Cleavage Stimulation Factor
mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors
Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor
Polyadenylation
The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here.
RNA-Binding Proteins
RNA Precursors
RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.)
Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts research focused on improving the treatment and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems to reduce the health, social, and economic consequences of this disease. NIAAA, NIMH, and NIDA were created as coequal institutes within the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration in 1974. It was established within the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH in 1992.
Neuroendocrinology
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)
National Institute on Aging (U.S.)
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.)
Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It supports a comprehensive research portfolio that focuses on the biological, social, behavioral and neuroscientific bases of drug abuse on the body and brain as well as its causes, prevention, and treatment. NIDA, NIAAA, and NIMH were created as coequal institutes within the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration in 1974. It was established within the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH in 1992.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Receptor, trkB
Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Memory
Apolipoprotein E3
A 34-kDa glycosylated protein. A major and most common isoform of apolipoprotein E. Therefore, it is also known as apolipoprotein E (ApoE). In human, Apo E3 is a 299-amino acid protein with a cysteine at the 112 and an arginine at the 158 position. It is involved with the transport of TRIGLYCERIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; CHOLESTEROL; and CHOLESTERYL ESTERS in and out of the cells.
Proprotein Convertase 2
Cloning and characterization of Arabidopsis homologues of the animal CstF complex that regulates 3' mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation. (1/39)
The 3' cleavage and polyadenylation of mRNAs has been studied in detail in animals and yeast, but not in plants. Aimed at elucidating the regulation of mRNA 3' end formation in plants, three Arabidopsis cDNAs encoding homologues of the animal proteins CstF-64, CstF-77 and CstF-50 that form the cleavage stimulating factor of the polyadenylation machinery have been cloned. It is shown experimentally that the N-terminal domain of the Arabidopsis CstF-64 homologue binds the mRNA 3' non-coding region in an analogous manner to the animal protein. It is also shown that the Arabidopsis CstF-64 and CstF-77 homologues strongly interact with each other in a similar way to their animal counterparts. These results imply that these Arabidopsis homologues belong to the polyadenylation machinery of nuclear mRNAs. (+info)Polyadenylation: a tail of two complexes. (2/39)
Recent studies have uncovered new connections between the enzymes of mRNA 3' end processing and RNA polymerase II. These connections improve the efficiency of polyadenylation and signal to the polymerase to terminate transcription; their discovery reveals another level of gene regulation. (+info)An evolutionarily conserved role for SRm160 in 3'-end processing that functions independently of exon junction complex formation. (3/39)
SRm160 (the SR-related nuclear matrix protein of 160 kDa) functions as a splicing coactivator and 3'-end cleavage-stimulatory factor. It is also a component of the splicing-dependent exon-junction complex (EJC), which has been implicated in coupling of pre-mRNA splicing with mRNA turnover and mRNA export. We have investigated whether the association of SRm160 with the EJC is important for efficient 3'-end cleavage. The EJC components RNPS1, REF, UAP56, and Y14 interact with SRm160. However, when these factors were tethered to transcripts, only SRm160 and RNPS1 stimulated 3'-end cleavage. Whereas SRm160 stimulated cleavage to a similar extent in the presence or absence of an active intron, stimulation of 3'-end cleavage by tethered RNPS1 is dependent on an active intron. Assembly of an EJC adjacent to the cleavage and polyadenylation signal in vitro did not significantly affect cleavage efficiency. These results suggest that SRm160 stimulates cleavage independently of its association with EJC components and that the cleavage-stimulatory activity of RNPS1 may be an indirect consequence of its ability to stimulate splicing. Using RNA interference (RNAi) in Caenorhabditis elegans, we determined whether interactions between SRm160 and the cleavage machinery are important in a whole organism context. Simultaneous RNAi of SRm160 and the cleavage factor CstF-50 (Cleavage stimulation factor 50-kDa subunit) resulted in late embryonic developmental arrest. In contrast, RNAi of CstF-50 in combination with RNPS1 or REFs did not result in an apparent phenotype. Our combined results provide evidence for an evolutionarily conserved interaction between SRm160 and the 3'-end cleavage machinery that functions independently of EJC formation. (+info)Developmental distribution of the polyadenylation protein CstF-64 and the variant tauCstF-64 in mouse and rat testis. (4/39)
Messenger RNA polyadenylation is one of the processes that control gene expression in all eukaryotic cells and tissues. In mice, two forms of the regulatory polyadenylation protein CstF-64 are found. The gene Cstf2 on the X chromosome encodes this form, and it is expressed in all somatic tissues. The second form, tauCstF-64 (encoded by the autosomal gene Cstf2t), is expressed in a more limited set of tissues and cell types, largely in meiotic and postmeiotic male germ cells and, to a smaller extent, in brain. We report here that whereas CstF-64 and tauCstF-64 expression in rat tissues resembles their expression in mouse tissues, significant differences also are found. First, unlike in mice, in which CstF-64 was expressed in postmeiotic round and elongating spermatids, rat CstF-64 was absent in those cell types. Second, unlike in mice, tauCstF-64 was expressed at significant levels in rat liver. These differences in expression suggest interesting differences in X-chromosomal gene expression between these two rodent species. (+info)U1A inhibits cleavage at the immunoglobulin M heavy-chain secretory poly(A) site by binding between the two downstream GU-rich regions. (5/39)
The immunoglobulin M heavy-chain locus contains two poly(A) sites which are alternatively expressed during B-cell differentiation. Despite its promoter proximal location, the secretory poly(A) site is not expressed in undifferentiated cells. Crucial to the activation of the secretory poly(A) site during B-cell differentiation are changes in the binding of cleavage stimulatory factor 64K to GU-rich elements downstream of the poly(A) site. What regulates this change is not understood. The secretory poly(A) site contains two downstream GU-rich regions separated by a 29-nucleotide sequence. Both GU-rich regions are necessary for binding of the specific cleavage-polyadenylation complex. We demonstrate here that U1A binds two (AUGCN(1-3)C) motifs within the 29-nucleotide sequence and inhibits the binding of cleavage stimulatory factor 64K and cleavage at the secretory poly(A) site. (+info)Elevated levels of the 64-kDa cleavage stimulatory factor (CstF-64) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages influence gene expression and induce alternative poly(A) site selection. (6/39)
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation of murine RAW 264.7 macrophages influences the expression of multiple genes through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. We observed a 5-fold increase in CstF-64 expression following LPS treatment of RAW macrophages. The increase in CstF-64 protein was specific in that several other factors involved in 3'-end processing were not affected by LPS stimulation. Activation of RAW macrophages with LPS caused an increase in proximal poly(A) site selection within a reporter mini-gene containing two linked poly(A) sites that occurred concomitant with the increase in CstF-64 expression. Furthermore, forced overexpression of the CstF-64 protein also induced alternative poly(A) site selection on the reporter minigene. Microarray analysis performed on CstF-64 overexpressing RAW macrophages revealed that elevated levels of CstF-64 altered the expression of 51 genes, 14 of which showed similar changes in gene expression with LPS stimulation. Sequence analysis of the 3'-untranslated regions of these 51 genes revealed that over 45% possess multiple putative poly(A) sites. Two of these 51 genes demonstrated alternative polyadenylation under both LPS-stimulating and CstF-64-overexpressing conditions. We concluded that the physiologically increased levels of CstF-64 observed in LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages contribute to the changes in expression and alternative polyadenylation of a number of genes, thus identifying another level of gene regulation that occurs in macrophages activated with LPS. (+info)Symplekin and multiple other polyadenylation factors participate in 3'-end maturation of histone mRNAs. (7/39)
