. Genetic enzyme tests: These can identify genetic mutations that cause deficiencies in specific enzymes, leading to inherited metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) or Gaucher's disease.
It is important to note that the interpretation of clinical enzyme test results should be done by a healthcare professional, taking into account the patient's medical history, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests.
Micrococcaceae is a family of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, aerobic bacteria that are typically found in pairs or tetrads. They are non-motile, non-spore forming, and facultatively anaerobic. These bacteria are commonly found in soil, water, and air, as well as on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some species can cause opportunistic infections in humans, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems. The genus Micrococcus is the type genus of this family.
The Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) is a type of immunoassay used for the quantitative or qualitative determination of various substances, such as drugs, hormones, or antibodies. The technique utilizes an enzyme-linked antigen or antibody that reacts with the substance being measured (analyte) in the sample to form an immune complex. This complex then interacts with a second enzyme-labeled antigen or antibody, leading to the formation of an enzyme-analyte-enzyme "sandwich." The enzymes present in this sandwich are capable of catalyzing a reaction that produces a colored product, which can be measured spectrophotometrically.
The amount of color produced is proportional to the concentration of the analyte present in the sample. This allows for the determination of the analyte's concentration through comparison with a standard curve generated using samples with known concentrations of the analyte. EMIT is widely used in clinical laboratories for diagnostic and therapeutic drug monitoring purposes, as well as in forensic toxicology to detect drugs of abuse.
In summary, Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) is a sensitive and specific immunoassay method that utilizes enzyme-labeled antigens or antibodies to quantitatively or qualitatively measure the concentration of various substances in a sample.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
An immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a specific protein, antibody, or antigen in a sample using the principles of antibody-antigen reactions. It is commonly used in clinical laboratories to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions such as infections, hormonal disorders, allergies, and cancer.
Immunoassays typically involve the use of labeled reagents, such as enzymes, radioisotopes, or fluorescent dyes, that bind specifically to the target molecule. The amount of label detected is proportional to the concentration of the target molecule in the sample, allowing for quantitative analysis.
There are several types of immunoassays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). Each type has its own advantages and limitations, depending on the sensitivity, specificity, and throughput required for a particular application.
Acecainide is a Class IC antiarrhythmic drug that was used to treat certain types of irregular heart rhythms (ventricular arrhythmias). It works by blocking the signals that cause the heart to beat irregularly. However, acecainide is no longer available in the market due to its potential to cause serious side effects, including a decreased survival rate in patients with heart disease.
A Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) is a type of biochemical test used for the detection and quantitation of various analytes, such as drugs, hormones, or proteins, in a sample. It is based on the principle of fluorescence polarization, which measures the rotation of molecules in solution.
In an FPIA, the sample is mixed with a fluorescent tracer that binds specifically to the analyte of interest. When the mixture is excited with plane-polarized light, the fluorescent tracer emits light that retains its polarization if it remains bound to the large complex (analyte+tracer). However, if the tracer is not bound to the analyte and is free to rotate in solution, the emitted light becomes depolarized.
The degree of polarization of the emitted light is then measured and used to determine the amount of analyte present in the sample. Higher concentrations of analyte result in a higher degree of polarization, as more tracer molecules are bound and less likely to rotate.
FPIAs offer several advantages over other types of immunoassays, including simplicity, speed, and sensitivity. They are commonly used in clinical laboratories for the detection of drugs of abuse, therapeutic drugs, and hormones.
Immunoenzyme techniques are a group of laboratory methods used in immunology and clinical chemistry that combine the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions with the sensitivity and amplification capabilities of enzyme reactions. These techniques are primarily used for the detection, quantitation, or identification of various analytes (such as proteins, hormones, drugs, viruses, or bacteria) in biological samples.
In immunoenzyme techniques, an enzyme is linked to an antibody or antigen, creating a conjugate. This conjugate then interacts with the target analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The presence and amount of this immune complex can be visualized or measured by detecting the enzymatic activity associated with it.
There are several types of immunoenzyme techniques, including:
1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A widely used method for detecting and quantifying various analytes in a sample. In ELISA, an enzyme is attached to either the capture antibody or the detection antibody. After the immune complex formation, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme, producing a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
2. Immunoblotting (Western blot): A method used for detecting specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as a protein extract from cells or tissues. In this technique, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane, where they are probed with an enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the target protein.