Most metazoan messenger RNAs encoding histones are cleaved, but not polyadenylated at their 3' ends. Processing in mammalian cell extracts requires the U7 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U7 snRNP) and an unidentified heat-labile factor (HLF). We describe the identification of a heat-sensitive protein complex whose integrity is required for histone pre-mRNA cleavage. It includes all five subunits of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), two subunits of the cleavage stimulation factor (CstF), and symplekin. Reconstitution experiments reveal that symplekin, previously shown to be necessary for cytoplasmic poly(A) tail elongation and translational activation of mRNAs during Xenopus oocyte maturation, is the essential heat-labile component. Thus, a common molecular machinery contributes to the nuclear maturation of mRNAs both lacking and possessing poly(A), as well as to cytoplasmic poly(A) tail elongation. (+info)Drosophila Sex-lethal protein mediates polyadenylation switching in the female germline. (8/39)
The Drosophila master sex-switch protein Sex-lethal (SXL) regulates the splicing and/or translation of three known targets to mediate somatic sexual differentiation. Genetic studies suggest that additional target(s) of SXL exist, particularly in the female germline. Surprisingly, our detailed molecular characterization of a new potential target of SXL, enhancer of rudimentary (e(r)), reveals that SXL regulates e(r) by a novel mechanism--polyadenylation switching--specifically in the female germline. SXL binds to multiple SXL-binding sites, which include the GU-rich poly(A) enhancer, and competes for the binding of CstF64 in vitro. The SXL-binding sites are able to confer sex-specific poly(A) switching onto an otherwise nonresponsive polyadenylation signal in vivo. The sex-specific poly(A) switching of e(r) provides a means for translational regulation in germ cells. We present a model for the SXL-dependent poly(A) site choice in the female germline. (+info) Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a chronic and often progressive disease characterized by excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to physical and mental health, relationships, and social functioning. It is considered a relapsing disease, meaning that individuals may experience periods of remission but may also relapse and resume problematic drinking behaviors.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) defines alcohol use disorder as a maladaptive pattern of alcohol use that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress in at least three of the following areas:
1. Drinking more or for longer than intended.
2. Desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control drinking.
3. Spending a lot of time drinking or recovering from its effects.
4. Craving or strong desire to drink.
5. Drinking interferes with work, school, or home responsibilities.
6. Continuing to drink despite social or personal problems caused by alcohol use.
7. Giving up important activities in order to drink.
8. Drinking in hazardous situations (e.g., while driving).
9. Continued drinking despite physical or psychological problems caused or worsened by alcohol use.
10. Developing tolerance (i.e., needing to drink more to achieve the desired effect).
11. Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when alcohol use is stopped or reduced.
The severity of alcoholism is categorized into three subtypes based on the number of criteria met: mild, moderate, and severe. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing) and medications (e.g., disulfiram, naltrexone, acamprosate) to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
In conclusion, alcoholism is a chronic and often progressive disease characterized by excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to physical and mental health, relationships, and social functioning. The diagnostic criteria for alcoholism include a combination of physiological, behavioral, and subjective symptoms, and treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions and medications to manage withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
Cleavage stimulation factor
Cleavage stimulatory factor or cleavage stimulation factor (CstF or CStF) is a heterotrimeric protein, made up of the proteins ... Cleavage+stimulation+factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) v t e (Protein complexes, ... CstF is recruited by cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) and assembles into a protein complex on the 3' end ... "Increase in the 64-kDa subunit of the polyadenylation/cleavage stimulatory factor during the G0 to S phase transition". ...
Partial cleavage stimulation factor domain
The partial cleavage stimulation factor domain, or partial CstF domain, is a protein domain that occurs in proteins from ... However, it is homologous to the amino-terminal part of the cleavage stimulation factor, which is thought to be involved with ...
CSTF1
Cleavage stimulation factor 50 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTF1 gene. This gene encodes one of ... "Entrez Gene: CSTF1 cleavage stimulation factor, 3' pre-RNA, subunit 1, 50kDa". Kleiman FE, Manley JL (September 1999). " ... three subunits which combine to form cleavage stimulation factor (CSTF). CSTF is involved in the polyadenylation and 3' end ... Rüegsegger U, Beyer K, Keller W (March 1996). "Purification and characterization of human cleavage factor Im involved in the 3 ...
CSTF2
The protein is a member of the cleavage stimulation factor (CSTF) complex that is involved in the 3' end cleavage and ... Cleavage stimulation factor 64 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTF2 gene. This gene encodes a ... "Entrez Gene: CSTF2 cleavage stimulation factor, 3' pre-RNA, subunit 2, 64kDa". Takagaki, Y; Manley J L (March 2000). "Complex ... 2002). "Association of human DEAD box protein DDX1 with a cleavage stimulation factor involved in 3'-end processing of pre-MRNA ...
CSTF3
... cleavage stimulation factors that combine to form the cleavage stimulation factor complex (CSTF). This complex is involved in ... Cleavage stimulation factor 77 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTF3 gene. The protein encoded by ... "Entrez Gene: CSTF3 cleavage stimulation factor, 3' pre-RNA, subunit 3, 77kDa". Takagaki, Y; Manley J L (March 2000). "Complex ... Murthy KG, Manley JL (1995). "The 160-kD subunit of human cleavage-polyadenylation specificity factor coordinates pre-mRNA 3'- ...
CSTF2T
Cleavage stimulation factor 64 kDa subunit, tau variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTF2T gene. GRCh38: ... "Entrez Gene: CSTF2T cleavage stimulation factor, 3' pre-RNA, subunit 2, 64kDa, tau variant". Human CSTF2T genome location and ...
DDX1
"Association of human DEAD box protein DDX1 with a cleavage stimulation factor involved in 3'-end processing of pre-MRNA". ... "A DEAD box protein facilitates HIV-1 replication as a cellular co-factor of Rev". Virology. 330 (2): 471-80. doi:10.1016/j. ...
HNRPF
2001). "hnRNP F influences binding of a 64-kilodalton subunit of cleavage stimulation factor to mRNA precursors in mouse B ... Honoré B, Vorum H, Baandrup U (1999). "hnRNPs H, H' and F behave differently with respect to posttranslational cleavage and ...
Terminator (genetics)
... the proteins cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) and cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) transfer from the ... These two factors then recruit other proteins to the site to cleave the transcript, freeing the mRNA from the transcription ... After this cleavage, a so-called exonuclease binds to the residual RNA strand and removes the freshly transcribed nucleotides ... Termination codon Termination factor Terminator gene Transcription (genetics) Richardson, J. P. (1996). "Rho-dependent ...
Eukaryotic transcription
... cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor) and CSTF (cleavage stimulation factor), recognize the poly-A signal in the ... General transcription factors are a group of proteins involved in transcription initiation and regulation. These factors ... There are different classes of elongation factors. Some factors can increase the overall rate of transcribing, some can help ... After escaping the promoter and shedding most of the transcription factors for initiation, the polymerase acquires new factors ...
CPSF1
... namely cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), cleavage stimulation factor (CstF), cleavage factors Im and IIm ... 2000). "Human pre-mRNA cleavage factor IIm contains homologs of yeast proteins and bridges two other cleavage factors". EMBO J ... Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CPSF1 gene. In most ... "Entrez Gene: CPSF1 cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 1, 160kDa". Shi Y, Di Giammartino DC, Taylor D, Sarkeshik A, ...
AXL receptor tyrosine kinase
It is involved in the stimulation of cell proliferation and survival. Proteolytic cleavage of the AXL extracellular domain by ... The AXL receptor transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding growth factors like vitamin K- ... Studies have shown that AXL knockdown leads to downregulation of transcription factors required for EMT, including Slug, Twist ... is post-translationally regulated by proteolytic cleavage". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270 (2): 551-7. doi:10.1074/ ...
List of MeSH codes (D12.776)
... cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor MeSH D12.776.664.962.444.249 - cleavage stimulation factor MeSH D12.776.664.962 ... vascular endothelial growth factor a MeSH D12.776.467.100.800.300 - vascular endothelial growth factor b MeSH D12.776.467.100. ... fibroblast growth factor 4 MeSH D12.776.624.664.700.112 - fibroblast growth factor 6 MeSH D12.776.624.664.700.114 - fms-like ... peptide elongation factor g MeSH D12.776.835.700.350.700 - peptide elongation factor tu MeSH D12.776.835.700.350.800 - peptide ...
RELA
After NF-κB nuclear localization due to TNFα stimulation, p50/RELA heterodimer will function as a transcription factor and bind ... In parallel, there is a non-classical NF-κB activation pathway involving the proteolytic cleavage of p100 into p52 instead of ... Transcription factor p65 also known as nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p65 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RELA ... nuclear factor-kappaB, and serum response factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (17): 12470-4. doi:10.1074/jbc. ...
GLD-2
Likewise, it interacts with cytoplasmic polyadenylation factors, including Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor and ... In mammals, dendrite mRNAs are kept in a repressed state and are activated upon repetitive stimulation. Several regulatory ... that's why it can be used as a prognostic factor for early appearance in breast cancer patients. Moreover, PAP activity is used ...
Interleukin
T-cell replacing factor III, B-cell activating factor, B-cell differentiation factor, and "Heidikine") and interleukin 2 (TSF, ... IL-8 is initially produced as a precursor peptide of 99 amino acids which then undergoes cleavage to create several active IL-8 ... IL3 is produced by T lymphocytes and T-cell lymphomas only after stimulation with antigens, mitogens, or chemical activators ... These include granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) and myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF). GCSF acts in hematopoiesis ...
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor
"Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor: hypoxia-inducible expression in vitro and stimulation of ... "Dual intracellular signaling by proteolytic cleavage of membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor". Cytokine ... 1992). "Tumor necrosis factor increases transcription of the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor gene in ... 1994). "Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor is an autocrine growth factor for human keratinocytes". J. ...
Transforming protein RhoA
... conducted simultaneously via guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase activating factor). RhoA is activated primarily by ... Similarly, RhoA's stimulation of PKN2 kinase activity regulates cell-cell adhesion through apical junction formation and ... RhoA-dependent diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) localize to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis while stimulating local ... Serum response factors (SRFs) are known to mediate androgen receptors in prostate cancer cells, including roles ranging from ...
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1
"Mapping the cleavage site in protein synthesis initiation factor eIF-4 gamma of the 2A proteases from human Coxsackievirus and ... Harris TE, Chi A, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Rhoads RE, Lawrence JC (Apr 2006). "mTOR-dependent stimulation of the association of ... "The translation initiation factor eIF-4E binds to a common motif shared by the translation factor eIF-4 gamma and the ... "The translation initiation factor eIF-4E binds to a common motif shared by the translation factor eIF-4 gamma and the ...
List of MeSH codes (D12.776.157)
... cleavage stimulation factor MeSH D12.776.157.725.124.500 - cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor MeSH D12.776.157.725 ... MeSH D12.776.157.057.030.124 - interferon regulatory factor-1 MeSH D12.776.157.057.030.249 - interferon regulatory factor-2 ... peptide elongation factor g MeSH D12.776.157.325.150.700 - peptide elongation factor tu MeSH D12.776.157.325.150.800 - peptide ... adp-ribosylation factors MeSH D12.776.157.325.515.100.100 - adp-ribosylation factor 1 MeSH D12.776.157.325.515.400 - rab gtp- ...
Post-transcriptional modification
Cleavage Factor I (CF I) and cleavage stimulation factor (CStF) occurs from RNA Polymerase II. The three factors bind to the ... Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 73 cuts mRNA between stem-loop and HDE Histone variants, such as H2A.Z or H3.3 ... For UGUA dependent processing sites, binding of the multi protein complex is done by Cleavage Factor I (CF I). The resultant ... The transfer of these sequence specific binding proteins cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), ...
Robert Almer Harper
1912 Cleavage in Didymium mclanospermum, 1914 Physical factors in cleavage of coenocytes, 1914 Starchy and sugary foods, 1914 ... 1920 The Stimulation of Research after the War, 1920 The species concept from the point of view of a morphologist, 1923 ... 1905 Sex-determining factors in plants, 1907 The Organization of Certain Coenobic Plants, 1908 Nuclear phenomena of sexual ...
CXCL7
Biologically active cleavage products of CTAP-III from human platelets". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163 (2): 1071-8. doi: ... Tunnacliffe A, Majumdar S, Yan B, Poncz M (1992). "Genes for beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 are closely linked and ... Castor C, Furlong A, Carter-Su C (1985). "Connective tissue activation: stimulation of glucose transport by connective tissue ... Comparison with the gene for platelet factor 4". J Biol Chem. 266 (9): 5785-9. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)67665-9. PMID 1826003 ...
Blastulation
The origin of the blastocoel in Xenopus has been shown to be from the first cleavage furrow, which is widened and sealed with ... In the mice, ninety percent of the females were induced by mechanical stimulation to undergo pregnancy and implant at least one ... By transplanting them to the eye field on the neural plate, and by inducing several mis-expressions of transcription factors, ... Prior to this transition, cleavage occurs with only the synthesis and mitosis phases of the cell cycle. The addition of the two ...
FADD
However, it is required for B cell proliferation induced by stimulation of TLR3 and TLR4. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B ... autocatalytic cleavage occurs at an aspartate residue within their own structures, resulting in an activated protein. This ... Normally, upon stimulation of the receptors TL4 or IL-1R1, the adaptor protein, MyD88, is recruited to the plasma membrane ... Upon stimulation by the Fas ligand, the Fas receptor trimerises. Many receptors, including Fas, contain a cytoplasmic DD and ...
Coagulation factor II receptor
This proteolytic cleavage is irreversible and the loose peptide, often referred to as parstatin, is then released outside of ... Coupling can also occur with Gq, leading to phospholipase C-β activation; this pathway results in the stimulation of protein ... The affinity of thrombin to this specific cleavage site in PAR1 is further aided by secondary interactions between thrombin's ... Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) also known as protease-activated receptor 1 or coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor ...
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
Following cleavage, the mature protein translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription by binding to the SRE1. Sterols ... Wang X, Sato R, Brown MS, Hua X, Goldstein JL (Apr 1994). "SREBP-1, a membrane-bound transcription factor released by sterol- ... Bennett MK, Ngo TT, Athanikar JN, Rosenfeld JM, Osborne TF (May 1999). "Co-stimulation of promoter for low density lipoprotein ... The protein is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-Zip) transcription factor family. SREBP-1a regulates ...