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A method used for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells. In IHC, an enzyme-conjugated primary or secondary antibody is applied to the sample, and the presence of the antigen is visualized using a chromogenic substrate that produces a colored product at the site of the antigen-antibody interaction.
4. Immunofluorescence (IF): A method used for detecting specific antigens in cells or tissues by employing fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. The presence of the antigen is visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
5. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A method used for detecting and quantifying specific antigens or antibodies in liquid samples, such as serum or culture supernatants. In ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody is added after the immune complex formation, and a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
These techniques are widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories for various applications, including protein characterization, disease diagnosis, and monitoring treatment responses.
Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant drug that works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine. It is used medically to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity, due to its appetite-suppressing effects.
Amphetamines can be prescribed in various forms, including tablets, capsules, or liquids, and are available under several brand names, such as Adderall, Dexedrine, and Vyvanse. They are also known by their street names, such as speed, uppers, or wake-ups, and can be abused for their euphoric effects and ability to increase alertness, energy, and concentration.
Long-term use of amphetamines can lead to dependence, tolerance, and addiction, as well as serious health consequences, such as cardiovascular problems, mental health disorders, and malnutrition. It is essential to use amphetamines only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and follow their instructions carefully.
Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique
Gaucher's disease
Hurler syndrome
Moss bioreactor
Human blood group systems
Tim Read
Vorozole
Lipid storage disorder
Angioedema
Cloned enzyme donor immunoassay
Protein replacement therapy
Malaria antigen detection tests
Bovine leukemia virus
Cholestasis
Health in Bangladesh
Nicotinamide mononucleotide
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Semicarbazide-cadmium therapy
Antibody elution
Justicia gendarussa
Enterobacteriaceae
Tadalafil
Allergy
Aniru Conteh
Alanine transaminase
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Nitisinone
X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2
Coffin-Lowry syndrome
Fabimycin
Atrioventricular block
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A specific inhibitor allows to study an enigmatic enzyme
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Immunoassay6
- Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is a common method for qualitative and quantitative determination of therapeutic and recreational drugs and certain proteins in serum and urine. (wikipedia.org)
- It is an immunoassay in which a drug or metabolite in the sample competes with a drug/metabolite labelled with an enzyme, to bind to an antibody. (wikipedia.org)
- Widespread use of the HIV antigen (Ag)/antibody (Ab) immunoassay (formerly known as the "4th-generation" test) can increase the number of people aware of their HIV status, including those who may transmit HIV during acute infection. (hivguidelines.org)
- The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test detects specific antibodies to E histolytica . (medscape.com)
- The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test is the second test used to confirm syphilis in someone who tested positive in the RPR test. (bartleby.com)
- Diazyme uses its platform enzyme technologies including enzyme cycling, Substrate-Trapping-Enzyme (STE), and Allosteric Enzyme Coupled Immunoassay (AECIA), to develop low cost and uniform diagnostic products for clinical and research use. (ga.com)
Diagnosis14
- Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status. (ucdenver.edu)
- Currently, CDC recommends that the test be used in the clinical laboratory as a confirmatory test for the diagnosis of syphilis. (cdc.gov)
- Without some other evidence for the diagnosis of syphilis, a reactive nontreponemal test does not confirm T. pallidum infection. (cdc.gov)
- Ensure that clinicians recognize and respond to HIV testing as a gateway to care, such that an HIV diagnosis prompts a referral for HIV treatment and a negative HIV test result prompts a referral for HIV prevention services, including pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP). (hivguidelines.org)
- The value of an immunoenzymatic test (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in patients immunosuppressed by hematologic malignancies. (ajtmh.org)
- Diagnosis can be difficult, with no test apart from biopsy being completely reliable. (southtees.nhs.uk)
- Therefore, the use of a combination of antibody- and antigen-detection methods for the diagnosis of chlamydiosis is recommended, particularly when only one bird is tested. (cdc.gov)