IL1RL1
GATA3 transcription factor has been shown to promote ST2 gene expression by binding to an enhancer element of foxp3 gene. Foxp3 ... In contrast to related IL-1 cytokines, Il-33 does not need any enzymatic cleavage for activation and its function. Two isoforms ... It was also shown, that after different cytokine IL-23 stimulation which leads to activation of STAT3, the suppressive effect ... Human keratinocytes are expressing this protein just after IFNg stimulation. Releasing of this cytokine is associated with ...
Leukotriene B4 receptor 2
... by inducing the proteolytic cleavage and release of a ligand for the Epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] receptor from HB- ... and ROS-induced activation of the pro-survival transcription factor, NF-κB. Ectopic expression and stimulation of BLT2 ... These studies indicate that the stimulation of BLT4 receptors by LTB4 and/or 12-HETE operate through a NOX4-reactive oxygen ... Kim H, Choi JA, Kim JH (Aug 2014). "Ras promotes transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition ...
PAK2
Insulin stimulation of neuronal cells also antagonizes PAK2 kinase activity, leading to an increased glucose uptake. PAK2- ... Tang TK, Chang WC, Chan WH, Yang SD, Ni MH, Yu JS (September 1998). "Proteolytic cleavage and activation of PAK2 during UV ... PAK2 kinase activity is stimulated by transforming growth factor β in fibroblasts, by proteinase inhibitor alpha2-macroglobulin ... The protein encoded by this gene is activated by proteolytic cleavage during caspase-mediated apoptosis, and may play a role in ...
Interferon
As a result, an IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex forms-this contains STAT1, STAT2 and a third transcription factor ... Whitehead KA, Dahlman JE, Langer RS, Anderson DG (2011). "Silencing or stimulation? siRNA delivery and the immune system". ... Miller JE, Samuel CE (September 1992). "Proteolytic cleavage of the reovirus sigma 3 protein results in enhanced double- ... They described these observations in a 1959 publication, naming the responsible factor viral inhibitory factor (VIF). It took ...
Gastrin
Inhibitory factor: Enterogastric reflex Stimulatory factor: gastrin Inhibitory factors:gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), ... Rehfeld JF, Hansen CP, Johnsen AH (January 1995). "Post-poly(Glu) cleavage and degradation modified by O-sulfated tyrosine: a ... These include: stomach antrum distension vagal stimulation (mediated by the neurocrine bombesin, or GRP in humans) the presence ... Factors influencing secretion of gastrin can be divided into 2 categories: Stimulatory factors: dietary protein and amino acids ...
Pattern recognition receptor
The TRIF-dependent pathway is induced by macrophages and DCs after TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation. Molecules released following TLR ... Since that time two other plants PRRs, Arabidopsis FLS2 (flagellin) and EFR (elongation factor Tu receptor)have been isolated. ... causing cleavage and activation of important inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, and/or activate the NF-κB signaling pathway ... Mutations in NOD2 in cooperation with environmental factors lead to development of chronic inflammation in the intestine. ...
AP-1 transcription factor
Cohen MP, Ziyadeh FN, Lautenslager GT, Cohen JA, Shearman CW (May 1999). "Glycated albumin stimulation of PKC-beta activity is ... Shiga toxins promote endothelial-cell secretion and impair ADAMTS13 cleavage of unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers ... "The AP-1 transcription factor regulates breast cancer cell growth via cyclins and E2F factors". Oncogene. 27 (3): 366-77. doi: ... The growth factors TGF alpha, TGF beta, and IL2 have all been shown to stimulate c-Fos, and thereby stimulate cellular ...
SNX8
The reception of IFNγ activates Janus kinase 1, resulting in the stimulation of its association with Sxn8 above standard ... IRF3 cooperative activation with NF-κB transcription factor through phosphorylation leads to the induction of the IFNβ promoter ... the neuroprotective soluble fragment sAPPα is produced as a product of APP cleavage by α-secretases. Lately, APP that reaches ... and the SNX8 acts as an adaptor or scaffolding protein by permitting the recruitment of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa-B ...
Somatostatin
... has two active forms produced by the alternative cleavage of a single preproprotein: one consisting of 14 amino ... somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF) somatotropin release-inhibiting hormone (SRIH) Somatostatin is secreted by delta ... "Somatostatin antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation in culture". Endocrinology. 137 (5 ... "Evidence for a synergistic effect of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) leading to ...
Cadherin-catenin complex in learning and memory
p120ctn signals through guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GAPs to activate the Rho family of GTPases. RhoA must be ... Additionally, treating neurons with NMDAR agonist causes cleavage of the β-catenin N-terminus, and the C-terminal fragments ... Moreover, RPVs were unresponsive to continuous trains of stimulation of the presynaptic neuron in B-catenin knockouts. This ... Abe, K; Takeichi M (2007). "NMDA-Receptor Activation Induces Calpain-Mediated β-Catenin Cleavages for Triggering Gene ...
Dicer
As an example, Drosophila C virus encodes for protein 1A which binds to dsRNA thus protecting it from dicer cleavage as well as ... Injected SiRNA has poor stability in blood and causes stimulations of non-specific immunity. Also, producing miRNA ... These domains are important in Dicer activity regulation, dsRNA processing, and RNA interference protein factor functioning. ... overhang of dsRNA while the RNaseIII catalytic domains form a pseudo-dimer around the dsRNA to initiate cleavage of the strands ...
Ubiquitin
Trypsin cleavage of a ubiquitin-conjugated substrate leaves a di-glycine "remnant" that is used to identify the site of ... Koegl M, Hoppe T, Schlenker S, Ulrich HD, Mayer TU, Jentsch S (March 1999). "A novel ubiquitination factor, E4, is involved in ... This serves as a negative feedback mechanism, because often the stimulation of receptors by ligands increases their rate of ... A heat-stable polypeptide present in these extracts, ATP-dependent proteolysis factor 1 (APF-1), was found to become covalently ...
Interleukin 1-alpha
IL-1α is also known as fibroblast-activating factor (FAF), lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF), B-cell-activating factor (BAF), ... A wide variety of other cells only upon stimulation can be induced to transcribe the IL-1α genes and produce the precursor form ... is primarily responsible for the cleavage of the IL-1α precursor into a mature molecule. Both the 31kDa precursor form of IL-1α ... It is on the pathway that activates tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Interleukin 1 was discovered by Gery in 1972. He named it ...
Fibroblast growth factor 23
"The autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets R176Q mutation in fibroblast growth factor 23 resists proteolytic cleavage and ... stimulation of breakdown of calcitriol, and inhibition of production/secretion of parathyroid hormone. GRCh38: Ensembl release ... Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF23 gene. FGF23 is a member of the ... Fukagawa M, Nii-Kono T, Kazama JJ (July 2005). "Role of fibroblast growth factor 23 in health and in chronic kidney disease". ...
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
This is then followed by a nucleophilic attack by a hydroxide ligand on the bound phosphorus atom, resulting in cleavage of the ... TRAP gene transcription is regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Many functions have been attributed ... stimulation and inhibition by modulators of NADPH oxidase". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 11 (5): 671-675. doi:10.1002/ ... TRAP is synthesized as latent proenzyme and activated by proteolytic cleavage and reduction. It is differentiated from other ...
Endorphins
α-endorphin and γ-endorphin result from proteolytic cleavage of β-endorphin between the Thr(16)-Leu(17) residues and Leu(17)- ... Dfarhud D, Malmir M, Khanahmadi M (November 2014). "Happiness & Health: The Biological Factors- Systematic Review Article". ... the stimulation of sympathetic nerves by electro-acupuncture is believed to be the cause of its analgesic effects. Endorphins ... Formation of α-endorphin and γ-endorphin results from proteolytic cleavage of β-endorphin. Noradrenaline has been shown to ...
CCL7
Thus, chemotactic factor CCL7 recruits leukocytes to infected tissues to mediate the immune response. Furthermore, CCL7 has an ... In T lymphocytes the expression of CCL7 occurs after 3-5 days after the stimulation. CCL7 has been shown to interact with MMP2 ... The mature protein about 76 amino acids is secreted after cleavage of the signal peptide. In contrast to most chemokines, CCL7 ... Van Coillie E, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G (March 1999). "The MCP/eotaxin subfamily of CC chemokines". Cytokine & Growth Factor ...
PTPRK
Stimulation of the cultured human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, with TGFβ1 increases the levels of PTPkappa (PTPRK) mRNA as ... Wang SE, Wu FY, Shin I, Qu S, Arteaga CL (2005). "Transforming growth factor {beta} (TGF-{beta})-Smad target gene protein ... The authors suggest that the ratio of galectin-3 binding protein to galectin 3 influences the cleavage and shedding of PTPkappa ... PTPRK has also been shown to be downregulated in response to androgen stimulation in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The ...
Insulin receptor
... insulin-like growth factor I receptor, and epidermal growth factor receptor via the Grb10 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain and a ... Upon cleavage of the monomer to its respective α- and β-chains, receptor hetero or homo-dimerisation is maintained covalently ... August 2018). "Insulin Receptor-Mediated Stimulation Boosts T Cell Immunity during Inflammation and Infection". Cell Metabolism ... Rosenzweig T, Braiman L, Bak A, Alt A, Kuroki T, Sampson SR (June 2002). "Differential effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ...
DNA repair
The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular ... RecA-ssDNA filaments activate LexA autoprotease activity, which ultimately leads to cleavage of LexA dimer and subsequent LexA ... are among known stimulation signals for a global response to DNA damage. The global response to damage is an act directed ... The mammalian homolog of SIR-2 is known to induce downstream DNA repair factors involved in NHEJ, an activity that is ...
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
"Direct stimulation of cells expressing receptors for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) by a plasma membrane-bound ... and is thought to be produced by proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound precursors. Four transcript variants encoding three ... The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine ... It is one of the three experimentally described colony-stimulating factors. M-CSF binds to the colony stimulating factor 1 ...
Lacritin
Natural or bacterial cleavage of lacritin releases a C-terminal fragment that is bactericidal. Most lacritin is produced by the ... Lacritin is an LFU prosecretory mitogen and survival factor with a biphasic dose response that is optimal at 1 - 10 nM for ... as evidenced by strong staining of secretory granules in keeping with lacritin release after carbachol stimulation. Carbachol- ... McKown RL, Coleman Frazier EV, Zadrozny KK, Deleault AM, Raab RW, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Lee JK, Laurie GW (Aug 2014). "A Cleavage- ...
Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1
Sharma S, Sommers JA, Wu L, Bohr VA, Hickson ID, Brosh RM (Mar 2004). "Stimulation of flap endonuclease-1 by the Bloom's ... Various factors determine which pathway will be used for repair of double strand breaks in DNA. When FEN1 is over-expressed ( ... end of the flap that is necessary for both binding and cleavage by the protein encoded by this gene. Therefore, secondary ... Chai Q, Zheng L, Zhou M, Turchi JJ, Shen B (Dec 2003). "Interaction and stimulation of human FEN-1 nuclease activities by ...
Hydroxychloroquine
... but because cathepsin L cleavage is minor compared to TMPRSS2 cleavage, hydroxychloroquine does little to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 ... Regular eye screening, even in the absence of visual symptoms, is recommended to begin when either of these risk factors occurs ... In 2003, a novel mechanism was described wherein hydroxychloroquine inhibits stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 ... Cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 S2 spike protein required for viral entry into cells can be accomplished by proteases TMPRSS2 ...
Prostasomes
Ronquist G (1988). "Zinc ion stimulation of ATP cleavage by prostasomes from human seminal plasma". Urologia Internationalis. ... tissue factor TF (CD142, thromboplastin); decay accelerating factor (CD55); protectin (CD59, inhibitor of MAC) and complement ... Stegmayr B, Ronquist G (1982). "Stimulation of sperm progressive motility by organelles in human seminal plasma". Scandinavian ... A possible role for Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor in fertility through semen liquefaction". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 93 (5 ...
Actin, cytoplasmic 2
Hawkins M, Pope B, Maciver SK, Weeds AG (Sep 1993). "Human actin depolymerizing factor mediates a pH-sensitive destruction of ... Snásel J, Pichová I (1997). "The cleavage of host cell proteins by HIV-1 protease". Folia Biologica. 42 (5): 227-30. doi: ... biphosphate and its cellular distribution during nicotinic-receptor stimulation and protein kinase C activation". The Journal ...
![cleavage stimulation factor subunit 1 [Rattus norvegicus] - Protein - NCBI](data:image/png;base64,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)
cleavage stimulation factor subunit 1 [Rattus norvegicus] - Protein - NCBI
Mitochondrial dysfunction reveals the role of mRNA poly(A) tail regulation in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy pathogenesis -...
CPSF, Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor; CstF, Cleavage stimulation factor; PAP, poly(A) polymerase. ... We propose that impaired cleavage during nuclear cleavage/polyadenylation is an early defect in OPMD. This defect followed by ... In addition, the first step of the cleavage and polyadenylation reaction, mRNA cleavage, is affected in muscles expressing ... Fig 4. Defective cleavage at poly(A) sites in muscles expressing PABPN1-17ala and in the Pabp2 mutant. A) Schematic ...
MeSH Browser
Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor [D12.776.157.725.124.240] * Cleavage Stimulation Factor [D12.776.157.725. ... Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor [D12.776.664.962.444.240] * Cleavage Stimulation Factor [D12.776.664.962. ... 2003; for CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR use MRNA CLEAVAGE AND POLYADENYLATION FACTORS (NM) 1992-2002. Date Established. 2003/01/ ... cleavage and polyadenylation reaction.. Terms. Cleavage Stimulation Factor Preferred Term Term UI T225410. LexicalTag NON. ...
Biomarkers Search
Two distinct forms of the 64,000 Mr protein of the cleavage stimulation factor are expressed in mouse male germ cells.. Wallace ... Knock-down of 25 kDa subunit of cleavage factor Im in Hela cells alters alternative polyadenylation within 3-UTRs.. Kubo T; ... HuR, a RNA stability factor, is expressed in malignant brain tumors and binds to adenine- and uridine-rich elements within the ... Distinct roles of two Yth1p domains in 3-end cleavage and polyadenylation of yeast pre-mRNAs.. Barabino SM; Ohnacker M; Keller ...
SMART: Schnipsel domain HAT
DeCS
2003; for CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR use MRNA CLEAVAGE AND POLYADENYLATION FACTORS (NM) 1992-2002. ... Cleavage Stimulation Factor - Preferred Concept UI. M0195405. Scope note. A RNA-binding protein that stimulates the cleavage of ... It is a heterotrimer of 55-, 64- and 77-kDa subunits and combines with CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR to form a stable complex ... It is a heterotrimer of 55-, 64- and 77-kDa subunits and combines with CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR to form a stable complex ...