- Biochemical assay for enzyme activity is the method of definitive diagnosis. (medscape.com)
- The primary outcome will be the proportion of patients who receive a molecular diagnosis via genomic testing (diagnostic rate) compared with usual care. (bmj.com)
- Secondary outcomes will include change in clinical diagnosis following genomic testing, change in clinical management following genomic testing and the cost-effectiveness of genomic testing compared with usual care. (bmj.com)
- In order to provide confirmation of preliminary diagnosis, independent biochemical and molecular genetic tests are required. (kkh.com.sg)
- It is also used with diseases for enzymes during the course of the disease, but excludes diagnostic enzyme tests, for which "diagnosis" is used. (bvsalud.org)
- Diagnosis of Tay-Sachs disease is clinical and can be confirmed by DNA analysis and/or enzyme assay. (msdmanuals.com)
- Initial testing Most inherited disorders of metabolism (inborn errors of metabolism) are rare, and therefore their diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. (msdmanuals.com)
Assay4
- 3.0 µg/mL) in the anti-protective antigen immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay but for which there is no history of clinical anthrax or anthrax vaccination. (cdc.gov)
- In the present study, we evaluated the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with hematologic malignancies. (ajtmh.org)
- Since it does not require a separate measurement of total hemoglobin content in the samples, the assay only needs a single channel to perform the test on chemistry analyzers in comparison with some immunoassays that require a separated measurement of total hemoglobin and need two channels for the test on chemistry analyzers. (ga.com)
- Applications available detailing instrument-specific settings for the convenient use of the Randox AST assay on a variety of clinical chemistry analysers. (randox.com)
Immunosorbent1
- A majority of these testing methods are based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). (medgadget.com)
Digestive Enzymes4
- Digestive enzymes are generally well-tolerated, but people with allergies to a specific enzyme source, certain medical conditions, or who take medications such as blood-thinners or diabetes drugs may need to avoid specific enzymes. (consumerlab.com)
- A portion of the pancreas is left in place to produce digestive enzymes and make insulin. (cancercare.org)
- Intracellular signaling mechanisms activated by cholecystokinin-regulating synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes in pancreatic acinar cells. (springer.com)
- Human pancreatic digestive enzymes. (springer.com)
Trials13
- Within the clinical trials, the dose levels based on the results in the non-clinical tests, were confirmed and a minimum effective dose in humans established. (europa.eu)
- HDAC10 inhibition could therefore potentially support the action of polyamine-blocking cancer therapeutics currently being tested in clinical trials. (dkfz.de)
- In short-term clinical trials, the most commonly reported adverse reactions (≥2% and greater than placebo) were: musculoskeletal pain, nausea/vomiting, upper respiratory infection, diarrhea, and headache. (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, clinical trials have not comprehensively examined the efficacy of lipid-lowering drugs (i.e., statins, fibrates, and NPC1L1 inhibitors) for the treatment of NAFLD. (hindawi.com)
- Available data from controlled clinical trials suggest that LABA increase the risk of asthma-related hospitalization in pediatric and adolescent patients. (medicinenet.com)
- Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. (medicinenet.com)
- The incidence of adverse reactions associated with ADVAIR DISKUS in Table 2 is based upon two 12-week, placebo-controlled, U.S. clinical trials (Trials 1 and 2). (medicinenet.com)
- A new treatment for COVID-19, developed by the University of Copenhagen and Rigshospitalet in collaboration with Norwegian company SoftOx, has been approved by the Danish Medicines Agency for clinical trials on humans. (cphpost.dk)
- Samples can be analysed in 30 minutes and in clinical trials it showed 100 percent specificity as well as 96.77 percent and 100 percent sensitivity in the laboratory and at the hospital respectively. (cphpost.dk)
- However, it's not clear whether this side effect occurred in clinical trials . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In clinical trials , different side effects weren't reported in adults versus children taking the 10-milligram (mg) tablet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- These weight changes weren't reported side effects in the drug's clinical trials . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Meta-analyses of numerous clinical trials reveal that turmeric positively impacts joint stiffness and mobility but only marginally differs from other painkillers in pain alleviation. (rediclinic.com)
Assays1
- Yet miRNA-122 is seen by some as a more sensitive biomarker that has not yet progressed in clinical research due to the challenges associated with detecting it using conventional PCR-based assays. (genomeweb.com)
Inhibition2