MeSH Browser
Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor [D12.776.157.725.124.240] * Cleavage Stimulation Factor [D12.776.157.725. ... Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor [D12.776.664.962.444.240] * Cleavage Stimulation Factor [D12.776.664.962. ... 2003; for CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR use MRNA CLEAVAGE AND POLYADENYLATION FACTORS (NM) 1992-2002. Date Established. 2003/01/ ... cleavage and polyadenylation reaction.. Terms. Cleavage Stimulation Factor Preferred Term Term UI T225410. LexicalTag NON. ...
GSE14000 4H VS 16H LPS DC DN
colony stimulating factor 2 rec.... CSTF2. 1478. CSTF2. cleavage stimulation factor sub.... ... TFT: Transcription Factor Targets TFT:GTRD: GTRD TFT:TFT_LEGACY: TFT_Legacy C4: Computational CGN: Cancer Gene Neighborhoods CM ... stimulation versus those at 16 h after the stimulation.. ... nuclear factor of activated T c.... NFIL3. 4783. NFIL3. nuclear ...
Pharos : Target Details - CSTF2
The protein is a member of the cleavage stimulation factor (CSTF) complex that is involved in the 3 end cleavage and ... end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNAs. This subunit is directly involved in the binding to pre-mRNAs (By similarity). This gene ... One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3- ... The protein is a member of the cleavage stimulation factor ( ... Mrna Processing Factor. / Mrna Splicing Factor. / Cleavage Stimulation Factor Subunit 2. DTO Classes. Protein. / Nucleic Acid ...
Pharos : Target Details - CSTF3
... cleavage stimulation factors that combine to form the cleavage stimulation factor complex (CSTF). This complex is involved in ... end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNAs. The protein encoded by this gene is one of three (including CSTF1 and CSTF2) ... the polyadenylation and 3 end cleavage of pre-mRNAs. The encoded protein functions as a homodimer and interacts directly with ... One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3- ... cleavage stimulation factors that combine to form the cleavage ...
Mobile genetic elements - online presentation
AAUAAA: CstF (cleavage stimulation factor F). GU-rich sequence: CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor). 44. ... Eucaryotic initiation factors (eIFs). AUG encodes Met. 73. 74. Stop codons. UAA, UAG, UGA. Releasing factor, coupling a. water ... enhancer, transcription factor. • 5 capping, splicing, 3 cleavage and. polyadenylation. • rRNA needs chemical modifications ... sigma factor. 28. RNA polymerase orientation. 29. RNA polymerase orientation and Gene products. 30. Initiation of transcription ...
Cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNA
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor), CStF (cleavage stimulatory factor), and CFI/II (cleavage factors I & II) bind ... The CStF, CFI, and CFII factors and the 3 fragment from the pre-mRNA are released. The RNA fragment is rapidly degraded. PAP ... These sequences serve as binding sites for 4 nuclear factors. ... Cleavage and Polyadenylation of Pre- mRNAs are tightly coupled ... cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 3, putative. PF3D7_0620500 PFF1000w. CStF. cleavage stimulation factor ...
Pesquisa | Prevenção e Controle de Câncer
Background: Cleavage stimulation factor 2 (CSTF2) encodes a nuclear protein that is implicated in the development of various ... The most common factor in the Access dimension was contact with healthcare systems, within the Affordability dimension was ... Other factors that were frequently reported as very influential included convenience and comfort for the stool-based methods ... Derived Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and C-Reactive Protein as Prognostic Factors for Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ...
NDF-RT Code NDF-RT Name
Clavulanic Acids N0000169602 Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specificity Factor N0000169603 Cleavage Stimulation Factor ... Factor For Inversion Stimulation Protein N0000006024 Factor IX N0000171470 Factor IXa N0000171494 Factor V N0000171495 Factor ... Factor VII N0000006521 Factor VIIa N0000006037 Factor VIII N0000171482 Factor VIIIa N0000171475 Factor X N0000171476 Factor Xa ... Factor XI N0000171492 Factor XIa N0000171489 Factor XII N0000171490 Factor XIIa N0000171478 Factor XIII N0000171479 Factor ...
Abcam ab75305 抗体 一抗 Ms syn211-Viv体育(中国)有限公司
Abcam ab74330 Rabbit polyclonal to cleavage stimulation factor 100ul 3996 cleavage stimulation factor 抗体 一抗 Hu Rb IgG IP ... Abcam ab74406 Rabbit polyclonal to Cleavage stimulation factor 2 100ul 4740 Cleavage stimulation factor 2 抗体 一抗 Rb IgG ... Abcam ab75117 Mouse monoclonal [F8/86] to Von Willebrand Factor prediluted 7ml 3996 Von Willebrand Factor 抗体 一抗 Hu Ms F8/86 ... Abcam ab75180 Rabbit polyclonal to Factor Xa Heavy Chain 100ug 3996 Factor Xa Heavy Chain 抗体 一抗 Rb IgG ...
SRC family kinases mediate epidermal growth factor receptor ligand cleavage, proliferation, and invasion of head and neck...
TGF-alpha and amphiregulin secretion by GRP stimulation also was inhibited by blockade of Src family kinases. These results ... SRC family kinases mediate epidermal growth factor receptor ligand cleavage, proliferation, and invasion of head and neck ... SRC family kinases mediate epidermal growth factor receptor ligand cleavage, proliferation, and invasion of head and neck ... Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are characterized by up-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor ( ...
Stimulation protocols - what can possibly go wrong? » MyIVFanswers.com
Other risk factors of low egg quality and maturity can be due to high body mass index (BMI) and the dosage of stimulation. In ... In this case, we will have a problem with fertilization cleavage and so on. Statistics and scientific papers show that when we ... Stimulation, in this case, is mostly useless because the stimulation will not produce more follicles. At this AMH level, it ... What would you do after stimulation with empty follicle syndrome? Which stimulation protocol and which embryological techniques ...
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
To obtain this factor at every age contributed for the evaluation of the biological effectiveness of radiations with the ... These results suggest that bLf was cleaved by elastase, and that this cleavage changed the physical function of Lf. Our results ... was induced in bovine mammary epithelial cells on stimulation with low Con A affinity bLf, elastase-bLf, and GQRDLLFKDSAL, a ... The purpose of this study was to determine factors correlated with the severity of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) scoring in ...
Landon Stuart King, M.D., Professor of Medicine | Johns Hopkins Medicine
Proneuregulin-1 cleavage and human epidermal growth factor receptor activation, early steps in hypertonic extracellular signal- ... Immunolocalization of AQP5 in rat parotid and submandibular salivary glands after stimulation or inhibition of secretion in ... Keratinocyte growth factor modulates alveolar epithelial cell phenotype in vitro: expression of aquaporin-5 (AQP5). Am J Resp ...
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
Regulation of Gene Expression at the Beginning of Mammalian Development - Melvin DePamphilis Lab | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy...
Fertilization activates the first of six to seven cell cleavage cycles over a four day period that culminate in formation of a ... This cleavage event is rapidly followed by the second S-phase and expression of a small number of zygotic genes (~38 to 282). ... Some transcription factors such as Sp1 and TBP are ubiquitous. TATA-box function appears to be restricted to differentiated ... Prior to cell differentiation, enhancer stimulation is observed in the absence of TATA-box cell differentiation (Majumder & ...
Platelet Disorders: Overview of Platelet Disorders, Pathophysiology of Platelet Disorders, Autoimmune Thrombocytopenias
... coagulation factors, and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. The platelets arise from the fragmentation of the ... in which the factor VIII activity level is low because of a defect in factor VIII itself, in von Willebrand disease the factor ... Stimulation of megakaryopoiesis by exogenous agents improves the platelet count. Three thrombopoietin receptor agonists have ... Willebrand disease results from functionally defective vWf that is unable to form multimers or be more susceptible to cleavage ...
Inflammatory stress signaling via NF-kB alters accessible cholesterol to upregulate SREBP2 transcriptional activity in...
Chol significantly attenuated the increased LDLR and SREBP2 cleavage seen with TNFα stimulation (Figure 4b). Furthermore, LDL ... Among these we identified Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3), which codes for the master transcriptional factor in CD4+/CD25+ T regulatory ... Canonical SCAP/SREBP2 shuttling is required for TNFα-mediated SREBP2 cleavage. Studies have shown that SREBP2 cleavage can be ... Cleavage results in the release of the N-terminal fragment of SREBP into the cytoplasm, which translocates to the nucleus to ...
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Inhibition of NF-EB by IKKa-KM or IKKa deficiency results in spontaneous cleavage of Bcl-xL antiapoptotic protein due to ... Cr(VI) induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activity by specific expression of HIF-1a but not HIF-1a subunit and ... Alternatively, metals may generate ROS by stimulation of cells; this involves expression of NADPH oxidase by various signal ... nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), HIF-1, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. ...
Publication Detail
Title: Proteolytic Cleavage of AMPKα and Intracellular MMP9 Expression Are Both Required for TLR4-Mediated mTORC1 Activation ... Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism*; Immunoblotting; Leukocytes/drug effects; Leukocytes/metabolism*; ... producing degradation products similar in size to those detected following LPS stimulation. Third, MMP9 inhibitors prevented ... Our data indicate that AMPKα cleavage is linked to MMP9 expression and that both are required for mammalian target of rapamycin ...
Recombinant Mouse BAFF/BLyS/TNFSF13B Protein 8876-BF-010: R&D Systems
Regulation of T Cell Co-stimulation by TNF Superfamily Members * Search Cytokine and Growth Factor Products ... Alternative splicing generates an isoform termed deltaBAFF that lacks 19 aa between the proteolytic cleavage site and the TNF- ... tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13B; tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 13b; tumor necrosis factor-like ... ApoL related ligand TALL-1; B lymphocyte stimulator; BAFF; BAFFB-cell activating factor; B-cell-activating factor; BLyS; BLYSB- ...
Descriptors in 2013 MeSH. Preferred term only. December 14, 2012
Ovum Cleavage Stimulation Factor Cleft Lip Cleft Palate Cleidocranial Dysplasia Clemastine Clematis Clenbuterol Cleome Clergy ... Factor V Factor V Deficiency Factor Va Factor VII Factor VII Deficiency Factor VIIa Factor VIII Factor VIIIa Factor X Factor X ... Deficiency Factor Xa Factor XI Factor XI Deficiency Factor XIa Factor XII Factor XII Deficiency Factor XIIa Factor XIII Factor ... 3C Transcription Factor CHOP Transcription Factor DP1 Transcription Factor Pit-1 Transcription Factor RelA Transcription Factor ...
Genetic Determinants of Virulence in Pathogenic Lineage 2 West Nile Virus Strains - Volume 14, Number 2-February 2008 -...
Cleavage Sites. Signalase prediction algorithms were used to analyze the signal peptidase cleavage sites (14); no differences ... The E and membrane (M) proteins are associated with host range, tissue tropism, replication, assembly, and the stimulation of ... This finding further emphasizes that glycosylation of the E protein is not the only determining factor for virulence. ... The signal peptidase-mediated cleavage at the NH2 terminus of prM protein does not occur efficiently, whereas cleavage at the ...
"THE CATALYST" MARCH-APRIL...
... mouse cleavage-stage embryos), a TATA box is dispensable and enhancer stimulation is mediated via an Sp1 site. During ... We now aim to identify the roles of specific transcription factors and chromosomal changes in activating key genes at the start ... Our speculative model for the etiology of the syndrome is based on concentrations of insulin-like growth factor II and features ... In addition, TEAD-2, a transcription factor that can activate enhancers in preimplantation embryos, is first expressed at ZGA. ...
Subunit3
- 12. hnRNP F influences binding of a 64-kilodalton subunit of cleavage stimulation factor to mRNA precursors in mouse B cells. (nih.gov)
- Cleavage stimulation factor subunit 3 (CSTF3 or CstF-77) and crooked neck-like protein 1 (CRNKL1) from mammals. (embl.de)
- Cr(VI) induces hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) activity by specific expression of HIF-1a but not HIF-1a subunit and increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. (cdc.gov)
MRNA4
- Predicted to be part of mRNA cleavage stimulatin. (nih.gov)
- A RNA-binding protein that stimulates the cleavage of the 3' end of MRNA near the POLYADENYLATION site. (nih.gov)
- It is a heterotrimer of 55-, 64- and 77-kDa subunits and combines with CLEAVAGE STIMULATION FACTOR to form a stable complex with mRNA that directs the 3' cleavage and polyadenylation reaction. (nih.gov)
- 3. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L-like (hnRNPLL) and elongation factor, RNA polymerase II, 2 (ELL2) are regulators of mRNA processing in plasma cells. (nih.gov)
Proteins4
- The alpha granules contain hemostatic proteins such as fibrinogen, vWf, and growth factors (eg, platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factors). (medscape.com)
- Following fertilization, some proteins (e.g. transcription factor Sp1, TATA-box binding protein, RNA pol-II) are translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. (nih.gov)
- At sufficient cellular cholesterol levels, SREBP is retained as a full-length protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bound to adaptor proteins SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and inhibitory insulin-induced gene (INSIG) ( Brown and Goldstein, 1997 ). (elifesciences.org)
- V(D)J recombination: RAG proteins, repair factors, and regulation. (nih.gov)
Protein8
- The protein is a member of the cleavage stimulation factor (CSTF) complex that is involved in the 3' end cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs. (nih.gov)
- The protein encoded by this gene is one of three (including CSTF1 and CSTF2) cleavage stimulation factors that combine to form the cleavage stimulation factor complex (CSTF). (nih.gov)
- GRP can induce rapid phosphorylation of EGFR and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in part via extracellular release of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). (nih.gov)
- NF-κB, along with other activated transcription factors, such as activator protein 1 (AP1) upregulate the transcription of several inflammatory response genes that increase (1) vascular permeability, (2) leukocyte chemoattraction, and (3) immune cell adhesion and extravasation into tissue ( Pober and Sessa, 2007 ). (elifesciences.org)
- Cellular lipid and cholesterol homeostasis are tightly regulated by the transcription factor sterol response element binding protein (SREBP). (elifesciences.org)
- Inhibition of NF-EB by IKKa-KM or IKKa deficiency results in spontaneous cleavage of Bcl-xL antiapoptotic protein due to elevated caspase-3 activity. (cdc.gov)
- In human leukocytes, and more specifically neutrophils, AMPKα cleavage yields 55- and 35-kDa protein fragments. (nih.gov)
- factor, Smac (second mitochondria derived activator of caspase)/DIABLO (direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP)-binding protein), Omi/HtrA2, or endonuclease G from the mitochondrial inter-membrane space ( Cande et al. (aktinhibitor.com)
Secretion2
CPSF1
- AR inhibition selects promoter-distal polyadenylation sites (pAs) enriched in cis-elements recognized by the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex. (bvsalud.org)