- As a result of inorganic arsenic's direct toxicity to the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and its systemic enzyme inhibition, profound gastroenteritis, sometimes with hemorrhage, can occur within minutes to hours after ingestion. (cdc.gov)
- In these studies, we uncovered a lack of correlation between OP AChEI-associated neuroinflammation and the levels of ACh or enzyme inhibition, suggesting that GWI and its associated neuroinflammation may result from the phosphorylation of other targets. (cdc.gov)
Substrate3
- After rinsing off the excess antibodies, an enzyme substrate is added for detection. (cdc.gov)
- Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore potential drug-drug/food interactions of ciprofloxacin and grapefruit juice, known hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 inhibitors, on single-dose oral pharmacokinetics of riluzole, a substrate of CYP 1A2 enzymes. (researchgate.net)
- Following hybridization with the target molecule, the beads were labeled and suspended in a fluorogenic enzyme substrate, loaded into Quanterix's array, and imaged to determine which beads were associated with single enzymes, as well as the number of enzymes per bead. (genomeweb.com)
Antigen1
- In the test, the RPR antigen is mixed with unheated or heated serum or with unheated plasma on a plastic-coated card. (cdc.gov)
Inhibitors3
- With the capability of inducing elevated expression of ACE2, the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2, angiotensin II receptor blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ARBs/ACEIs) treatment may have a controversial role in both facilitating virus infection and reducing pathogenic inflammation. (medrxiv.org)
- Although clinical evidence for RAS blockers and incretin-based agents (GLP-1 analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) is also lacking, these agents are promising in terms of their insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects without causing weight gain. (hindawi.com)
- Herein we report the effort beyond ACHN-975 to discover LpxC inhibitors optimized for enzyme potency, antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics, and cardiovascular safety. (rcsb.org)
Liver enzyme3
- Validity of a point of care device (Cholestech LDX) to monitor liver enzyme activity (aminotransferase measures) during a clinical trial. (ucdenver.edu)
- When specimens are obtained from a single bird, serologic testing is most useful when a) signs of disease and the history of the flock or aviary are considered and b) serologic results are compared with the white blood cell counts and liver-enzyme activities. (cdc.gov)
- Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V. Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. (randox.com)
Lysosomal3
- Alpha-Mannosidosis is caused by an enzyme defect due to mutations in the gene for lysosomal alpha-Mannosidase (LAMAN) affecting the lysosomal and cellular glycoprotein catabolism with severe consequences for the organism. (europa.eu)
- Today, the most promising therapy for lysosomal storage disorders including alpha-Mannosidosis is Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) where the respective enzyme lacking in the patient is produced by recombinant approaches and then introduced into the blood stream, from where it is internalized by the cells and reaches the lysosomes replacing the missing endogenous enzyme. (europa.eu)
- Sphingolipidoses Lysosomal enzymes break down macromolecules, either those from the cell itself (eg, when cellular structural components are being recycled) or those acquired outside the cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Bromelain4
- It is unclear if enzymes, such as bromelain and papain, help with pain and inflammation or reduce eye floaters. (consumerlab.com)
- See our Top Picks among Approved digestive enzyme supplements for overall best general product and specifically for digesting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and for providing bromelain and papain activity. (consumerlab.com)
- There were no significant differences considering the specimens exposed to papain before the total etch adhesive system ( p = 0.13), and the specimens were exposed to bromelain enzyme before self-etch and total etch adhesive systems ( p = 0.25, p = 0.84, respectively). (thejcdp.com)
- Additionally, the application of bromelain enzyme as dentin treatment before two adhesive systems and papain before total etch adhesive system had no effect on the SBS of composite to superficial dentin. (thejcdp.com)
Methods1
- The Physiological Sources of, Clinical Significance of, and Laboratory-Testing Methods for Determining Enzyme Levels. (randox.com)
Antibodies6
- The RPR test measures IgM and IgG antibodies to lipoidal material released from damaged host cells, as well as to lipoprotein-like material and possibly cardiolipin released from the treponemes. (cdc.gov)
- If antibodies are not present, the test mixture is uniformly gray. (cdc.gov)
- The Serodia TP-PA test is a treponemal test for the serologic detection of antibodies to the various species and subspecies of pathogenic Treponema , the causative agents of syphilis, yaws, pinta, bejel, and endemic syphilis. (cdc.gov)
- Some of the advantages and disadvantages of two serologic tests for antibodies are described in the following paragraphs. (cdc.gov)
- The rapid plasma regain test (RPR test), for example, tests blood or spinal fluid for syphilis antibodies (or T Pallidum antibodies), but because these antibodies are nonspecific to syphilis, this can result in a false positive. (bartleby.com)
- It also tests for syphilis antibodies. (bartleby.com)
Pancreatic4
- Digestive enzyme supplements can help you digest specific foods (such as beans and dairy, as well as carbohydrates, proteins, or fatty foods) when you do not naturally produce enough enzymes - such as among people with pancreatic disease. (consumerlab.com)
- Studies show that patients who undergo pancreatic surgery performed by an experienced surgeon with a strong clinical support team have the best outcomes. (cancercare.org)
- There are several non-pancreatic related clinical situations that lead to elevation of these enzymes. (springer.com)
- Pancreatic Stone Protein Testing Market - The increasing cases of chronic diseases due to pancreatic stone formation expected to drive the market of pancreatic stone protein testing. (medgadget.com)
Outcomes2
- In our programme, affected babies who are detected and treated promptly have good clinical outcomes. (kkh.com.sg)
- While the former is the current standard approach for COVID-19, the latter delivers faster clinical outcomes. (medgadget.com)
Enzymology1
- Clinical enzymology. (medlineplus.gov)
Specimens2
- In live birds, depending on which clinical signs they exhibit, combined cloacal and choanal-swab specimens should be collected, refrigerated, and sent to the laboratory packed in ice, but not frozen. (cdc.gov)
- Molecular diagnostics now enables detecting viruses in clinical and environmental specimens, linking of NLV strains causing outbreaks in multiple geographic locations, and tracing them to their sources in contaminated food or water. (cdc.gov)
Defect2
- Pompe disease (type II glycogen storage disease) is an inherited enzyme defect that usually manifests in childhood. (medscape.com)
- A glycogen storage disease (GSD) is the result of an enzyme defect. (medscape.com)
MeSH1
- Clinical Enzyme Tests" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
Diseases6
- Diseases or defects passed down through families (inherited) can affect how enzymes work. (medlineplus.gov)
- In her career at CDC, she has focused on the development of evidence-based clinical guidelines for infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
- The enzyme HDAC10 is involved in a variety of cellular processes associated with the development of a number of diseases. (dkfz.de)
- HDAC enzymes play a role in the development of many diseases, including numerous cancers. (dkfz.de)
- Pain is a common and distressing symptom of many diseases and its clinical treatment generally involves analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. (srce.hr)
- You will then select your remaining modules from a wide range of options including: Cellular Pathology, DNA Technology, Clinical Immunology, and Tropical Diseases. (lancaster.ac.uk)
Activity9
- Also, check that ConsumerLab.com or another reputable independent 3rd party has verified the enzyme activity. (consumerlab.com)
- Enzyme markers are tests for specific enzyme activity in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
- Test results are usually reported as a percentage of normal enzyme activity. (medlineplus.gov)
- The more drug there is in the sample, the more free enzyme there will be, and the increased enzyme activity causes a change in color. (wikipedia.org)
- They may -- but it depends on how much enzyme activity is in the supplement and how much lactose has been removed from the food. (consumerlab.com)
- The testing showed one lactase supplement with so little activity as to be of questionable value . (consumerlab.com)
- 0.05) in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity test, indicating an hepatoprotective activity of this extract. (srce.hr)
- AST is present in mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes (80% and 20% of activity respectively), found in brain, cardiac muscle, kidneys, leucocytes, liver, lungs, red blood cells and skeletal muscle 2 . (randox.com)
- In the absence of effective treatment, management is focused on screening adults of childbearing age in high-risk populations to identify carriers (by way of enzyme activity and mutation testing) combined with genetic counseling. (msdmanuals.com)
Hepatic4
- Scaling of metabolic clearance values from liver microsomal data or recombinantly expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes to predict human hepatic clearance requires knowledge of the amount of microsomal protein per gram of liver (MPPGL). (nih.gov)
- Patients with hepatic abscesses can usually be easily identified on the basis of the clinical presentation. (medscape.com)
- If serious hepatic injury with clinical symptoms and/or hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice occurs, promptly discontinue (5 .3 ). (nih.gov)
- In the last decade, it has been shown that metformin, thiazolidinediones, vitamin E, ezetimibe, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers, and antiobesity drugs may improve hepatic pathophysiological disorders as well as clinical parameters. (hindawi.com)