SREBP1
- Mechanistically, inflammatory activation of SREBP was mediated by a reduction in accessible cholesterol, leading to heightened sterol sensing and downstream SREBP2 cleavage. (elifesciences.org)
Ligand3
- SRC family kinases mediate epidermal growth factor receptor ligand cleavage, proliferation, and invasion of head and neck cancer cells. (nih.gov)
- B-cell activating factor (BAFF), also known as BLyS, TALL-1, THANK, and TNFSF13B, is a 32 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein in the TNF ligand superfamily. (rndsystems.com)
- We previously reported that both TNFα and IL-1β, which are released by macrophages upon LPS stimulation, affect Fas ligand (FasL)-induced apoptotic signaling. (frontiersin.org)
TLR44
- Genes down-regulated in comparison of dendritic cells (DC) at 4 h after LPS (TLR4 agonist) stimulation versus those at 16 h after the stimulation. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- Proteolytic Cleavage of AMPKα and Intracellular MMP9 Expression Are Both Required for TLR4-Mediated mTORC1 Activation and HIF-1α Expression in Leukocytes. (nih.gov)
- LPS-induced TLR4 activation alters cellular bioenergetics and triggers proteolytic cleavage of AMPKα and HIF-1α expression in leukocytes. (nih.gov)
- In the liver, LPS leads to the activation of Kupffer cells, the liver resident macrophages, via stimulation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the induction of an inflammatory response contributing to the progression of alcoholic liver disease ( Seki and Schnabl, 2012 ). (frontiersin.org)
Downstream1
- Stimulation of death receptors results in activation of the initiator caspase-8 which can propagate the apoptotic signal by direct cleavage of downstream effectors such as caspase-3 (Walczak and Krammer, 2000). (aktinhibitor.com)
Neutrophils1
- Soluble BAFF is stored intracellularly in neutrophils and released upon inflammatory stimulation (6). (rndsystems.com)
Enhancer2
- In differentiated cells, a TATA box is required for enhancer-mediated stimulation of promoters, but in undifferentiated cells (for example, mouse cleavage-stage embryos), a TATA box is dispensable and enhancer stimulation is mediated via an Sp1 site. (nih.gov)
- During development, this arrangement allows early enhancer-mediated stimulation of essential promoters that lack a TATA box--such as those governing housekeeping genes--while reducing stimulation later on. (nih.gov)
Mammalian4
- One of the multiple factors required for polyadenylation and 3'-end cleavage of mammalian pre-mRNAs. (nih.gov)
- Our data indicate that AMPKα cleavage is linked to MMP9 expression and that both are required for mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 and S6K1 activation and HIF-1α expression in LPS-stimulated human and mice leukocytes. (nih.gov)
- We have identified specific regulatory sequences and transcription factors that are used at the very beginning of mammalian development, and we have uncovered several novel features of zygotic gene activation (ZGA), including: 1) A biological clock delays both initiation of transcription and translation of nascent transcripts until it is time for ZGA. (nih.gov)
- We now aim to identify the roles of specific transcription factors and chromosomal changes in activating key genes at the start of mammalian development. (nih.gov)
Inflammatory2
- Endothelial cells (ECs) rapidly respond to extrinsic signals, such as tissue damage or microbial infection, by upregulating factors to activate and recruit circulating leukocytes to the site of injury and aberrant activation of ECs leads to inflammatory based diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis. (elifesciences.org)
- Treatment of primary human ECs with pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulated SREBP2 cleavage and cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression within the late phase of the acute inflammatory response. (elifesciences.org)
Vascular1
- Direct stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, in the absence of neuronal activation, similarly enhances glymphatic flow. (nature.com)
Antibodies2
- It contains synthetic human Endothelin-1 and antibodies raised against the synthetic factor. (bio-techne.com)
- However, when TNFα action was blocked by neutralizing antibodies, cell viability after stimulation with the BMDM supernatant and FasL increased as compared to single FasL stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
BDNF3
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is decreased by 3 to 4-fold in the brains of AD patients at autopsy. (biomedcentral.com)
- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a critical factor in synaptic repair and plasticity. (biomedcentral.com)
- We show that, in mice, psychedelics bind directly to TrkB (the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) receptor) with high affinity and promote BDNF-mediated plasticity and antidepressant-like effects, whereas their hallucinogenic-like effects are independent of TrkB binding. (nature.com)
Genes2
- This cleavage event is rapidly followed by the second S-phase and expression of a small number of zygotic genes (~38 to 282). (nih.gov)
- These techniques revealed that oocytes and preimplantation embryos have the capacity to use specific cis -acting sequences and trans -acting factors to express genes or replicate DNA. (nih.gov)
Cells2
- The hemostatic system consists of platelets, coagulation factors, and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. (medscape.com)
- Fertilization activates the first of six to seven cell cleavage cycles over a four day period that culminate in formation of a blastocyst containing 64 to 128 cells comprising two cell types (Fig. 1). (nih.gov)
Cellular1
- Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling is a crucial mechanism known to regulate the material quality of bone, but its cellular target in this regulation is unknown. (osti.gov)
Complex2
- This complex is involved in the polyadenylation and 3' end cleavage of pre-mRNAs. (nih.gov)
- Platelets play a primary role in this process, interacting with subendothelium-bound von Willebrand factor (vWf) via the membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. (medscape.com)
Human3
- Second, rMMP9 cleaved human AMPKα ex vivo, producing degradation products similar in size to those detected following LPS stimulation. (nih.gov)
- Intracranial stimulation during sleep using prefrontal electric pulses, precisely timed with slow-wave activities in the medial temporal lobe, enhanced the coupling of neuronal oscillations across regions of the human brain and improved memory performance. (nature.com)
- performed real-time closed-loop intracranial stimulation in human sleep. (nature.com)
Receptor1
- Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are characterized by up-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). (nih.gov)
Cell3
- Keratinocyte growth factor modulates alveolar epithelial cell phenotype in vitro: expression of aquaporin-5 (AQP5). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Under physiological circumstances, the resistance of the endothelial cell lining to interactions with platelets and coagulation factors prevents thrombosis. (medscape.com)
- A reduced NF-κB activation model was established to further investigate the molecular mechanisms which determine the distinct cell fate decisions after IL-1β and TNFα stimulation. (frontiersin.org)
Activate1
- In addition, TEAD-2, a transcription factor that can activate enhancers in preimplantation embryos, is first expressed at ZGA. (nih.gov)
Results1
- These results suggest that Src family kinases contribute to GRP-mediated EGFR growth and invasion pathways by facilitating cleavage and release of TGF-alpha and amphiregulin in HNSCC. (nih.gov)
Role2
- Herein, we uncover a new role for the AR in alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA). (bvsalud.org)
- The discovery of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) 4 allele as a major risk factor for sporadic and late-onset familial AD has brought attention to the possible role of ApoE in neurodegenerative conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
Major1
- Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a major genetic risk factor for sporadic or late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). (biomedcentral.com)