ELISA4
- Owing to such developments, there has been increasing demand for ELISA-based tests, creating an absolute opportunity for growth of the Arthropod-borne viral infections testing market . (medgadget.com)
- ELISA-based tests would contribute over half of the total Arthropod-borne viral infections testing market revenue. (medgadget.com)
- Owing to increasing acceptance in developing countries, ELISA-based tests are the preferred choice among customers. (medgadget.com)
- East Asia is also offering lucrative opportunities, owing increasing healthcare programs that financially aid the development of molecular testing kits such as ELISA and RT-PCR. (medgadget.com)
Proteins1
- Redwood City, California-based Codexis engineers proteins using a proprietary CodeEvolver platform for use in several industries, including pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing and industrial enzyme production. (genomeweb.com)
Glycogen4
- Significant increases in VO2max (6%), a 60-min endurance cycle test (34.5%), oxidative enzymes (77-178%), glycogen (35%) and protein (34%) occurred following training. (nih.gov)
- These findings suggest that tapering elicited a physiological adaptation by altering oxidative enzymes and muscle glycogen levels. (nih.gov)
- The enzymes affected normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to monosaccharides, of which glucose is the predominant component. (medscape.com)
- Enzyme deficiency results in glycogen accumulation in tissues. (medscape.com)
Genes2
- Some enzymes are affected by several genes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are a family of 18 enzymes that largely interfere with the epigenetics of cells and influence which genes are transcribed. (dkfz.de)
Alanine1
- Clinicians currently rely on another PCR-based test for the alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme to diagnose liver toxicity, noted Dear. (genomeweb.com)
Replacement Therapy2
- Final Report Summary - ALPHA-MAN (Clinical development of Enzyme Replacement Therapy in alpha-Mannosidosis patients using recombinant human enzyme. (europa.eu)
- Unfortunately, no cure exists, although diet therapy and enzyme replacement therapy may be highly effective at reducing clinical manifestations. (medscape.com)
Antibody1
- Between April 1995 and December 1998, sera from 164 consecutive patients were tested for the presence of IgG antibody to Strongyloides stercoralis. (ajtmh.org)
Therapy2
Patient's1
- This section focuses on activities, which are typically conducted during the patient's visit to clinical office. (cdc.gov)
Therapeutic4
- EMIT therapeutic drug monitoring tests provide accurate information about the concentration of such drugs such as immunosuppressant drugs and some antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
- Since pharmaceutical interest in this disease is low, two EU-supported projects (EURAMAN and HUE-MAN) within the 5th and 6th framework program, respectively have worked towards developing the recombinant human enzyme (rhLAMAN) as a therapeutic agent for patients suffering from alpha-Mannosidosis. (europa.eu)
- In line with our plans we have been able to demonstrate the safety and clinical efficacy of rhLAMAN as an effective therapeutic agent for treatment of the human disease alpha-Mannosidosis in clinical trial Phases 1 and 2. (europa.eu)
- Unexpectedly, and despite our optimization efforts, the prodrug of 26 still possesses a therapeutic window insufficient to support further clinical development. (rcsb.org)
Clinicians2
- Provide clinicians in NYS with up-to-date information on HIV testing policies and practices. (hivguidelines.org)
- NYS public health law requires clinicians to offer HIV testing to all patients ≥13 years old who receive care in hospital or primary care settings. (hivguidelines.org)
Reactions3
- A single testing method may not be adequate because of the diversity of reactions with immunoglobulins from the various avian species. (cdc.gov)
- Nevirapine must not be given if it has previously caused severe rash, rash accompanied by constitutional symptoms, hypersensitivity reactions, or clinical hepatitis. (who.int)
- Enzymes are organic molecules responsible for the acceleration of biochemical reactions, however, emerge unchanged following the reaction. (randox.com)
Papain1
- Papain enzyme treatment with the self-etch adhesive system increased the SBS value. (thejcdp.com)
Specific3
- The updated algorithm features a specific sequence of tests to provide maximal sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for HIV detection. (hivguidelines.org)
- Based on this specificity, the DKFZ team succeeded in synthesizing a highly specific HDAC10 inhibitor on the basis of an already known drug that does not selectively block HDAC enzymes. (dkfz.de)
- However, progress in detecting and managing outbreaks of disease caused by these agents was hampered by the unavailability of sensitive and specific diagnostic tests that could be applied outside research settings. (cdc.gov)
Laboratory tests3
- Wang GS, Deakyne S, Bajaj L, Yin S, Heard K, Roosevelt G. The limited utility of screening laboratory tests and electrocardiograms in the management of unintentional asymptomatic pediatric ingestions. (ucdenver.edu)
- 2008]. See " Laboratory Tests " in this section for more details. (cdc.gov)
- A critical evaluation of laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. (springer.com)
Serologic tests1
- NHANES offers a unique opportunity to estimate the prevalence of reactive serologic tests as an estimate of the prevalence of syphilis infections in the general population, to identify and confirm risk factors for syphilis, to confirm the risk for HIV infection and HIV-related neurologic disease among Americans with syphilis, and to monitor trends in prevalence as syphilis detection and treatment programs are established and expanded. (cdc.gov)
20191
- In December 2019, Codexis licensed its EvoT4 DNA ligase enzyme to Roche for use in next-generation sequencing library preparation kits. (genomeweb.com)
Exposure2
- 1) describe the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, management and prevention of Zika virus disease, 2) discuss diagnostic testing for Zika virus infection and interpretation of test results, 3) articulate the importance of early recognition and reporting of cases, 4) state the recommendations for pregnant women and possible Zika virus exposure, and 5) discuss evaluation of infants with microcephaly and relationship of Zika in microcephaly. (cdc.gov)
- A negative HIV screening test result affords a critical opportunity to assess whether routine prevention education, including information about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), or a referral for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are indicated. (hivguidelines.org)
Results10
- In addition the results of its expert testing, ConsumerLab uses only high-quality, evidence based, information sources. (consumerlab.com)
- You must be a member to get the full test results for digestive enzyme supplements along with ConsumerLab's recommendations and quality ratings. (consumerlab.com)
- You will get results for nine supplements, including eight selected by ConsumerLab.com and one other that passed the same testing through our voluntary Quality Certification Program. (consumerlab.com)
- Liver function test (LFT) results, such as transaminases or alkaline phosphatase, may be mildly abnormal, but bilirubin, prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) are usually within the reference range. (medscape.com)
- Renal function test results, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, are often abnormal and should be performed on initial evaluation. (medscape.com)
- In this comprehensive review of lactase supplements and lactose-free milks, you'll get test results and quality ratings for 14 lactase supplements (two of which can be added to milk) and 3 lactose-free milks, as well as information about one other lactase supplement similar to another that was tested. (consumerlab.com)
- A major problem with serologic testing is the interpretation of results. (cdc.gov)
- One should be careful in interpretation of these test results. (springer.com)
- Integrating education about newborn screening into prenatal care allows parents to be prepared for having their child undergo screening as well as for receiving newborn screening test results. (acog.org)
- Most of the disorders screened for have no clinical findings at birth although some may present before the results are available from the newborn screening test. (acog.org)
Findings1
- Have GWAS findings provided clinical applications? (cdc.gov)
Markers2
Specificity1
- When used with cloacal or fecal smears, the sensitivity and specificity of the test are questioned by some authorities. (cdc.gov)
Compounds1
- Five compounds targeting HDAC enzymes are already approved as drugs. (dkfz.de)
Confirmatory1
- The Biochemical Genetics Laboratory was also established along with the Newborn Screening Programme to provide confirmatory tests for newborn screening cases, diagnostic tests for inborn errors of metabolism and ongoing monitoring for affected patients. (kkh.com.sg)
Pharmacology1
- British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. (wikipedia.org)
Genetic2
- The aim of this study is to explore the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of genomic testing within a national cohort of patients with suspected genetic kidney disease who attend multidisciplinary renal genetics clinics. (bmj.com)
- The use of genetic testing in clinical practice needs to be further evaluated. (cdc.gov)
Practice2
- Although, in clinical practice, IV administration of CIP is not recommended for routine use in the management of CRS, this route was herein chosen because oral bioavailability of CIP is only around 20% in rats (Hwang et al. (researchgate.net)
- Contrary to common practice the trend of the enzyme elevation does not correlate with the clinical course and should not guide clinical decision making. (springer.com)
Occur1
- Prior to every trans- may not be detected during pretransfusion fusion, sera were tested for the presence testing, so DHTR can occur. (who.int)
Supplements7
- Big Differences in Strength Found Among Digestive Enzyme Supplements. (consumerlab.com)
- Best digestive enzyme supplements? (consumerlab.com)
- Are digestive enzyme supplements safe? (consumerlab.com)
- Make sure you're choosing the best digestive enzyme supplements approved in our tests! (consumerlab.com)
- Can lactose-free foods -- like like lactose-free milk -- and lactase enzyme supplements really help people with lactose intolerance? (consumerlab.com)
- ConsumerLab.com selected and tested ten different lactase supplements and three popular brands of lactose-free milk. (consumerlab.com)
- Also see which lactase supplements passed or failed our tests. (consumerlab.com)
Diagnostic tests1
- Several diagnostic tests to treat COVID-19 patients have been availed currently, with more receiving emergency approvals. (medgadget.com)
Chemistry1
- The result is a dynamic chemistry approach that relies on a chemical, rather than enzymatic, method for nucleic acid testing. (genomeweb.com)
Inhibitor1
- ACHN-975 (N-((S)-3-amino-1-(hydroxyamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-4-(((1R,2R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropyl)buta-1,3-diyn-1-yl)benzamide) was the first LpxC inhibitor to reach human clinical testing and was discovered to have a dose-limiting cardiovascular toxicity of transient hypotension without compensatory tachycardia. (rcsb.org)
Clinically2
- Although at least 14 unique GSDs are discussed in the literature, the 4 that cause clinically significant muscle weakness are Pompe disease (GSD type II, acid maltase deficiency ), Cori disease ( GSD type III , debranching enzyme deficiency), McArdle disease ( GSD type V , myophosphorylase deficiency), and Tarui disease ( GSD type VII , phosphofructokinase deficiency). (medscape.com)
- To date, however, the utility of genomic testing in a clinically ascertained, prospectively recruited kidney disease cohort remains unknown. (bmj.com)
Disease9
- b Clinical anthrax sera were obtained from donors that met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case definition for confirmed cutaneous and inhalational anthrax. (cdc.gov)
- The recommendations outline how to provide quality family planning services, which include contraceptive services, pregnancy testing and counseling, helping clients achieve pregnancy, basic infertility services, preconception health services, and sexually transmitted disease services. (cdc.gov)
- Ensure awareness of and access to the standard 3-step HIV testing algorithm recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the NYSDOH AI. (hivguidelines.org)
- A positive serologic test result is evidence that the bird was infected by C. psittaci in the past, but it does not prove that the bird currently has active disease. (cdc.gov)
- The clinical relevance of NAFLD is still poorly understood because some investigators [ 12 - 15 ], but not all [ 16 , 17 ], have shown that NAFLD is associated with higher overall mortality and cardiovascular disease. (hindawi.com)
- These inherited enzyme defects usually manifest in childhood, although some, such as McArdle disease and Pompe disease, have separate adult-onset forms. (medscape.com)
- Consequently, during these initial stages, ALT/AST testing can enable the early identification of disease and so the early intervention of treatment plans 4 . (randox.com)
- This screening is done through blood testing in the newborn within the first 24-48 hours of life in addition to other noninvasive means to screen specifically for hearing loss and critical congenital heart disease. (acog.org)
- In a recent review, Dr Teri Manolio from the National Human Genome Research Institute explored current and potentially encouraging near term clinical applications of GWAS, in the areas of disease risk prediction and screening, disease classification, and drug development and toxicity. (cdc.gov)
HbA1c2
Syphilis2
- The Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) 18-mm circle card test is a macroscopic, nontreponemal flocculation card test used to screen for syphilis. (cdc.gov)
- There are several tests for syphilis, including blood, tissue, and fluid (from syphilis sores) tests. (bartleby.com)
Diabetes2
- Point Of Care Blood Testing Devices Market - The global market of the point of care blood testing devices is driven by the increasing awareness among the population regarding to diabetes in adults and children. (medgadget.com)
- The key drivers of the market are increasing incidence of diabetes and different types of medical test. (medgadget.com)
Presentation2
- Abscesses of the liver appear cystic on imaging studies (see the image below) but can usually be diagnosed from the overall clinical presentation. (medscape.com)
- See Clinical Presentation for more detail. (medscape.com)
Anthrax1
- Her contributions have included the development of clinical guidelines for anthrax, smallpox, Ebola and botulism. (cdc.gov)
Infection2
- The value of the leukocyte esterase test in diagnosing intra-amniotic infection. (ucdenver.edu)
- Targeted tuberculin testing and treat- ment of latent tuberculosis infection. (cdc.gov)
Supplement3
- Why take a digestive enzyme supplement? (consumerlab.com)
- Choose the Best Lactase Enzyme Supplement and Lactose-Free Milk. (consumerlab.com)
- ConsumerLab.com found that an equal amount of lactase enzyme (enough to help with a high lactose meal) cost as little as 8 cents to as much as $6.79 depending on the brand of lactase supplement. (consumerlab.com)